UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS
Introduction
Coat of arms of the Soviet Union 1
The flag of the Soviet Union
The
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (
USSR ), commonly known as the
Soviet Union , was a
transcontinental country that spanned much of
Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. It was the
largest country by area , extending across
eleven time zones and sharing
borders with twelve countries , and
the third-most populous country . An overall successor to the
Russian Empire , it was nominally organized as a
federal union of
fifteen national republics , the largest and most populous of which was the
Russian SFSR . In practice,
its government and
economy were
highly centralized . As a
one-party state governed by the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union , it was a flagship
communist state . Its capital and largest city was
Moscow .
The Soviet Union's roots lay in the October Revolution of 1917. The new government, led by Vladimir Lenin , established the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the world's first constitutionally socialist state . The revolution was not accepted by all within the Russian Republic , resulting in the Russian Civil War . The RSFSR and subordinate Soviet republics were merged into the Soviet Union in 1922. Following Lenin's death in 1924, Joseph Stalin came to power, inaugurating rapid industrialization and forced collectivization that led to significant economic growth, but contributed to a famine between 1930-33 that killed millions. The forced labour camp system of the Gulag was expanded. During the late 1930s, Stalin conducted the Great Purge to remove opponents, resulting in mass death, imprisonment, and deportation. In 1939, the USSR and Nazi Germany signed a nonaggression pact but in 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in the largest land invasion in history, opening the Eastern Front of World War II . The Soviets played a decisive role in defeating the Axis powers , suffering an estimated 27 million casualties , which accounted for most Allied losses. In the aftermath of the war , the Soviet Union consolidated the territory occupied by the Red Army , forming satellite states , and undertook rapid economic development which cemented its status as a superpower .
Ideological tensions with the US led to the Cold War . The American-led Western Bloc coalesced into NATO in 1949, prompting the Soviet Union to form its own military alliance, the Warsaw Pact , in 1955. Neither side engaged in direct military confrontation, and instead fought on an ideological basis and through proxy wars . In 1953, following Stalin's death , the Soviet Union undertook a campaign of de-Stalinization under Nikita Khrushchev , which saw reversals and rejections of Stalinist policies. This campaign caused tensions with Communist China . During the 1950s, the Soviet Union expanded its efforts in space exploration and took alead in the Space Race with the first artificial satellite , the first human spaceflight , the first space station , and the first probe to land on another planet . In 1985, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev , sought to reform the country through his policies of glasnost and perestroika . In 1989, various countries of the Warsaw Pact overthrew their Soviet-backed regimes , and nationalist and separatist movements erupted across the Soviet Union. In 1991, amid efforts to preserve the country as a renewed federation , an attempted coup against Gorbachev by hardline communists prompted the largest republics—Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus—to secede. On December 26, Gorbachev officially recognized the dissolution of the Soviet Union . Boris Yeltsin , the leader of the RSFSR, oversaw its reconstitution into the Russian Federation , which became the Soviet Union's successor state; all other republics emerged as fully independent post-Soviet states .
During its existence, the Soviet Union produced many significant
social and technological achievements and innovations . It
had the world's second-largest economy and largest standing military. An
NPT-designated state , it wielded the
largest arsenal of nuclear weapons in the world . As an Allied nation, it was a
founding member of the
United Nations as well as one of the
five permanent members of the
United Nations Security Council . Before its dissolution, the USSR was one of the world's two superpowers through its hegemony in Eastern Europe, global diplomatic and ideological influence (particularly in the
Global South ), military and economic strengths, and
scientific accomplishments. (
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All ministry seals of the Soviet Union used the Soviet coat of arms
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russian : Министерство иностранных дел СССР ) was founded on 6 July 1923. It had three names during its existence: People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs (1923–1946), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1946–1991) and Ministry of External Relations (1991). It was one of the most important government offices in the Soviet Union . The Ministry was led by the Minister of Foreign Affairs prior to 1991, and a Minister of External Relations in 1991. Every leader of the Ministry was nominated by the Chairman of the Council of Ministers and confirmed by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet , and was a member of the Council of Ministers.
The Ministry of External Relations negotiated diplomatic treaties, handled Soviet foreign affairs along with the
International Department of the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and aided in the guidance of
world communism and
anti-imperialism , both strong themes of Soviet policy. Before
Mikhail Gorbachev became
CPSU General Secretary , the organisational structure of the MER mostly stayed the same. As many other Soviet agencies, the MER had an inner-policy group known as the
Collegium , made up of the minister, the two first deputy ministers and nine deputy ministers, among others. Each deputy minister usually headed his own department. (
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Selected picture
... that the proposals for a new Crimean flag after the collapse of the Soviet Union included a white flag with seven rainbow colors at the top and a blue-white-red tricolor design , which was officially adopted in 1999?
Selected quote
“
Let a man find himself, in distinction from others, on top of two wheels with a chain — at least in a poor country like Russia — and his vanity begins to swell out like his tires. In America it takes an automobile to produce this effect.
”
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General images
The following are images from various Soviet Union-related articles on Wikipedia.
Image 1 Russian
peasants holding
banners of Lenin (left),
Marx (centre) and Trotsky (right) in early
Soviet Russia . (from
Russian Revolution )
Image 2 The dissolution of the
Constituent Assembly on 6 January 1918. The
Tauride Palace is locked and guarded by
Trotsky ,
Sverdlov ,
Zinoviev and
Lashevich . (from
Russian Revolution )
Image 3 Meeting before the Russian wire entanglements (from
Russian Revolution )
Image 5 Construction of the bridge through the
Kolyma (part of the
Road of Bones from
Magadan to
Jakutsk ) by the prisoners of
Dalstroy (from
Soviet Union )
Image 6 The
Soviet famine of 1930–1933 , with areas where the effects of famine were most severe shaded (from
Soviet Union )
Image 7 Country emblems of the Soviet Republics before and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union (the
Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (fifth in the second row) no longer exists as a political entity of any kind and the emblem is unofficial.) (from
Soviet Union )
Image 9 The
Pan-European Picnic took place in August 1989 on the Hungarian-Austrian border. (from
Soviet Union )
Image 10 Map showing the greatest territorial extent of the Soviet Union and the sovereign states that it dominated politically, economically and militarily in 1960, after the
Cuban Revolution of 1959 but before the official
Sino-Soviet split of 1961 (total area: c. 35,000,000 km
2 ) (from
Soviet Union )
Image 11 Russian Civil War in the European part of Russia (from
Soviet Union )
Image 12 The dissolution of the Constituent Assembly on 6 January 1918. The
Tauride Palace is locked and guarded by
Trotsky ,
Sverdlov ,
Zinoviev , and
Lashevich . (from
October Revolution )
Image 13 Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War (from
Soviet Union )
Image 14 Soldiers marching in
Petrograd , March 1917 (from
Russian Revolution )
Image 15 Provisional Government 's volunteer soldiers secure Petrograd's
Palace Square with the
Austin Armoured Car , summer 1917. (from
Russian Revolution )
Image 16 T-80 tank on
Red Square during the
August Coup (from
Soviet Union )
Image 17 Stalin and
Lavrentiy Beria with Stalin's daughter,
Svetlana , on his lap. As head of the NKVD, Beria was responsible for many
political repressions in the Soviet Union . (from
Soviet Union )
Image 20 Forward gun of
Aurora that fired the signal shot (from
October Revolution )
Image 21 Lenin ,
Trotsky and
Kamenev celebrating the second anniversary of the October Revolution (from
October Revolution )
Image 22 The
Russian famine of 1921–22 killed an estimated 5 million people.
(from
Soviet Union )
Image 23 Revolutionaries attacking the tsarist police in the early days of the February Revolution (from
Russian Revolution )
Image 24 The New York Times headline from 9 November 1917 (from
October Revolution )
Image 25 Mikhail Gorbachev in one-to-one discussions with US President
Ronald Reagan (
left ), 1985 (from
Soviet Union )
Image 26 The 2nd Moscow Women Death Battalion protecting the Winter Palace as the last guards of the stronghold (from
Russian Revolution )
Image 27 Anniversary of October Revolution in
Riga , Soviet Union in 1988 (from
October Revolution )
Image 28 Soviet general secretary
Leonid Brezhnev and US President
Jimmy Carter sign the
SALT II arms limitation treaty in Vienna on 18 June 1979. (from
Soviet Union )
Image 29 Revolutionaries protesting in February 1917 (from
Russian Revolution )
Image 31 The elections to the
Constituent Assembly took place in November 1917. The Bolsheviks won 24% of the vote. (from
October Revolution )
Image 32 American, British, and Japanese Troops parade through Vladivostok in armed support to the White Army. (from
Russian Revolution )
Image 33 Internally displaced Azerbaijanis from
Nagorno-Karabakh , 1993 (from
Soviet Union )
Image 34 Bolshevik (1920) by
Boris Kustodiev (from
October Revolution )
Image 35 Russian troops meeting German troops in No Man's Land (from
Russian Revolution )
Image 36 A scene from the July Days. The army has just opened fire on street protesters. (from
October Revolution )
Image 37 Red Guard unit of the Vulkan factory in Petrograd, October 1917 (from
October Revolution )
Image 38 A revolutionary meeting of Russian soldiers in March 1917 in Dalkarby of
Jomala ,
Åland (from
Russian Revolution )
Image 39 Nikolai Podgorny visiting
Tampere ,
Finland on 16 October 1969 (from
Soviet Union )
Image 40 From left to right, the Soviet General Secretary
Joseph Stalin , US President
Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill confer in Tehran, 1943 (from
Soviet Union )
Image 41 The
Battle of Stalingrad , considered by many historians as a decisive turning point of World War II (from
Soviet Union )
Image 42 European theatre of the
Russian Civil War in 1918 (from
October Revolution )
Image 43 Murder of the Romanov family,
Le Petit Journal (from
Russian Revolution )
Image 44 "Pogrom in the Winter Palace" by
Ivan Vladimirov (from
October Revolution )
Image 45 Dissolution of the elected
Russian Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks on 6 January 1918 (from
Soviet Union )
Image 46 U.S.
Lend-Lease shipments to the USSR. During the war the USSR provided an unknown number of shipments of rare minerals to the US Treasury as a form of cashless
repayment of Lend-Lease . (from
Soviet Union )
Image 47 On 21 December 1991, the leaders of 11 former Soviet republics, including Russia and Ukraine, agreed to the
Alma-Ata Protocols , formally establishing the
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). (from
Soviet Union )
Image 48 Russian troops in trenches awaiting a German attack (from
Russian Revolution )
Image 49 Petrograd
Milrevcom proclamation about the deposing of the
Russian Provisional Government (from
October Revolution )
Image 50 Lenin ,
Trotsky , and
Kamenev celebrating the second anniversary of the
October Revolution (from
Soviet Union )
Image 52 Residents of Leningrad leave their homes destroyed by German bombing. About 1 million civilians died during the 871-day
Siege of Leningrad , mostly from starvation. (from
Soviet Union )
Image 53 Soviet leader
Nikita Khrushchev (left) with US President
John F. Kennedy in Vienna, 3 June 1961 (from
Soviet Union )
Selected anniversaries for August
August coup attempt - 19 to 21 August 1991 - was an attempt by a group of members of the Soviet Union's government to take control of the country from Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev .
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Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) (B&W)
Yuri Gagarin (1961) - Restoration
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German instrument of surrender2 (2009-05-07)
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USS Yorktown collision (2011-02-12)
Maxim Gorky LOC Restored edit1 (2013-03-28)
Yuri Gagarin (1961) - Restoration (2020-03-09)
Alexei Leonov (2020-03-18)
Field Marshall Keitel signs German surrender terms in Berlin 8 May 1945 - Restoration (2020-05-08)
RUS-2016-Murmansk-Icebreaker Lenin 01 (2020-06-08)
Moscow Elektrozavodskaya metro station asv2018-09 (2022-02-26)
Russian Imperial Family 1913 (2022-07-17)
Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the Instrument of Surrender, officially ending the Second World War (2022-09-02)
2020-09-16 165855 Soviet submarine B-515 (2023-04-18)
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