Ergun
额尔古纳市 • ᠡᠷᠬᠥᠨᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ | |
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![]() Village on the Argun River | |
![]() Ergun in Hulunbuir | |
Coordinates: 50°14′35″N 120°10′52″E / 50.243°N 120.181°E | |
Country | China |
Autonomous region | Inner Mongolia |
Prefecture-level city | Hulunbuir |
Municipal seat | Labdalin Subdistrict |
Area | |
• County-level city | 28,400 km2 (11,000 sq mi) |
• Urban | 303.00 km2 (116.99 sq mi) |
Population (2020)[2] | |
• County-level city | 68,482 |
• Density | 2.4/km2 (6.2/sq mi) |
• Urban | 38,100 |
Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
Postal code | 022050 |
Area code | 0470 |
Website | www |
Ergun City | |||||||
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Chinese name | |||||||
Simplified Chinese | 额尔古纳市 | ||||||
Traditional Chinese | 額爾古納市 | ||||||
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Former name | |||||||
Simplified Chinese | 额尔古纳右旗 | ||||||
Traditional Chinese | 額爾古納右旗 | ||||||
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Mongolian name | |||||||
Mongolian Cyrillic | Эргүнэ хот | ||||||
Mongolian script | ᠡᠷᠬᠥᠨᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ | ||||||
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Russian name | |||||||
Russian | Аргунь |
Ergun (Chinese: 额尔古纳市; Mongolian: ᠡᠷᠬᠥᠨᠠ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ), formerly Ergun Right Banner (Chinese: 额尔古纳右旗), is a county-level city in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, containing the autonomous region's northernmost point. The city has an area of 28,958 square kilometres (11,181 sq mi),[3] and a population of 79,155 as of the 2019.[4]: 20–1
History
For most of its history, the region of present-day Ergun has not been controlled by Chinese states.[5] The area first came under Chinese control during the Qing dynasty, when it was administered as part of Hulunbuir.[5]
In 1908, the Jilalin Administrative Bureau (Chinese: 吉拉林设治局; pinyin: Jílālín Shèzhì Jú) was established to govern the area.[5]
In 1920, the area was re-organized as the Qiqan Administrative Bureau (Chinese: 奇乾设治局; pinyin: Qíqián Shèzhì Jú), but the area was re-organized again in 1921 as Qiqan County (Chinese: 奇乾县; pinyin: Qíqián Xiàn).[5]
In 1933, the area was re-organized as Ergun Right Banner (Chinese: 额尔古纳右旗; pinyin: É'ěrgǔnà Yòu Qí).[5] From 1948 to 1966, Ergun Right Banner was merged with Ergun Left Banner , which occupied present-day Genhe, as Ergun Left Banner.[5] In 1994, Ergun Right Banner was abolished and the county-level city of Ergun was established.[5]
21st century
By 2000, the city administered five towns, one township, and two ethnic townships.[5] In 2001, the city was restructured to administer one subdistrict, two towns, one township, and two ethnic townships.[5]
In 2006, Xincheng Subdistrict (Chinese: 新城街道; pinyin: Xīnchéng Jiēdào) was renamed to Labdalin Subdistrict , and Shangkuli Township (Chinese: 上库力乡; pinyin: Shàngkùlì Xiāng) was upgraded to Shangkuli Subdistrict .[5]
In 2011, Shiwei Russian Ethnic Township (Chinese: 室韦俄罗斯族民族乡; pinyin: Shìwéi Èluósī Zú Mínzú Xiāng) was abolished and Enhe Russian Ethnic Township and Mengwu Shiwei Sum were established.[5] Engh Had was also established.[5]
In 2013, Qiqan Township was established.[5]
Geography
Administratively, Ergun is part of the prefecture-level city of Hulunbuir, and spans 11.4% of Hulunbuir's area.[3][6] It occupies 28,958 square kilometres (11,181 sq mi), bounded to the north and west by the Argun River, which forms China's border with Russia's Zabaykalsky Krai (formerly, Chita Oblast).[3][7] The city's border with Russia spans 675 kilometres (419 mi).[3] Ergun is also bordered by Genhe to the east, and the county-level city of Mohe in Heilongjiang to the northeast.[3]
The city stands at the foothills of the Greater Khingan Mountains.[3] 73.4% of the city's area is forested, with much of it being virgin forests.[3][6] 17% of the city's area is natural grassland, particularly in the city's south, and 6% is cultivated.[3]
Apart from the Argun River, major rivers in the city include the Delbur River , the Gen River , the Hawu'er River , the Jiliu River , the Wuma River , and the Engh Had River , all of which are tributaries of the Argun River.[3]
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Jiqian (labelled as Ch'i-kan 奇乾) (1951)
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Map including part of Ergun (AMS, 1951)
Ergun Wetlands
The city hosts Ergun Wetlands (formerly known as the Genhe Wetlands), a plain delta formed by the Argun River, the Gen River , the Delbur River , and the Hawu'er River .[citation needed] The Ergun Wetlands is one of the largest wetlands in Asia, lying about 3 km to the west of Labdalin Subdistrict , Ergun's urban area and seat of government.[citation needed]
After the end of September the wetlands wither and turn dark.[8] A panoramic view of the wetlands is afforded from a tourist scenic view overlooking the area from a hill 720 meters above sea level.[9]
The encroachment of urban development has made preservation of the wetland difficult but were bolstered by a wetland protection law in 2012.[10]
Climate
The city experiences an average annual temperature of −3.1 °C (26.4 °F), and an average annual precipitation of 375 millimetres (14.8 in).[3]
Climate data for Ergun, elevation 581 m (1,906 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | −2.1 (28.2) |
2.4 (36.3) |
17.1 (62.8) |
28.4 (83.1) |
35.2 (95.4) |
39.0 (102.2) |
37.9 (100.2) |
35.2 (95.4) |
33.4 (92.1) |
26.0 (78.8) |
11.8 (53.2) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
39.0 (102.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −22.0 (−7.6) |
−15.2 (4.6) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
9.7 (49.5) |
19.0 (66.2) |
24.9 (76.8) |
26.5 (79.7) |
24.4 (75.9) |
18.0 (64.4) |
7.5 (45.5) |
−7.7 (18.1) |
−19.8 (−3.6) |
5.1 (41.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −28.0 (−18.4) |
−22.7 (−8.9) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
2.7 (36.9) |
11.7 (53.1) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.3 (68.5) |
17.8 (64.0) |
10.4 (50.7) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−13.8 (7.2) |
−25.1 (−13.2) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −32.7 (−26.9) |
−28.7 (−19.7) |
−18.1 (−0.6) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
3.9 (39.0) |
10.6 (51.1) |
14.2 (57.6) |
11.7 (53.1) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−18.9 (−2.0) |
−29.6 (−21.3) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | −45.4 (−49.7) |
−44.0 (−47.2) |
−36.7 (−34.1) |
−20.5 (−4.9) |
−10.7 (12.7) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
3.5 (38.3) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
−10.3 (13.5) |
−21.1 (−6.0) |
−41.3 (−42.3) |
−44.5 (−48.1) |
−45.4 (−49.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 4.8 (0.19) |
3.3 (0.13) |
5.5 (0.22) |
12.4 (0.49) |
23.9 (0.94) |
55.1 (2.17) |
98.7 (3.89) |
84.4 (3.32) |
33.5 (1.32) |
16.1 (0.63) |
7.2 (0.28) |
6.4 (0.25) |
351.3 (13.83) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 9.1 | 5.5 | 5.0 | 6.1 | 7.7 | 11.4 | 14.8 | 12.8 | 9.4 | 6.4 | 8.2 | 10.9 | 107.3 |
Average snowy days | 11.4 | 8.0 | 7.6 | 6.3 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.7 | 5.6 | 11.3 | 14.1 | 66.7 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 72 | 71 | 65 | 50 | 45 | 59 | 69 | 71 | 64 | 61 | 72 | 74 | 64 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 164.9 | 207.5 | 273.1 | 260.3 | 273.1 | 275.9 | 251.2 | 244.0 | 221.7 | 208.0 | 165.0 | 136.1 | 2,680.8 |
Percent possible sunshine | 62 | 72 | 73 | 62 | 57 | 56 | 51 | 55 | 60 | 64 | 62 | 55 | 61 |
Source: China Meteorological Administration[11][12] |
Administrative divisions
Ergun is divided into 2 subdistricts, 3 towns, 1 township, 2 ethnic townships and 1 sum.[13] The city's seat of government is located in Labdalin Subdistrict .[3][14]
Name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Mongolian (Hudum Script)[citation needed] | Mongolian (Cyrillic)[citation needed] | Population (2010)[5] | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subdistricts | ||||||
Labdalin Subdistrict | 拉布大林街道 | Lābùdàlín Jiēdào | ᠯᠠᠪᠳᠠᠯᠢᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ | Лавталин зээл гудамж | 35,727 | |
Shangkuli Subdistrict | 上库力街道 | Shàngkùlì Jiēdào | ᠱᠠᠩ ᠺᠦ᠋ ᠯᠢ ᠵᠡᠭᠡᠯᠢ ᠭᠤᠳᠤᠮᠵᠢ | Шан кү ли зээл гудамж | 6,708 | |
Towns | ||||||
Heishantou | 黑山头镇 | Hēishāntóu Zhèn | ᠾᠧᠢ ᠱᠠᠨ ᠲᠧᠦ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ | Гей шин дүү балгас | 2,029 | |
Moridaga | 莫尔道嘎镇 | Mò'ěrdàogā Zhèn | ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠳᠠᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ | Мордоо балгас | 17,970 | |
Engh Had | 恩和哈达镇 | Ēnhéhādá Zhèn | ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ᠬᠠᠳᠠ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ | Энх хад балгас | N/A | |
Township | ||||||
Qiqian Township | 奇乾乡 | Qíqián Xiāng | ᠴᠢᠴᠠᠨ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩ | Чичан шиян | N/A | |
Ethnic township | ||||||
Sanhe Hui Ethnic Township | 三河回族乡 | Sānhé Huízú Xiāng | ᠰᠠᠨ ᠾᠧ ᠬᠣᠲᠣᠩ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩ | Сан ге хотон үндэстэний шиян | 10,648 | |
Enhe Russian Ethnic Township | 恩和俄罗斯族民族乡 | Ēnhé Èluósīzú Mínzúxiāng | ᠡᠩᠬᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩ | Энх огус үндэстэний шиян | N/A | (Russian) Эньхэ-Русская национальная волость |
Sum | ||||||
Mengwu Xiboge Sum | 蒙兀室韦苏木 | Méngwùshìwéi Sūmù | ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠰᠢᠭᠤᠢ ᠰᠤᠮᠤ | Монгол шугуй сум | N/A | |
Other Township-level Divisions | ||||||
Inner Mongolia Labdalin Ranch | 内蒙古拉布大林农牧场 | Nèi Ménggǔ Lābùdàlín Nóngmùchǎng | N/A | |||
Inner Mongolia Sanhe Stallion Ranch | 内蒙古三河种马场 | Nèi Ménggǔ Sānhé Zhǒngmǎchǎng | ||||
Inner Mongolia Shangkuli Farm | 内蒙古上库力农场 | Nèi Ménggǔ Shàngkùlì Nóngchǎng | ||||
Inner Mongolia Suqin Ranch | 内蒙古苏沁农牧场 | Nèi Ménggǔ Sūqìn Nóngmùchǎng |
Demographics
Ergun is one of the least populated county-level divisions of Inner Mongolia, with a population of 79,155 as of 2019, making it the 87th most populated of the autonomous region's 103 divisions.[4]: 20–1 This figure reflects a 1.0% decline from the 2018 population of 79,942.[4]: 20–37 [15] As of 2010, Ergun had a population of 76,667.[5]
Ethnicity
Ethnic group | 2000[5] | 2006[16] | 2018[15] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | |
Han Chinese | 62,224 | 77.43% | 64,591 | 75.84% | 58,778 | 73.53% |
Mongol | 4,839 | 6.02% | 7,294 | 8.56% | 7,897 | 9.88% |
Hui | 6,616 | 8.23% | N/A | N/A | 6,583 | 8.23% |
Russian | 2,713 | 3.38% | 2,468 | 2.90% | 2,613 | 3.27% |
Manchu | 2,713 | 3.38% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Daur | 763 | 0.95% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Korean | 182 | 0.23% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Evenk | 156 | 0.19% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Oroqen | 63 | 0.08% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Miao | 55 | 0.07% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Tujia | 29 | 0.04% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Sibe | 3 | <0.01% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Yi | 2 | <0.01% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Other | 0 | 0.00% | 10,809 | 12.69% | 4,071 | 5.09% |
Total | 80,358 | 100.00% | 85,162 | 100.00% | 79,942 | 100.00% |
In Ergun's towns and villages along the Argun River are thousands of descendants of intermarriages between Han Chinese men and Russian women.[17] This Russian descended population forms a large portion of the total number of Russians in China. One of these locations is Enhe Russian Ethnic Township, the sole official ethnic Russian township.[17]
Economy
Ergun's gross domestic product was ¥4.059 billion as of 2019,[4]: 20–37 [18] and ¥4.519 billion as of 2018.[15] As of 2018, 42.1% of the city's gross domestic product came from its primary sector, 11.1% came from its secondary sector, and 46.8% came from its tertiary sector.[15] The city's public budget revenue in 2019 was ¥150.55 million, ranking 91st out of Inner Mongolia's 103 county-level divisions.[4]: 20–4 Its consumer retail sales totaled ¥1.826 billion, and its foreign trade totaled 56.32 million USD.[15]
Sector | 2018[15] | 2019[4]: 20–37 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total (RMB) | Percent of whole | Total (RMB) | Percent of whole | |
Primary | 1.902 billion | 42.09% | 1.70576 billion | 42.02% |
Secondary | 0.502 billion | 11.11% | 0.45242 billion | 11.14% |
Tertiary | 2.115 billion | 46.80% | 1.90133 billion | 46.84% |
Total | 4.519 billion | 100.00% | 4.05951 billion | 100.00% |
The average household disposable income of Ergun's residents totaled ¥30,371 in 2019, a 7.8% increase from the ¥28,173 reported in 2018.[4]: 20–37 [15] For urban households, this number stood at ¥30,953 in 2019,[4]: 20–37 a 7.0% increase from the ¥28,928 reported in 2018,[4]: 20–37 [15] which ranked 75th of the 101 county-level divisions in Inner Mongolia for which this statistic was reported.[4]: 20–5 Rural households in Ergun average ¥28,470 in disposable income as of 2019,[4]: 20–37 a 10.0% increase from 2018,[4]: 20–37 which ranked the 3rd highest of the 90 county-level divisions in Inner Mongolia which reported this statistic.[4]: 20–6
As of 2019, there are 99,140 mobile telephone subscriptions in Ergun (1.25 per capita), and 28,962 internet subscriptions (0.37 per capita).[4]: 20–37
Mineral deposits in Ergun include coal, gold, lead, zinc, iron, tungsten, copper, and fluorite.[3]
Agriculture
The total value of Ergun's agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and aquaculture industry as of 2018 was ¥3.072 billion.[15]
In 2019, Ergun produced 263,482 tons of grain, the 37th most of the 96 county-level divisions of Inner Mongolia which reported this statistic.[4]: 20–2 The city produced 9,255 tons of meat the same year, ranking 74th of Inner Mongolia's 103 county-level divisions.[4]: 20–3
Tourism
Ergun has a significant tourism industry, attracting 5.733 million tourists in 2019 alone.[18]
The Ergun Wetland Scenic Area (Chinese: 额尔古纳湿地景区) is designated as a AAAA Tourist Attraction.[6]
Enhe Russian Ethnic Township has become a major tourist destination in recent years, attracting about 500,000 tourists in 2017 alone.[19] Much of the town's tourism is derived from its small rural character, as well as its unique intersection of Russian and Chinese culture.[19] Due to the cold climate of the region, most of the ethnic township's tourism takes place in summer months.[19]
Ergun also hosts the ancient ruins of the city of Heishantou and portions of the Great Wall of Jin .[3]
Education
As of 2019, the city has 10 primary schools and 5 secondary schools.[4]: 20–37
Secondary schools include:[20]
- Ergun City No. 2 Secondary School (额尔古纳市第二中学)
- Ergun City No. 3 Secondary School (额尔古纳市第三中学)
- Ergun City Moridaga Secondary School (额尔古纳市莫尔道嘎中学)
- Ergun City Sanhe Secondary School (额尔古纳市三河中学)
Primary schools include:[20]
- Ergun City No. 1 Primary School (额尔古纳市第一小学)
- Ergun City No. 2 Primary School (额尔古纳市第二小学)
- Ergun City No. 3 Primary School (额尔古纳市第三小学)
- Ergun City Enhe Primary School (额尔古纳市恩和小学)
- Ergun City Heishantou Primary School (额尔古纳市黑山头小学)
- Ergun City Moridaga Primary School 1 (额尔古纳市莫尔道嘎一小)
- Ergun City Sanhe Primary School (额尔古纳市三河小学)
- Ergun City Shangkuli Primary School (额尔古纳市上库力小学)
- Ergun City Shiwei Primary School (额尔古纳市室韦小学)
- Ergun City Suqin Primary School (额尔古纳市苏沁小学)
Healthcare
As of 2019, Ergun's medical institutions have 414 beds, and are staffed by 597 personnel.[4]: 20–37
Transportation
Ergun hosts 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) of highway as of 2019.[4]: 20–37 Inner Mongolia Provincial Highway 201 and Inner Mongolia Provincial Highway 301 both run through Ergun.[3]
Ergun has two international border crossings: one in Shiwei, and another in Heishantou .[7]
References
- ^ a b Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, ed. (2019). China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017. Beijing: China Statistics Press. p. 46. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
- ^ Inner Mongolia: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n 额尔古纳市概况地图 [Ergun Overview]. xzqh.org (in Chinese). 2016-01-04. Archived from the original on 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s 内蒙古统计年鉴—2020 [Inner Mongolia Statistical Yearbook 2020]. tj.nmg.gov.cn (in Chinese). Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regional Bureau of Statistics. 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p 额尔古纳市历史沿革 [Ergun City Organizational History]. xzqh.org (in Chinese). 2016-01-04. Archived from the original on 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ a b c 市情概况 [City Situation] (in Chinese). Ergun Municipal People's Government. 2020-03-11. Archived from the original on 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ a b 市情概述 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 2012-11-28. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
- ^ Wang, Kaihao (October 17, 2013). "River valley produces wetlands wonder". China Daily.
- ^ "Ergun wetland in Inner Mongolia, one of the largest in Asia". ecns.com. November 11, 2013.
- ^ Wang, Qian; Zheng, Jinran (May 14, 2012). "Ergun wetland threatened by development, urbanization". China Daily.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ 2022年统计用区划代码(额尔古纳) [2020 Statistical Division Codes (Ergun)] (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of China. 2022.
- ^ 额尔古纳市拉布大林街道办事处 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i 额尔古纳市2018年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 [Ergun City 2018 Economic and Social Development Report] (in Chinese). Ergun Municipal People's Government. 2019-04-01. Archived from the original on 2019-04-13. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ 额尔古纳市概况 [Description of Ergun City]. Hulunbuir People's Government (in Simplified Chinese).[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b Entangled Histories: The Transcultural Past of Northeast China (PDF). London: Springer. 2014. pp. 47–58.
- ^ a b 额尔古纳经济发展概况 [Ergun Economic Development Overview] (in Chinese). Ergun Municipal People's Government. 2020-03-11. Archived from the original on 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ a b c Zhang, Wei (2017-08-03). 中国唯一俄罗斯民族乡:异域风情范儿的边疆小镇 [China's only Russian Ethnic Township: An exotic frontier town]. www.chinanews.com (in Chinese). China News Service. Archived from the original on 2021-02-09. Retrieved 2021-02-09.
- ^ a b 义务教育学校名录 [List of Compulsory Education Schools]. gk.eegn.gov.cn (in Chinese (China)). Ergun Municipal People's Government. 2021-11-26. Archived from the original on 2022-02-16. Retrieved 2022-02-16.