Nuclear physics |
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Neutron emission is a mode of radioactive decay in which one or more neutrons are ejected from a nucleus. It occurs in the most neutron-rich/proton-deficient nuclides, and also from excited states of other nuclides as in photoneutron emission and beta-delayed neutron emission. As only a neutron is lost by this process the number of protons remains unchanged, and an atom does not become an atom of a different element, but a different isotope of the same element.
Neutrons are also produced in the spontaneous and induced fission of certain heavy nuclides.
Spontaneous neutron emission
As a consequence of the Pauli exclusion principle, nuclei with an excess of protons or neutrons have a higher average energy per nucleon. Nuclei with a sufficient excess of neutrons have a greater energy than the combination of a free neutron and a nucleus with one less neutron, and therefore can decay by neutron emission. Nuclei which can decay by this process are described as lying beyond the neutron drip line.
Two examples of isotopes that emit neutrons are beryllium-13 (decaying to beryllium-12 with a mean life 2.7×10−21 s) and helium-5 (helium-4, 7×10−22 s).[1]
In tables of nuclear decay modes, neutron emission is commonly denoted by the abbreviation n.
Neutron emitters to the left of lower dashed line (see also: Table of nuclides) Z → 0 1 2 3 n ↓ n H He Li 4 5 0 1H Be B 6 7 1 1n 2H 3He 4Li C N 8 2 3H 4He 5Li 6Be 7B 8C 9N O 9 3 4H 5He 6Li 7Be 8B 9C 10N 11O F 10 4 5H 6He 7Li 8Be 9B 10C 11N12O 13F Ne 11 12 5 6H 7He 8Li 9Be 10B 11C 12N 13O 14F 15Ne Na Mg 6 7H 8He 9Li 10Be 11B 12C 13N 14O 15F 16Ne 17Na 18Mg 13 14 7 9He 10Li11Be 12B 13C 14N 15O 16F 17Ne 18Na 19Mg Al Si 8 10He 11Li 12Be 13B 14C 15N 16O 17F 18Ne 19Na 20Mg 22Si 9 12Li 13Be 14B 15C 16N 17O 18F19Ne 20Na 21Mg 22Al 23Si 10 13Li 14Be 15B 16C 17N 18O 19F 20Ne 21Na 22Mg 23Al24Si 11 15Be 16B 17C 18N 19O 20F 21Ne 22Na23Mg 24Al25Si 12 16Be 17B 18C 19N 20O 21F 22Ne 23Na 24Mg 25Al 26Si 13 18B 19C 20N 21O 22F 23Ne 24Na25Mg 26Al27Si 14 19B 20C 21N 22O 23F 24Ne 25Na 26Mg 27Al 28Si
Double neutron emission
Some neutron-rich isotopes decay by the emission of two or more neutrons. For example, hydrogen-5 and helium-10 decay by the emission of two neutrons, hydrogen-6 by the emission of 3 or 4 neutrons, and hydrogen-7 by emission of 4 neutrons.
Photoneutron emission
Some nuclides can be induced to eject a neutron by gamma radiation. One such nuclide is 9Be; its photodisintegration is significant in nuclear astrophysics, pertaining to the abundance of beryllium and the consequences of the instability of 8Be. This also makes this isotope useful as a neutron source in nuclear reactors.[2] Another nuclide, 181Ta, is also known to be readily capable of photodisintegration; this process is thought to be responsible for the creation of 180mTa, the only primordial nuclear isomer and the rarest primordial nuclide.[3]
Beta-delayed neutron emission
Neutron emission usually happens from nuclei that are in an excited state, such as the excited 17O* produced from the beta decay of 17N. The neutron emission process itself is controlled by the nuclear force and therefore is extremely fast, sometimes referred to as "nearly instantaneous". This process allows unstable atoms to become more stable. The ejection of the neutron may be as a product of the movement of many nucleons, but it is ultimately mediated by the repulsive action of the nuclear force that exists at extremely short-range distances between nucleons.
Delayed neutrons in reactor control
Most neutron emission outside prompt neutron production associated with fission (either induced or spontaneous), is from neutron-heavy isotopes produced as fission products. These neutrons are sometimes emitted with a delay, giving them the term delayed neutrons, but the actual delay in their production is a delay waiting for the beta decay of fission products to produce the excited-state nuclear precursors that immediately undergo prompt neutron emission. Thus, the delay in neutron emission is not from the neutron-production process, but rather its precursor beta decay, which is controlled by the weak force, and thus requires a far longer time. The beta decay half lives for the precursors to delayed neutron-emitter radioisotopes, are typically fractions of a second to tens of seconds.
Nevertheless, the delayed neutrons emitted by neutron-rich fission products aid control of nuclear reactors by making reactivity change far more slowly than it would if it were controlled by prompt neutrons alone. About 0.65% of neutrons are released in a nuclear chain reaction in a delayed way due to the mechanism of neutron emission, and it is this fraction of neutrons that allows a nuclear reactor to be controlled on human reaction time-scales, without proceeding to a prompt critical state, and runaway melt down.
Neutron emission in fission
Induced fission
A synonym for such neutron emission is "prompt neutron" production, of the type that is best known to occur simultaneously with induced nuclear fission. Induced fission happens only when a nucleus is bombarded with neutrons, gamma rays, or other carriers of energy. Many heavy isotopes, most notably californium-252, also emit prompt neutrons among the products of a similar spontaneous radioactive decay process, spontaneous fission.
Spontaneous fission
Spontaneous fission happens when a nucleus splits into two (occasionally three) smaller nuclei and generally one or more neutrons.
See also
References
- ^ "Neutron Emission" (webpage). Retrieved 2014-10-30.
- ^ Odsuren, M.; Katō, K.; Kikuchi, Y.; Aikawa, M.; Myo, T. (2014). "A resonance problem on the low-lying resonant state in the 9Be system" (PDF). Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 569 (1): 012072. Bibcode:2014JPhCS.569a2072O. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/569/1/012072.
- ^ Utsonomiya, H.; Akimune, H.; Goko, S.; Yamagata, T.; Ohta, M.; Ohgaki, H.; Toyokawa, H.; Sumiyoshi, K.; Lui, Y.-W. (2002). "Photoneutron Cross Sections for Nuclear Astrophysics". Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology. Supplement 2: 542–545. doi:10.1080/00223131.2002.10875158. S2CID 124167982.
External links
- "Why Are Some Atoms Radioactive?" EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2014
- The LIVEChart of Nuclides - IAEA with filter on delayed neutron emission decay
- Nuclear Structure and Decay Data - IAEA with query on Neutron Separation Energy