Social status listing
Portrait of Mrs. Astor by Carolus-Duran , in Paris 1890. This painting was placed prominently in Astor's house; she would stand in front of it when receiving guests for receptions. Today, it is held by the Metropolitan Museum of Art .[ 1]
The Four Hundred was a list of New York society during the Gilded Age , a group that was led by Caroline Schermerhorn Astor , the "Mrs. Astor", for many years. After her death, her role in society was filled by three women: Mamie Fish , Theresa Fair Oelrichs , and Alva Belmont ,[ 2] known as the "triumvirate" of American society.[ 3]
On February 16, 1892, The New York Times published the "official" list of those included in the Four Hundred as dictated by social arbiter Ward McAllister , Astor's friend and confidant, in response to lists proffered by others, and after years of clamoring by the press to know who was on it.[ 4] [ 5]
History
In the decades following the American Civil War , the population of New York City grew almost exponentially, and immigrants and wealthy arrivistes from the Midwestern United States began challenging the dominance of the old New York Establishment.[ 6] Aided by McAllister, Astor[ a] attempted to codify proper behavior and etiquette, as well as determine who was acceptable among the arrivistes ,[ 8] as champions of old money and tradition.[ 6]
Reportedly, Ward McAllister coined the phrase "the Four Hundred" by declaring that there were "only 400 people in fashionable New York Society."[ 9] According to him, this was the number of people in New York who really mattered; the people who felt at ease in the ballrooms of high society.[ 10] In 1888, McAllister told the New-York Tribune that "If you go outside that number," he warned, "you strike people who are either not at ease in a ballroom or else make other people not at ease."[ 11]
While the number four hundred has popularly been linked to the capacity of Caroline Schermerhorn Astor 's ballroom at her large brownstone home at 350 Fifth Avenue and East 34th Street (today the site of the Empire State Building ),[ 12] [ 13] the exact origins remain unknown.[ 14] There were other lists in New York around the same time which necessitated a maximum capacity of four hundred, including Delmonico's restaurant and local cotillion dances, that may have contributed to the particular sum of four hundred.[ 15]
February 1892 list
"Snobbish Society's Schoolmaster." Caricature of Ward McAllister as an ass telling Uncle Sam he must imitate "an English snob of the 19th century" or he "will nevah be a gentleman". Published in Judge , November 8, 1890.
In response to competing lists naming the purported members of New York society published in the New York World that insisted New York society was, in fact, made up of only 150 people,[ 16] McAllister spoke with the Times , refuting the World article and giving the paper the "official list", which was published on February 16, 1892, and quoted McAllister stating:
The so-called Four Hundred has not been cut down or dwindled to 150 names. The nonsense, don't you know, printed to that effect in the World and some other papers, has made a very bad impression that will reflect badly against them, you understand. That list of names, you understand, printed on Sunday, did not come from me, don't you see. It is unauthorized, don't you see. But it is accurate as far as it goes, you understand.
It is incomplete and does injustice, you understand, to many eligible millionaires. Think of leaving out such names, don't you know, as Chauncey M. Depew , Gen. Alexander S. Webb , Mr. and Mrs. Edward Cooper , Mr. and Mrs. Luther Kountze , Mr. and Mrs. Robert Goelet , Mr. and Miss Wilson , Miss Greene , and many others! Don't you understand, it is absurd, senseless.
Let me explain, don't you know. There are three dinner dances, don't you know, during the season, and the invitations, don't you see, are issued to different ladies and gentlemen each time, do you understand? So at each dinner dance, you know, are only 150 people of the highest set, don't you know. So, during the season, you see, 400 different invitations are issued.
Wait a moment and I will give you a correct list, don't you know, of the people who form what is known as the Four Hundred. Do you understand it will be authorized, reliable, and, don't you know, the only correct list.[ 4]
The list, purported to include the crème de la crème of New York society, consisted largely of "bankers, lawyers, brokers, real estate men, and railroaders, with one editor (Paul Dana of The New York Sun ), one publisher, one artist, and two architects."[ 7] It also included a mix of both "Nobs" and "Swells".[ 17] "Nobs" came from old money (including the Astors , the Goelets , the Livingstons , and the Van Rensselaers ), and "Swells" were representatives of the nouveau riche , whom Astor felt, begrudgingly, were able to partake in polite society (best personified by the Vanderbilt family ).[ 17]
Criticism and backlash
"The European Svengali and the trilbys of the 'Four Hundred' – He hypnotizes 'em every time!" Illustration published in Puck , October 2, 1895.
After McAllister released the names of the Four Hundred in The New York Times , there was significant backlash, both against the idea of a definitive list of "acceptable society" and McAllister himself.[ 18] [ 19] The papers dubbed him "Mr. Make-a-Lister" and, in combination with his memoirs published in 1890, entitled Society as I Have Found It ,[ 20] further ostracized him from the "old guard", who valued their privacy in an era when the leaders of society were the equivalent of modern movie stars.[ 15] William d'Alton Mann , who owned Town Topics , a gossip magazine, considered it his duty to expose the sins of society and regularly criticized the Four Hundred.[ 19]
Several years later, author O. Henry released a collection of short stories, entitled The Four Million , a reaction to this phrase, expressing his opinion that every human being in New York was worthy of notice.[ 21]
In 2009, the Museum of the City of New York compiled its own list, entitled "The New York City 400", of the 400 "movers and shakers" who made a difference in the 400 years of New York City history since Henry Hudson arrived in 1609. McAllister was "the only person on the original Four Hundred to also make the museum's list."[ 22]
Named members
Photograph of Alva Smith Vanderbilt at her 1883 Ball as "Venetian Renaissance Lady". Alva, the first wife of William Kissam Vanderbilt and second wife of Oliver Belmont , was one of Astor's successors. Photographed by José Maria Mora .
Photograph of Mamie Fish , the wife of Stuyvesant Fish , and one of Astor's successors.
Portrait of Elizabeth Astor Winthrop Chanler , by John Singer Sargent , 1893.
Photograph of Chauncey Depew , U.S. Senator and president of the Vanderbilt's New York Central Railroad , c. 1908 .
Frank Gray Griswold , financier and writer, 1908.
Julia Dent Grant , who married Prince Mikhail Cantacuzène in 1899, was the daughter of Frederick Dent Grant and granddaughter of U.S. President Ulysses S Grant . Photo taken in 1904.
Photograph of William Kissam Vanderbilt , first husband of Alva Smith Vanderbilt .
Photograph of Alice Claypoole Vanderbilt , wife of Cornelius Vanderbilt II , at Alva's 1883 Ball as 'Electric Light'. Gown by Charles Frederick Worth . Photographed by José Maria Mora .
Portrait of Cornelius Vanderbilt II , husband of Alice Claypoole Vanderbilt , by John Singer Sargent , 1890.
Portrait of Ruth Livingston Mills , wife of Ogden Mills , by Francois Glamony.
A miniature portrait of Cornelia Sherman Martin , wife of Bradley Martin , who threw the infamous Bradley-Martin Ball in 1897.
Photograph of Frances Ellen Work , the former wife of James Roche, 3rd Baron Fermoy , c. 1910–1915.
Portrait of Emily Thorn Vanderbilt , wife of businessman William Douglas Sloane , by Benjamin Curtis Porter , 1888.
Portrait of Mr. and Mrs. Anson Phelps Stokes , a merchant and banker, by Cecilia Beaux c. 1898 .
Portrait of Florence Adele Vanderbilt Twombly , wife of Hamilton McKown Twombly , by John Singer Sargent , 1890.
Portrait of George Washington Vanderbilt II , builder of the Biltmore Estate in North Carolina, by John Singer Sargent , 1890.
Photograph of William Collins Whitney , former U.S. Secretary of the Navy (during the Cleveland administration), c. 1892 photographed by Charles Milton Bell .
Mrs. Henry Isaac Lorillard Barbey . By Wilhelm Heinrich Funk , 1904.
Besides containing far fewer than 400 people, McAllister's list "abounded in inaccuracies: names were misspelled or incomplete and many spouses omitted or included although they were dead."[ 23] The rules of the time dictated that "only the eldest unmarried daughter of a family carried the title 'Miss,' with no given name," but he regularly ignored the rule.[ 23]
No.
Name as it appears in article[ 4]
Full name[ 23]
1, 2
Mr. and Mrs. F. R. Appleton
Francis R. Appleton Fanny Lanier Appleton
3
Fred H. Allen
Frederick Hobbes Allen
4, 5
Mr. and Mrs. Astor
William Backhouse Astor Jr. Caroline Schermerhorn Astor
6, 7
Mr. and Mrs. J.J. Astor
John Jacob Astor IV [ b] Ava Lowle Willing
8, 9
Mr. and Mrs. George H. Bend
George H. Bend Elizabeth Austen Townsend Bend
10
Miss Amy Bend
Amy Bend
11
Miss Beatrice Bend
Beatrice Bend
12, 13
Mr. and Mrs. Lloyd Bryce
Lloyd Bryce Edith Cooper Bryce
14
Mrs. Cavendish Bentinck
Elizabeth Livingston Cavendish-Bentinck [ c]
15, 16
Mr. and Mrs. F. Bronson
Frederic Bronson Sarah Gracie King Bronson
17
Heber Bishop
Heber Reginald Bishop
18
Miss Bishop
Mary Cunningham Bishop
19
William Harold Brown
William Harold Brown
20, 21
Mr. and Mrs. Edmund N. Baylies
Edmund L. Baylies Louisa Van Rensselaer Baylies
22
Mr. Temple Bowdoin
Temple Bowdoin
23, 24
Mr. and Mrs. J. Townsend Burden
I. Townsend Burden Evelyn Byrd Moale Burden
25
Miss Burden
Evelyn B. Burden
26
Mrs. Barbey
Mary Lorillard Barbey
27
Miss Barbey
Eva Barbey
28
Harold Brown
Harold Brown
29
Edward Bulkley
Edward H. Bulkeley
30, 31
Mr. and Mrs. James L. Barclay
James Lent Barclay Olivia Bell Barclay
32
C. C. Baldwin
C.C. Baldwin
33
Miss Baldwin
Louise Roman Baldwin
34
C. C. Baldwin Jr.
C.C. Baldwin, Jr.
35, 36
Gen. and Mrs. Henry L. Burnett
Henry Lawrence Burnett Agnes Suffern Tailer Burnett
37
Mr. Thomas Cushing
Thomas Forbes Cushing
38
Miss Edith Cushing
Edith Howard Cushing
39
Mr. F. Bayard Cutting
Robert Bayard Cutting
40
Miss Coster
Martha Ellery Coster
41
Mr. Harry Coster
Harry Coster Mary Lee Coles Coster
42, 43
Mr. and Mrs. Charles Carroll
Charles Carroll Suzanne Bancroft Carroll
44, 45
Mr. and Mrs. Clarence Cary
Clarence Cary Elisabeth Miller Potter Cary
46, 47
Mr. and Mrs. Winthrop Chandler
Winthrop Astor Chanler Margaret Terry Chanler
48
Mrs. Brockholst Cutting
Marion Ramsay Cutting
49, 50
Mr. and Mrs. Harry Cannon
Henry White Cannon Jennie Curtis Cannon
51
Robert L. Cutting Jr.
Robert Livingston Cutting Jr.
52
Col. J. Schuyler Crosby
John Schuyler Crosby
53
Miss Crosby
Angelica Schuyler Crosby
54, 55
Mr. and Mrs. W. Bayard Cutting
William Bayard Cutting Olivia Peyton Murray Cutting
56, 57
Mr. and Mrs. S. V. R. Cruger
Stephen Van Rensselaer Cruger Julia Grinnell Storrow Cruger
58
Rawlings Cottenet
Rawlins Lowndes Cottenet
59
F. Brockholst Cutting
F. Brockholst Cutting
60
W. Cutting Jr.
William Bayard Cutting, Jr.
61
Sir Roderick Cameron
Sir Roderick Cameron
62
Duncan Cameron
Duncan Ewen Cameron
63, 64
The Misses Cameron
Catherine Natalie Cameron Anne Fleming Cameron
65, 66
Mr. and Mrs. James Cross
Richard James Cross Annie Redmond Cross
67, 68
Mr. and Mrs. Edward Cooper
Edward Cooper Cornelia Redmond Cooper
69, 70, 71
The Misses Chanler
Elizabeth Astor Winthrop Chanler Margaret Livingston Chanler Alida Beekman Chanler
72
William R. Coster
William B. Coster Maria Griswold Gray Coster
73, 74
Mr. and Mrs. Elisha Dyer Jr.
Elisha Dyer III Sidney Turner Swan Dyer
75, 76
Mr. and Mrs. Duncan Elliot
Duncan Elliot Sallie Hargous Elliot
77, 78
Mr. and Mrs. George B. De Forest
George Beach de Forest Jr. Anita Hargous de Forest
79, 80
Mr. and Mrs. Chauncey M. Depew
Chauncey Depew Elise Hegeman Depew
81, 82
Mr. and Mrs. Frederic de Peyster
Frederic James de Peyster Augusta McEvers Morris de Peyster
83, 84
Dr. and Mrs. Francis Delafield
Francis Delafield Katherine Van Rensselaer Delafield
85
Miss Delafield
Elizabeth Ray Delafield
86, 87
Mr. and Mrs. Paul Dana
Paul Dana Mary Butler Duncan Dana
88
H. De Courcy Forbes
H. De Courcy Forbes
89, 90
Mr. and Mrs. Stuyvesant Fish
Stuyvesant Fish Marion Graves Anthon Fish
91, 92
Mr. and Mrs. C. G. Francklyn
Charles G. Francklyn Susan Sprague Hoyt Francklyn
93
J. C. Furman
John C. Furman
94, 95
Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton Fish Jr.
Hamilton Fish, Jr. Emily Mann Fish
96
Theodore Frelinghuysen
Theodore Frelinghuysen
97
Augustus C. Gurnee
Augustus C. Gurnee
98, 99
Mr. and Mrs. Ogden Goelet
Ogden Goelet Mary Wilson Goelet
100
Mr. Frank G. Griswold
Frank Gray Griswold
101
Miss Greene
Anne Dunkin Greene
102
Mr. Allister Greene
Alister Greene
103
Miss Grant
Julia Grant
104
Robert F. Hawkes
Robert Forbes Hawkes
105, 106
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Howard
Thomas Howard Rose Post Howard
107, 108
Mr. and Mrs. Carly Havemeyer
Charles Frederick Havemeyer Camilla Woodward Moss Havemeyer
109
Meredith Howland
Meredith Howland
110, 111
Mr. and Mrs. Valentine G. Hall
Valentine Hall Jr. Mary Livingston Ludlow Hall
112
Miss Hall
Elizabeth Livingston Hall
113
John A. Hadden Jr.
John A. Hadden Jr.
114, 115
Mr. and Mrs. Columbus Iselin
Columbus Iselin Edith Colford Jones Iselin
116
Isaac Iselin
Isaac Iselin
117
Mrs. William Jaffray
Helen Smythe Jaffray
118
Miss Jaffray
Helen Frances Jaffray
119
Mrs. F. R. Jones
Mary Cadwalader Rawle Jones
120
Miss Beatrix Jones
Beatrix Cadwalader Jones
121
Shipley Jones
Shipley Jones
122, 123
Mr. and Mrs. DeLancey Kane
DeLancey Astor Kane Eleanora Iselin Kane
124
Nicholas Kane
Samuel Nicholson Kane
125
Miss Knowlton
Mary Knowlton
126
Miss Sybel Kane
Sybil Kane
127, 128
Mr. and Mrs. J. P. Kernochan
James Powell Kernochan Catherine Lorillard Kernochan
129, 130
Col. and Mrs. Kip
Lawrence Kip Eva Lorillard Kip
131
Miss Kipp
Edith Kip
132, 133
Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Kernochan
J. Frederic Kernochan Mary Stuart Whitney Kernochan
134
Miss Lusk
Anna Hartwell Lusk
135
Arthur Leary
Arthur Leary
136
Mrs. Maturin Livingston
Ruth Baylies Livingston
137, 138
Mr. and Mrs. James Lanier
James F. D. Lanier Harriet Bishop Lanier
139, 140
Mr. and Mrs. Henry B. Livingston
Henry B. Livingston Frances Redmond Livingston
141
Edward Livingston
Edward Livingston
142
Miss Clarissa Livingston
Clarisse Livingston
143
Edward De Peyster Livingston
Edward De Peyster Livingston
144, 145
Mr. and Mrs. Clement C. Moore
Clement Clarke Moore Laura Williams Moore
146
Ward McAllister
Ward McAllister
147, 148
Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Marshall
Charles Henry Marshall Josephine Banks Marshall
149
Clement March
Clement March
150, 151
Mr. and Mrs. O. Mills
Ogden Mills Ruth Livingston Mills
152, 153
Mr. and Mrs. B. Martin
Bradley Martin Cornelia Sherman Martin
154
F. T. Martin
Frederick Townsend Martin
155
Peter Marié
Peter Marié
156, 157
Mr. and Mrs. H. W. McVickar
Harry Whitney McVickar Maud Robbins McVickar
158, 159
Mr. and Mrs. A. N. Morris
Augustus Newbold Morris Eleanor Colford Jones Morris
160
Miss Morris
Eva Van Cortlandt Morris
161, 162
Mr. and Mrs. R. Mortimer
Richard Mortimer Eleanor Jay Chapman Mortimer
163
Miss Morgan
Anne Morgan
164, 165
Mr. and Mrs. T. Newbold
Thomas Newbold Sarah Lawrence Coolidge Newbold
166
Mrs. Frederick Nelson
Isabelle Gebhard Neilson
167
S. H. Olin
Stephen H. Olin
168, 169
Mr. and Mrs. C. Oelrichs
Charles May Oelrichs Blanche de Loosey Oelrichs
170
James Otis
James Otis
171
Miss Otis
Sarah Birdsall Otis
172
Edward Post
Edward C. Post
173
Richard Peters
Richard Peters
174, 175
Mr. and Mrs. B. C. Porter
Benjamin Curtis Porter Mary Clark Porter
176, 177
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Pendelton
Francis Key Pendleton Elizabeth La Montagne Pendleton
178
Julian Potter
Julian Potter
179
I. V. Packer
James Vanderburgh Parker
180, 181
Mr. and Mrs. H. N. Potter
Howard Nott Potter Ethel Potter
182, 183
Gen. and Mrs. Pierson
John Frederick Pierson Susan Augusta Rhodes Pierson
184
Miss Pierson
Marguerite Pierson Hull
185, 186
Mr. and Mrs. George B. Post
George Browne Post Alice Stone Post
187
Mrs. William H. Perry
Constance Frink Perry
188
Miss Perry
Bertha Perry Ronalds
189
Goold H. Redmond
Goold H. Redmond
190
Mrs. Rogers
Susan LeRoy Fish Rogers
191
Miss Rogers
Julia Fish Rogers
192
J. Ritchie
J. Wadsworth Ritchie
193
T. J. Oakley Rhinelander
Thomas Jackson Oakley Rhinelander
194
Miss Cora Randolph
Cora Randolph Trimble
195
Mrs. Burke Roche
Frances Burke Roche
196, 197
Mr. and Mrs. S. O. Ripley
Sidney Dillon Ripley Mary Hyde Ripley
198
D. T. L. Robinson
Douglas Robinson Sr.
199
R. K. Richards
Robert Kerr Richards
200, 201
Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Robinson Jr.
Douglas Robinson Jr. Corinne Roosevelt Robinson
202, 203
Mr. and Mrs. H. Robins
Henry Asher Robbins Lizzie Pelham Bend Robbins
204
Miss Sands
Edith Cruger Sands
205, 206
Mr. and Mrs. William D. Sloane
William Douglas Sloane Emily Thorn Vanderbilt Sloane
207, 208
Mr. and Mrs. Philip Schuyler
Philip Schuyler Harriet Lowndes Langdon Schuyler
209, 210
Mr. and Mrs. Byam K. Stevens
Byam K. Stevens Eliza Langdon Wilks Stevens
211
Lispenard Stewart
Lispenard Stewart, Jr.
212, 213
Mr. and Mrs. W. W. Sherman
William Watts Sherman Sophia Augusta Brown Sherman
214
Miss Adele Sloane
Florence Adele Sloane
215, 216
Mr. and Mrs. Anson Phelps Stokes
Anson Phelps Stokes Helen Phelps Stokes
217
Miss Stokes
Olivia Egleston Phelps Stokes
218, 219
Mr. and Mrs. Walter L. Suydam
Walter Lispenard Suydam Jane Mesier Suydam
220, 221
Mr. and Mrs. F. K. Sturgis
Frank K. Sturgis Florence Lydig Sturgis
222
Miss Elizabeth Stevens
Elizabeth Callendar Stevens
223
G. Mead Tooker
Gabriel Mead Tooker
224
Miss Tooker
Charlotte Tooker Warren
225
E. N. Tailer
Edward Neufville Tailer
226, 227
Mr. and Mrs. H. McKay Twombly
Hamilton McKown Twombly Florence Vanderbilt Twombly
228
Miss Tailer
Fannie Bogert Tailer
229
Marquise de Talleyrand
Elizabeth de Talleyrand-Périgord
230
Miss Mabel Van Rensselaer
Mabel Van Rensselaer
231
Miss Alice Van Rensselaer
Alice Van Rensselaer
232, 233
Mr. and Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt
Cornelius Vanderbilt II Alice Claypoole Gwynne Vanderbilt
234
George W. Vanderbilt
George W. Vanderbilt
235
Mrs. A. Van Rensselaer
Louisa Barnewall Van Rensselaer
236
James Varnum
James Varnum
237
Mr. Worthington Whitehouse
Worthington Whitehouse
238, 239
Mr. and Mrs. W. Seward Webb
William Seward Webb Eliza Osgood Vanderbilt Webb
240
Barton Willing
John Rhea Barton Willing
241
Miss Willing
Susan Ridgway Willing
242, 243
Gov. and Mrs. Wetmore
George Peabody Wetmore Edith Keteltas Wetmore
244
Miss Wetmore
Edith M. Keteltas Wetmore
245
Egerton Winthrop
Egerton Leigh Winthrop
246
Thomas C. Winthrop
Thomas C. Winthrop
247
F. B. Winthrop
Bronson Winthrop
248, 249
Mr. and Mrs. Buchanan Winthrop
Buchanan Winthrop Sarah Townsend Winthrop
250
Miss Winthrop
Marie Austen Winthrop
251, 252
Mr. and Mrs. Ben. Wells
Benjamin Welles Frances Wyeth Swan Welles
253, 254
Mr. and Mrs. W. C. Whitney
William Collins Whitney Flora Payne Whitney
255
Miss Georgiana L. Wilmerding
Georgiana L. Wilmerding
256
Mrs. C. A. Whittier
Elizabeth Chadwick Whittier
257, 258
Mr. and Mrs. Wysong
John J. Wysong Martha Marshall Wysong
259
M. A. Wilkes
Matthew Astor Wilks
260, 261
Mr. and Mrs. W. Storrs Wells
William Storrs Wells Anna Cole Raynor Wells
262, 263
Gen. and Mrs. Alexander S. Webb
Alexander S. Webb Anna Remsen Webb
264
Miss Carrie Webb
Caroline LeRoy Webb
265
Alexander S. Webb
Alexander Stewart Webb
See also
References
Notes
^ McAllister called Mrs. Astor "the Mystic Rose," referring to the "figure in Dante 's Paradise around whom all in Paradise revolve,"[ 7]
^ John Jacob Astor IV was Caroline's only son. He and his second wife, Madeleine Astor , were on the maiden voyage of the RMS Titanic . The richest passenger onboard, he died as it sunk on April 15, 1912.[ 24]
^ Elizabeth Cavendish-Bentinck , a member of the Livingston family , was included, but her husband, MP William George Cavendish-Bentinck was not. William was a grand-nephew of the 4th Duke of Portland and great-grandson of the 3rd Duke of Portland , the Prime Minister of United Kingdom under George III .[ 25]
Sources
^ "Mrs. William Astor (Caroline Webster Schermerhorn, 1831-1908)" . www.metmuseum.org . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved February 3, 2019 .
^ MacColl, Gail; Wallace, Carol McD (2012). To Marry an English Lord: Tales of Wealth and Marriage, Sex and Snobbery in the Gilded Age . Workman Publishing. ISBN 9780761171980 . Retrieved February 3, 2019 .
^ Columbia, David Patrick (August 30, 2007). "The Adventures of Tessie" . New York Social Diary . Retrieved September 10, 2018 .
^ a b c McAllister, Ward (February 16, 1892). "THE ONLY FOUR HUNDRED | WARD M'ALLISTER GIVES OUT THE OFFICIAL LIST. HERE ARE THE NAMES, DON'T YOU KNOW, ON THE AUTHORITY OF THEIR GREAT LEADER, YOU UNDER- STAND, AND THEREFORE GENUINE, YOU SEE" (PDF) . The New York Times . Retrieved March 26, 2017 .
^ Burrows, Edwin G.; Wallace, Mike (1998). Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 . Oxford University Press . p. 1072. ISBN 9780199729104 . Retrieved February 3, 2019 .
^ a b "Vanderbilt Ball – how a costume ball changed New York elite society" . MCNY Blog: New York Stories . August 6, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2016 .
^ a b Bryk, William (August 9, 2005). "The Father of the Four Hundred" . The New York Sun . Retrieved February 3, 2019 .
^ Gavan, Terrence (1988). The Barons of Newport: A Guide to the Gilded Age . Newport, Rhode Island : Pineapple Publications. p. 27. ISBN 9780929249018 . Retrieved February 3, 2019 .
^ Salvini, Emil R. (2005). Hobey Baker: American Legend . Hobey Baker Memorial Foundation. p. 3. ISBN 9780976345305 . Retrieved February 27, 2018 .
^ Crain, Esther (2016). The Gilded Age in New York, 1870-1910 . Running Press. p. 135. ISBN 9780316353687 . Retrieved February 3, 2019 .
^ Somers, Reneé (2013). Edith Wharton as Spatial Activist and Analyst . Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 9781135922979 . Retrieved February 3, 2019 .
^ Keister, Lisa A. (2005). Getting Rich: America's New Rich and How They Got That Way . Cambridge University Press . p. 36. ISBN 9780521536677 . Retrieved October 20, 2017 .
^ Parker, Maggie. "The Four Hundred: Then and Now Tony Abrams has reinvented Gilded Age society. Will you get in?" . Dujour . Retrieved September 22, 2018 .
^ Grimes, William (2009). Appetite City: A Culinary History of New York . Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 102. ISBN 9781429990271 . Retrieved February 3, 2019 .
^ a b Columbia, David Patrick (August 18, 2011). "The First Four Hundred" . New York Social Diary . Retrieved March 1, 2018 .
^ "THE GILT-EDGED 150, Society Leaders Make Fun of McAllister's Roster. | Sarcastic Comments by Mrs. Fish and Mrs. Whitney. | He is Not Society's Arbiter, and Society Accepts No Responsibility for His Acts" . The Evening World . February 17, 1892. p. 1. Retrieved February 13, 2019 .
^ a b Haden-Guest, Anthony (July 25, 2015). "The 400 Hottest New Yorkers…of 1892" . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 3, 2019 .
^ Torgerson, Rachel (May 15, 2015). "What Was it Like to Attend One of Mrs. Astor's Gilded Age Parties in NYC?" . Gotham . Retrieved February 3, 2019 .
^ a b Holland, Evangeline (April 6, 2009). "The Four Hundred" . Edwardian Promenade . Retrieved February 3, 2019 .
^ Ward McAllister (1890) Society as I Have Found It , Cassell, New York
^ "WARD M'ALLISTER DEAD; He Had Been Ill for a Week with an Attack of the Grip. THE END WAS UNEXPECTED His Condition Not Considered Serious by His Physicians Until Wednesday Morning – His Long Career as a Society Leader" (PDF) . The New York Times . February 1, 1895. Retrieved October 21, 2017 .
^ Roberts, Sam (September 8, 2009). "400 Years and 400 Names: Museum Tweaks City A-List" . The New York Times . Retrieved February 3, 2019 .
^ a b c Patterson, Jerry E. (2000). The First Four Hundred: Mrs. Astor's New York in the Gilded Age . Random House Incorporated . pp. 207–234. ISBN 9780847822089 . Retrieved February 3, 2019 .
^ "Noted Men On The Lost Titanic. Col. Jacob Astor, with His Wife. Isidor Straus and Wife, and Benj. Guggenheim Aboard" (PDF) . The New York Times . April 16, 1912. Retrieved December 10, 2013 . Following are sketches of a few of the well-known persons among the 1,300 passengers on the lost Titanic . The fate of most of them at this time is, of course, not known. Col. John Jacob Astor and Mrs. Astor, Isidor Straus and Mrs. Straus, J. Bruce Ismay , Managing Director of the White Star Line: Benjamin Guggenheim , and Frank D. Millet , the artist, are perhaps the most widely known of the passengers. ... .
^ Times, Special Cable To The New York (August 23, 1909). "G. CAVENDISH-BENTINCK DEAD | Wife Was Elizabeth Livingston, Sister of Mrs. Ogden Mills" (PDF) . The New York Times . Retrieved February 24, 2017 .
External links