Count Dmitry Alekseyevich Milyutin | |
---|---|
Дмитрий Алексеевич Милютин | |
![]() General Dmitry Milyutin in 1865 | |
Minister of War | |
In office 16 May 1861 – 21 May 1881 | |
Monarchs | Alexander II Alexander III |
Preceded by | Nikolay Sukhozanet |
Succeeded by | Pyotr Vannovsky |
Personal details | |
Born | Moscow, Moscow Governorate, Russian Empire | 28 June 1816
Died | 25 January 1912 Simeiz, Taurida Governorate, Russian Empire | (aged 95)
Military service | |
Allegiance | ![]() |
Branch/service | ![]() |
Years of service | 1836-1881 |
Rank | Field Marshal |
Battles/wars | Caucasian War Crimean War Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) |
Awards | see awards |
Count Dmitry Alekseyevich Milyutin (Russian: Дмитрий Алексеевич Милютин, tr. Dmitrij Alekseevič Miljutin; 28 June 1816, Moscow – 25 January 1912, Simeiz near Yalta) was a military historian, Minister of War (1861–81) and the last Field Marshal of Imperial Russia (1898). He was responsible for sweeping military reforms that changed the face of the Russian army in the 1860s and 1870s.
Early career
Milyutin graduated from the Moscow University School in 1833 and Nicholas Military Academy in 1836. Unlike his brother Nikolai Milyutin, who chose to pursue a career in civil administration, Dmitry volunteered to take part in the Caucasian War (1839–45). After sustaining a grave wound, he returned to the military academy to deliver lectures as a professor.
In the following years, Milyutin earned a considerable reputation as a brilliant scholar. He emphasized the scientific value of military statistics and authored the first comprehensive study of the subject, which earned him the Demidov Prize for 1847. Milyutin regarded Suvorov as a model for military commanders and the Italian campaign of 1799 as the pinnacle of his career, elaborating these views in a detailed account of the campaign, published in five volumes in 1852 and 1853.
Capitalizing on his knowledge, Milyutin analyzed the causes of Russia's defeat in the Crimean War and framed some radical proposals for military reforms. His ideas were approved by Alexander II, who appointed Milyutin to the post of Minister of War in 1861. Several years earlier, Milyutin took part in the capture of Imam Shamil, thus helping bring the prolonged Caucasian War to an end.
Minister of War
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%2C_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg/200px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%2C_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg)
Milyutin was Minister of War from 16 May 1861 to 21 May 1881. The military reforms introduced during Milyutin's long tenure resulted in the levy system being introduced to Russia and military districts being created across the country. Military service was declared compulsory to all males aged 21 for 6 years, instead of the previous 25 years. This applied to all males including nobles. The system of military education was also reformed, and elementary education was made available to all the draftees. Milyutin's reforms are regarded as a milestone in the history of Russia. Before his reforms in, the Russian Army had no constant barracks and was billeted in dugouts and shacks.[1] The success of his reforms was demonstrated during the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). Milyutin's subtle leadership made itself felt during the peak of the conflict when the Russians failed three times in a row to take Pleven and many experts advised them to retreat. Milyutin promptly ordered the siege to be continued in a more orderly manner, which brought the war to a victorious end. At the close of the war, Milyutin set up a commission in order to investigate faulty supply of provisions and other problems that had surfaced during the siege. In recognition of his services, he was made a count and received all the Russian orders, including the Order of Saint Andrew.
Milyutin strongly advocated the deportation that formed the latter stage of the Circassian genocide, arguing that "eliminating the Circassians was to be an end in itself – to cleanse the land of hostile elements".[2]
Later life
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Milyutin_DA_1912.jpg/200px-Milyutin_DA_1912.jpg)
After the Congress of Berlin, Milyutin succeeded the ailing Chancellor Gorchakov as the leader of the imperial foreign policy. Alexander II's assassination in 1881 rendered his position precarious, however, and after Konstantin Pobedonostsev, intent on reversing the liberal innovations of the previous reign, emerged as the most powerful policy-maker, Milyutin resigned his office. In 1898, when the 80th anniversary of Alexander II was celebrated, he was promoted to Field Marshal, the first man to receive this honour for many years and the last in the history of the Russian Empire. He died in Simeiz in 1912.
Works
- The history of Russia's war with France during the reign of Emperor Paul I in 1799 [История войны России с Францией в царствование Императора Павла I в 1799 году]. "Written by Imperial order of Sovereign Emperor Nicholas I". In five volumes. Saint Petersburg. 1852–1853. Типография штаба военно-учебных заведений.
Honours and awards
Domestic
- Order of St. Anna, 1st class
- Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
- Order of the White Eagle
- Order of St. Stanislaus, 1st class
- Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd class
- Order of St. Vladimir, 1st class
- Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
- Order of St. Andrew
- Demidov Prize
- Order of St. George, 2nd class
Foreign
Kingdom of Romania
Kingdom of Prussia:[3]
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle, 9 September 1872
- Pour le Mérite (military), 22 March 1879
- Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle, 4 September 1879
Austrian Empire:[4]
- Knight of the Imperial Order of the Iron Crown, 2nd Class, 1853
- Grand Cross of the Austrian Imperial Order of Leopold, 1872
French Third Republic
- Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, September 1876[5]
- French Order of Academic Palms
Kingdom of Sweden:[6]
- Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim, 19 July 1875
Kingdom of Denmark:[7]
- Knight of the Order of the Elephant, 19 August 1876
Kingdom of Hungary:[4]
- Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1874
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Principality of Serbia
Principality of Montenegro
Qajar dynasty
References
- ^ Wiesław Caban, Losy żołnierzy powstania listopadowego wcielonych do armii carskiej, w: Przegląd Historyczny, t. XCI, z. 2, s. 245.
- ^ Walter Richmond, The Circassian Genocide (Rutgers University Press, 2013) pp 70-71, 131-32.
- ^ Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Gedruckt in der Reichsdruckerei, 1886, pp. 8, 15, 23 – via hathitrust.org
- ^ a b "Ritter-Orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1911, pp. 48, 60, 97, retrieved 14 January 2021
- ^ M. Wattel, B. Wattel. (2009). Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers. Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 516. ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.
- ^ Sveriges Statskalender (in Swedish), 1905, p. 440 – via runeberg.org
- ^ Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1910) [1st pub.:1801]. Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1910 [State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1910] (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. 3, 6. Retrieved 2 September 2020 – via da:DIS Danmark.
- ^ Acović, Dragomir (2012). Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 623.
public domain: . Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in theFurther reading
- Forrest A. Miller, Dmitrii Miliutin and the Reform Era in Russia (1968)
- Walter Richmond, The Circassian Genocide (Rutgers University Press, 2013) online
- His memoirs have been reprinted. The early years in a volume published by Oriental Research Partners (Newtonville, Mass) in 1978 with a new useful introduction by Prof. Bruce Lincoln. A three volume set of memoirs of his later years was published by Rossiiski arkhiv (Moscow 1999-2006) Pp. 525, 557, 730.
External links
- New International Encyclopedia. 1905. .