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The '''11th Panchen Lama controversy''' is a dispute about the |
The '''11th Panchen Lama controversy''' is a dispute about the identity of the 11th [[Panchen Lama]] between the Tibetan people represented by the [[Central Tibetan Administration | Central Tibetan Administration]] and the Chinese government. The Panchen Lamas are considered to be living buddhas within the Gelugpa lineage, are revered reincarnated beings in [[Tibet]], and inherently possess the respect of Tibetans and buddhists abroad. The Panchen Lama's traditional monastic seats also include certain amounts of control over parcels of land in Tibet. The dispute is generally seen by many [[Tibetan Buddhism | Tibetan buddhist]] practitioners, western media sources, and heads of state as an effort by the Chinese government to dismantle [[Tibetan Buddhism]], through interfering in the reincarnation process of both the [[Dalai Lama]] and the [[Panchen Lama]].<ref>BBC News, "Tibet's Missing Spiritual Leader", 16 May 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4551425.stm</ref> |
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[[File:--11th Panchen Lama controversy--.jpeg|thumb|Last image of 6 year old Panchen Lama directly before he was kidnapped by Chinese government, May 1995, with projections to 30 years of age]] |
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Traditionally, the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama recognize each other's reincarnations. |
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Five years after the death of the [[10th Panchen Lama]], ordinarily, the 11th Panchen Lama would have already been identified.<ref name="Hilton6">Hilton 2000, pg. 6</ref> The [[Nechung Oracle]] in [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]] had been consulted on the matter.<ref name="Hilton9">Hilton 2000, pg. 9</ref> |
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After the death of the [[10th Panchen Lama]] in 1989, his reincarnation was identified, through traditional Tibetan Buddhist methods, as [[Gedhun Choekyi Nyima]] and recognized on 14 May 1995, by the [[14th Dalai Lama]].<ref>Central Tibetan Administration, Discovering the New Panchen Lama, 14 May 1995, https://tibet.net/discovering-the-new-panchen-lama-14-may-1995/</ref> There is no other process to recognize the reincarnated Panchen Lama, which is recognised by the Dalai Lama. |
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Three days later on 17 May, the Chinese government kidnapped the 6 year old Panchen Lama, and forcibly disappeared him and his family. The Chinese government later promoted its proxy, [[Gyaincain Norbu|Gyaltsen Norbu]] to act as if he were the Panchen Lama. |
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Tibetans would not consider a candidate for the eleventh incarnation legitimate unless he were identified according to Tibetan traditional means, including a search by the tenth's senior staff based on [[dream]]s and [[omen]]s, and formal recognition of the result by the Dalai Lama. On the other hand, the leaders of the Chinese government wanted the process to demonstrate their authority. Beijing planned to have the traditional group of monks follow traditional methods, but to identify a group of candidates, not only one, and then to use the [[Golden Urn]] to randomly select one of them, and to exclude the Dalai Lama from the process altogether.<ref name="Goldstein1001">Goldstein 1997, pp. 100-1</ref> |
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The Chinese government had previously authorized its own search committee process in 1989, involving Tibetan monks under the strict supervision of the Chinese regime. After [[Gedhun Choekyi Nyima]] was officially recognized, Beijing began another process to select their proxy using their [[Golden Urn]] method, which is not recognized as a valid method by the Dalai Lama nor by Tibetan people. |
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In 2007, Chinese authorities passed [[State Religious Affairs Bureau Order No. 5 | a decree]] that places restrictions on reincarnated lamas by requiring an application be filed before a lama can be recognised. In March 2019, China’s Foreign Ministry said that reincarnation “must comply with Chinese laws and regulations.” This restriction on reincarnations has been seen by supporters of the Tibetan government-in-exile, the Central Tibetan Administration, and by the international community as an intrusion by a government in religion.<ref>International Campaign for Tibet, "As Panchen Lama turns 30, China must release him and stop interfering in Tibetan religious freedom", 24 April 2019, https://savetibet.org/as-panchen-lama-turns-30-china-must-release-him-and-stop-interfering-in-tibetan-religious-freedom/</ref> When efforts to control the recognition of the 11th Panchen Lama failed in 1995, the Chinese government kidnapped Gedhun Choekyi Nyima. |
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However, Beijing later allowed Tashi Lhunpo Monastery's [[Chadrel Rinpoche]], the head of the search team, to communicate with the Dalai Lama, currently exiled and an opponent of the regime, in hopes that a mutually acceptable process and candidate could be accomplished. At the end of 1994, twenty-five candidates had been identified, and Chadrel sent the Dalai Lama detailed information on all of them; but Chadrel also wrote that all signs pointed to [[Gedhun Choekyi Nyima]] as the true reincarnation. In February 1995, the Dalai Lama replied to Chadrel that his own divinations confirmed Gedhun Choekyi Nyima. Chadrel intended to publicly mimic the process that occurred in identifying the [[Choekyi Gyaltsen|tenth Panchen Lama]] in 1949: the urn would not be used; China would be first to publicly name the choice; and then the Dalai Lama would confirm it. However, in March 1995, Chinese officials insisted on drawing a name from three to five slips in the urn. On May 14, 1995, the Dalai Lama preempted the drawing by publicly announcing that Gedhun Choekyi Nyima was the eleventh Panchen Lama.<ref name="Goldstein1026">Goldstein 1997, pp. 102-6</ref> |
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As of 2020, the Panchen Lama has been held as a political prisoner for 25 years. United Nations committees have opened cases and numerous governments, including the European Parliament, Canada, U.K., and U.S. <ref>The Statesman, "25 years on, Tibetans still await release of 11th Panchen Lama", 07 May 2020, https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/shimla/25-years-tibetans-still-await-release-11th-panchen-lama-1502889865.html</ref> have repeatedly called to China for the Panchen Lama's release. A 2020 joint petition prepared by 159 organizations spanning 18 countries requests the United Nations to pressure China for the Panchen Lama's release, as well as the release of his family.<ref>David Thomas, Tibet Post International,"159 Organizations Call on UN to Pressure China to Free 11th Panchen Lama of Tibet", 07 May 2020, |
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http://www.thetibetpost.com/en/impact/politics/6763-159-organisations-call-on-un-to-pressure-china-to-free-11th-panchen-lama-of-tibet</ref> [[Chadrel Rinpoche]], the Panchen Lama's khenpo, was also arrested on 18 May 1995, the day after Gedhun Choekyi Nyima was kidnapped, then incarcerated in China, re-incarcerated under house arrest in a Chinese military camp near [[Lhasa]], and reportedly died of poisoning in 2011.<ref>Central Tibetan Administration, "Tibet: Suspicious Death of Panchen Lama Search Leader", 25 November 2011, https://unpo.org/article/13525</ref> |
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[[File:Sign about Panchen Lama, Manali.jpg|thumb|419x419px|Sign referring to the disappearance of the 11th Panchen Lama chosen & recognized by the [[14th Dalai Lama]] of Tibet, [[Gedhun Choekyi Nyima]] in [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh]], India]] |
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⚫ | In November 1995, the Chinese government |
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An historic process of identifying and recognizing the Panchen Lama had been followed for previous incarnations. Additionally, Tibetans would not consider a candidate for the eleventh incarnation legitimate unless he were identified according to Tibetan traditional means, including a search by the tenth's senior staff based on [[dream]]s and [[omen]]s, and formal recognition of the result by the Dalai Lama, since the Panchen Lama and the Dalai Lama are responsible for recognizing each others reincarnations. |
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⚫ | In attempts to subvert the recognition processes, on 30 January 1989 and three days after the death of the 10th Panchen Lama, the Chinese government's Premier of the State Council published its decision on the selection process of the 11th Panchen Lama, allegedly based on feedback gathered from a committee at [[Tashi Lhunpo Monastery]] and from its monks, including the Khenpo [[Chadrel Rinpoche]].<ref name="Goldstein101">Goldstein 1997, p. 101</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%96%E7%8F%AD%E7%A6%85%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%88%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%A7%E5%92%8C%E8%BD%AC%E4%B8%96%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A | title = 国务院关于第十世班禅大师治丧和转世问题的决定}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.sohu.com/20050412/n225154033.shtml |title = 第十世班禅大师的圆寂和遗言}}</ref> The leaders of the Chinese government wanted the process to demonstrate their authority. Beijing planned to have a group of monks identify a group of candidates, not only one, and then to use the [[Golden Urn]] to randomly select one of them, and to exclude the Dalai Lama from the process altogether.<ref name="Goldstein1001">Goldstein 1997, pp. 100-1</ref> |
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By 1994, five years after the death of the [[10th Panchen Lama]], the 11th Panchen Lama would have already been identified under normal circumstances.<ref name="Hilton6">Hilton 2000, pg. 6</ref> The [[Nechung Oracle]] in [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]] had been consulted on the matter.<ref name="Hilton9">Hilton 2000, pg. 9</ref> During this time, Beijing allowed Tashi Lhunpo Monastery's [[Chadrel Rinpoche]], the head of the search team, to communicate with the Dalai Lama, in the Chinese government's hope that a mutually acceptable process and candidate could be accomplished. At the end of 1994, twenty-five candidates had been named by China, and Chadrel Rinpoche sent the Dalai Lama detailed information on all of them, and Chadrel Rinpoche also wrote that all signs pointed to [[Gedhun Choekyi Nyima]] as the true reincarnation. |
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In February 1995, the Dalai Lama replied to Chadrel Rinpoche that his own divinations confirmed Gedhun Choekyi Nyima. Chadrel Rinpoche intended to publicly mimic the process that occurred in identifying the [[Choekyi Gyaltsen|tenth Panchen Lama]] in 1949: the Golden Urn would not be used; China would be first to publicly name the choice; and then the Dalai Lama would confirm it. But by March 1995, Chinese officials insisted on drawing a name from three to five slips in the urn. |
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On 14 May 1995, the Dalai Lama announced that Gedhun Choekyi Nyima was officially recognized as the eleventh Panchen Lama<ref name="Goldstein1026">Goldstein 1997, pp. 102-6</ref> |
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⚫ | In November 1995, the Chinese government ignored the official recognition and selected [[Gyaincain Norbu]] by using the Golden Urn. This decision was immediately denounced by the Dalai Lama. China then kidnapped the recognized Panchen Lama, and continues to forcibly detain Gedhun Choekyi Nyima and his family in a place whose location has not been divulged to the public.<ref name="Goldstein109">Goldstein 1997, pg. 109</ref> |
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⚫ | In May 1997, Chadrel Rinpoche was sentenced to six years in prison for [[splittism]] and betraying state secrets,<ref name="Goldstein107">Goldstein 1997, pg. 107</ref> after being arrested and held in confinement. In 2002, Chadrel Rinpoche was released from prison then placed under house arrest in a military camp, and was reported to have died after a suspicious poisoning in 2011. |
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== References == |
== References == |
Revision as of 02:15, 15 September 2020
The 11th Panchen Lama controversy is a dispute about the identity of the 11th Panchen Lama between the Tibetan people represented by the Central Tibetan Administration and the Chinese government. The Panchen Lamas are considered to be living buddhas within the Gelugpa lineage, are revered reincarnated beings in Tibet, and inherently possess the respect of Tibetans and buddhists abroad. The Panchen Lama's traditional monastic seats also include certain amounts of control over parcels of land in Tibet. The dispute is generally seen by many Tibetan buddhist practitioners, western media sources, and heads of state as an effort by the Chinese government to dismantle Tibetan Buddhism, through interfering in the reincarnation process of both the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama.[1]
Traditionally, the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama recognize each other's reincarnations. After the death of the 10th Panchen Lama in 1989, his reincarnation was identified, through traditional Tibetan Buddhist methods, as Gedhun Choekyi Nyima and recognized on 14 May 1995, by the 14th Dalai Lama.[2] There is no other process to recognize the reincarnated Panchen Lama, which is recognised by the Dalai Lama.
Three days later on 17 May, the Chinese government kidnapped the 6 year old Panchen Lama, and forcibly disappeared him and his family. The Chinese government later promoted its proxy, Gyaltsen Norbu to act as if he were the Panchen Lama. The Chinese government had previously authorized its own search committee process in 1989, involving Tibetan monks under the strict supervision of the Chinese regime. After Gedhun Choekyi Nyima was officially recognized, Beijing began another process to select their proxy using their Golden Urn method, which is not recognized as a valid method by the Dalai Lama nor by Tibetan people.
In 2007, Chinese authorities passed a decree that places restrictions on reincarnated lamas by requiring an application be filed before a lama can be recognised. In March 2019, China’s Foreign Ministry said that reincarnation “must comply with Chinese laws and regulations.” This restriction on reincarnations has been seen by supporters of the Tibetan government-in-exile, the Central Tibetan Administration, and by the international community as an intrusion by a government in religion.[3] When efforts to control the recognition of the 11th Panchen Lama failed in 1995, the Chinese government kidnapped Gedhun Choekyi Nyima. As of 2020, the Panchen Lama has been held as a political prisoner for 25 years. United Nations committees have opened cases and numerous governments, including the European Parliament, Canada, U.K., and U.S. [4] have repeatedly called to China for the Panchen Lama's release. A 2020 joint petition prepared by 159 organizations spanning 18 countries requests the United Nations to pressure China for the Panchen Lama's release, as well as the release of his family.[5] Chadrel Rinpoche, the Panchen Lama's khenpo, was also arrested on 18 May 1995, the day after Gedhun Choekyi Nyima was kidnapped, then incarcerated in China, re-incarcerated under house arrest in a Chinese military camp near Lhasa, and reportedly died of poisoning in 2011.[6]
Selection of the 11th Panchen Lama
An historic process of identifying and recognizing the Panchen Lama had been followed for previous incarnations. Additionally, Tibetans would not consider a candidate for the eleventh incarnation legitimate unless he were identified according to Tibetan traditional means, including a search by the tenth's senior staff based on dreams and omens, and formal recognition of the result by the Dalai Lama, since the Panchen Lama and the Dalai Lama are responsible for recognizing each others reincarnations.
In attempts to subvert the recognition processes, on 30 January 1989 and three days after the death of the 10th Panchen Lama, the Chinese government's Premier of the State Council published its decision on the selection process of the 11th Panchen Lama, allegedly based on feedback gathered from a committee at Tashi Lhunpo Monastery and from its monks, including the Khenpo Chadrel Rinpoche.[7][8][9] The leaders of the Chinese government wanted the process to demonstrate their authority. Beijing planned to have a group of monks identify a group of candidates, not only one, and then to use the Golden Urn to randomly select one of them, and to exclude the Dalai Lama from the process altogether.[10]
By 1994, five years after the death of the 10th Panchen Lama, the 11th Panchen Lama would have already been identified under normal circumstances.[11] The Nechung Oracle in Dharamsala had been consulted on the matter.[12] During this time, Beijing allowed Tashi Lhunpo Monastery's Chadrel Rinpoche, the head of the search team, to communicate with the Dalai Lama, in the Chinese government's hope that a mutually acceptable process and candidate could be accomplished. At the end of 1994, twenty-five candidates had been named by China, and Chadrel Rinpoche sent the Dalai Lama detailed information on all of them, and Chadrel Rinpoche also wrote that all signs pointed to Gedhun Choekyi Nyima as the true reincarnation.
In February 1995, the Dalai Lama replied to Chadrel Rinpoche that his own divinations confirmed Gedhun Choekyi Nyima. Chadrel Rinpoche intended to publicly mimic the process that occurred in identifying the tenth Panchen Lama in 1949: the Golden Urn would not be used; China would be first to publicly name the choice; and then the Dalai Lama would confirm it. But by March 1995, Chinese officials insisted on drawing a name from three to five slips in the urn.
On 14 May 1995, the Dalai Lama announced that Gedhun Choekyi Nyima was officially recognized as the eleventh Panchen Lama[13]
In November 1995, the Chinese government ignored the official recognition and selected Gyaincain Norbu by using the Golden Urn. This decision was immediately denounced by the Dalai Lama. China then kidnapped the recognized Panchen Lama, and continues to forcibly detain Gedhun Choekyi Nyima and his family in a place whose location has not been divulged to the public.[14]
In May 1997, Chadrel Rinpoche was sentenced to six years in prison for splittism and betraying state secrets,[15] after being arrested and held in confinement. In 2002, Chadrel Rinpoche was released from prison then placed under house arrest in a military camp, and was reported to have died after a suspicious poisoning in 2011.
References
Citations
- ^ BBC News, "Tibet's Missing Spiritual Leader", 16 May 2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4551425.stm
- ^ Central Tibetan Administration, Discovering the New Panchen Lama, 14 May 1995, https://tibet.net/discovering-the-new-panchen-lama-14-may-1995/
- ^ International Campaign for Tibet, "As Panchen Lama turns 30, China must release him and stop interfering in Tibetan religious freedom", 24 April 2019, https://savetibet.org/as-panchen-lama-turns-30-china-must-release-him-and-stop-interfering-in-tibetan-religious-freedom/
- ^ The Statesman, "25 years on, Tibetans still await release of 11th Panchen Lama", 07 May 2020, https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/shimla/25-years-tibetans-still-await-release-11th-panchen-lama-1502889865.html
- ^ David Thomas, Tibet Post International,"159 Organizations Call on UN to Pressure China to Free 11th Panchen Lama of Tibet", 07 May 2020, http://www.thetibetpost.com/en/impact/politics/6763-159-organisations-call-on-un-to-pressure-china-to-free-11th-panchen-lama-of-tibet
- ^ Central Tibetan Administration, "Tibet: Suspicious Death of Panchen Lama Search Leader", 25 November 2011, https://unpo.org/article/13525
- ^ Goldstein 1997, p. 101
- ^ "国务院关于第十世班禅大师治丧和转世问题的决定".
- ^ "第十世班禅大师的圆寂和遗言".
- ^ Goldstein 1997, pp. 100-1
- ^ Hilton 2000, pg. 6
- ^ Hilton 2000, pg. 9
- ^ Goldstein 1997, pp. 102-6
- ^ Goldstein 1997, pg. 109
- ^ Goldstein 1997, pg. 107
Sources
- Goldstein, Melvyn C. The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama (1997) University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21951-1
- Hilton, Elizabeth. The Search for the Panchen Lama (2000) W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04969-8
- Kuzmin S.L. Management as a tool of destruction. Reincarnation of "Living Buddhas" in modern Chinese legislation. – The Tibet Journal, vol. 42, no 1, pp. 37-48.