Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) or scatter factor (SF) is a paracrine cellular growth, motility and morphogenic factor. It is secreted by mesenchymal cells and targets and acts primarily upon epithelial cells and endothelial cells, but also acts on haemopoietic progenitor cells and T cells. It has been shown to have a major role in embryonic organ development, specifically in myogenesis, in adult organ regeneration, and in wound healing.[5]
Function
Hepatocyte growth factor regulates cell growth, cell motility, and morphogenesis by activating a tyrosine kinase signaling cascade after binding to the proto-oncogenic c-Met receptor.[6][7] Hepatocyte growth factor is secreted by platelets,[8] and mesenchymal cells and acts as a multi-functional cytokine on cells of mainly epithelial origin. Its ability to stimulate mitogenesis, cell motility, and matrix invasion gives it a central role in angiogenesis, tumorogenesis, and tissue regeneration.[9]
Structure
It is secreted as a single inactive polypeptide and is cleaved by serine proteases into a 69-kDa alpha-chain and 34-kDa beta-chain. A disulfide bond between the alpha and beta chains produces the active, heterodimeric molecule. The protein belongs to the plasminogen subfamily of S1 peptidases but has no detectable protease activity.[9]
Clinical significance
Human HGF plasmid DNA therapy of cardiomyocytes is being examined as a potential treatment for coronary artery disease as well as treatment for the damage that occurs to the heart after myocardial infarction.[10][11] As well as the well-characterised effects of HGF on epithelial cells, endothelial cells and haemopoietic progenitor cells, HGF also regulates the chemotaxis of T cells into heart tissue. Binding of HGF by c-Met, expressed on T cells, causes the upregulation of c-Met, CXCR3, and CCR4 which in turn imbues them with the ability to migrate into heart tissue.[12] HGF also promotes angiogenesis in ischemia injury.[13] HGF may further play a role as an indicator for prognosis of chronicity for Chikungunya virus induced arthralgia. High HGF levels correlate with high rates of recovery.[14]
Excessive local expression of HGF in the breasts has been implicated in macromastia.[15] HGF is also importantly involved in normal mammary gland development.[16][17]
HGF has been implicated in a variety of cancers, including of the lungs, pancreas, thyroid, colon, and breast.[18][19][20]
Increased expression of HGF has been associated with the enhanced and scarless wound healing capabilities of fibroblast cells isolated from the oral mucosa tissue.[21]
Circulating plasma levels
Plasma from patients with advanced heart failure presents increased levels of HGF, which correlates with a negative prognosis and a high risk of mortality.[22][23] Circulating HGF has been also identified as a prognostic marker of severity in patients with hypertension.[24] Circulating HGF has been also suggested as a precocious biomarker for the acute phase of bowel inflammation.[25]
Pharmacokinetics
Exogenous HGF administered by intravenous injection is cleared rapidly from circulation by the liver, with a half-life of approximately 4 minutes.[26][27][28][29]
Modulators
Dihexa is an orally active, centrally penetrant small-molecule compound that directly binds to HGF and potentiates its ability to activate its receptor, c-Met.[30] It is a strong inducer of neurogenesis and is being studied for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.[31][32]
Interactions
Hepatocyte growth factor has been shown to interact with the protein product of the c-Met oncogene, identified as the HGF receptor (HGFR).[6][33][34] Both overexpression of the Met/HGFR receptor protein and autocrine activation of Met/HGFR by simultaneous expression of the hepatocyte growth factor ligand have been implicated in oncogenesis.[35][36] Hepatocyte growth factor interacts with the sulfated glycosaminoglycans heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate.[37][38] The interaction with heparan sulfate allows hepatocyte growth factor to form a complex with c-Met that is able to transduce intracellular signals leading to cell division and cell migration.[37][39]
See also
- Epidermal growth factor
- Insulin-like growth factor 1
- Epithelial–mesenchymal transition
- Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Cells
References
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Further reading
- Michalopoulos GK, Zarnegar R (1992). "Hepatocyte Growth Factor". Hepatology. 15 (1): 149–54. doi:10.1002/hep.1840150125. PMID 1530787. S2CID 39873193.
- Nakamura T (1992). "Structure and function of hepatocyte growth factor". Progress in Growth Factor Research. 3 (1): 67–85. doi:10.1016/0955-2235(91)90014-U. PMID 1838014.
- Ware LB, Matthay MA (May 2002). "Keratinocyte and hepatocyte growth factors in the lung: roles in lung development, inflammation, and repair". American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 282 (5): L924-40. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00439.2001. PMID 11943656. S2CID 22175256.
- Funakoshi H, Nakamura T (January 2003). "Hepatocyte growth factor: from diagnosis to clinical applications". Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry. 327 (1–2): 1–23. doi:10.1016/S0009-8981(02)00302-9. PMID 12482615.
- Skibinski G (2004). "The role of hepatocyte growth factor/c-met interactions in the immune system". Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis. 51 (5): 277–82. PMID 14626426.
- Kalluri R, Neilson EG (December 2003). "Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and its implications for fibrosis". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 112 (12): 1776–84. doi:10.1172/JCI20530. PMC 297008. PMID 14679171.
- Hurle RA, Davies G, Parr C, Mason MD, Jenkins SA, Kynaston HG, Jiang WG (October 2005). "Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor and prostate cancer: a review". Histology and Histopathology. 20 (4): 1339–49. doi:10.14670/HH-20.1339. PMID 16136515.
- Kemp LE, Mulloy B, Gherardi E (June 2006). "Signalling by HGF/SF and Met: the role of heparan sulphate co-receptors". Biochemical Society Transactions. 34 (Pt 3): 414–7. doi:10.1042/BST0340414. PMID 16709175. S2CID 31340761.
- Ejaz A, Epperly MW, Hou W, Greenberger JS, Rubin PJ (March 2019). "Adipose-derived stem cell therapy ameliorates ionizing irradiation fibrosis (RIF) via hepatocyte growth factor mediated TGF-β down regulation and recruitment of bone marrow cells". Stem Cells. 37 (6): 791–802. doi:10.1002/stem.3000. PMC 8457883. PMID 30861238.
External links
- Hepatocyte+growth+factor at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Hepatocyte growth factor on the Atlas of Genetics and Oncology
- UCSD Signaling Gateway Molecule Page on HGF
- Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P14210 (Hepatocyte growth factor) at the PDBe-KB.