Fred Wilson | |
---|---|
Born | 1954 New York City, US |
Education | BFA, SUNY Purchase |
Known for | Conceptual art |
Awards | MacArthur Fellowship Larry Aldrich Foundation Award |
Fred Wilson (born 1954) is an American artist of African-American and Caribbean heritage. He received a BFA from Purchase College, State University of New York.[1] Wilson challenges colonial assumptions on history, culture, and race – encouraging viewers to consider the social and historical narratives that represent the western canon.[2] Wilson received a MacArthur Foundation "genius grant" in 1999 and the Larry Aldrich Foundation Award in 2003. Wilson represented the United States at the Biennial Cairo in 1992 and the Venice Biennale in 2003.[3] In May 2008, it was announced that Wilson would become a Whitney Museum trustee replacing Chuck Close.[4]
Career
An alumnus of Music & Art High School in New York, Wilson received a BFA from SUNY Purchase in 1976, where he was the only black student in his program.[5] While studying Wilson worked as a guard at the Neuberger Museum.[6] Between 1978 and 1980, he worked as an artist in East Harlem as part of the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act's (CETA) employment of artists.[7]
He says that he no longer has a strong desire to make things with his hands. "I get everything that satisfies my soul," he says, "from bringing together objects that are in the world, manipulating them, working with spatial arrangements, and having things presented in the way I want to see them."[8]
An installation artist and political activist, Wilson's subject is social justice and his medium is museology. In the 1970s, he worked as a free-lance museum educator for the American Museum of Natural History, the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the American Craft Museum. Beginning in the late 1980s, Wilson used his insider skills to create "Rooms with a View", a series of "mock museums" that address how museums consciously or unwittingly reinforce racist beliefs and behaviors.[9] This strategy, which Wilson refers to as "a trompe l'oeil of museum space,"[10] has increasingly become the focus of his life's work.[11]
In 1987, as part of his outdoor "Platform" series, Wilson created No Noa Noa, Portrait of a History of Tahiti, designed to illustrate "how Western societies turn Third World peoples into exotic sideshow creatures to entertain and titillate but who are not to be taken seriously."[12]
In his 1992 seminal work co-organized with the Contemporary Museum Baltimore, Mining the Museum, Wilson reshuffled the Maryland Historical Society's collection to highlight the history of Native and African Americans in Maryland. In 1994, Wilson continued in this vein with Insight: In Site: In Sight: Incite in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, where, according to art historian Richard J. Powell, his "re-positioning of historical objects and manipulation of exhibition labels, lighting, and other display techniques helped reveal aspects of the site's tragic African-American past that (because of the conspiratorial forces of time, ignorance, and racism) had largely become invisible."[13]
In 2001, Wilson was the subject of a retrospective, Fred Wilson: Objects and Installations, 1979–2000, organized by Maurice Berger for the Center for Art, Design and Visual Culture at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. The show traveled to numerous venues, including the Santa Monica Museum of Art, Berkeley Museum of Art, Blaffer Gallery (University of Houston), Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery (Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY), The Addison Gallery of American Art in Andover, Massachusetts, Chicago Cultural Center, Studio Museum in Harlem. For the 2003 Venice Biennale, Wilson created a multi-media installation that borrowed its title from a line in Othello. His elaborate Venice work "Speak of Me as I Am" focused on representations of Africans in Venetian culture.[5]
In 2007 Fred Wilson was invited to be a part of the Indianapolis, Indiana, Cultural trail. Wilson proposed to redo the sole African American depicted in the Soldiers and Sailors Monument in downtown Indianapolis. The African American represents a recently freed slave reaching up to lady liberty. Wilson planned on using a scan of the African American to make an entirely new work, which would give the African American a more proud and strong posture, holding a flag composed of all of the African countries' flags.[14] The proposed work was entitled, E Pluribus Unum, and was met with much controversy, eventually leading to the project's rejection.
In 2009, Wilson was awarded the Cheek Medal[15] by William & Mary's Muscarelle Museum of Art. The Cheek Medal is a national arts award given by The College of William & Mary to those who have contributed significantly to the field of museum, performing or visual arts.
2011 saw the publication of Fred Wilson: A Critical Reader by Ridinghouse, edited by Doro Globus. An anthology of critical texts about and interviews with the artist, this publication focuses on the artist's pivotal exhibitions and projects, and includes a wide range of significant texts that mark the critical reception of Wilson's work over the last two decades.[16]
Major themes
![](Https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/34/Artemis_-_Bast%2C_1992%2C_Fred_Wilson_at_BMA_2022.jpeg/220px-Artemis_-_Bast%2C_1992%2C_Fred_Wilson_at_BMA_2022.jpeg)
Wilson's unique artist approach is to examine, question, and deconstruct the traditional display of art and artifacts in museums. With the use of new wall labels, sounds, lighting, and non-traditional pairings of objects, he leads viewers to recognize that changes in context create changes in meaning. Wilson's juxtaposition of evocative objects forces the viewer to question the biases and limitations of cultural institutions and how they have shaped the interpretation of historical truth, artistic value, and the language of display.[8] According to Wilson, "Museums ignore and often deny the other meanings [of objects]. In my experience it is because if an alternate meaning is not the subject of the exhibition or the focus of the museum, it is considered unimportant by the museum."[17] Wilson uses these objects to analyze the representation of race in museums and to examine the power and privileges of cultural institutions.[18]
For example, for his installation at the 2003 Venice Biennale he employed a tourist to pretend to be an African street vendor selling fake designer bags — in fact his own designs. He also incorporated "blackamoors", sculptures of black people in the role of servants, into the show.[19] Such figures were often used as stands for lights. Wilson placed his wooden blackamoors carrying acetylene torches and fire extinguishers. He noted that such figures are so common in Venice that few people notice them, stating, "they are in hotels everywhere in Venice...which is great, because all of a sudden you see them everywhere. I wanted it to be visible, this whole world which sort of just blew up for me."[19]
Mining the Museum exhibition
Mining the Museum was an exhibition created by Fred Wilson held from April 4, 1992, to February 28, 1993, at the Maryland Historical Society.
Background
The title of the exhibition refers to how Wilson extracted and unearthed objects from the Maryland Historical Society collections to create this exhibition.The purpose of the exhibition was to address the biases museums have, often omitting or under-representing oppressed peoples and focusing on "prominent white men".[20] Wilson took the existing museum's collection and reshuffled them to highlight the history of African-American and Native American Marylanders. This reassembly created a new viewpoint of colonization, slavery and abolition through the use of satire and irony.
Artifacts
Wilson juxtaposed historically important artifacts with each other to address the injustices in history and the injustices of not being properly exhibited. The entrance of the exhibition displayed three busts of important individuals: Napoleon, Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay displayed on pedestals. To the left of these busts were empty black pedestals with the names of three important, overlooked African American Marylanders: Frederick Douglass, Benjamin Banneker, and Harriet Tubman. Arranged in the center of these pedestals is a silver-plated copper globe with the word "Truth" inscribed on it in a case.[21]
Wilson extracted paintings from the eighteenth century and nineteenth century featuring African Americans from the MHS collection. Within this collection Wilson renamed the paintings in order to shift the focus towards African Americans in them. One of the oil paintings titled "Country Life" was renamed "Frederick Serving Fruit" in order to emphasize and underline the young African American that was serving "well-dressed whites at a picnic".[21] Other paintings featuring slave children were paired with audiotape recordings that played on a loop in which visitors were able to hear these children in the paintings ask various poignant questions. Wilson used these paintings to force visitors to recognize how the depiction of African Americans and their invisibility in portrayals of American life is "paradoxical".[21]
The installation titled "metalwork" arranged ornate silverware with slave shackles to address that the prosperity of one could not have been achieved without the other. Similarly, "Cabinet Making" addresses more subjugation by having antique chairs gathered around and facing an authentic whipping post, incorrectly reported by several publications to have been used on slaves. In fact, the post had been used to punish wife-beaters in the Baltimore City jail.[22] However, these false assumptions helped bolster Wilson's idea that the exhibit was "charged by what you bring to it."[22] Pieces such as "Cabinet Making" encouraged visitors to interpret the works however they saw it, to think critically and acquire a new perspective. Other works included cigar-store Indians turned away from visitors, a KKK mask in a baby carriage, a hunting rifle with runaway slave posters and a black chandelier hung in the museum's neoclassical pavilion made for the exhibition.
Impact
The exhibition was successful in that it made visitors more historically conscious of the racism that is an integral part of American history. ""Mining the Museum" worked because it was suggestive rather than didactic, provocative rather than moralizing" [20] More than 55,000 people viewed Wilson's exhibit and helped him create other similar exhibitions around the United States. Critics would coin this new type of work as "museumist art".[23]
50th Venice Biennale
Wilson represented the United States at the 50th Venice Biennale, staging the solo exhibition Speak of Me as I Am (2003) in the American pavilion. A series of works was a reworking of Shakespeare's Othello that consisted of various objects such as mirrors and chandeliers that were used to comment on the text. These works have been extended on in the exhibition, Fred Wilson: Sculptures, Paintings, and Installations, 2004–2014. These objects are made of black Murano glass, which indicates how Wilson has transferred the context of Othello into a world where race is not ignored and is instead is a crucial central focus.[24]
Afro Kismet, a mixed-media installation also included in the exhibition, focused on issues and representations of race in Venice, specifically the history of black people in Venice. The installation consisted of prints, paintings, and other artifacts from the Pera Museum collections and underlined the "discarded" or "hidden" history of African people in the Ottoman Empire.[25]
Other activities
From 1988 to 1992, Wilson served on the board of directors at Artists Space in TriBeCa, New York.[26] He currently serves on the board of trustees of the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York.
Wilston co-chaired (with Naomi Beckwith) the jury that chose the winners of the Rome Prize for the 2023–24 cycle.[27]
Exhibitions
Wilson has staged a large number of solo shows and exhibitions in the United States and internationally. His notable solo shows include Primitivism: High & Low (1991), Metro Pictures Gallery, New York;[28] Mining the Museum (1992-1993), Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, and Contemporary Museum Baltimore;[29] Fred Wilson: Objects and Installations 1979-2000 (2001-2003), originating at the Center for Art, Design and Visual Culture, Baltimore;[30] Speak of Me as I Am (2003), American pavilion, 50th Venice Biennale;[31] and Fred Wilson: Works 2004-2011 (2012-2013), Cleveland Museum of Art[32]
He has also participated in many group exhibitions, including the Whitney Biennial (1993);[33] Liverpool Biennial (1999);[34] Glasstress (2009, 2011);[35] and the NGV Triennial (2020).[36]
Notable works in public collections
- Colonial Collection (1990), Nasher Museum of Art, Durham, North Carolina[37]
- Guarded View (1991), Whitney Museum, New York[38]
- Addiction Display (1991), Pérez Art Museum Miami, Florida[39]
- Queen Esther/Harriet Tubman (1992), Jewish Museum, New York[40]
- Untitled (1992), Baltimore Museum of Art[41]
- Untitled (1992), Harvard Art Museums, Cambridge, Massachusetts[42]
- Grey Area (1993), Tate, London[43]
- Mine/Yours (1994), Whitney Museum, New York[44]
- Atlas (1995), Studio Museum in Harlem, New York[45]
- Me and It (1995), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art[46]
- Speak of Me as I Am: Chandelier Mori (2003), High Museum of Art, Atlanta[47]
- Untitled (Venice Biennale) (2003), Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, Evanston, Illinois;[48] and Smith College Museum of Art, Northampton, Massachusetts[49]
- The Wanderer (2003), Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, California[50]
- Arise! (2004), British Museum, London;[51] Museum of Modern Art, New York;[52] National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.;[53] and Toledo Museum of Art, Ohio[54]
- Convocation (2004), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York;[55] National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.;[56] and Toledo Museum of Art, Ohio[57]
- We Are All in the Gutter, But Some of Us are Looking at the Stars (2004), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.;[58] Studio Museum in Harlem, New York;[59] and Toledo Museum of Art, Ohio[60]
- X (2005), Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, California;[61] Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York;[62] and Whitney Museum, New York[63]
- Pssst! (2005), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.[64]
- Dark Day, Dark Night (2006), Nasher Museum of Art, Durham, North Carolina[65]
- The Mete of the Muse (2006), National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne;[66] and New Orleans Museum of Art[67]
- The Ominous Glut (2006), Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri[68]
- Ota Benga (2008), Tate, London[69]
- Flag (2009), Tate, London[70]
- Iago's Mirror (2009), Des Moines Art Center, Iowa;[71] Museum of Fine Arts, Boston;[72] and Toledo Museum of Art, Ohio[73]
- To Die Upon a Kiss (2011), Cleveland Museum of Art;[74] Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, New York;[75] Museum of Fine Arts, Houston;[76] Museum of Modern Art, New York;[77] and National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne[78]
- LIBERATION (2012), Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin, Ohio[79]
- I Saw Othello's Visage in His Mind (2013), Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, New York;[80] and Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.[81]
- Iago's Desdemona (2013), Currier Museum of Art, Manchester, New Hampshire[82]
- Act V. Scene II—Exeunt Omnes (2014), Wichita Art Museum, Kansas[83]
- Grinding Souls (2016), Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin, Ohio[84]
- The Way the Moon's in Love with the Dark (2017), Denver Art Museum[85]
- Mother (2022), LaGuardia Airport Terminal C, New York[86]
References
- ^ "Fred Wilson". Art21. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
- ^ "Pace Gallery - Fred Wilson". Pace Gallery. Retrieved 2019-03-30.
- ^ resume at Rena Bransten Gallery
- ^ Vogel, Carol. "Lauder Steps Down as Whitney Museum Chairman." The New York Times, May 27, 2008. [1]
- ^ a b "Rena Bransten Gallery articles". Archived from the original on 2019-04-14. Retrieved 2016-02-08.
- ^ Berger, M (2001). Fred Wilson: Objects and Installations 1979 - 2000. University of Maryland. p. 33.
- ^ Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African-American Experience, Oxford University Press, 2005
- ^ a b PBS art:21 biography.
- ^ Stein, Judith E. "Sins of Omission." Art in America, October 1993, pp. 110–115.
- ^ "Fred Wilson: Museums and Collections". Art21. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
- ^ Fitzpatrick, Tracy. "Wilson, Fred". Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
- ^ Otfinoski, Steven (2011). African Americans in the Visual Arts. Infobase Publishing. pp. 229. ISBN 978-0816078400.
- ^ Powell, Richard J. (1997-01-01). Black art and culture in the 20th century. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0500202958. OCLC 36243884.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-02-08. Retrieved 2012-01-14.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Special Collections Research Center Knowledgebase".
- ^ "Fred Wilson: A Critical Reader". Ridinghouse.
- ^ Graham, Mark A. (September 2007). "An Interview with Artist Fred Wilson". Journal of Museum Education. 32 (3): 209–217. doi:10.1080/10598650.2007.11510571. ISSN 1059-8650. S2CID 191544890.
- ^ A., González, Jennifer (2008). Subject to display : reframing race in contemporary installation art. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262072861. OCLC 75390017.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b The Shock of the Familiar, New York Metro, 2003.
- ^ a b Ginsberg, Elisabeth. "Mining the Museum". Beautiful Trouble. Beautiful Trouble, n.d. Web. November 11, 2014.
- ^ a b c Frankel, Noralee (July 1993). "Mining the Museum Fred Wilson". The Public Historian. 15 (3): 105–108. doi:10.2307/3378741. JSTOR 3378741.
- ^ a b Maryland Historical Society Library Department. "Return of the Whipping Post: Mining the Museum". Maryland Historical Society. Underbelly, n.d. Web. October 13, 2013.
- ^ Garfield, Donald. "MAKING THE MUSEUM MINE: AN INTERVIEW WITH FRED WILSON", Museum News, May 1993: 47-49+90. Web. November 11, 2014.
- ^ Erickson, Peter (2016). "Concluding Othello: Contrasting Endings by Shakespeare and Fred Wilson". Shakespeare Bulletin. 34 (2): 277–293. doi:10.1353/shb.2016.0030. ISSN 1931-1427. S2CID 194532816.
- ^ Erel, Tuçe (2018-09-02). "Istanbul Biennial 2018: A Good Neighbour". Journal of Visual Art Practice. 17 (2–3): 227–229. doi:10.1080/14702029.2018.1435058. ISSN 1470-2029. S2CID 150197137.
- ^ St. James Guide to Black Artists. Detroit, MI: St. James Press. 1997. pp. 579–581. ISBN 1-55862-220-9.
- ^ Maximilíano Durón (24 April 2023), Artists Win Coveted Rome Prize, Including Dread Scott and Nao Bustamante[permanent dead link] ARTnews.
- ^ "Fred Wilson". MetroPictures. Metro Pictures Gallery. Archived from the original on 27 November 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ Albot, Damon (10 October 2013). "Return of the Whipping Post: Mining the Museum". MDHistory. Maryland Center for History and Culture. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Fred Wilson: Objects and Installations, 1979-2000". CADVC. University of Maryland, Baltimore County. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ Harris, Lindsay (Summer 2003). "Re-focus: Fred Wilson at the 50th Venice Biennale". The Brooklyn Rail. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Fred Wilson: Works 2004-2011". ClevelandArt. Cleveland Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "1993 Whitney Biennial". Whitney. Whitney Museum. Archived from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Fred Wilson". Biennial. Liverpool Biennial. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Fred Wilson". Glasstress. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "NGV Triennial 2020". NGV. National Gallery of Victoria. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Colonial Collection". Nasher. Duke University. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Guarded View". Whitney. Whitney Museum. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Addiction Display". Artsy. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
- ^ "Queen Esther/Harriet Tubman". Jewish Museum. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Untitled". ArtBMA. Baltimore Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Untitled". Harvard Art Museums. Harvard University. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Grey Area". Tate. Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Mine/Yours". Whitney. Whitney Museum. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Atlas". StudioMuseum. Studio Museum in Harlem. 18 December 2018. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Me and It". SFMoMA. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Speak of Me as I Am: Chandelier Mori". High. High Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Untitled (Venice Biennale)". BlockMuseum. Northwestern University. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Untitled". Five Colleges Museums. Smith College. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "The Wanderer". BAMPFA. University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Arise!". British Museum. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Arise!". MoMA. Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Arise!". NGA. National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Arise". ToledoMuseum. Toledo Museum of Art. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Convocation". MetMuseum. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Convocation". NGA. National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Convocation". Toledo Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "We Are All in the Gutter, But Some of Us are Looking at the Stars". NGA. National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "We Are All In the Gutter, but Some of Us Are Looking at the Stars". StudioMuseum. Studio Museum in Harlem. 14 May 2020. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "We Are All in The Gutter, But Some of Us Are Looking At The Stars". ToledoMuseum. Toledo Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "X from Exit Art Portfolio". BAMPFA. University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "X". MetMuseum. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Project X". Whitney. Whitney Museum. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Pssst!". NGA. National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Dark Day, Dark Night". Nasher. Duke University. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "The Mete of the Muse". NGV. National Gallery of Victoria. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "The Mete of the Muse". NOMA. New Orleans Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "The Ominous Glut". Nelson-Atkins. Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Ota Benga". Tate. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Flag". Tate. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Iago's Mirror". Des Moines Art Center. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Iago's Mirror". MFA. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Iago's Mirror". ToledoMuseum. Toledo Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "To Die Upon a Kiss". ClevelandArt. Cleveland Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "To Die Upon a Kiss". CMOG. Corning Museum of Glass. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "To Die Upon a Kiss". MFAH. Museum of Fine Arts, Houston. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "To Die Upon a Kiss". MoMA. Museum of Modern Art. Archived from the original on 30 November 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "To Die Upon a Kiss". NGV. National Gallery of Victoria. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "LIBERATION". Allen Art Collection. Oberlin College. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "I Saw Othello's Visage in His Mind". CMOG. Corning Museum of Glass. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022.
- ^ "I Saw Othello's Visage in His Mind". SAAM. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Iago's Desdemona". Currier. Currier Museum of Art. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Act V. Scene II—Exeunt Omnes". WAM. Wichita Art Museum. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Grinding Souls". Allen Art Collection. Oberlin College. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "The Way the Moon's in Love with the Dark". Denver Art Museum. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "A New Way to Travel: Delta Airlines X Queens Museum". Queens Museum. Archived from the original on 27 December 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
External links
- The Pace Gallery
- Biography, interviews, essays, artwork images and video clips from PBS series Art:21 -- Art in the 21st-century - Season 3 (2005).
- Fred Wilson at the Minneapolis Institute or Art, Minneapolis, MN