![]() | |
Company type | Private |
---|---|
Industry | Oil and gasoline |
Founded | 1910[1] in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, U.S. |
Headquarters | Houston, Texas, U.S. |
Key people | Carlos E. Jordá (CEO) |
Products | Fuels, lubricants and petrochemicals |
Revenue | US$24.113 billion (2021)[2] |
US$246 million (2019)[3] | |
Owner | Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. |
Number of employees | 3,400 (2020) |
Website | www |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Citgo_locations_2020_September.png/320px-Citgo_locations_2020_September.png)
Citgo Petroleum Corporation, or Citgo (stylized as CITGO), is a United States–based refiner, transporter and marketer of transportation fuels, lubricants, petrochemicals and other industrial products.[4] Headquartered in the Energy Corridor area of Houston, it is majority-owned by PDVSA, a state-owned company of the Venezuelan government (although due to U.S. sanctions in 2019, they no longer economically benefit from Citgo).[5]
History
Cities Service period
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cities_Service%2C_425_Grinnell_St%2C_Key_West%2C_FL.jpg/220px-Cities_Service%2C_425_Grinnell_St%2C_Key_West%2C_FL.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cities_service_newspaper_ad.png/220px-Cities_service_newspaper_ad.png)
The company traces its heritage back to the early 1900s and oil entrepreneur Henry Latham Doherty.[6] After quickly climbing the ladder of success in the manufactured gas and electric utility world, Doherty in 1910 created Cities Service Company to supply gas and electricity to small public utilities. He began by acquiring gas-producing properties in the mid-continent and southwest.
The company then developed a pipeline system, tapping dozens of gas pools. To make this gas available to consumers, Doherty moved to acquire distributing companies and tied them into a common source of supply. Cities Service became the first company in the mid-continent to use the slack demand period of summer to refill depleted fields near its market areas. Thus, gas could be conveniently and inexpensively withdrawn during peak demand times. In 1931, Cities Service completed the nation's first long-distance high-pressure natural gas transportation system, a 24-inch pipeline 1,000 miles long from Amarillo, Texas to Chicago.
A logical step in the company's program for finding and developing supplies of natural gas was its entry into the oil business. This move was marked by major discoveries at Augusta, Kansas, in 1914, and in El Dorado a year later. In 1928, a Cities Service subsidiary, Indian Territory Illuminating Oil Company, discovered the Oklahoma City field,[7] one of the world's largest. Another participated in the discovery of the East Texas field, which, in its time, was the most sensational on the globe.
Over three decades, the company sponsored the Cities Service Concerts on NBC radio. The long run of these musical broadcasts was heard on NBC from 1925 to 1956, encompassing a variety of vocalists and musicians. In 1944, it was retitled Highways in Melody, and later the series was known as The Cities Service Band of America. In 1964, the company moved its headquarters from Bartlesville, Oklahoma, to Tulsa.
At the height of Cities Service's growth, Congress passed the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, which forced the company to divest itself of either its utility operations or its oil and gas holdings. Cities Service elected to remain in the petroleum business. The first steps to liquidate investments in its public utilities were taken in 1943 and affected over 250 different utility corporations.
At the same time, the government was nearing completion of a major refinery at Rose Bluff just outside Lake Charles, Louisiana, which would become the foundation of the company's manufacturing operation. Using designs developed by Cities Service and the Kellogg Co., the plant was dedicated only 18 months after groundbreaking. A month before Allied troops landed in France, it was turning out enough 100-octane aviation gasoline to fuel 1,000 daily bomber sorties from England to Germany. Government funding through the Defense Plant Corporation (DPC) also prompted Cities Service to build plants to manufacture butadiene, used to make synthetic rubber, and toluene, a fuel octane booster and solvent.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Citgo-Petrol_Station.jpg/220px-Citgo-Petrol_Station.jpg)
In the years that followed, Cities Service grew into a fully diversified oil and gas company with global operations. Its green, expanding circle marketing logo became a familiar sight across much of the nation. During this time CEOs such as W. Alton Jones and Burl S. Watson ran the company.
Cities Service Company inaugurated use of the Citgo brand in 1965 (officially styled "CITGO") for its refining, marketing and retail petroleum businesses (which became known internally as the RMT Division, for Refining, Marketing and Transportation). CITGO continued to be only a trademark, and not a company name, until the 1983 sale of what had been the RMT Division of Cities Service to Southland Corporation (now 7-Eleven Inc.).
Demise of Cities Service and birth of Citgo Petroleum Corporation
In 1982, T. Boone Pickens, founder of Mesa Petroleum, offered to buy Cities Service Company. Citgo responded by offering to buy Mesa,[8] which was the first use of what became known as the Pac-Man take-over defense; i.e., a counter-tender offer initiated by a takeover target. Cities Service also threatened to dissolve itself by incremental sales rather than being taken over by Mesa, stating that it believed that the pieces would sell for more than Pickens was offering for the whole. Cities Service Company located what they thought would be a "white knight" to give them a better deal and entered into a merger agreement with Gulf Oil Corporation. Late in the summer of 1982, Gulf Oil terminated the merger agreement claiming that Cities Service's reserve estimates were over-stated. Over fifteen years of litigation resulted. (For a more detailed discussion of the Cities Service vs. Gulf Oil litigation, see Gulf Oil#Demise.) Ironically, two years later, Gulf Oil itself would collapse as a result of a Pickens-initiated takeover attempt.
In the chaos that ensued after Gulf Oil's termination of its deal, Cities Service eventually entered into a merger agreement with, and was acquired by, Occidental Petroleum Corporation—a deal that was closed in the fall of 1982. That same year, Cities Service Company transferred all of the assets of its Refining, Marketing and Transportation division (which comprised its refining and retail petroleum business) into the newly formed Citgo Petroleum Corporation subsidiary, to ease the divestiture of the division, which Occidental had no interest in retaining. Pursuant to an agreement entered into in 1982, Citgo and the Citgo and Cities Service brands were sold by Occidental in 1983 to Southland Corporation, original owners of the 7-Eleven chain of convenience stores.
Venezuelan ownership
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Day_Park_City_Chicago.jpg/220px-Day_Park_City_Chicago.jpg)
Fifty percent of Citgo was sold to Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA) in 1986, which acquired the remainder in 1990, resulting in the current ownership structure.[9] In September 2010, in connection with the centennial of its original owner, Cities Service Company, Citgo unveiled a new retail design.[10] Within five years, Citgo planned for all locations to display the new street image.[11] With full ownership of Citgo, PDVSA at its peak controlled 10% of the US domestic oil market, creating a lucrative export chain from Venezuelan oil to American consumers,[citation needed] as the two largest buyers of Venezuelan petroleum are the United States and China, respectively.[12]
In October 2010, then President of Venezuela, Hugo Chávez, announced the intention to have PDVSA sell its Citgo subsidiary calling it a "bad business" and citing low profits since 2006. The minimum sale price was set at 10 billion US dollars; however, PDVSA has been unable to find a buyer at that price.[13][14][15] It was confirmed in January 2015 that Citgo would not be sold, but rather bonds were sold by Citgo to give a dividend to PDVSA.[16] The Bonds sold included a $1.5bn five-year bond and a $1.3bn term loan to be fully repaid in three and a half years.[17][18]
In a 2016 deal, Venezuela pledged 49.9% of Citgo to Russian oil firm Rosneft as collateral for a $1.5 billion loan.[19] Both Republicans and Democrats in the United States urged oversight on this deal, describing Citgo's sale to Russia as a risk to the national security of the United States.[20]
In November 2017, six executives working for Citgo, including five American citizens, were arrested while attending a meeting at the headquarters of PDVSA in Caracas, and as of June 2020 remained imprisoned without consular access and without a trial.[21][22][23] Although granted house arrest in Venezuela in December 2019, the six men were transferred to harsher conditions in El Helicoide prison following U.S. President Donald Trump's hosting of opposition leader Juan Guaido at the 2020 State of the Union Address.[24][25]
Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo called for their release on humanitarian grounds, stating that they were "wrongfully detained" and that they had been incarcerated without evidence presented against them for over two years.[26] On March 9, 2022, one of the Citgo 6 was released following a visit by US officials, including US Ambassador to Venezuela James B. Story, to Venezuela, where they met with Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro.[27] Later that year, on October 1, the remaining five members of the Citgo 6 were released following a prisoner exchange.[28]
Other Venezuelan oil executives were arrested in what Bloomberg News described as a "purge" designed to bolster more economic power behind President of Venezuela, Nicolás Maduro,[29] Asdrúbal Chávez, cousin of late Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez, was chosen as president of Citgo in November 2017.[30]
Citgo also has a much earlier connection to Venezuela, dating to the turn of the 20th century. Predecessor Warner-Quinley Asphalt's principal business was competition to the "Asphalt Trust" by means of a bitumen resources concession it held in Venezuela.[31]
Crisis in Venezuela
Following the death of Hugo Chávez in 2013, his successor Nicolás Maduro presided in office through an era of economic depression caused by decreasing oil prices and sanctions.[32][33][34] The destabilized economy resulted in hyperinflation, an economic depression, shortages in Venezuela and drastic increases in poverty, disease, child mortality, malnutrition, and crime.[35][36][37][38] As a result of the crisis, Venezuela's debt to China and Russia – two political allies – increased.[20] Due to the financial burden of this debt, Venezuela offered Citgo as collateral for Russian debt in 2016, raising the possibility that the Russian government could own Citgo due to Venezuela's high risk of default.[20]
In July 2018, Citgo president Asdrúbal Chávez had his work and tourist visas revoked by the United States and was ordered to leave the country within thirty days.[39]
2019 U.S. sanctions
On January 28, 2019, the U.S. Government imposed sanctions on PDVSA, freezing its assets in the U.S., and barring any U.S. firms and citizens from doing business with it.[40][41][42] In February, Citgo cut ties with the PdVSA, and halted payments to them, placing them in a "blocked account". However, the sanctions limited Citgo's ability to refinance debt. In March, at the behest of the U.S. Treasury, 35 financial institutions secured a $1.2 billion loan to fund Citgo's daily operations and refinancing, allaying concerns about Citgo's ability to continue operating in the U.S.[5][43][44][45]
On June 6, 2019, the U.S. Treasury expanded the sanctions, clarifying that exports of diluents to Venezuela could be subject to sanctions.[46]
2020 bond
In 2020, Citgo borrowed money in the form of a bond, and used 50.1% of the company's equity as collateral. If the bond is not repaid, the institutional investors that lent the money will obtain ownership of the 50.1%.[47]
Possible bankruptcy
In May 2024, Bloomberg reported that opposition-appointed executives of Petroleos de Venezuela were considering placing Citgo into Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection to slow down or completely block the sale of oil assets under the company's control. The opposition's plan would help it retain control of its most important overseas asset, which is up for auction.[48]
Legal action against Citgo
On May 30, 2024, two former Citgo executives who were imprisoned by the Venezuelan government, sued Citgo for over $400 million, claiming that their imprisonment was a conspiracy and was wrongful, refused to keep them protected from harm, and increased emotional distress on both of them.[49]
Controversies
United States–Venezuela relations
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/7-11_Citgo_message.jpg/220px-7-11_Citgo_message.jpg)
Texaco sold some Citgo gas stations in the southeast when Chevron gained exclusive rights to the Texaco brand name in the U.S. in June 2006. On September 27, 2006, the 7-Eleven chain of convenience stores announced its 20-year contract with Citgo was coming to an end and would not be renewed. 7-Eleven spokeswoman Margaret Chabris said "Regardless of politics, we sympathize with many Americans' concern over derogatory comments about our country and its leadership recently made by Venezuela's president. Certainly Chavez's position and statements over the past year or so didn't tempt us to stay with Citgo."[50]
7-Eleven stations subsequently went either unbranded or switched to competitor brands, most notably Marathon, which owned rival chain Speedway at the time. (Marathon coincidentally sold Speedway to 7-Eleven in 2021.) Marathon purchased Citgo's assets in Ohio during this time and led to the near-complete withdrawal of the Citgo brand from the state except in the Youngstown area, which were supplied by Citgo terminals in neighboring Pennsylvania due to its proximity to the Ohio-Pennsylvania border.[51] In the years since, Marathon has had periods of considering buying Citgo outright, with the Venezuelan ownership being a major roadblock.[52]
Citgo launched a national ad campaign in the fall of 2006 emphasizing the company's corporate social responsibility.[53] National television ads featuring Joe Kennedy also aired through February 2007 featuring ordinary Americans thanking Citgo and Venezuela for providing discounted heating oil to low-income people.[54]
Environmental and safety concerns
During the 2000s, Citgo faced several legal actions over the operation of its Corpus Christi, Texas oil refinery. In 2007, it was convicted of a violation of the Clean Air Act for operating an oil-water separator without proper pollution-control equipment. It was found not guilty of a charge of emitting illegal levels of benzene into the environment.[55][56] In 2009, a fire at the alkylation unit of the same plant resulted in the release of toxic hydrofluoric acid and the injury of two workers, one with severe burns.[57][58][59] In February 2011, the company was fined over $300,000 for the incident.[60]
In 2015, Amazon Watch said 11 percent of crude oil processed at the Corpus Christi refinery and 1 percent processed at the Lake Charles refinery was sourced from the Amazon rainforest.[61]
Refinery locations
Former refineries
In 1901, the Warner-Quinlan Asphalt Company purchased several properties in Linden, New Jersey for use as an asphalt manufacturing plant at the Tremley Point development, later a part of the planned Montgomery Terminal.[31][62] In 1937, Cities Services took over substantially all assets of Warner-Quinlan under a bankruptcy reorganization, including the Linden plant.[63] The plant suffered several major fires and explosions. A tank exploded in July 1914,[64] and two major fires occurred at the plant, one in June, 1921 (still under Warner-Quinlan), and another in October, 1938 (under Cities Services).[65][66][67][68] The 1921 fire destroyed almost the entire plant.
Other brands
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Mystik_brand-Old_design.jpg/185px-Mystik_brand-Old_design.jpg)
In addition to Citgo's own brand of lubricants, they also own the Clarion and Mystik brand names.[69]
Although primarily associated with lubricants, starting on October 1, 2003, Citgo began offering the Mystik brand name as a retail name.[70][71]
Sponsorships
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Citgo_boston.jpg/200px-Citgo_boston.jpg)
Citgo has sponsored several motorsport ventures. The company was a sponsor of the No. 21 Wood Brothers racing team in NASCAR for many years, with drivers such as Michael Waltrip, Elliott Sadler, Kyle Petty, Neil Bonnett, Morgan Shepherd and Dale Jarrett. They also sponsored the No. 99 Roush Racing team of Jeff Burton from late 2000 until pulling out of the sport in 2003. The company sponsored the Citgo Pontiac-Riley of Venezuelan car driver Milka Duno in the Rolex Sports Car Series. Duno has three overall wins in the Rolex Series and finished second at the 2007 24 Hours of Daytona, becoming the highest-finishing female in the history of the famous race. Midway through the 2007 season, Citgo sponsored the No. 23 SAMAX Motorsport entry in the IndyCar Series for Duno. In 2008 and 2009 this sponsorship went with Duno to the Dreyer & Reinbold Racing No. 23 entry. She took the sponsorship to Dale Coyne Racing in 2010. Citgo was the major sponsor of E. J. Viso of KV Racing (2012) and Andretti Autosport (2013), and remained with Viso when he began racing in the Stadium Super Trucks in 2014.[72]
Citgo is a major sponsor of the Bassmaster Fishing Tournaments, and is also the sponsor of a charity golf tournament benefiting the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA). The company's relationship with the MDA goes back to its 1983 purchase by Southland, an existing MDA sponsor. Citgo is MDA's biggest corporate sponsor, and its executives have appeared on the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon.[73] Consistent with its former sponsorship of the Boston Marathon, Citgo has for the past few years sponsored an elite level multisport team that competes in both adventure racing and triathlon events throughout the United States.[citation needed]
A Citgo billboard sign overlooking Kenmore Square in Boston is widely associated with the Boston Red Sox baseball team, as it is visible from within Fenway Park overlooking its left field wall, the Green Monster.[74][75][76] The sign's association with the team has also led to similar signs being installed at other baseball parks, including the Houston Astros' Minute Maid Park as part of their sponsorship of the team (until 2012, the sign was also in left field, much like the Red Sox; Occidental Petroleum now holds the placement).[77][78] and Whataburger Field, home field of one of the Astros' minor league affiliates, the Corpus Christi Hooks.[79]
Donald Trump inauguration
According to filings with the U.S. Federal Election Commission, Citgo donated US$500,000 (US$524,180 in 2020 dollars) towards Donald Trump's presidential inauguration.[80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89]
Simón Bolívar Foundation
In 2006, Citgo established the Simón Bolívar Foundation (SBF) as a 501(c)(3) non-profit, charitable private foundation to "transform lives by connecting non-profits and community leaders to better improve the quality of life through the support of health initiatives". In 2020, the SBF provided grants of one $1M to provide humanitarian aid to Venezuela.[90] The SBF runs a programme to help Venezuelan cancer patients travel abroad from for transplants and for other life-saving treatment. The programme was endangered by US sanctions on Venezuela. In 2021, the United Nations called on the US and other countries "to respect, protect and fulfil the human rights of every person affected by direct international action".[91]
Headquarters
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/CitgoHQ.jpg/220px-CitgoHQ.jpg)
Citgo has its headquarters in the Energy Corridor area of Houston, Texas, United States.[92]
Before it was headquartered in Houston, Citgo had its headquarters in Tulsa, Oklahoma. In 2003, the Oklahoma governor Brad Henry met an executive of Citgo to discuss possible incentives that would keep the Citgo headquarters in Oklahoma.[93] For eight months the company debated whether to move its headquarters or to keep its headquarters in Oklahoma. In 2004, the company announced that its headquarters were moving to Houston.[94]
At that point the company had not decided which location in Houston would have the headquarters. The company wanted 300,000 square feet (28,000 m2) of office space to house 700 employees. Citgo considered the 1500 Louisiana building in Downtown Houston, the Williams Tower in Uptown Houston, the BMC Software headquarters complex in Westchase, and the Aspentech Building in the Energy Corridor.[95] In June of that year the company signed a lease in the five-storey Aspentech building so it could serve as a headquarters.[96][97] In September 2004 the company began moving its headquarters, and by September 24 Citgo had already relocated 150 employees to the Energy Corridor offices.[98]
See also
References
- ^ Weaver, Bobby D. (2009). Cities Service Company. Oklahoma Historical Society. ISBN 978-0941498753. Archived from the original on 2009-01-02. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ Citgo Petroleum Corporation
- ^ "CITGO Reports Results for FY 2019" (Press release). CITGO. Archived from the original on 2020-04-27. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
- ^ Ulmer, Alexandra; Parraga, Marianna (July 20, 2017). "Exclusive: Russia, Venezuela discuss Citgo collateral deal to avoid U.S. sanctions—sources". Reuters. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
- ^ a b Parraga, Marianna (February 26, 2019). "Citgo formally cuts ties with Venezuela-based parent company". Reuters. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
- ^ "Henry L. Doherty". Encyclopædia Britannica. January 2, 2019. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
- ^ "Indian Territory Illuminating Oil Company". Bobby D. Weaver, Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved October 26, 2019.
- ^ Nocera, Joseph (October 1982). ""It's Time To Make a Deal"". Texas Monthly. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
- ^ "Our Story". Citgo. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
- ^ Seba, Erwin (1 September 2010). "CITGO Launches New Retail Design". Convenience Store Products Daily News. Winsight Media. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ^ Lisanti, Linda (November 1, 2010). "A Centennial Celebration". Convenience Store News. Archived from the original on 2010-12-19. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
- ^ Kline, Harvey F. (2018-04-24). Kline, Harvey F; Wade, Christine J; Wiarda, Howard J (eds.). Latin American Politics and Development. doi:10.4324/9780429495045. ISBN 9780429495045.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Pretel, Enrique; Andres, Frank; Daniel, Jack (October 26, 2010). "Chavez calls Venezuela-owned Citgo bad business". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
- ^ Tovar, Ernesto J (October 27, 2010). "Citgo was impacted by sale of assets and financial aid to PDVSA". El Universal. Caracas. Archived from the original on 2012-10-02. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
- ^ Crooks, Nathan; Rodriguez Pons, Corina (October 27, 2010). "PDVSA Facing Tough Sale of Citgo, Minister Says". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
- ^ Dezember, Ryan; Sider, Alison (January 20, 2015). "Plug Pulled on Venezuela's Sale of Citgo". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2015-03-17.
- ^ "PdV pledges 100pc of Citgo in debt transaction". Argus Media. February 11, 2015. Retrieved 2015-03-17.
- ^ "Venezuela's Citgo and the revolution's Praying Mantis School of Business". Financial Times. January 29, 2015. Archived from the original on 2022-12-10. Retrieved 2015-03-17.
- ^ "Exclusive: U.S. investors seek to acquire Russia's Rosneft lien in Citgo". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2023-07-01.
- ^ a b c Valencia, Robert (October 14, 2017). "Don't Worry About War with North Korea — Venezuela Is the Real Problem". Newsweek. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
In the event that Venezuela is unable to pay off its debt to Russia, the Maduro administration is using CITGO as its guarantee. In April 2017, it was unclear how Venezuela's state-oil company PDVSA—CITGO's parent company—would pay Russian loans. As a result, Russia's state-oil company Rosneft could potentially own CITGO, which is based in Houston. Democrat and Republican legislators sent letters to Trump, members of Congress and senators alerting that this could pose a danger to U.S. national security should Russia acquire the company
- ^ Holland, Steve (November 22, 2017). "Detained Venezuelan-U.S. Citgo executives to be tried as 'traitors': Maduro". Reuters. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
- ^ Regan, Trish (January 11, 2019). "Trish Regan reveals the names of US hostages being held captive in Venezuela". Fox News. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
- ^ Smith, Scott. "Video shows the Citgo 6 imprisoned in Venezuela as families implore government for release amid pandemic". Click2Houston. No. 18 June 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- ^ Wilkinson, Tracy (12 February 2020). "Venezuela moves U.S. oil execs to a harsher jail after Trump hosts opposition leader". LA Times. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- ^ Zuvanich, Adam (27 March 2020). "Fears of 'Citgo 6' families amplified by pandemic". The Leader News. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- ^ Hansler, Jennifer (20 March 2020). "Pompeo calls for the release of Americans held in Venezuela amid coronavirus outbreak". CNN. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- ^ Pozzebon, Steffano (9 March 2022). "Two Americans, including one member of the 'CITGO6,' released from prison in Venezuela". CNN. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
- ^ Shear, Michael D.; Fassihi, Farnaz (1 October 2022). "American Prisoners Are Released From Venezuela and Iran". New York Times. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
- ^ Rosati, Andrew (November 22, 2017). "Citgo Arrests Tighten Maduro's Grip on Venezuela's Oil Economy". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
- ^ "Venezuela taps Chavez cousin as new Citgo president after arrests". Reuters. November 22, 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
- ^ a b "Asphalt Company Buys a Big Site". Buffalo Courier. February 1, 1901. p. 7. Retrieved 2018-02-26 – via Newspapers.com
.
- ^ "Moody's: Political risk poses major challenges to credit in Latin America" (Press release). Moody's Investors Service. August 29, 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
- ^ Corrales, Javier (March 7, 2013). "The House That Chavez Built". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
- ^ "Post-Chavez, Venezuela Enters a Downward Spiral". Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ Scharfenberg, Ewald (February 1, 2015). "Volver a ser pobre en Venezuela" [Becoming poor again in Venezuela]. El País. Madrid. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- ^ Herrero, Ana Vanessa; Malkin, Elisabeth (January 16, 2017). "Venezuela Issues New Bank Notes Because of Hyperinflation". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
- ^ "Chamber of Commerce: 80% of Venezuelans are in poverty". El Universal. April 1, 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-04-04. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
- ^ • Gillespie, Patrick (December 12, 2016). "Venezuela shuts border with Colombia as cash crisis escalates". CNNMoney. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
• Gillespie, Patrick (April 12, 2016). "Venezuela: the land of 500% inflation". CNNMoney. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
• Rosati, Andrew (January 11, 2017). "Venezuela's Economy Was the Worst Performing of 2016, IMF Estimates". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 17 January 2017. - ^ Batiz, César (July 18, 2018). "Extraoficial: Autoridades de Estados Unidos anularon la visa de Asdrúbal Chávez" [Unofficial: US authorities annulled Asdrúbal Chávez's visa]. La Patilla (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2018-07-18.
- ^ "Treasury Sanctions Venezuela's State-Owned Oil Company Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A." (Press release). U.S. Treasury. January 28, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
- ^ "US Sanctions Venezuela's State-owned Oil Company". VoA News. January 29, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
- ^ DiChristopher, Tom (January 29, 2019). "Treasury sanctions Venezuela state-owned oil firm in bid to transfer control to Maduro opposition". CNBC. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
- ^ Ahmann, Tim; McWilliams, Gary. "U.S. acts to keep Citgo operating in face of Venezuela sanctions". Reuters. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
- ^ "An Embattled CITGO Secures Long-Term Financing". Convenience Store News. March 29, 2019. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
- ^ Luck, Marissa. "Citgo gets $1.2B loan amid concerns over Venezuela sanctions". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
- ^ Rampton, Roberta (June 6, 2019). "U.S. tightens Venezuela oil sanctions, indicates more actions to come". Reuters. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
- ^ Ulmer, Alexandra (27 February 2018). "Exclusive: U.S. Investors seek to acquire Russia's Rosneft lien in Citgo". Reuters.
- ^ "Citgo's Venezuelan parent said to weigh bankruptcy to slow down sale". Bloomberg. May 22, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ Zuvanich, Adam (May 30, 2024). "Houston-area brothers sue Citgo for $400 million over imprisonment in Venezuela". Houston Public Media. Retrieved May 30, 2024.
- ^ Koenig, David (September 28, 2006). "7-Eleven Drops Citgo As Gas Supplier". The Washington Post. Associated Press.
- ^ "Marathon buying Ohio Citgo terminals". Columbus Business First. October 22, 2007.
- ^ "Marathon Now Interested in CITGO Assets?".
- ^ "Citgo To Gush About Its Charitable Side". Adweek. October 25, 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-04-04.
- ^ Birnbaum, Jeffrey H.; Mufson, Steven (February 24, 2007). "Is Citgo Program for Poor, or for Chávez?". The Washington Post.
- ^ Clanton, Brett (June 23, 2007). "Citgo trial on dirty air tests federal law". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
- ^ Seba, Erwin (June 27, 2007). "Citgo found guilty of violating U.S. Clean Air Act". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
- ^ Seba, Erwin (July 19, 2009). "Citgo Corpus refinery alky unit shut after fire". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
- ^ Seba, Erwin (July 20, 2009). "Fire still burns at Citgo Corpus Christi refinery". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
- ^ McFarland, John (December 10, 2009). "Feds urge new safety changes at Corpus Christi refinery". The Dallas Morning News. Associated Press. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
- ^ Seba, Erwin (February 24, 2011). "Citgo fined for 2009 Corpus Christi blast, fire". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
- ^ "From Well to Wheel: The Social, Environmental, and Climate Costs of Amazon Crude". Amazon Watch. September 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
- ^ "New York and Marine Terminals; the Tremley Site Development - Article II". The Wall Street Journal. September 27, 1912. p. 2. Retrieved 2018-02-26 – via Newspapers.com open access.
- ^ "Warner Quinlan Plan Confirmed". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 25, 1937. p. 21. Retrieved 2018-02-26 – via Newspapers.com open access.
- ^ "Fatal Explosion of Oil Tank". The Courier-News. Bridgewater, New Jersey. July 29, 1914. p. 1. Retrieved 2018-02-26 – via Newspapers.com open access.
- ^ "Huge Oil Blaze at Linden Seen Plainly Here". The Central New Jersey Home News. July 19, 1921. p. 1. Retrieved 2018-02-26 – via Newspapers.com open access.
- ^ "$3,000,000 Jersey Oil Plant Burns". Asbury Park Press. July 19, 1921. p. 1. Retrieved 2018-02-26 – via Newspapers.com open access.
- ^ "Soaking Rain Forces Submerged Oil to Surface Adding to Troubles of Those Fighting Asphalt Plant Fire". The Courier-News. July 20, 1921. p. 1. Retrieved January 30, 2019 – via Newspapers.com open access.
- ^ "New Jersey 'Oil Village' is Beset by Conflagration". Valley Morning Star. Harlingen, Texas. October 13, 1938. p. 8. Retrieved 2018-02-26 – via Newspapers.com open access.
- ^ "Lubricants". Citgo. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
- ^ "CITGO Offers Mystik Brand as Alternative". Citgo (Press release). September 29, 2003. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
- ^ "New Retailing Brand for CITGO". Convenience Store News. September 30, 2003. Retrieved June 7, 2019.
- ^ "Gordon Wins TRAXXAS Race At Long Beach". Stadium Super Trucks. April 14, 2014. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
- ^ Wechsler, Kathy (January–February 2007). "CITGO: On the Road to a Cure". Quest. Vol. 14, no. 1. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.
- ^ Tench, Megan (March 16, 2005). "Kenmore Sq. sign gets high-tech makeover". The Boston Globe. Retrieved September 24, 2006.
- ^ Buell, Spencer (November 14, 2018). "The Citgo Sign Will (Probably) Finally Become a Landmark". Boston Magazine. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
- ^ Logan, Tim (November 29, 2018). "Citgo sign will stay, but not as a landmark". The Boston Globe. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
- ^ "Astros, Citgo reach three-year agreement". MLB.com. 27 June 2012. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
- ^ Kepner, Tyler (2018-10-12). "For the Astros and the Red Sox, a Playoffs Reunion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
- ^ White, Heather Ann (April 29, 2007). "Hooks team gets its own landmark Citgo sign". Corpus Christi Caller-Times. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
- ^ "Venezuela state oil company gave cash to Trump inauguration". BBC News. April 19, 2017.
Citgo Petroleum, a US-based subsidiary of the Venezuelan state-owned oil company, is named in papers filed with the Federal Election Commission.
- ^ "FEC Report of Donations Accepted | (page 21 of 508)" (PDF). docquery.fec.gov. United States Federal Election Commission. 18 April 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ^ Wernau, Julie (20 April 2017). "Venezuela's Citgo Donates $500,000 to Trump Inauguration - MoneyBeat - WSJ". The Wall Street Journal. News Corp (via Dow Jones & Company). Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ^ "Cash-strapped Venezuela a major funder of Trump inauguration". Associated Press. 19 April 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ^ Gilchrist, Karen (20 April 2017). "Venezuela donated $500,000 to Trump fund amid spiralling economic woes and rising death toll". CNBC. NBCUniversal Broadcast, Cable, Sports and News. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ^ Associated Press (19 April 2017). "Cash-strapped Venezuela a major funder of Trump inauguration | Fox News". Fox News. Fox Corporation. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ^ Fox News, Associated Press (20 April 2017). "Venezuela's government donated $500G to Trump's inauguration, report shows | Fox News". Fox News. Fox Corporation. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ^ Calfas, Jennifer (20 April 2017). "Donald Trump: Venezuela Donated Thousands to Inauguration | Fortune". Fortune. Fortune Media Group Holdings. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ^ Campoy, Ana (19 April 2017). "FEC report: Venezuela's Citgo donated $500,000 to Donald Trump's inaugural committee — Quartz". Quartz. Uzabase, Inc. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ^ Borger, Julian (19 April 2017). "Socialist Venezuela chipped in $500,000 to Trump's inauguration | World news | The Guardian". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
- ^ "Simón Bolívar Foundation Announces $1 Million in Humanitarian Health Grants". finance.yahoo.com. 12 August 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
- ^ "Venezuela: Save lives of cancer patients endangered by U.S. sanctions – experts". www.ohchr.org. 21 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
- ^ "Contact Us Archived 2010-02-08 at the Wayback Machine." Citgo. Retrieved on November 18, 2009.
- ^ "Governor, Citgo exec to meet to discuss possible incentives". The Journal Record. Tulsa. August 15, 2003. Retrieved February 3, 2010.
- ^ Moreno, Jenalia; Sixel, L.M. (May 1, 2004). "Citgo moving headquarters to Houston as Tulsa loses bid". Midland Reporter-Telegram. Hearst News Service. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
- ^ Moreno, Jenalia; Sixel, L.M. (May 1, 2004). "Citgo moving headquarters to Houston as Tulsa loses bid". Hearst News Service. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
- ^ Sarnoff, Nancy (June 8, 2004). "Citgo chooses west Houston Energy Corridor digs". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
- ^ Droege, Tom (July 9, 2004). "Citgo prepares for move". Tulsa World. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
- ^ Moreno, Jenalia (September 24, 2004). "Houston-bound Citgo eager to get in growth mode". Houston Chronicle. p. Business 9. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
External links
- Official website
- Petróleos de Venezuela (Spanish)
- Citgo Logos
- Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Cities Service Company Archived 2009-01-02 at the Wayback Machine
- Articles from CEOs of Citgo
- Icons Among Us: The CITGO Sign Article with slideshow
- Citizens for Environmental Justice Group concerned with environmental issues surrounding Citgo Corpus Christi refinery