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Hungary wields considerable influence in Central and Eastern Europe and is a middle power in international affairs.[1][2] The foreign policy of Hungary includes commitments to international development, international law, European integration, Atlantic co-operation and increased co-operation within the Global East.[3] The Hungarian economy is fairly open and relies strongly on international trade.
Hungary has been a member of the United Nations since December 1955 and holds current membership with the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, the WTO, the World Bank, the AIIB and the IMF. Hungary took on the presidency of the Council of the European Union for half a year in 2011 and the next will be in 2024. In 2015, Hungary was the fifth largest OECD Non-DAC donor of development aid in the world, which represents 0.13% of its Gross National Income. In this regard, Hungary stands before Spain, Israel or Russia.
Hungary's capital city, Budapest is home to more than 100 embassies and foreign representative bodies.[4] Hungary hosts the main and regional headquarters of many international organizations as well, including European Institute of Innovation and Technology, European Police College, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Centre for Democratic Transition, Institute of International Education, International Labour Organization, International Organization for Migration, International Red Cross, Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe, Danube Commission and even others.[5]
From 1989, Hungary's top foreign policy goal was achieving integration into Western economic and security organizations. It joined the Partnership for Peace program in 1994 and has actively supported the IFOR and SFOR missions in Bosnia. It also improved its often frosty neighborly relations by signing basic treaties with Ukraine, Slovakia, and Romania. These renounce all outstanding territorial claims and lay the foundation for constructive relations. However, the issue of ethnic Hungarian minority rights in Romania, Slovakia and Ukraine periodically causes bilateral tensions to flare up. Hungary since 1989 has signed all of the OSCE documents, and served as the OSCE's Chairman-in-Office in 1997. Hungary's record of implementing CSCE Helsinki Final Act provisions, including those on the reunification of divided families, remains among the best in Central and Eastern Europe.
Except for the short-lived neutrality declared by the anti-Soviet leader Imre Nagy in November 1956, Hungary's foreign policy generally followed the Soviet lead from 1947 to 1989. During the Communist period, Hungary maintained treaties of friendship, cooperation, and mutual assistance with the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Romania, and Bulgaria. It was one of the founding members of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact and Comecon, and it was the first country to withdraw from those organizations. After 1989, it began to orient more towards the West, joining NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. In 2010, Hungary initiated its Eastern Opening Policy, marking a commitment to enhancing its relations with other nations within the Global East.[3]
![](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Necasmeeting.jpg/220px-Necasmeeting.jpg)
![](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/BIMUN_2012_opening_1.jpg/220px-BIMUN_2012_opening_1.jpg)
Overview
As with any country, Hungarian security attitudes are shaped largely by history and geography. For Hungary, this is a history of more than 400 years of domination by great powers—the Ottomans, the Habsburg dynasty, the Germans during World War II, and the Soviets during the Cold War—and a geography of regional instability and separation from Hungarian minorities living in neighboring countries. Hungary's foreign policy priorities, largely consistent since 1990, represent a direct response to these factors. From 1990, Hungary's top foreign policy goal was achieving integration into Western economic and security organizations. Hungary joined the Partnership for Peace program in 1994 and has actively supported the IFOR and SFOR missions in Bosnia. The Horn government achieved Hungary's most important foreign policy successes of the post-communist era by securing invitations to join both NATO and the European Union in 1997. Hungary became a member of NATO in 1999,[6] and a member of the EU in 2004.[7]
Hungary also has improved its often frosty neighborly relations by signing basic treaties with Romania, Slovakia, and Ukraine. These renounce all outstanding territorial claims and lay the foundation for constructive relations. However, the issue of ethnic Hungarian minority rights in Slovakia and Romania periodically causes bilateral tensions to flare up. Hungary was a signatory to the Helsinki Final Act in 1975, has signed all of the CSCE/OSCE follow-on documents since 1989, and served as the OSCE's Chairman-in-Office in 1997. Hungary's record of implementing CSCE Helsinki Final Act provisions, including those on the reunification of divided families, remains among the best in eastern Europe. Hungary has been a member of the United Nations since December 1955.
- The Gabčíkovo - Nagymaros Dams project
This involves Hungary and Czechoslovakia, and was agreed on September 16, 1977 ("Budapest Treaty"). The treaty envisioned a cross-border barrage system between the towns Gabčíkovo, Czechoslovakia and Nagymaros, Hungary. After an intensive campaign, the project became widely hated as a symbol of the old communist regime. In 1989 the Hungarian government decided to suspend it. In its sentence from September 1997, the International Court of Justice stated that both sides breached their obligation and that the 1977 Budapest Treaty is still valid. In 1998 the Slovak government turned to the International Court, demanding the Nagymaros part to be built. The international dispute was partially solved in 2017.
On March 19, 2008, Hungary recognized Kosovo as an independent country.[8]
Relations between Hungary and its Western partners have strained, because Orban's government has maintained relations with Russia despite sanctions against Russia after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[9]
Illicit drugs: Major trans-shipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and transit point for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamines and methamphetamines
Refugee protection: The Hungarian border barrier was built in 2015, and Hungary was criticized by other European countries for using tear gas and water cannons on refugees of the Syrian Civil War as they were trying to pass the country.[10][11]
Since 2017, Hungary–Ukraine relations have rapidly deteriorated over the issue of the Hungarian minority in Ukraine.[12][13]
Hungary and Central Asia
![](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Istanbul_hosts_8th_Summit_of_Cooperation_Council_of_Turkic-Speaking_States_%282%29.jpg/220px-Istanbul_hosts_8th_Summit_of_Cooperation_Council_of_Turkic-Speaking_States_%282%29.jpg)
A number of Hungarian anthropologists and linguists have long had an interest in the Turkic peoples, fueled by the eastern origin of the Hungarians' ancestors.[14] The Hungarian ethnomusicologist Bence Szabolcsi explained this motivation as follows: "Hungarians are the outermost branch leaning this way from age-old tree of the great Asian musical culture rooted in the souls of a variety of peoples living from China through Central Asia to the Black Sea".[15]
Since the political transformation in 1990, Hungary has prioritized its diplomatic engagements with the Turkic world.[16] in 2018, Hungary became an observer within the Organisation of Turkic States, underscoring a deepened engagement in regional cooperation.[17]
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Hungary maintains diplomatic relations with (all UN member states except Bhutan and
Vanuatu):
![]() | ||
---|---|---|
# | Country | Date |
1 | ![]() |
1918[18] |
2 | ![]() |
1918[18] |
3 | ![]() |
12 February 1920[19] |
4 | ![]() |
9 August 1920[20] |
— | ![]() |
10 August 1920[21][22] |
5 | ![]() |
21 August 1920[23] |
6 | ![]() |
12 November 1920[24] |
7 | ![]() |
1920[25] |
8 | ![]() |
22 May 1921[26] |
9 | ![]() |
29 August 1921[27] |
10 | ![]() |
17 November 1921[28] |
11 | ![]() |
1921[29] |
12 | ![]() |
June 1921[30] |
13 | ![]() |
20 February 1922[31] |
14 | ![]() |
12 April 1922[32] |
15 | ![]() |
23 May 1922[33] |
16 | ![]() |
1922[34] |
17 | ![]() |
17 July 1923[35] |
18 | ![]() |
1924[18] |
19 | ![]() |
13 January 1926[36] |
20 | ![]() |
15 April 1927[37] |
21 | ![]() |
1930[18] |
22 | ![]() |
6 February 1934[38] |
23 | ![]() |
December 1944[39] |
24 | ![]() |
September 1946[40] |
25 | ![]() |
23 January 1947[41] |
26 | ![]() |
10 May 1948[42] |
27 | ![]() |
11 November 1948[43] |
28 | ![]() |
18 November 1948[44] |
29 | ![]() |
1948[18] |
30 | ![]() |
6 October 1949[45] |
31 | ![]() |
3 February 1950[46] |
32 | ![]() |
28 April 1950[47] |
33 | ![]() |
1951[18] |
34 | ![]() |
17 October 1952[48] |
35 | ![]() |
13 October 1954[49] |
36 | ![]() |
13 October 1954[49] |
37 | ![]() |
26 June 1955[50] |
38 | ![]() |
17 July 1955[51] |
39 | ![]() |
5 March 1956[52] |
40 | ![]() |
7 March 1956[53] |
41 | ![]() |
18 May 1956[54] |
42 | ![]() |
14 June 1956[55] |
43 | ![]() |
23 July 1956[56] |
44 | ![]() |
31 August 1956[49] |
45 | ![]() |
30 August 1958[57] |
46 | ![]() |
15 February 1959[58] |
47 | ![]() |
26 February 1959[59] |
48 | ![]() |
21 March 1959[60] |
49 | ![]() |
29 August 1959[61] |
50 | ![]() |
23 October 1959[62] |
51 | ![]() |
17 November 1959[63] |
52 | ![]() |
15 September 1960[64] |
53 | ![]() |
14 October 1960[65] |
54 | ![]() |
18 October 1960[66] |
55 | ![]() |
15 January 1961[67] |
56 | ![]() |
12 March 1961[68] |
57 | ![]() |
21 March 1961[69] |
58 | ![]() |
29 July 1961[70] |
59 | ![]() |
7 April 1962[71] |
60 | ![]() |
18 June 1962[72] |
61 | ![]() |
12 September 1962[73] |
62 | ![]() |
23 November 1962[74] |
63 | ![]() |
22 July 1963[75] |
64 | ![]() |
21 March 1964[76] |
65 | ![]() |
4 April 1964[77] |
66 | ![]() |
7 May 1964[78] |
67 | ![]() |
16 May 1964[79] |
68 | ![]() |
11 June 1964[80] |
69 | ![]() |
26 February 1965[81] |
70 | ![]() |
23 August 1965[41] |
71 | ![]() |
1 December 1965[68] |
72 | ![]() |
1 December 1965[82] |
73 | ![]() |
13 August 1966[83] |
74 | ![]() |
2 July 1967[84] |
75 | ![]() |
24 January 1968[18] |
76 | ![]() |
22 February 1968[85] |
77 | ![]() |
29 May 1968[86] |
78 | ![]() |
8 June 1968[87] |
79 | ![]() |
30 March 1969[88] |
80 | ![]() |
16 April 1969[89] |
81 | ![]() |
30 April 1969[90] |
82 | ![]() |
10 November 1969[91] |
83 | ![]() |
29 December 1969[92] |
84 | ![]() |
10 February 1970[93] |
85 | ![]() |
14 February 1970[94] |
86 | ![]() |
18 February 1970[95] |
87 | ![]() |
14 May 1970[48] |
88 | ![]() |
20 June 1970[96] |
89 | ![]() |
24 August 1970[97] |
90 | ![]() |
12 December 1970[98] |
91 | ![]() |
29 February 1972[99] |
92 | ![]() |
6 April 1972[100] |
93 | ![]() |
14 June 1972[101] |
94 | ![]() |
31 July 1972[102] |
95 | ![]() |
1 November 1972[103] |
96 | ![]() |
3 February 1973[104] |
97 | ![]() |
28 March 1973[105] |
98 | ![]() |
15 June 1973[106] |
99 | ![]() |
16 June 1973[107] |
100 | ![]() |
2 July 1973[48] |
101 | ![]() |
28 September 1973[108] |
102 | ![]() |
24 October 1973[109] |
103 | ![]() |
21 December 1973[110] |
104 | ![]() |
1 July 1974[111] |
105 | ![]() |
8 February 1975[112] |
106 | ![]() |
24 May 1975[113] |
107 | ![]() |
7 June 1975[114] |
108 | ![]() |
26 June 1975[115] |
109 | ![]() |
9 July 1975[116] |
110 | ![]() |
16 July 1975[117] |
111 | ![]() |
4 September 1975[118] |
112 | ![]() |
1 December 1975[119] |
113 | ![]() |
23 December 1975[120] |
114 | ![]() |
15 July 1976[121] |
115 | ![]() |
12 August 1976[122] |
116 | ![]() |
1 October 1976[123] |
117 | ![]() |
2 November 1976[124] |
118 | ![]() |
15 January 1977[125] |
119 | ![]() |
28 June 1977[126] |
120 | ![]() |
14 July 1977[127] |
121 | ![]() |
30 July 1977[128] |
122 | ![]() |
30 November 1977[129] |
123 | ![]() |
30 November 1977[130] |
124 | ![]() |
8 March 1978[131] |
125 | ![]() |
1 October 1979[132] |
126 | ![]() |
30 April 1980[133] |
127 | ![]() |
22 December 1980[134] |
128 | ![]() |
29 March 1983[135] |
129 | ![]() |
21 January 1987[136] |
130 | ![]() |
24 October 1988[122] |
131 | ![]() |
1 February 1989[137] |
— | ![]() |
23 June 1989[138] |
132 | ![]() |
2 August 1989[139] |
133 | ![]() |
3 March 1990[140] |
134 | ![]() |
23 March 1990[141] |
135 | ![]() |
24 April 1990[18] |
136 | ![]() |
9 May 1990[122] |
— | ![]() |
15 June 1990[142] |
137 | ![]() |
20 June 1990[143] |
138 | ![]() |
11 October 1990[122] |
139 | ![]() |
18 October 1990[144] |
140 | ![]() |
26 December 1990[18] |
141 | ![]() |
2 May 1991[122] |
142 | ![]() |
24 May 1991[145] |
143 | ![]() |
24 July 1991[146] |
144 | ![]() |
24 February 1921[147] |
145 | ![]() |
2 September 1991[148] |
146 | ![]() |
2 September 1991[149] |
147 | ![]() |
26 September 1991[122] |
148 | ![]() |
3 December 1991[150] |
149 | ![]() |
16 January 1992[151] |
150 | ![]() |
16 January 1992[152] |
151 | ![]() |
18 January 1992[153] |
152 | ![]() |
21 January 1992[122] |
153 | ![]() |
12 February 1992[154] |
154 | ![]() |
26 February 1992[155] |
155 | ![]() |
3 March 1992[156] |
156 | ![]() |
23 March 1992[157] |
157 | ![]() |
10 April 1992[158] |
158 | ![]() |
16 April 1992[159] |
159 | ![]() |
27 April 1992[160] |
160 | ![]() |
11 May 1992[161] |
161 | ![]() |
14 May 1992[162] |
162 | ![]() |
2 July 1992[163] |
163 | ![]() |
1 January 1993[164] |
164 | ![]() |
24 August 1993[165] |
165 | ![]() |
18 September 1993[166] |
166 | ![]() |
29 August 1994[167] |
167 | ![]() |
1 March 1995[168] |
168 | ![]() |
4 April 1995[169] |
169 | ![]() |
7 March 2003[170] |
170 | ![]() |
24 January 2003[171] |
171 | ![]() |
29 April 2005[122] |
172 | ![]() |
16 May 2005[122] |
173 | ![]() |
23 May 2005[172] |
174 | ![]() |
10 June 2005[122] |
175 | ![]() |
11 July 2005[122] |
176 | ![]() |
7 October 2005[122] |
177 | ![]() |
14 June 2006[173] |
178 | ![]() |
2 June 2008[122] |
— | ![]() |
27 June 2008[174] |
179 | ![]() |
11 May 2011[122] |
180 | ![]() |
21 June 2011[175] |
181 | ![]() |
11 July 2011[176] |
182 | ![]() |
12 July 2011[122] |
183 | ![]() |
7 September 2011[122] |
184 | ![]() |
23 September 2011[122] |
185 | ![]() |
23 September 2011[122] |
186 | ![]() |
7 September 2012[122] |
187 | ![]() |
2 May 2016[177] |
188 | ![]() |
17 June 2016[122] |
189 | ![]() |
18 September 2017[178] |
— | ![]() |
20 September 2018[179] |
190 | ![]() |
27 September 2019[122] |
Relations by region and country
Multilateral
Organization | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
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(See Hungary in the European Union)
| |
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(See Hungary in NATO)
|
Africa
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
![]() |
||
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| |
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(See Ghana–Hungary relations)
| |
![]() |
| |
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||
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| |
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Americas
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
![]() |
(See Argentina–Hungary relations)
| |
![]() |
| |
![]() |
1927 | (See Brazil–Hungary relations) |
![]() |
1964 | (See Canada–Hungary relations) |
![]() |
28 March 1973 | (See Colombia–Hungary relations)
|
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||
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1925 | (See Hungary–Mexico relations)
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1864, during the time of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Diplomatic relations were established between Hungary and Mexico in 1925 and were suspended in 1941. They were re-established on 14 May 1974.
|
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1922 | (See Hungary–United States relations)
Normal bilateral relations between Hungary and the U.S. were resumed in December 1945 when a U.S. ambassador was appointed and the embassy was re-opened.
|
![]() |
(See Hungary–Uruguay relations)
|
Asia
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
![]() |
2022-12-02 | (See Armenia–Hungary relations)
On 31 August 2012, Armenia severed relations with Hungary following the extradition of Ramil Safarov.[193] On 2 December 2022, Armenia and Hungary restored diplomatic relations.[194]
|
![]() |
(See Azerbaijan–Hungary relations)
| |
![]() |
1949-10-04 | (See Hungary-China relations)
|
![]() |
(See Hungary–India relations)
| |
![]() |
1955 | (See Hungary–Indonesia relations)
|
![]() |
1939 | |
![]() |
(See Hungary–Kurdistan Region relations)
| |
![]() |
(See Hungary–Israel relations) | |
![]() |
(See Hungary–Japan relations)
| |
![]() |
1969 | (See Hungary–Malaysia relations)
|
![]() |
1959-05-29 |
|
![]() |
(See Hungary–North Korea relations)
| |
![]() |
1965-11-26 | (See Hungary–Pakistan relations) |
![]() |
1988-11-23 | (See Hungary–Palestine relations)
|
![]() |
18 October 1990[144] |
|
![]() |
1 February 1989[212] | (See Hungary–South Korea relations)
The establishment of diplomatic relations between Hungary and the Republic of Korea began on 1 February 1989.
|
![]() |
(See Hungary–Sri Lanka relations)
Sri Lanka has an embassy in Vienna, Austria that is accredited to Hungary[215] and has an honorary consulate in Budapest[216] Hungary maintains an honorary consulate in Colombo, Sri Lanka.[217] Hungary contributed to relief after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, and has since stepped up aid to Sri Lanka.[218] | |
![]() |
1973-10-24 | |
![]() |
(See Hungary–Turkey relations) ![]()
| |
![]() |
| |
![]() |
1950-02-03 | (See Hungary–Vietnam relations)
|
Europe
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
![]() |
(See Albania–Hungary relations)
Austria-Hungary supported Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912. | |
![]() |
(See Austria–Hungary relations)
Austrian-Hungarian relations are the neighborly relations between Austria and Hungary, two member states of the European Union. Both countries have a long common history since the ruling dynasty of Austria, the Habsburgs, inherited the Hungarian throne in the 16th century. Both have been part of the now-defunct Austro-Hungarian Monarchy from 1867 to 1918. The two countries established diplomatic relations in 1921, after their separation.
| |
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| |
![]() |
1992-04-10 | |
![]() |
1920 | (See Bulgaria–Hungary relations) |
![]() |
(See Croatia–Hungary relations)
| |
![]() |
| |
![]() |
(See Czech Republic–Hungary relations)
| |
![]() |
(See Denmark–Hungary relations)
| |
![]() |
1924-02-24 |
|
![]() |
20 May 1947 | (See Finland–Hungary relations)
|
![]() |
(See France–Hungary relations)
| |
![]() |
(See Germany–Hungary relations)
| |
![]() |
(See Greece–Hungary relations)
| |
![]() |
1976 |
|
![]() |
| |
![]() |
(See Hungary–Kosovo relations)
Hungary recognized Kosovo on 19 March 2008.[240] | |
![]() |
1921-07-21 |
|
![]() |
| |
![]() |
| |
![]() |
1964 |
|
![]() |
Hungary recognized Montenegro shortly after their declaration of independence. | |
![]() |
(See Hungary–Netherlands relations)
| |
![]() |
1920 | |
![]() |
(See Hungary-Poland relations)
| |
![]() |
1974-07-01 | |
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1920 | (See Hungary–Romania relations)
|
![]() |
(See Hungary–Russia relations)
| |
![]() |
1882-11-21 | (See Hungary–Serbia relations) |
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1993 | (See Hungary–Slovakia relations)
|
![]() |
(See Hungary–Slovenia relations)
| |
![]() |
1938-01-13 | (See Hungary–Spain relations)
|
![]() |
1945-12-28 | (See Hungary–Sweden relations)
|
![]() |
| |
![]() |
(See Hungary–Ukraine relations)
| |
![]() |
1920 | (See Hungary–United Kingdom relations)
|
Oceania
Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
![]() |
1972 |
|
![]() |
|
Foreign criticism
In December 2010, the Fidesz government adopted a press and media law which threatens fines on media that engage in "unbalanced coverage".[261] The law aroused criticism in the European Union as possibly "a direct threat to democracy".[261]
In 2013, the government adopted a new constitution that modified several aspects of the institutional and legal framework in Hungary. These changes have been criticized by the Council of Europe, the European Union and Human Rights Watch as possibly undermining the rule of law and human rights protection.[262]
See also
- List of diplomatic missions in Hungary
- List of diplomatic missions of Hungary
- Visa requirements for Hungarian citizens
References
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- ^ Higgott, Richard A.; Cooper, Andrew Fenton (1990). "Middle power leadership and coalition building: Canada, the Cairns Group, and the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations". International Organization. 44 (4): 589–632. doi:10.1017/S0020818300035414. JSTOR 2706854. S2CID 153563278.
- ^ a b Péter, Dániel (2015). "The Eastern Opening - An Element of Hungary's Trade Policy". Retrieved 20 December 2023.
- ^ "Embassies in Budapest". 123embassy.com. 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
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- ^ "Croatia and Hungary recognize Kosovo". The Associated Press. International Herald Tribune. 2008-03-19. Retrieved 2008-09-21.
- ^ "Hungary's loyalties tested as Russia's war in Ukraine grinds on". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 14 Apr 2023.
- ^ Hungary border crackdown, The Guardian 16 September 2015
- ^ Hungarian police spray tear gas water cannons at migrants, CBS News 16 September 2015
- ^ "Ukraine defends education reform as Hungary promises 'pain'". The Irish Times. 27 September 2017.
- ^ "Hungary-Ukraine relations hit new low over troop deployment Archived 2019-03-31 at the Wayback Machine". New Europe. 26 March 2018.
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- ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian).
- ^ Jedin, Hubert; Dolan, John Patrick (1980). History of the Church. Vol. 10. Seabury Press. p. 521.
- ^ Rapports: Chronologie. Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România. 1980. p. 537.
- ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Retrieved 2 July 2022.
- ^ "100 YEAR ANNIVERSARY OF THE HUNGARIAN-SWEDISH DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Retrieved 13 July 2022.
- ^ "A magyar-francia kétoldalú politikai kapcsolatok" (in French). Retrieved 13 July 2022.
- ^ "Facebook-videóval tisztelegnek a brit–magyar kapcsolatok előtt" (in Hungarian). 13 September 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
- ^ "All Countries". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Biliński, Wojciech (2018). "Uznanie międzynarodowe polski a ustanowienie przez nią stosunków dyplomatycznych w 1919 r." (in Polish): 33.
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(help) - ^ "Dutch-Hungarian relations date back centuries". Retrieved 13 July 2022.
- ^ "Bilateral cooperation". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
- ^ "Belgium celebrates 100 years of diplomatic relations with Hungary". 20 February 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
- ^ "Countries and regions A–Z". Archived from the original on March 30, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
- ^ "Bilateral relations between Albania and Hungary". Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ^ Report on the Foreign Policy of the Czech Republic 2010. Ministerstvo zahraničních věcí České republiky. 2011. p. 388.
- ^ "Mémorial A n° 36/1923 04/08/1923". strada lex Luxembourg (in French). Retrieved 27 October 2023.
- ^ Kovács, Attila Miklós (2022). "Mexico and Hungary: Political, Diplomatic, Economic, and Cultural Relations": 32. doi:10.29105/pgc8.15-2. S2CID 244276271.
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Further reading
- Borhi, László, "In the Power Arena: U.S.-Hungarian Relations, 1942–1989," The Hungarian Quarterly (Budapest), 51 (Summer 2010), pp 67–81.
- Glant, Tibor, "Ninety Years of United States-Hungarian Relations," Eger Journal of American Studies, 13 (2012), pp 163–83.
- Hornyak, Arpad. Hungarian-Yugoslav Diplomatic Relations, 1918–1927 (East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press; 2013) 426 pages.
- Niklasson, Tomas. "Regime stability and foreign policy change: interaction between domestic and foreign policy in Hungary 1956-1994" (PhD dissertation Lund University, 2006) online.
- Váli, Ferenc A, "The Foreign Policy of Hungary" in Kuhlman, James A (ed.), The Foreign Policies of Eastern Europe: Domestic and International Determinants (Sijthoff, Leyden, 1978).