List of plastid genomes whose DNA sequence is known
The 156 kb plastome gene map of Nicotiana tabacum .
The 154 kb plastid genome map of a model flowering plant (Arabidopsis thaliana : Brassicaceae).
The highly reduced, 27 kb plastome map of the parasitic Hydnora visseri .
A plastome is the genome of a plastid , a type of organelle found in plants and in a variety of protoctists . The number of known plastid genome sequences grew rapidly in the first decade of the twenty-first century. For example, 25 chloroplast genomes were sequenced for one molecular phylogenetic study.[ 1]
The flowering plants are especially well represented in complete chloroplast genomes. As of January, 2017, all of their orders are represented except Commelinales , Picramniales , Huerteales , Escalloniales , Bruniales , and Paracryphiales .
A compilation of all available complete plastid genomes is maintained by the NCBI in a public repository.[ 2]
Plants
Bryophytes s.l.
Ferns and Lycophytes
Gymnosperms
Sequenced Plastomes
Species
Variety
Size (bp )
Genes
Reference
Family
Notes
Cryptomeria japonica
131,810
114
[ 18]
Cupressaceae
Cycas micronesica
[ 19]
Cycadaceae
Cycas taitungensis
163,403
133
[ 20]
Cycadaceae
Ephedra equisetina
Ephedraceae
Ginkgo biloba
156,945
134
[ 21]
Ginkgoaceae
Gnetum parvifolium
Gnetaceae
Picea engelmannii
Se404-851
123,542
114
[ 22]
Pinaceae
Picea glauca
PG29
123,266
114
[ 23]
Pinaceae
Picea glauca
WS77111
123,421
114
[ 24]
Pinaceae
Picea sitchensis
Q903
124,049
114
[ 25]
Pinaceae
Pinus koraiensis
116,866
Pinaceae
Pinus thunbergii
119,707
[ 26]
Pinaceae
Podocarpus macrophyllus
Podocarpaceae
Welwitschia mirabilis
119,726
101
[ 27]
Welwitschiaceae
Flowering plants
This sortable table is expected to compile complete plastid genomes representing the largest range of sizes, number of genes, and angiosperm families.
Sequenced plastomes with complete genome size, number of unique genes, reference and publication year.
Species
Size (bp )
Genes
Reference
Year
Family
Notes
Acorus americanus
153,819
[ 19]
2007
Acoraceae
Agrostis stolonifera
135,584
110
[ 28]
2010
Poaceae
Alniphyllum eberhardtii
155,384
113
[ 29]
2017
Styracaceae
Alstroemeria aurea
155,510
112
[ 30]
2013
Alstroemeriaceae
Amborella trichopoda
162,686
[ 31]
2003
Amborellaceae
Anethum graveolens
153,356
[ 19]
2007
Apiaceae
Arabidopsis thaliana
154,478
[ 32]
1999
Brassicaceae
Atropa belladonna
156,687
[ 33]
2002
Solanaceae
Brachypodium distachyon
135,199
110
[ 28]
2010
Poaceae
Buxus microphylla
159,010
113
[ 34]
2007
Buxaceae
Calycanthus floridus var. glaucus
153,337
115
[ 35]
2003
Calycanthaceae
Carpinus tientaiensis
160,104
114
[ 36]
2017
Betulaceae
Chloranthus spicatus
157,772
113
[ 34]
2007
Chloranthaceae
Citrus sinensis var. 'Ridge Pineapple'
155,189
[ 37]
2006
Rutaceae
Cocos nucifera
154,731
130
[ 38]
2013
Arecaceae
Coffea arabica
155,189
[ 39]
2007
Rubiaceae
Coix lacryma-jobi
140,745
[ 40]
2009
Poaceae
Conopholis americana
45,673
42
[ 41]
2013
Orobanchaceae
Non-photosynthetic parasite
Cucumis sativus
155,293
[ 42]
2007
Cucurbitaceae
Cuscuta exaltata
125,373
[ 43]
2007
Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta gronovii
86,744
86
[ 44]
2007
Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta reflexa
121,521
98
[ 44]
2007
Convolvulaceae
Cypripedium formosanum
178,131
[ 45]
2015
Orchidaceae
Cytinus hypocistis
19,400
23
[ 46]
2016
Cytinaceae
Holoparasitic
Daucus carota
155,911
[ 47]
2006
Apiaceae
Dioscorea elephantipes
152,609
112
[ 34]
2007
Dioscoreaceae
Drimys granadensis
160,604
113
[ 48]
2006
Winteraceae
Epifagus virginiana
70,028
42
[ 49]
1992
Orobanchaceae
Epipogium aphyllum
30,650
27
[ 50]
2015
Orchidaceae
Mycoheterotrophic
Epipogium roseum
19,047
29
[ 50]
2015
Orchidaceae
Mycoheterotrophic
Erodium carvifolium
116,935
107
[ 51]
2016
Geraniaceae
Erodium chrysanthum
168,946
96
[ 51]
2016
Geraniaceae
Erodium texanum
130,812
106
[ 52]
2011
Geraniaceae
Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus
160,286
[ 53]
2005
Myrtaceae
Fagopyrum esculentum ssp. ancestrale
159,599
[ 54]
2008
Polygonaceae
Geranium palmatum
155,794
105
[ 52]
2011
Geraniaceae
Glycine max
152,218
[ 55]
2005
Fabaceae
Gossypium barbadense
160,317
114
[ 56]
2006
Malvaceae
Gossypium hirsutum
160,301
[ 57]
2006
Malvaceae
Helianthus annuus
151,104
[ 58]
2007
Asteraceae
Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare
136,482
110
[ 28]
2010
Poaceae
Hydnora visseri
27,233
24
[ 59]
2016
Aristolochiaceae
Non-photosynthetic holoparasite
Illicium oligandrum
148,552
113
[ 34]
2007
Schisandraceae (sensu APG III )
Ipomoea purpurea
162,046
[ 43]
2007
Convolvulaceae
Jasminum nudiflorum
165,121
[ 60]
2007
Oleaceae
Juglans regia
160,367
129
[ 61]
2017
Juglandaceae
Lactuca sativa
152,765
[ 58]
2007
Asteraceae
Lemna minor
165,955
[ 62]
2008
Araliaceae
Licania alba
162,467
112
[ 63]
2014
Chrysobalanaceae
Lilium longiflorum
152,793
114
[ 30]
2013
Liliaceae
Liriodendron tulipifera
159,866
[ 48] [ 64]
2006
Magnoliaceae
Lolium perenne
135,282
110
[ 28]
2010
Poaceae
Lonicera japonica
155,078
[ 1]
2010
Caprifoliaceae
Lotus japonicus
150,519
[ 65]
2000
Fabaceae
Manihot esculenta
161,453
[ 66]
2008
Euphorbiaceae
Monotropa hypopitys
35,336
45
[ 67]
2016
Ericaceae
Mycoheterotrophic
Monsonia speciosa
128,787
106
[ 52]
2011
Geraniaceae
Morus indica
156,599
[ 68]
2006
Moraceae
Musa balbisiana
169,503
113
[ 69]
2016
Musaceae
Nandina domestica
156,599
[ 70]
2006
Berberidaceae
Neottia nidus-avis
92,060
56
[ 71]
2011
Orchidaceae
Mycoheterotrophic
Nelumbo nucifera
163,330
[ 1]
2010
Nelumbonaceae
Nicotiana tabacum
155,943
113
[ 72]
1986
Solanaceae
Nuphar advena
160,866
117
[ 73]
2007
Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaea alba
159,930
[ 74]
2004
Nymphaeaceae
Oenothera argillicola strain Douthat 1
165,055
113
[ 75]
2008
Onagraceae
Oenothera biennis strain suaveolens Grado
164,807
113
[ 75]
2008
Onagraceae
Oenothera elata subsp. hookeri strain johansen Standard
165,728
113
[ 75]
2008
Onagraceae
Oenothera glazioviana strain r /r -lamarckiana Sweden
165,225
113
[ 75]
2008
Onagraceae
Oenothera parviflora strain atrovirens Standard
163,365
113
[ 75]
2008
Onagraceae
Oryza sativa indica 93-11
134,496
[ 76]
2005
Poaceae
Oryza sativa japonica Nipponbare
134,551
110
[ 77] [ 28]
1989
Poaceae
Oryza sativa japonica PA64S
134,551
[ 76]
2005
Poaceae
Osyris alba
147,253
101
[ 78]
2015
Santalaceae
Hemiparasitic
Panax ginseng
156,318
[ 79]
2004
Araliaceae
Pelargonium × hortorum
217,942
[ 80]
2006
Geraniaceae
Petrosavia stellaris
103,835
58
[ 81]
2014
Petrosaviaceae
Mycoheterotrophic
Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana
148,964
[ 82]
2006
Orchidaceae
Phaseolus vulgaris 'Negro Jamapa'
150,285
[ 83]
2007
Fabaceae
Pilostyles aethiopica
11,348
5
[ 84]
2016
Apodanthaceae
Endo-holoparasite
Pilostyles hamiltonii
15,167
5
[ 84]
2016
Apodanthaceae
Endo-holoparasite
Piper cenocladum
160,624
113
[ 48]
2006
Piperaceae
Platanus occidentalis
161,791
[ 70]
2006
Platanaceae
Populus alba
156,505
[ 85]
2006
Salicaceae
Ranunculus macranthus
155,158
117
[ 73]
2007
Ranunculaceae
Rhizanthella gardneri
59,190
33
[ 86]
2011
Orchidaceae
Subterranean mycoheterotroph
Saccharum officinarum
141,182
110
[ 28]
2010
Poaceae
Sciaphila densiflora
21,485
28
[ 87]
2015
Triuridaceae
Mycoheterotrophic
Solanum tuberosum
155,298
[ 88]
2006
Solanaceae
Sorghum bicolor
140,754
110
[ 28]
2010
Poaceae
Spinacia oleracea
150,725
[ 89]
2001
Amaranthaceae
Trachelium caeruleum
162,321
[ 90]
2008
Campanulaceae
Trifolium subterraneum
144,763
111
[ 91]
2008
Fabaceae
Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring
134,545
110
[ 92] [ 93] [ 28]
2000
Poaceae
Typha latifolia
165,572
113
[ 28]
2010
Typhaceae
Vaccinium macrocarpon
176,045
147
[ 94]
2013
Ericaceae
Viscum album
128,921
96
[ 78]
2015
Viscaceae
Hemiparasitic
Viscum minimum
131,016
99
[ 78]
2015
Viscaceae
Hemiparasitic
Vitis vinifera
160,928
[ 95]
2006
Vitaceae
Yucca schidigera
156,158
[ 21]
2005
Asparagaceae (sensu APG III )
Zea mays
140,384
110
[ 96] [ 28]
2010
Poaceae
Sequenced plastomes without information about size, number of genes and / or references.
Species
Size (bp )
Genes
Reference
Year
Family
Notes
Acorus calamus
153,821
Acoraceae
Aethionema cordifolium
Brassicaceae
Aethionema grandiflorum
Brassicaceae
Antirrhinum majus
[ 1]
2010
Plantaginaceae
Arabis hirsuta
Brassicaceae
Aucuba japonica
[ 1]
2010
Garryaceae
Bambusa oldhamii
139,350
Poaceae
Barbarea verna
Brassicaceae
Berberidopsis corallina
[ 1]
2010
Berberidopsidaceae
Brassica rapa
Brassicaceae
Bulnesia arborea
[ 1]
2010
Zygophyllaceae
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Brassicaceae
Carica papaya
Caricaceae
Ceratophyllum demersum
[ 97]
2007
Ceratophyllaceae
Cornus florida
[ 1]
2010
Cornaceae
Crucihimalya wallichii
Brassicaceae
Cuscuta obtusiflora
Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta reflexa
Convolvulaceae
Dendrocalamus latiflorus
139,365
Poaceae
Dillenia indica
[ 1]
2010
Dilleniaceae
Draba nemorosa
Brassicaceae
Ehretia acuminata
[ 1]
2010
Boraginaceae
Elaeis oleifera
[ 19]
2007
Arecaceae
Euonymus americanus
[ 1]
2010
Celastraceae
Festuca arundinacea
Poaceae
Ficus sp.
[ 1]
2010
Moraceae
Guizotia abyssinica
Asteraceae
Gunnera manicata
[ 1]
2010
Gunneraceae
Hedyosmum
unpublished
Chloranthaceae
Heuchera sanguinea
[ 1]
2010
Saxifragaceae
Ilex cornuta
[ 1]
2010
Aquifoliaceae
Lepidium virginicum
Brassicaceae
Liquidambar styraciflua (syn. Altingia styraciflua )
[ 1]
2010
Altingiaceae
Lobularia maritima
Brassicaceae
Lotus corniculatus
Fabaceae
Medicago truncatulata
124,033
Fabaceae
Megaleranthis saniculifolia
159,924
Ranunculaceae
Meliosma cuneifolia
[ 1]
2010
Sabiaceae
Nasturtium officinale
Brassicaceae
Olimarabidopsis pumila
Brassicaceae
Phoenix dactylifera
Arecaceae
Nerium oleander
154,903
Apocynaceae
Nicotiana sylvestris
155,941
Solanaceae
Nicotiana tomentosiformis
155,745
Solanaceae
Oryza nivara
134,494
Poaceae
Oxalis latifolia
[ 1]
2010
Oxalidaceae
Passiflora biflora
[ 19]
2007
Passifloraceae
Phoradendron leucarpum
[ 1]
2010
Viscaceae
Plumbago auriculata
[ 1]
2010
Plumbaginaceae
Populus trichocarpa
[ 98]
2006
Salicaceae
Quercus nigra
[ 1]
2010
Fagaceae
Rhododendron simsii
[ 1]
2010
Ericaceae
Scaevola aemula
[ 19]
2007
Goodeniaceae
Solanum bulbocastanum
155,371
Solanaceae
Solanum lycopersicum
155,460
Solanaceae
Staphylea colchica
[ 1]
2010
Staphyleaceae
Trithuria (syn. Hydatella )
unpublished
Hydatellaceae
Trochodendron aralioides
[ 1]
2010
Trochodendraceae
Ximenia americana
2010
Ximeniaceae [ 99]
Green algae
Sequenced Plastomes
Species
Variety
Size (bp )
Genes
Reference
Bryopsis plumosa
106,859
115
[ 100]
Chaetosphaeridium globosum
131,183
124
[ 101]
Chara vulgaris
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
203,395
99
Chlorella vulgaris
150,613
209
[ 102]
Chlorokybus atmophyticus
201,763
70
[ 103]
Dunaliella salina
CCAP 19/18
269,044
102
[ 104]
Emiliania huxleyi
105,309
150
Helicosporidium
37,454
54
[ 105]
Leptosira terrestris
195,081
117
[ 106]
Mesostigma viride
42,424
Monomastix
114,528
94
[ 107]
Nephroselmis olivacea
200,799
127
[ 108]
Oedogonium cardiacum
196,547
103
[ 109]
Oltmannsiellopsis viridis
151,933
105
[ 110]
Ostreococcus tauri
71,666
86
[ 111]
Pseudendoclonium akinetum
195,867
105
[ 112]
Pycnococcus provasolii
80,211
98
[ 107]
Pyramimonas parkeae
101,605
110
[ 107]
Scenedesmus obliquus
161,452
96
[ 113]
Staurastrum punctulatum
[ 114]
Stigeoclonium helveticum
223,902
97
[ 115]
Tydemania expeditionis
105,200
125
[ 100]
Ulva sp.
UNA00071828
99,983
102
[ 116]
Volvox carteri
420,650
91
[ 117]
Zygnema circumcarinatum
Sequenced Plastomes
Species
Variety
Size (bp )
Genes
Reference
Year
Taxon
Notes
Ahnfeltia plicata
190,451
205 (coding)
[ 118]
2016
Ahnfeltiales
Apophlaea sinclairii
182,437
189 (coding)
[ 118]
2016
Hildenbrandiales
Asparagopsis taxiformis
177,091
203 (coding)
[ 118]
2016
Bangiopsis subsimplex
204,784
194 (coding)
[ 118]
2016
Calliarthron tuberculosum
178,981
238
[ 119]
2013
Ceramium japonicum
171,634
199 (coding)
[ 118]
2016
Chondrus crispus
180,086
240
[ 119]
2013
Gigartinales
Cyanidioschyzon merolae
10D
149,987
243
[ 120]
2003
Cyanidium caldarium
RK1
164,921
230
[ 121]
2000
Erythrotrichia carnea
210,691
191 (coding)
[ 118]
2016
Galdieria sulphuraria
074W
167,741
233
[ 122]
2015
Gelidium elegans
174,748
234
[ 123]
2016
Gelidium sinicola
UC276620
177,095
232
[ 124]
2019
May be synonymous with G. coulteri
Gelidium vagum
179,853
234
[ 123]
2016
Gracilaria changii
183,855
231
[ 125]
2018
Gracilariales
Gracilaria chorda
182,459
201 (coding)
[ 118]
2016
Gracilariales
Gracilaria salicornia
179,757
235
[ 126]
2014
Gracilariales
Gracilaria tenuistipitata
var. liui
183,883
238
[ 127]
2004
Gracilariales
Gracilaria vermiculophylla
180,254
239
unpublished
Gracilariales
Grateloupia filicina
195,990
265
unpublished
Grateloupia taiwanensis
191,270
266
[ 128]
2013
Hildenbrandia rivularis
189,725
184 (coding)
[ 118]
2016
Hildenbrandia rubra
180,141
190 (coding)
[ 118]
2016
Kumanoa americana
184,025
234
[ 129]
2018
Palmaria palmata
192,960
245
[ 129]
2018
Plocamium cartilagineum
171,392
197 (coding)
[ 118]
2016
Porphyra pulchra
194,175
251
[ 123]
2016
Bangiales
Porphyra purpurea
191,028
253
[ 130]
1993
Bangiales
Porphyra umbilicalis
190,173
250
[ 131]
2017
Bangiales
Porphyridium purpureum
NIES 2140
217,694
260
[ 132]
2014
Porphyridium sordidum
259,429
227
[ 118]
2016
Pyropia fucicola
187,282
[ 133]
2015
Partial genome
Pyropia haitanensis
PH 38
195,597
254
[ 134]
2013
Pyropia kanakaensis
189,931
[ 133]
2015
Partial genome
Pyropia perforata
189,789
247
[ 133]
2015
Pyropia yezoensis
191,952
264
[ 134]
2013
Rhodochaete parvula
221,665
195 (coding)
[ 118]
2016
Rhodymenia pseudopalmata
194,153
201 (coding)
[ 118]
2016
Riquetophycus sp.
180,384
202 (coding)
[ 118]
2016
Schimmelmannia schousboei
181,030
202 (coding)
[ 118]
2016
Schizymenia dubyi
183,959
204 (coding)
[ 118]
2016
Sebdenia flabellata
192,140
205 (coding)
[ 118]
2016
Sporolithon durum
191,464
239
[ 123]
2016
Thorea hispida
175,193
228
[ 129]
2018
Vertebrata lanosa
167,158
192
[ 135]
2015
Also assigned to genus Polysiphonia
Glaucophytes
Meta-algae are organisms with photosynthetic organelles of secondary or tertiary endosymbiotic origin, and their close non-photosynthetic, plastid-bearing, relatives. Apicomplexans are a secondarily non-photosynthetic group of chromalveoates which retain a reduced plastid organelle.
Photosynthetic chromalveolates
Dinoflagellate plastid genomes are not organised into a single circular DNA molecule like other plastid genomes, but into an array of mini-circles.
Sequenced Plastomes
Species
Variety
Size (bp )
Genes
Reference
Notes
Chromera velia
Chroomonas mesostigmatica
CCMP1168
139,403
189
[ 137]
Chroomonas placoidea
CCAP978/8
139,432
186
[ 137]
Contains 3 annotated pseudogenes
Cryptomonas curvata
CNUKR
128,285
182
[ 137]
Cryptomonas paramecium
CCAP977/2a
77,717
115
[ 138]
Emiliania huxleyi
CCMP 373
105,309
154
[ 139]
Guillardia theta
121,524
167
[ 140]
Heterosigma akashiwo
NIES 293
159,370
198
[ 141]
Odontella sinensis
119,704
175
[ 142]
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
117,369
170
[ 143]
Rhodomonas salina
CCMP1319
135,854
183
[ 144]
Storeatula sp.
CCMP1868
140,953
187
[ 137]
Teleaulax amphioxeia
HACCP-CR01
129,772
179
[ 145]
Thalassiosira pseudonana
128,814
180
[ 143]
Chlorarachniophytes
Apicomplexans
Nucleomorph genomes
In some photosynthetic organisms that ability was acquired via symbiosis with a unicellular green alga (chlorophyte ) or red alga (rhodophyte ). In some such cases not only does the chloroplast of the former unicellular alga retain its own genome, but a remnant of the alga is also retained. When this retains a nucleus and a nuclear genome it is termed a nucleomorph .
Cyanelle genomes
The unicellular eukaryote Paulinella chromatophora possesses an organelle (the cyanelle ) which represents an independent case of the acquisition of photosynthesis by cyanobacterial endosymbiosis. (Note: the term cyanelle is also applied to the plastids of glaucophytes.)
See also
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Moore MJ, Soltis PS, Bell CD, Burleigh JG, Soltis DE (March 2010). "Phylogenetic analysis of 83 plastid genes further resolves the early diversification of eudicots" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 107 (10): 4623–8. Bibcode :2010PNAS..107.4623M . doi :10.1073/pnas.0907801107 . PMC 2842043 . PMID 20176954 .
^ "Index of /refseq/release/plastid" . ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov . Retrieved 2017-01-08 .
^ Wickett NJ, Zhang Y, Hansen SK, Roper JM, Kuehl JV, Plock SA, Wolf PG, DePamphilis CW, Boore JL, Goffinet B (February 2008). "Functional gene losses occur with minimal size reduction in the plastid genome of the parasitic liverwort Aneura mirabilis" . Molecular Biology and Evolution . 25 (2): 393–401. doi :10.1093/molbev/msm267 . PMID 18056074 .
^ Plastid genome evolution of the non-photosynthetic liverwort Aneura mirabilis (Malmb.) Wickett & Goffinet (Aneuraceae)
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External links
^ Dennis, R. D. (January 1976). "Insect morphogenetic hormones and developmental mechanisms in the nematode, Nematospiroides dubius". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A, Comparative Physiology . 53 (1): 53–56. doi :10.1016/s0300-9629(76)80009-6 . ISSN 0300-9629 . PMID 184 .