No edit summary |
|||
Line 126: | Line 126: | ||
Since 1994, the ''Bundeswehr'' has lost about seventy troops in abroad deployments. ''See also: [[German Armed Forces casualties in Afghanistan]]. |
Since 1994, the ''Bundeswehr'' has lost about seventy troops in abroad deployments. ''See also: [[German Armed Forces casualties in Afghanistan]]. |
||
== |
===Equipment=== |
||
{{further|[[German_Army#Standard_light_weapons|Standard Light Weapons of the German Army]], [[Luftwaffe|Aircraft Inventory of the German Luftwaffe]] and [[German Navy|Vessels of the German Navy]]}} |
{{further|[[German_Army#Standard_light_weapons|Standard Light Weapons of the German Army]], [[Luftwaffe|Aircraft Inventory of the German Luftwaffe]] and [[German Navy|Vessels of the German Navy]]}} |
||
According to the new threat scenario facing Germany and its [[NATO]] allies, the ''Bundeswehr'' is currently reorganising itself. To realise growth in mobility and the enlargement of the air force's capabilities, the ''Bundeswehr'' is going to buy 60 [[Airbus A400M]] transports as well as 180 [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] fighters and also several [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] models. For the ground forces it is currently developing a [[IdZ|land soldier system]] and a new generation of transportation vehicles and light tanks, such as the [[Fennek]], the [[Boxer MRAV]], [[KMW Grizzly]], or the [[Puma (IFV)]]. Further, the German Navy is going to build new [[corvette]]s (dubbed K131), the new [[F125 class frigate]]s, two Joint Support Ships and two more [[Type 212 submarine]]s. |
According to the new threat scenario facing Germany and its [[NATO]] allies, the ''Bundeswehr'' is currently reorganising itself. To realise growth in mobility and the enlargement of the air force's capabilities, the ''Bundeswehr'' is going to buy 60 [[Airbus A400M]] transports as well as 180 [[Eurofighter Typhoon]] fighters and also several [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] models. For the ground forces it is currently developing a [[IdZ|land soldier system]] and a new generation of transportation vehicles and light tanks, such as the [[Fennek]], the [[Boxer MRAV]], [[KMW Grizzly]], or the [[Puma (IFV)]]. Further, the German Navy is going to build new [[corvette]]s (dubbed K131), the new [[F125 class frigate]]s, two Joint Support Ships and two more [[Type 212 submarine]]s. |
||
==Appearance== |
|||
===Uniforms=== |
|||
The service uniform is the most common type of Bundeswehr uniform for general duty and most off-post activity. The army's service uniform consists of a light gray, single-breasted coat and darker gray trousers, worn with a light blue or white shirt, black tie, and black shoes. The peaked, visored cap has been replaced by the beret as the most common form of headgear. Dress uniforms featuring dinner jackets or double-breasted coats are worn by officers for various social occasions. The battle and work uniform is olive green. [[Flecktarn]] Camouflage fatigues are also worn on field duty. In all three services, light sand-colored uniforms are available for duty in warmer climates. |
|||
The traditional arm-of-service colors appear as lapel facings and as piping on shoulder straps. General officers wear an inner piping of gold braid; other officers wear silver piping. Lapel facings and piping are maroon for general staff, green for infantry, red for artillery, pink for armor, black for engineers, yellow for communications, and various other colors for the remaining branches. Combat troops wear green (infantry), black (armor), or burgundy (airborne) berets. Logistics troops wear blue berets, and combat support troops, such as artillery or engineers, wear red ones. A gold or silver device on the beret denotes the individual branch of service. |
|||
The naval forces wear the traditional navy blue, double-breasted coat and trousers; enlisted personnel wear either a white shirt or a navy blue shirt with the traditional navy collar. White uniforms provide an alternative for summer. The officer's dress cap is mounted with a gold anchor surrounded by a wreath. The visor of the admiral's cap bears a double row of oak leaves. |
|||
The air force service uniform consists of a blue-gray jacket and trousers with a light blue shirt, dark blue tie, and black shoes. Olive battle dress similar to the army fatigue uniform is worn in basic training and during other field duty. Flying personnel wear wings on their right breast. Technical personnel wear a modified wing device with a symbol in its center denoting service specialization. The latter is bronze, silver, or gold, depending on one's length of service in the specialty. Wings, superimposed over a wreath, in gold, silver, or bronze, depending on rank, are also worn on the service or field cap. |
|||
===Ranks=== |
|||
Officer ranks correspond directly to equivalent ranks in the United States Armed Forces. Officer rank insignia are worn on shoulder straps or shoulder boards; in the case of naval officers, rank is indicated by gold stripes on the lower sleeve of the blue service jacket and on shoulder boards of the white uniform. The semicircular wreath on the shoulder straps is gold for general officers and silver for field grade officers. |
|||
NCO ranks are based on those used long ago in the Prussian armies, and it is difficult to relate them directly to United States NCO ranks. In the army and air force, a [[Hauptgefreiter]] corresponds approximately to a private first class or airman first class. An [[Unteroffizier]] , with the responsibilities of a squad leader, is the lowest-ranking sergeant, followed by the [[Stabsunteroffizier]] , [[Feldwebel]] , [[Oberfeldwebel]] , and [[Hauptfeldwebel]] . Ranks of army and air force enlisted personnel are designated by stripes, chevrons, and looped chevrons worn on shoulder straps. Naval enlisted rank designations are worn on the upper sleeve along with a symbol of the service specialization (rating). Army and air force officer candidates hold the separate ranks of [[Gefreiter]] , [[Fahnenjunker]] , and [[Oberfähnrich]] and wear the equivalent enlisted rank designations plus a silver diamond on their sleeves. |
|||
Medical personnel of all three services wear a version of the traditional caduceus (staff with entwined serpents) on their shoulder straps or sleeve. |
|||
== Traditions == |
== Traditions == |
Revision as of 17:04, 4 April 2010
Federal Defence Forces of Germany | |
---|---|
Bundeswehr | |
![]() Bundeswehr logo | |
Founded | November 12, 1955 |
Current form | October 2, 1990 |
Service branches | Heer (Army) Marine (Navy) Luftwaffe (Air Force) Streitkräftebasis (Joint Support Service) Zentraler Sanitätsdienst (Central Medical Services) |
Headquarters | Bonn, Berlin, Potsdam |
Leadership | |
Commander-in-Chief | Minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg [1] Chancellor Angela Merkel (after "declaration of state of defense", i.e. in war time) [2] |
Minister of Defence | Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg |
Chief of Defence | General Volker Wieker (Heer) |
Personnel | |
Military age | 17 |
Conscription | (Males) 9 months mandatory, up to 23 months voluntary |
Available for military service | 19,594,118 (2009 est.), age 17–49 |
Fit for military service | 15,747,493 (2009 est.), age 17–49 |
Reaching military age annually | 445,048 (2009 est.) |
Active personnel | 253,430 |
Reserve personnel | 355,000 |
Expenditure | |
Percent of GDP | 1.5% (FY09) |
Industry | |
Domestic suppliers | EADS, Heckler & Koch, Rheinmetall, KMW, HDW |
Foreign suppliers | European Union, United States, Israel |
Annual imports | Volume of about $1 bln (2009 est.) |
Annual exports | Volume of about $9 bln (2009 est.) |
The Bundeswehr (German for "Federal Defence Force"; ) comprises the unified armed forces of Germany and their civil administration and procurement authorities. The States of Germany are not allowed to maintain armed forces of their own, since the Basic Law of Germany states that matters of defense fall into the sole responsibility of the Federal government.[3]
The Bundeswehr is divided into a military part (armed forces or Streitkräfte) and a civil part with the armed forces administration (Wehrverwaltung), the federal bureau of procurement (Bundesamt für Wehrtechnik und Beschaffung) and the federal bureau for information management and information technology of the Bundeswehr (Bundesamt für Informationsmanagement und Informationstechnik der Bundeswehr, sometimes abbreviated as IT-AmtBw). The military part of the federal defense force consists of Army (Heer), Navy (Marine), Air Force (Luftwaffe), Joint Support Service (Streitkräftebasis), and Central Medical Services (Zentraler Sanitätsdienst) branches.
The Bundeswehr has 200,500 professional soldiers, 55,000 18–25-year-old conscripts who serve for at least nine months under current laws,[4] and 2,500 active reservists at any given time. The number of civilian employees is to be reduced to 75,000 during the coming years. The reserve consists of a "reinforcement reserve" of 55,000 scheduled reservists and an "operative reserve" of roughly 300,000 personnel. They participate in reserve drills as well as abroad deployments.
Women have served in the medical service since 1975. From 1993 to 2000, they were also allowed to serve as enlisted personnel and non-commissioned officers in the medical service and the army bands. In 2000, in a lawsuit brought up by Tanja Kreil, the European Court of Justice issued a ruling allowing women to serve in more roles than previously allowed. Since 2001 they can serve in all functions of service without restriction, but they are not subject to conscription. There are presently around 14,500 women on active duty and a number of female reservists who take part in all duties including peacekeeping missions and other operations. In 1994, Verena von Weymarn became Generalarzt der Luftwaffe ("Surgeon General of the Air Force"), the first woman ever to reach the rank of general in the armed forces of Germany. In 2006 Erika Franke became the second.
History
The Cold War period 1955–1990
After World War II the responsibility for the security of Germany as a whole rested with the four Allied Powers: the United States, the United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union. Germany had been without own armed forces since the Wehrmacht was dissolved following World War II. When the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in 1949, it was without a military. Germany remained completely demilitarized and any plans for a German military were forbidden by Allied regulations. Only some naval mine-sweeping units had continued to exist, but unarmed, under Allied control, and not as a national defence force. Even the Border guards was only established in 1951.
There was a discussion between the United States, the United Kingdom and France over the issue of a revived German military. In particular, France was reluctant to allow Germany to rearm in light of recent history. However, after the project for a European Defence Community failed in the French National Assembly in 1954, France agreed to West German accession to NATO and rearmament.
With growing tensions between the Soviet Union and the West especially after the Korean War, this policy was to be revised. While the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was already secretly rearming, the seeds of a new West German force started in 1950 when former high-ranking German officers were tasked by Chancellor Konrad Adenauer to discuss the options for West German rearmament. The results of a meeting in the monastery of Himmerod formed the conceptual base to build the new armed forces in West Germany. The Amt Blank (Blank Agency, named after its director Theodor Blank), the predecessor of the later Federal Ministry of Defense, was formed the same year to prepare the establishment of the future forces. Hasso von Manteuffel, a former general of the Wehrmacht and liberal politician, submitted the name Bundeswehr for the new forces. This name was later confirmed by the German Bundestag.
The Bundeswehr was officially established on the 200th birthday of Scharnhorst on 12 November 1955. After an amendment of the Basic Law in 1955, West Germany became a member of NATO. The first public military review took place at Andernach, in January 1956.[5] In 1956, conscription for all men between the ages of 18 and 45 was reintroduced, later augmented by a civil alternative with longer duration (see Conscription in Germany). In parallel, East Germany formed its own military force, the Nationale Volksarmee (NVA) which was eventually dissolved with the reunification of Germany in 1990.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/LockheedStarfighterLeBourge.jpg/220px-LockheedStarfighterLeBourge.jpg)
During the Cold War the Bundeswehr was the backbone of NATO's conventional defense in Central Europe. It had a strength of 495,000 military and 170,000 civilian personnel. The Army consisted of three corps with 12 divisions, most of them heavily armed with tanks and APCs. The Luftwaffe owned significant numbers of tactical combat aircraft and took part in NATO's integrated air defense (NATINAD). The Navy was tasked and equipped to defend the Baltic Approaches, to provide escort reinforcement and resupply shipping in the North Sea and to contain the Soviet Baltic Fleet.
During this time the Bundeswehr did not take part in combat operations. However there were a number of large-scale training and operational casualties. The first such incident was in June 1957, when fifteen paratroop recruits were drowned in the Iller river, Bavaria.[6]
German Reunification 1990
After reunification of Germany in 1990, the Bundeswehr was reduced to 370,000 military personnel in accordance with the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany between the two German governments and the Allies (2+4 Treaty). The former East German Nationale Volksarmee (NVA) was disbanded, with a portion of its personnel and material being absorbed into the Bundeswehr.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mikoyan_mig29.jpg/280px-Mikoyan_mig29.jpg)
About 50,000 Volksarmee personnel were integrated into the Bundeswehr on 2 October 1990. This figure was rapidly reduced as conscripts and short-term volunteers completed their service. A number of senior officers (but no generals or admirals) received limited contracts for up to two years to continue daily operations. Personnel remaining in the Bundeswehr were awarded new contracts and new ranks, dependent on their individual qualification and experience. Many received and accepted a lower rank than previously held in the Volksarmee.
In general, the unification process of the two militaries—under the slogan "Armee der Einheit" (or "Army of Unity")—has been seen publicly as a major success and an example for other parts of the society.
With the reduction, a large amount of the military hardware of the Bundeswehr, as well as of the Volksarmee, had to be disposed of. Most of the armored vehicles and fighter jet aircraft were dismantled under international disarmament procedures. Many ships were scrapped or sold, often to the Baltic states or Indonesia (the latter received 39 former Volksmarine vessels of various types).
Mission
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bundeswehr_G36.jpg/200px-Bundeswehr_G36.jpg)
The role of the Bundeswehr is described in the Constitution of Germany (Art. 87a) as absolutely defensive only. Its only active role before 1990 was the Katastropheneinsatz (disaster control). Within the Bundeswehr, it helped after natural disasters both in Germany and abroad. After 1990, the international situation changed from East-West confrontation to one of general uncertainty and instability. Today, after a ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court in 1994 the term "defense" has been defined to not only include protection of the borders of Germany, but also crisis reaction and conflict prevention, or more broadly as guarding the security of Germany anywhere in the world. According to the definition given by former Defense Minister Struck, it may be necessary to defend Germany even at the Hindu Kush. This requires the Bundeswehr to take part in operations outside of the borders of Germany, as part of NATO or the European Union and mandated by the UN.
Organization and command structure
With the growing number of missions abroad it was recognized that the Bundeswehr required a totally new command structure. A reform commission under the chairmanship of the former President Richard von Weizsäcker presented its recommendations in spring 2000.
In October 2000 the Joint Support Service, the Streitkräftebasis, was established to concentrate logistics and other supporting functions such as military police, supply and communications under one command. Medical support was reorganized with the establishment of the Central Medical Services.
The combat forces of the Army are organized into five combat divisions and participate in multi-national command structures at the corps level. The Air Force maintains three divisions and the Navy is structured into two flotillas. The Joint Support Service and the Central Medical Services are both organized in four regional commands of identical structure. All of these services also have general commands for training, procurement, and other general issues.
The minister of defense or the chancellor is supported by the Chief of Defense (CHOD, Generalinspekteur) and the service chiefs (Inspekteure) and their respective staffs in his or her function as commander-in-chief. The CHOD and the service chiefs form the Military Command Council (Militärischer Führungsrat) with functions similar to those of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in the United States. Subordinate to the CHOD is the Armed Forces Operational Command (Einsatzführungskommando). For smaller missions one of the service HQs (e.g. the Fleet Command) may exercise command and control of forces in missions abroad. The Bundestag must approve any deployment abroad by a simple majority. This has led to some discontent with Germany's allies about troop deployments e.g. in Afghanistan since parliamentary consent over such issues is relatively hard to achieve in Germany.
The Bundeswehr in general is still among the world's most technologically advanced and best-supplied militaries, as befits Germany's overall economic prosperity and infrastructure. Its budget is, however, steadily shrinking and among the lowest military budgets in NATO in terms of share of GDP.
Operations
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/040610-N-1823S-348_G36andpracticenade.jpg/220px-040610-N-1823S-348_G36andpracticenade.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Fregatte_Karlsruhe.jpg/220px-Fregatte_Karlsruhe.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/8955_SeaKing41_MFG5.jpg/220px-8955_SeaKing41_MFG5.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Unimog_Sanitaeter.jpg/220px-Unimog_Sanitaeter.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/German_military_police_car_%28aka%29.jpg/220px-German_military_police_car_%28aka%29.jpg)
Since the early 1990s the Bundeswehr has become more and more engaged in international operations in and around the former Yugoslavia, and also in other parts of the world like Cambodia or Somalia. After the September 11, 2001 attacks, German forces were employed in most related theaters except Iraq.
Currently (June 19, 2009) there are Bundeswehr forces in:
- Afghanistan
- Kosovo
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- EUFOR (former SFOR)
- 130 personnel[10]
- (mandate limit: 2,400)
- since 2 December 2004 under European Union Command
- Horn of Africa/Indian Ocean
- Operation Enduring Freedom
- Operation Atalanta
- 100 personnel[11]
- (mandate limit 2,800 personnel)
- Sudan
- Coast of Lebanon
- ATALANTA
- 660 personnel[14]
The actual number of troops serving in an abroad deployment complies with the requirements of the current security situation. In addition to the numbers above, forty soldiers are on permanent stand-by for medical evacuation operations around the world in assistance of ongoing German or coalition operations (STRATAIRMEDEVAC).
In support of Allied stabilization efforts in Iraq, the Bundeswehr is also training the new Iraqi forces in locations outside Iraq, such as the United Arab Emirates and Germany.
Since 1994, the Bundeswehr has lost about seventy troops in abroad deployments. See also: German Armed Forces casualties in Afghanistan.
Equipment
According to the new threat scenario facing Germany and its NATO allies, the Bundeswehr is currently reorganising itself. To realise growth in mobility and the enlargement of the air force's capabilities, the Bundeswehr is going to buy 60 Airbus A400M transports as well as 180 Eurofighter Typhoon fighters and also several unmanned aerial vehicle models. For the ground forces it is currently developing a land soldier system and a new generation of transportation vehicles and light tanks, such as the Fennek, the Boxer MRAV, KMW Grizzly, or the Puma (IFV). Further, the German Navy is going to build new corvettes (dubbed K131), the new F125 class frigates, two Joint Support Ships and two more Type 212 submarines.
Appearance
Uniforms
The service uniform is the most common type of Bundeswehr uniform for general duty and most off-post activity. The army's service uniform consists of a light gray, single-breasted coat and darker gray trousers, worn with a light blue or white shirt, black tie, and black shoes. The peaked, visored cap has been replaced by the beret as the most common form of headgear. Dress uniforms featuring dinner jackets or double-breasted coats are worn by officers for various social occasions. The battle and work uniform is olive green. Flecktarn Camouflage fatigues are also worn on field duty. In all three services, light sand-colored uniforms are available for duty in warmer climates.
The traditional arm-of-service colors appear as lapel facings and as piping on shoulder straps. General officers wear an inner piping of gold braid; other officers wear silver piping. Lapel facings and piping are maroon for general staff, green for infantry, red for artillery, pink for armor, black for engineers, yellow for communications, and various other colors for the remaining branches. Combat troops wear green (infantry), black (armor), or burgundy (airborne) berets. Logistics troops wear blue berets, and combat support troops, such as artillery or engineers, wear red ones. A gold or silver device on the beret denotes the individual branch of service.
The naval forces wear the traditional navy blue, double-breasted coat and trousers; enlisted personnel wear either a white shirt or a navy blue shirt with the traditional navy collar. White uniforms provide an alternative for summer. The officer's dress cap is mounted with a gold anchor surrounded by a wreath. The visor of the admiral's cap bears a double row of oak leaves.
The air force service uniform consists of a blue-gray jacket and trousers with a light blue shirt, dark blue tie, and black shoes. Olive battle dress similar to the army fatigue uniform is worn in basic training and during other field duty. Flying personnel wear wings on their right breast. Technical personnel wear a modified wing device with a symbol in its center denoting service specialization. The latter is bronze, silver, or gold, depending on one's length of service in the specialty. Wings, superimposed over a wreath, in gold, silver, or bronze, depending on rank, are also worn on the service or field cap.
Ranks
Officer ranks correspond directly to equivalent ranks in the United States Armed Forces. Officer rank insignia are worn on shoulder straps or shoulder boards; in the case of naval officers, rank is indicated by gold stripes on the lower sleeve of the blue service jacket and on shoulder boards of the white uniform. The semicircular wreath on the shoulder straps is gold for general officers and silver for field grade officers.
NCO ranks are based on those used long ago in the Prussian armies, and it is difficult to relate them directly to United States NCO ranks. In the army and air force, a Hauptgefreiter corresponds approximately to a private first class or airman first class. An Unteroffizier , with the responsibilities of a squad leader, is the lowest-ranking sergeant, followed by the Stabsunteroffizier , Feldwebel , Oberfeldwebel , and Hauptfeldwebel . Ranks of army and air force enlisted personnel are designated by stripes, chevrons, and looped chevrons worn on shoulder straps. Naval enlisted rank designations are worn on the upper sleeve along with a symbol of the service specialization (rating). Army and air force officer candidates hold the separate ranks of Gefreiter , Fahnenjunker , and Oberfähnrich and wear the equivalent enlisted rank designations plus a silver diamond on their sleeves.
Medical personnel of all three services wear a version of the traditional caduceus (staff with entwined serpents) on their shoulder straps or sleeve.
Traditions
Former German military organisations have been the old German state armies, the Reichswehr (1921–1935) and the Wehrmacht (1935–1945). The Bundeswehr, however, does not consider itself as their successor and does not follow the traditions of any former German military organisation. The official Bundeswehr traditions are based on three major lines:[15]
- the defense reformers at the beginning of the 19th century such as Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, and Clausewitz
- the members of the military resistance against Hitler such as Claus von Stauffenberg and Henning von Tresckow
- its own tradition since 1955
As its symbol the Bundeswehr uses a form of the Iron Cross. The Iron Cross has a long history, having been awarded as a military wartime decoration for all ranks since 1813, and earlier associated with the Teutonic knights. The name Bundeswehr was proposed by the former Wehrmacht general and liberal politician Hasso von Manteuffel.
One of the most visible traditions is the Großer Zapfenstreich, a form of military tattoo that goes back to the landsknecht era. [citation needed] Another expression of the traditions in the German armed forces is the ceremonial vow (Gelöbnis) of recruits, during basic training. Annually on July 20, the date of the assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler by Wehrmacht officers in 1944, recruits of the Wachbataillon vow at the Bendlerblock, where the officers had their headquarters. The wording of the ceremonial vow of conscripts is:
- "I pledge to loyally serve the Federal Republic of Germany and to bravely defend the law and the freedom of the German people."
- "Ich gelobe, der Bundesrepublik Deutschland treu zu dienen und das Recht und die Freiheit des deutschen Volkes tapfer zu verteidigen."
Professional soldiers and officers of the Bundeswehr have to swear an oath with the same wording, but beginning with "Ich schwöre, ..." ("I swear...").
Rank structure and superior-subordinate relations
Awards
- Bundesverdienstkreuz, the Order of Merit Cross of the German Federal Republic
- Badge of Honour of the Bundeswehr
- German Armed Forces Service Medal
- German Armed Forces Flood Service Medal
- German Armed Forces Badge for Military Proficiency
- German Armed Forces Badge of Marksmanship
- German Parachutist Badge
- German Sports Badge
See also
References
- ^ Art 65a Basic Law
- ^ Art 115b Basic Law
- ^ Art 87a (1) Basic Law
- ^ Germany: Refusing to Bear Arms 2005 revision
- ^ Large, David Clay Germans to the Front West German rearmament in the Adenauer era University of North Carolina Press 1996 pp244-5 ISBN 0807845396
- ^ Large op.cit. pp263-4
- ^ 29 May 2009 Web.19 Jun 2009. <http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd443DgoESYGZASH6kTCxoJRUfV-P_NxUfW_9AP2C3IhyR0dFRQD-G0VU/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82X0NfNDJE>.
- ^ [1]
- ^ 29 May 2009 Web.19 Jun 2009. <http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd443DgoESYGZASH6kTCxoJRUfV-P_NxUfW_9AP2C3IhyR0dFRQD-G0VU/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82X0NfNDJE>.
- ^ 29 May 2009 Web.19 Jun 2009. <http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd443DgoESYGZASH6kTCxoJRUfV-P_NxUfW_9AP2C3IhyR0dFRQD-G0VU/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82X0NfNDJE>.
- ^ 29 May 2009 Web.19 Jun 2009. <http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd443DgoESYGZASH6kTCxoJRUfV-P_NxUfW_9AP2C3IhyR0dFRQD-G0VU/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82X0NfNDJE>.
- ^ 29 May 2009 Web.19 Jun 2009. <http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd443DgoESYGZASH6kTCxoJRUfV-P_NxUfW_9AP2C3IhyR0dFRQD-G0VU/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82X0NfNDJE>.
- ^ 29 May 2009 Web.19 Jun 2009. <http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd443DgoESYGZASH6kTCxoJRUfV-P_NxUfW_9AP2C3IhyR0dFRQD-G0VU/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82X0NfNDJE>.
- ^ 29 May 2009 Web.19 Jun 2009. <http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd443DgoESYGZASH6kTCxoJRUfV-P_NxUfW_9AP2C3IhyR0dFRQD-G0VU/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82X0NfNDJE>.
- ^ "Traditionen der Bundeswehr" (in German). Bundesministerium der Verteidigung. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
External links
- Bundeswehr – Official site (in German)
- Federal Ministry of Defence official site (in German, English and French)
- Bundesamt für Wehrtechnik und Beschaffung official site (in German)
- Bundesamt für Informationsmanagement und Informationstechnik der Bundeswehr official site (in German)
- Territoriale Wehrverwaltung official site (in German)