A drug cartel is a criminal organization composed of independent drug lords who collude with each other in order to improve their profits and dominate the illegal drug trade. Drug cartels form with the purpose of controlling the supply of the illegal drug trade and maintaining prices at a high level. The formations of drug cartels are common in Latin American countries. Rivalries between multiple drug cartels cause them to wage turf wars against each other.
The basic structure of a drug cartel is as follows:
- Falcons: Considered as the "eyes and ears" of the streets, the "falcons" are the lowest rank in any drug cartel. They are scouts, who are responsible for conducting reconnaissance, such as reporting the activities of the police, the military and rival groups.[1]
- Hitmen: The armed group within the drug cartel, responsible for carrying out assassinations, kidnappings, thefts and extortions, operating protection rackets, as well as defending their plaza (turf) from rival groups and the military.[2][3]
- Lieutenants: The second highest position in the drug cartel organization, responsible for supervising the hitmen and falcons within their own territory. They are allowed to carry out low-profile murders without permission from their bosses.[4]
- Drug lords: The highest position in any drug cartel, responsible for supervising the entire drug industry, appointing territorial leaders, making alliances, in addition to planning high-profile murders.[5]
There are other operating groups within the drug cartels. For example, the drug producers and suppliers,[6] although not considered in the basic structure, are critical operators of any drug cartel, along with the smugglers, distributors, sales representatives, accountants and money launderers.[7][8][9] Furthermore, the arms suppliers operate in a completely different circle;[10] they are technically not considered part of the cartel's logistics.
Africa
- Cape Verdean organized crime
- Mungiki[11]
- Organized crime in Nigeria[12][13][14][15][16][17]
- Mai-Mai militia gangs
- Moroccan hashish smugglers
Americas
North America
Canada
- Rivard organization
- Red Scorpions
- Bacon Brothers
- United Nations gang
- Montreal
- Indo-Canadian organized crime
- Punjabi Mafia ਜੌਹਲ ਗਿਰੋਹ (Canada)[19]
- Canadian mafia families
Mexico
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mexican_drug_cartels_2008.jpg/240px-Mexican_drug_cartels_2008.jpg)
Mexican cartels (also known in Mexico as: la Mafia (the mafia or the mob), La Maña (the skill / the bad manners),[21] narcotraficantes (narco-traffickers), or simply as narcos usually refers to several, rival, criminal organizations that are combated by the Mexican government in the Mexican War on Drugs (List sorted by branches and heritage):[22]
Mexican academic Oswaldo Zavala, in his book Drug Cartels Do Not Exist, argues that academics, officials, journalists and writers are mistaken to label the criminal gangs as cartels, noting that they do not meet the definition due to the competitive nature of the drugs trade, and the lack of hierarchal structure. He states that the Mexican state perpetuates the label to justify their militarised response.[23]
Note: As of 2020 the DEA considered the cartels of Sinaloa-Beltran, Juarez-Linea, Jalisco, Golfo-Noreste-Zetas, La Familia and Rojos-Guerreros to be the most influential cartels in Mexico.[24]
- Gulf Cartel (The oldest Mexican criminal syndicate, started as Prohibition-era bootlegging gang)
- Los Zetas (Formerly part of the Gulf Cartel, now independent)
- La Familia Michoacana (Formerly a branch of the Gulf Cartel, then went independent)[25][26]
- Knights Templar Cartel (Splintered from La Familia Cartel)[27]
- Sinaloa Cartel (Spawned from the Guadalajara Cartel)
- Colima Cartel (members are now a branch of the Sinaloa Cartel)[28]
- Sonora Cartel (was reformed in 2018 and is still a branch of the Sinaloa Cartel)[28]
- Los Ántrax (enforcer squad)
Drug trafficking tunnel under the U.S.-Mexico border used by the Sinaloa Cartel - La Resistencia (Splintered from the Milenio Cartel; disbanded)
- Jalisco New Generation Cartel[29] (Independent remnants of the Milenio Cartel.
- Los Negros (Beltran-Leyva enforcement squad; disbanded)
- South Pacific Cartel (branch of the Beltran Leyva Cartel in Morelos)[30][31][32]
Drug War related murders in Mexico, 2006–2011 - Independent Cartel of Acapulco[33] (Splinter from the Beltran-Leyva Cartel)
- La Barredora (gang)[34]
- La Mano Con Ojos (gang) (small cell of Beltran-Leyva members in the State of Mexico) (Disbanded)
- La Nueva Administración (Splintered from the Beltran-Leyva Cartel) (Disbanded)
- La Oficina (gang) (cell of the Beltran-Leyva Cartel in Aguascalientes) (Disbanded)
- Cártel de la Sierra (cell in Guerrero)[35][36]
- Cártel de La Calle (cell in Chiapas)[37][38]
- Los Chachos (gang in Tamaulipas) (Disbanded)[39][40]
- Tijuana Cartel (Spawned from the Guadalajara Cartel)
- Oaxaca Cartel (Was a branch of the disbanded Tijuana Cartel, its regional leader was captured in 2007)
- Juárez Cartel (Spawned from the Guadalajara Cartel)
- La Línea (Juárez Cartel enforcer squad)
- Barrio Azteca (U.S. street gang)[41] (Allied with La Linea)
El Azul was a Mexican drug lord. He was a former Mexican secret police (DFS) agent.
- Santa Rosa de Lima Cartel
- Caborca Cartel
- Lesser-known small-criminal organizations:
- Los Mexicles (U.S. street gang)[42]
- Los Texas (street gang) (disbanded)[43]
- Government officials: Other organizations that have been involved in drug trade or traffic in Mexico:
- Mexican officials:
- United States officials:
United States
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Map_of_US_Violent_Crime.svg/220px-Map_of_US_Violent_Crime.svg.png)
The United States of America is the world's largest consumer of cocaine[58] and other illegal drugs.[59][60][61] This is a list of American criminal organizations involved in illegal drug traffic, drug trade and other related crimes in the United States:
- National Crime Syndicate[18][62]
- Polish Mob
- Prohibition-era gangs
- Hispanic-American
- Marielitos
- Paisas
- Nuestra Familia
Area of influence map of the Jalisco New Generation Cartel in the United States. - Puerto Rican mafia
- Polanco-Rodriguez organization[14]
- Los Angeles (See also Rampart scandal)
- Dixie Mafia[62]
- Greek-American organized crime
- Assyrian/Chaldean mafia[72]
- Hawaii
- Wall gang
- Elkins mob
- The Chickens and the Bulls
- Binion mob
- Johnston gang
American Mafia
Italian immigrants to the United States in the early 19th century formed various small-time gangs which gradually evolved into sophisticated crime syndicates which dominated organized crime in America for several decades. Although government crackdowns and a less-tightly knit Italian-American community have largely reduced their power, they remain an active force in the underworld.
Active crime families
- American Mafia
- The Commission[20]
- The Five Families of New York City[12][18][20]
- Magaddino crime family[18][20]
- DeCavalcante crime family[18][20][15]
- The Chicago Outfit[12][18][72][20][66] (see also Unione Siciliane)
- Las Vegas crew (defunct)
- Philadelphia crime family[18][19][20][15]
- Pittsburgh crime family[20][62]
- Patriarca crime family[20]
- Cleveland crime family[20][66]
- Los Angeles crime family[20]
- Kansas City crime family[20]
- Trafficante crime family[20]
- Detroit Partnership[20][62][66]
- Milwaukee crime family[20]
- New Orleans crime family[18][20][62]
Defunct mafia families
- Morello crime family[18][20]
- Genna crime family[20]
- Porrello crime family[20]
- St. Louis crime family[20]
- Rochester Crime Family[20]
- Bufalino crime family[20]
- Dallas crime family[20]
- Denver crime family[20]
- San Francisco crime family[20]
- San Jose crime family[20]
- Seattle crime family
- Omaha crime family
- Licavoli Mob[18][20]
- Cardinelli gang
- New York Camorra
- East Harlem Purple Gang[74]
- New York City
- Boston
- Los Angeles
- Mickey Cohen gang (mix between Jewish and Italian members)[20][62][63]
- The Purple Gang[18][63][66]
- Zwillman gang[63]
- Kid Cann's gang[63]
- Birger mob[67]
- Cleveland Syndicate
- New York City
- The Family
- Detroit
- Philadelphia
- Oakland, California
- Baltimore
- Washington, D.C.
- Rayful Edmond organization[77]
- Chicago
- Theodore Roe's gambling ring
- Stokes organization
- Atlantic City
- Miami
- Rosemond Organization
- Prohibition-era Chicago gangs
- Boston
- Danny Hogan's gang
- Danny Walsh gang
- Tom Dennison empire
- Danny Greene's Celtic Club[18][79]
- Nucky Johnson's Organization
- K&A Gang
- Enright gang
- New York
- St Louis
Caribbean
- Chadee gang (Trinidad and Tobago)
- Jamaican Yardies & Posses[18][14][16][80]
- No Limit Soldiers (Curaçao)
- Phantom death squad (Guyana)
- Suri-kartel (Suriname)
- Zoe Pound (Haitian, see also Tonton Macoute)
- Dominican drug cartels[83]
South America
Brazil
- Primeiro Comando da Capital, based in São Paulo
- Comando Vermelho, based in Rio de Janeiro
- Terceiro Comando, based in Rio de Janeiro (disbanded[85])
- Terceiro Comando Puro, based in Rio de Janeiro
- Amigos dos Amigos, based in Rio de Janeiro
- Família do Norte, based in Amazonas
- Guardiões do Estado, based in Ceará
Bolivia
Colombia
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gomez-Bustamante_extradited_from_Colombia_to_the_United_States_2007.jpg/220px-Gomez-Bustamante_extradited_from_Colombia_to_the_United_States_2007.jpg)
Colombia is the largest producer of cocaine in the world,[86] and cocaine production in Colombia reached an all-time high in 2017.[87]
Active Colombian drug cartels:
- The Black Eagles
- Clan del Golfo
- Oficina de Envigado
- National Liberation Army (Colombia)
- FARC dissidents
- Los Rastrojos
Historical Colombian drug cartels:
- Medellín Cartel
- Cali Cartel
- Norte del Valle Cartel
- North Coast Cartel
- United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia
- Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
Peru
Venezuela
Historically Venezuela has been a path to the United States for illegal drugs originating in Colombia, through Central America and Mexico and Caribbean countries such as Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico.
According to the United Nations, there has been an increase of cocaine trafficking through Venezuela since 2002.[88] In 2005, Venezuela severed ties with the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), accusing its representatives of spying.[89] Following the departure of the DEA from Venezuela and the expansion of DEA's partnership with Colombia in 2005, Venezuela became more attractive to drug traffickers.[90] Between 2008 and 2012, Venezuela's cocaine seizure ranking among other countries declined, going from being ranked fourth in the world for cocaine seizures in 2008[91] to sixth in the world in 2012.[92] The cartel groups involved include:
- The Cuntrera-Caruana Mafia clan moved to Venezuela,[93] which became an important hideout as the clan bought hotels and founded various businesses in Caracas and Valencia, as well as an extended ranch in Barinas, near the Colombian border. "Venezuela has its own Cosa Nostra family as if it is Sicilian territory," according to the Italian police. "The structure and hierarchy of the Mafia has been entirely reproduced in Venezuela." The Cuntrera-Caruana clan had direct links with the ruling Commission of the Sicilian Mafia, and are acknowledged by the American Cosa Nostra.[93]
Pasquale, Paolo and Gaspare Cuntrera were expelled from Venezuela in 1992, "almost secretly smuggled out of the country, as if it concerned one of their own drug transports. It was imperative they could not contact people on the outside who could have used their political connections to stop the expulsion." Their expulsion was ordered by a commission of the Venezuelan Senate headed by Senator Cristobal Fernandez Dalo and his money laundering investigator, Thor Halvorssen Hellum. They were arrested in September 1992 at Fiumicino airport (Rome),[94][95] and in 1996 were sentenced to 13–20 years.[93]
- Norte del Valle Cartel : In 2008 the leader of the Colombian Norte del Valle Cartel, Wilber Varela, was found murdered in a hotel in Mérida in Venezuela.[96]
- The Cartel of the Suns According to Jackson Diehl. Deputy Editorial Page Editor of The Washington Post, the Bolivarian government of Venezuela shelters "one of the world's biggest drug cartels". There have also been allegations that former president Hugo Chávez and Diosdado Cabello being involved with drug trafficking.[97]
In May 2015, The Wall Street Journal reported from United States officials that drug trafficking in Venezuela increased significantly with Colombian drug traffickers moving from Colombia to Venezuela due to pressure from law enforcement.[98] One United States Department of Justice official described the higher ranks of the Venezuelan government and military as "a criminal organization", with high ranking Venezuelan officials, such as National Assembly President Diosdado Cabello, being accused of drug trafficking.[98] Those involved with investigations stated that Venezuelan government defectors and former traffickers had given information to investigators and that details of those involved in government drug trafficking were increasing.[98]
Central America
Honduras
El Salvador
Nicaragua
- Nicaraguan drug cartels (see also Contras)
Asia
East Asia
Korea
Japan
The yakuza of Japan are similar to the Italian mafias in that they originated centuries ago and follow a rigid set of traditions, but have several aspects that make them unique, such as their full-body tattoos and their fairly open place in Japanese society. Many yakuza groups are umbrella organizations, smaller gangs reporting to a larger crime syndicate.
Active yakuza groups
- Roku-daime Yamaguchi-gumi 六代目山口組[12][13][18][99]
- Yon-daime Yamaken-gumi 四代目山健組[18][99]
- Ni-daime Kodo-kai 二代目弘道会[18]
- Ni-daime Takumi-gumi 二代目宅見組[99]
- Go-daime Kokusui-kai 五代目國粹会[99]
- Inagawa-kai 稲川会[12][18][99]
- Sumiyoshi-kai 住吉会[13][18][99]
- Sumiyoshi-ikka Shinwa-kai 住吉一家親和会
- Kansuke Juni-daime 勘助十二代目
- Sumiyoshi-ikka Shinwa-kai 住吉一家親和会
- Kobe Yamaguchi-gumi
- Matsuba-kai 松葉会[99]
- Kyokuto-kai 極東会[99]
- Dojin-kai[99] 道仁会
- Yon-daime Kudo-kai[99] 四代目工藤會
- Roku-daime Aizu-Kotetsu-kai 六代目会津小鉄会[99]
- Okinawa Kyokuryu-kai 沖縄旭琉会[99]
- Kyushu Seido-kai 九州誠道会
- Go-daime Kyosei-kai 五代目共政会[99]
- San-daime Fukuhaku-kai 三代目福博会
- Soai-kai 双愛会[99]
- Yon-daime Kyokuryu-kai 四代目旭琉会[99]
- San-daime Kyodo-kai 三代目俠道会[99]
- Taishu-kai 太州会[99]
- Shichi-daime Goda-ikka 七代目合田一家[99]
- Toa-kai 東亜会[18]
- Ni-daime Azuma-gumi 二代目東組[99]
- Yon-daime Asano-gumi 四代目浅野組[99]
- Hachi-daime Sakaume-gumi 八代目酒梅組
- Yon-daime Kozakura-ikka 四代目小桜一家[99]
- Ni-daime Shinwa-kai 二代目親和会[99]
Defunct yakuza groups
- Kantō-kai 関東会[99]
- Ni-daime Honda-kai 二代目本多会[99]
- Yamaguchi-gumi
- Goto-gumi 後藤組[99]
- Suishin-kai 水心会[100]
- Ichiwa-kai 一和会[13][99]
- San-daime Yamano-kai 三代目山野会[99]
- Nakano-kai 中野会[18][99]
- Kyokuto Sakurai-soke-rengokai 極東桜井總家連合会[99]
Chinese
The Triads is a popular name for a number of Chinese criminal secret societies, which have existed in various forms over the centuries (see for example Tiandihui). However, not all Chinese gangs fall into line with these traditional groups, as many non-traditional criminal organizations have formed, both in China and the Chinese diaspora.
- Hong Kong-based Triads
- Sio Sam Ong (小三王)
- Chinese-American gangs (See also Tongs)
- Taiwan-based Triads
- Mainland Chinese crime groups (see also Hanlong Group)
- Chongqing group 重慶組
- Defunct
- Honghuzi gangs
- Green Gang 青帮
- Triads in Cholon
- Wu Bang
Southeast Asia
- Golden Triangle[12][18][76][14][106]
- Burmese drug cartels (see also Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army)
- Khun Sa cartel[18][14] (see also Mong Tai Army)
- Red Wa (see also United Wa State Army and National Democratic Alliance Army)
- Hawngleuk Militia
- Han cartel
- Laotian drug cartels (see also Ouane Rattikone)
- Burmese drug cartels (see also Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army)
- Chao pho
- Filipino crime gangs (See also Abu Sayyaf and New People's Army)
- Cambodian crime gangs
- Teng Bunma organization
- Malaysian crime gangs
- Secret societies in Singapore
- Ang Soon Tong 洪順堂
- Ghee Hin Kongsi 義興公司
- Hai San 海山
- Wah Kee華記
- Ah Kong 阿公
- Bình Xuyên[109]
- Đại Cathay's mafia during the 60s
- Năm Cam's mafia of the 90s[12][18]
- Khánh Trắng's "Đồng Xuân Labor Union", a crime syndicate under the guise of a legal entity
- Dung Hà's gang
- Vũ Xuân Trường's gang: a crime syndicate led by Vũ Xuân Trường, a government official and also a drug lord.
South Asia
India
- Indian mafia (See also Insurgency in Northeast India)
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
- Pakistani mafia (See also Peoples' Aman Committee, Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, Muttahida Qaumi Movement and ISI involvement with drugs)
Afghanistan
Middle East
- Israeli mafia[12][72][113] (see also Stern Gang)
- Abergil Crime Family משפחת הפשע אברג'יל[12][13]
- Alperon crime family משפחת הפשע אלפרון[12]
- Zeev Rosenstein organization ארגון זאב רוזנשטיין[12]
- Palestinian organized crime (See also Abu Nidal Organization)
- Doghmush clan
- Turkish mafia[12][13][114]
- Crime groups in Turkey (see also Deep state and Yüksekova Gang)
- Kurdish clans (see also Kurdistan Workers' Party#Involvement in drug trafficking)
- Turkish organised crime in Great Britain
- Turkish organised crime in Germany
- İmaç clan (Netherlands)
- Iranian organized crime (see also Jundallah and illegal activities of the IRGC)
- Lebanese mafia (See also Lebanese Civil War militias)
- Arab crime clans
- Ibrahim clan
Central Asia
Eurasia
Russia
Although organized crime existed in the Soviet era, the gangs really gained in power and international reach during the transition to capitalism. The term Russian Mafia, 'mafiya' or mob is a blanket (and somewhat inaccurate) term for the various organized crime groups that emerged in this period from the 15 former republics of the USSR and unlike their Italian counterparts does not mean members are necessarily of Russian ethnicity or uphold any ancient criminal traditions, although this is the case for some members.
- Russian-Jewish mafia
- Brothers' Circle (Existence is debatable)
- Russian mafia (See also Lubyanka Criminal Group, Three Whales Corruption Scandal and Sergei Magnitsky)
North Caucasia
See also Caucasus Emirate
- Chechen mafia[12][13][119] (See also Special Purpose Islamic Regiment and Kadyrovtsy)
Georgia
- Georgian mafia[119] (See also Mkhedrioni and Forest Brothers)
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Europe
Sweden
- Original Gangsters[123]
- Fucked For Life[123]
- Uppsalamaffian
- Chosen Ones
- Werewolf Legion
- Asir
- Vårvädersligan
Netherlands
France
- French Milieu (See also Service d'Action Civique)
Greece
Ireland
- Ireland
Spain
Poland
Slovakia
Hungary
Czech Republic
Italy
- Sicilian Mafia[12][13][18][20][17][113]
- 'Ndrangheta[12][18][17]
- La Provincia
- Camorra[12][18][72][17]
- Sacra Corona Unita[12][13][18][17]
- Società foggiana[128][129]
- Stidda[18]
- Mala del Brenta[17]
- Banda della Magliana[130]
- Mafia Capitale
- Sinti Casamonica clan
- Clan Spada di Ostia
- Milanese gangs
Balkans
Balkan organized crime gained prominence in the chaos following the communist era, notably the transition to capitalism and the wars in former Yugoslavia.
- Albanian mafia[12][13][17]
- Kosovan mafia
- Albania
- Gang of Çole
- Gang of Gaxhai
- Gang of Pusi i Mezinit
- Lazarat marijuana growers
- Rudaj Organization[132] (New York City)
- Gang of Ismail Lika
- Dobroshi gang[133] (International)
- Naserligan[123] (Sweden)
- K-Falangen (Sweden)
- Bosnian mafia[12]
- Bulgarian mafia[13][18] (see also Multigroup)
- Serbian mafia[12][13]
- Montenegrin mafia[12][13] (see also allegations of Milo Đukanović's involvement in cigarette smuggling)
- Macedonian mafia
- Frankfurt mafia
- Bajrush klan
- Nezim klan'
- Romanian mafia
Great Britain
Ukraine
Lithuania
Estonia
Transnistria
Australia
- Sydney
- 5T gang[137] (1985–1999)
- Freeman gang (defunct)
- Lenny's gang (1960s)
- Mr Sin's gang
- Razor gangs[138] (1920s)
- Melbourne
- Perth
- Salvator cartel[139]
References
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{{cite news}}
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Further reading
- Aire, Jose Gutierrez (2012). Blood, Death, Drugs and Sex in Old Mexico. Createspace Independent Pub. ISBN 978-1477592274.
- "Drug Wars". Frontline. 2006. PBS.
- Holmes, Jennifer S.; Amin Gutiérrez de Piñeres, Sheila; Curtin, Kevin M. (2006). "Drugs, Violence, and Development in Colombia: A Department-Level Analysis". Latin American Politics and Society. 48 (3): 157–184. doi:10.1111/j.1548-2456.2006.tb00359.x. S2CID 198824953. ProQuest 200275766.
External links
- "Mexico: Drug Cartels a Growing Threat"—Worldpress, 2006