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The [[World Organisation for Animal Health]] has acknowledged the need to protect antibiotics but argued against a total ban on antibiotic use in animal production.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/11/us-antibiotics-livestock-idUSTRE80A1JF20120111 |title=Antibiotics for livestock vital to feed world: OIE | Reuters |first=Sybille |last=de La Hamaide |work=reuters.com |date=11 January 2012 |accessdate=28 August 2013}}</ref> |
The [[World Organisation for Animal Health]] has acknowledged the need to protect antibiotics but argued against a total ban on antibiotic use in animal production.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/11/us-antibiotics-livestock-idUSTRE80A1JF20120111 |title=Antibiotics for livestock vital to feed world: OIE | Reuters |first=Sybille |last=de La Hamaide |work=reuters.com |date=11 January 2012 |accessdate=28 August 2013}}</ref> |
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! colspan="5" style="background-color: #CCEEEE;" | Antibiotic Growth Promoters used in Livestock Production |
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|[[Bambermycin]] |
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|increase [[feed conversion ratio]]; growth promotion in poultry and cattle<ref name="MerckReinhardt">{{Citation |last=Reinhardt |first=Christopher D. |year=2012 |title=[[Merck Veterinary Manual]] | chapter =Antimicrobial Feed Additives | chapter-url =http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/pharmacology/growth_promotants_and_production_enhancers/antimicrobial_feed_additives.html |publisher=[[Merck & Co.]] and [[Merial]] |publication-place= | editor1-last =Aiello |
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| editor1-first =Susan E.| editor2-last =Moses | editor2-first =Michael A. |page= |accessdate=4 November 2013 }}</ref> |
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|[[Lasalocid]] |
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|[[Ionophore]] |
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|increase feed conversion ratio<ref name="MerckReinhardt"/> |
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|[[Monensin]] |
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|Ionophore |
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|increase feed conversion ratio; increase weight gain in cattle and sheep<ref name="MerckReinhardt"/> |
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|[[Salinomycin]] |
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|Ionophore |
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|increase feed conversion ratio; increase weight gain<ref name="MerckReinhardt"/> |
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|[[Virginiamycin]] |
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|[[peptide]] |
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|promotes growth of poultry<ref name="MerckReinhardt"/> |
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|[[Bacitracin]] |
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==History of the practice== |
==History of the practice== |
Revision as of 03:14, 5 November 2013
Antibiotic use in livestock refers to using antibiotics and other drugs in animal feed used in the production of livestock in contemporary intensive animal farming.
Antimicrobials (including antibiotics and antifungals) and other drugs are used by veterinarians and livestock owners to increase the size of livestock, poultry, and other farmed animals. The use of some drugs is banned in some countries due to food contamination or concern about increasing drug resistance in humans and (to a lesser degree) in animals. Other drugs may be used only under strict limits, and some organizations and authorities seek to further restrict the use of some or all drugs in animals. Other authorities, particularly those in animal industry, food animal medicine, and pharmacology industry, say that concerns for bacterial resistance in humans is overblown and restricting the availability of medicine is detrimental to animal health and the economical production of food.
Use of drugs in livestock
The use of drugs in food animals is regulated in nearly all countries. Historically, this has been to prevent alteration or contamination of meat, milk, eggs and other products with toxins that are harmful to humans. Treating a sick animal with drugs may lead to some of those drugs remaining in the animal when it is slaughtered or milked. Scientific experiments provide data that shows how long a drug is present in the body of an animal and what the animal's body does to the drug. Of particular concern are drugs that may be passed into milk or eggs. By the use of 'drug withdrawal periods' before slaughter or the use of milk or eggs from treated animals, veterinarians and animal owners ensure that the meat, milk and eggs is free of contamination.
These restrictions include not only poisons or drugs (such as penicillin) which may result in allergic reactions but also contaminants which may cause cancer. It is illegal in the USA to administer drugs or feed substances to animals if they have been shown to cause cancer.
More recently, there has been increased concern about the use of anti-microbials in animals (including pets, livestock, and companion animals) which lead to drug-resistant infections in humans. The use of antimicrobials has been linked to the rise of resistance in every drug and species where it has been studied, including humans and livestock. However, the role of antibiotic use in food animals - in contrast to the use of antibiotics in humans - in the rise of resistant infections in humans is in dispute. The use of antimicrobials in various forms is widespread throughout animal industry, and is presented as key to preventing animal suffering and economic loss. It is linked by some activist groups to animal welfare concern, large scale commercial agriculture, international food trade, agricultural protectionist laws, environmental protection (including climate change) and other topics, which make the aims of some groups on both sides of the debate difficult to untangle.
Drug administration in livestock
Who administers drugs
Medical treatment of animals is regulated by laws in each country, and specific tasks which are legal for a lay farmer to perform in one country may be restricted to veterinarians or outlawed in other areas. Likewise, the legality of the use of specific drugs varies according to location. As the European Union, the British Commonwealth and the United States have enacted the most restrictive laws on animal treatment and have the most effective enforcement mechanisms for those laws, this section will focus on those areas. However, specific laws do vary within those areas.
Just as in human medicine, some drugs are available over the counter and others are restricted to use only on the prescription of a veterinary physician. In the USA, the Food & Drug Administration requires specific labels on all drugs, giving directions on the use of the drug. For animals, this includes the species, dose, reason for giving the drug (indication) and the required withdrawal period, if any. Federal law requires laypersons to use drugs only in the manner listed. Veterinarians who have examined an animal or a herd of animals may issue a replacement label, giving new directions, based on their medical knowledge. It is illegal in the USA for any layperson to administer any drug to a food animal in a way not specific to the drug label. Over-the-counter drugs which may be used by laypersons include anti-parasite drugs (including fly sprays) and antimicrobials. These drugs can be applied as sprays, creams, injections, oral pills or fluids, or as a feed additive, depending on the drug and the label.
Nearly all hormones and painkillers are illegal for laypersons to use in food animals. Additionally, there are very few drugs labelled for use in laying hens, ducks, goats, meat rabbits, or other minor species.
If a layperson gives a drug to a food animal, they are responsible for ensuring that an adequate withdrawal period is allowed to ensure that the meat or milk is not contaminated.
For drugs that can not be legally given by lay persons, or if the animal or herd does not respond to treatment, a veterinary physician may prescribe a different drug or one at a different dose than is on the label. The veterinarian will also give directions as to the appropriate withdrawal period.
How drugs are given
Drugs can be administered to animals in a variety of means, just as with humans. Among these are topical (on the skin), by injection (including intravenous, subcutaneous, subcutaneous implants, intramuscular and intraperitonial), and orally. Oral drugs can be in pill or liquid form, or can be given by mixing with feed or water. The appropriate route for treatment depends on the specific case and can vary by: illness, severity of illness, selected drug, age or condition of the animal, species of the animal, type of housing and other factors. For animals that are not regularly fed a concentrated feed or which can be handled repeatedly, a slow-release injection might be the most appropriate. Some drugs are not available or appropriate in this form and should be delivered orally. For animals that are fed regularly (rather than grazing freely) or that can not be easily handled, the most appropriate means of administering the drug may be to include the drug in feed or water. This eliminates the stress of daily (or more frequent) handling of animals, which can make the animals more ill. Poultry are most commonly medicated in this fashion, as they are easily stressed to the point of dying. Administering the drug by feed also prevents injection wounds in animals.
When drugs are given
The timely administration of drugs is key to preventing animal suffering and economic loss to the farmer. Animals which are ill can infect other animals, and may become so ill that they can not be sold. A variety of techniques are used to monitor animals for illness so that they can be treated appropriately. Stress reduction, adequate nutrition, shelter, and quarantine of incoming stock are all important factors to promote growth and reduce illness and the need for active treatment. The age and status of an animal is also important in determining correct treatment - a young animal or pregnant animal is at greater risk and are treated more aggressively than an older animal.
One complicating factor for treating illnesses in animals is the difficulty in catching a disease before a large number of animals are infected. In many significant diseases, the animal may be infectious for several days before showing signs of the illness. Others may be carriers of the disease but do not actually show illness themselves. In these cases, a flock or herd of animals may have a mix of sick animals, completely well animals, and animals which are infected but are not yet showing signs. In these cases, attempting to separate the ill animals would be of little help, as the extra stress would only serve to make the situation worse. In these cases, treating the entire group would result in the most rapid recovery of the sick animals with the least amount of suffering and death.
Drugs and growth stimulation
A variety of drugs are given to livestock with the result of better health, less illness, and faster growth on less feed. Among the earliest drugs used in this way were anti-parasitic herbs such as tobacco. With the advent of research into modern nutrition, minerals and vitamins were given to animals. The use of some drugs - such as tobacco and arsenic - in food animals has been restricted due to concerns for human health. The health of animals is subject to a variety of influences - better fed animals are more resistant to illness, and well animals gain better than sick animals on the same feed. While large doses are needed to treat acute illness or parasite infestations, smaller doses are at times useful to prevent new infections. Antibiotics given in low, subtherapeutic dosages mixed with the animals' food will increase the growth rate and efficiency of the animals, allowing more animals to be grown to market weight in a year on less feed per animal. (The market-preferred sizes for slaughter animals are relatively standard, as consumers expect a fairly uniform sized pork chop, bacon strip, egg, chicken leg or beef steak.) The exact biological mechanism by which low doses of specific antibiotics permit greater gain is not well defined at this time. The mechanism likely varies by specific drug and species.
Antibiotics are not the only long-term drugs used to encourage better health and/or feed conversion in food animals. Ionopores (a class of anti-parastic drugs) are used in feedlot cattle, rabbits and small ruminants, while a beta-blocker is used in swine. Slow release hormones are used in beef cattle and another class of hormones in milking cattle to stimulate milk production.
The practice of using antibiotics for growth stimulation is problematic for these reasons:
- it is the largest use of antimicrobials worldwide[1]
- subtherapeutic use of antibiotics results in bacterial resistance[1]
- every important class of antibiotics are being used in this way, making every class less effective[1]
- the bacteria being changed harm humans[1]
Donald Kennedy, former director of the United States Food and Drug Administration, has said "There's no question that routinely administering non-therapeutic doses of antibiotics to food animals contributes to antibiotic resistance."[2] David Aaron Kessler, another former director of the FDA, said that "We have more than enough scientific evidence to justify curbing the rampant use of antibiotics for livestock, yet the food and drug industries are not only fighting proposed legislation to reduce these practices, they also oppose collecting the data."[3]
Some scientists have said that "all therapeutic antimicrobial agents should be available only by prescription for human and veterinary use."[4]
The World Organisation for Animal Health has acknowledged the need to protect antibiotics but argued against a total ban on antibiotic use in animal production.[5]
Antibiotic Growth Promoters used in Livestock Production | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
drug | class | effect | ||
Bambermycin | increase feed conversion ratio; growth promotion in poultry and cattle[6] | |||
Lasalocid | Ionophore | increase feed conversion ratio[6] | ||
Monensin | Ionophore | increase feed conversion ratio; increase weight gain in cattle and sheep[6] | ||
Salinomycin | Ionophore | increase feed conversion ratio; increase weight gain[6] | ||
Virginiamycin | peptide | promotes growth of poultry[6] | ||
Bacitracin | peptide | promotes growth of poultry[6] |
History of the practice
In the late 1980s doctors in Europe first reported that certain bacteria were becoming resistant to vancomycin.[7] They began to study whether there was a connection between resistance and the practice of feeding a drug related to vancomycin to animals as a growth stimulant.[7]
Effects in livestock production
In swine production
The use of antibiotics to increase the growth of pigs is most studied of all livestock. Some scientists have raised serious concerns that this is not a sustainable practice.
In production of other livestock
Effects on bacteria
It is difficult to set up a comprehensive surveillance system for measuring rates of change in antibiotic resistance.[8]
In 2011 the National Pork Producers Council, an American trade association, has said "Not only is there no scientific study linking antibiotic use in food animals to antibiotic resistance in humans, as the U.S. pork industry has continually pointed out, but there isn't even adequate data to conduct a study."[9] Similarly the National Pork Board, a Government-owned corporation of the United States, has said that "the vast majority of producers use (antibiotics) appropriately."[10]
CC398 is a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus which was produced by the use of antibiotics in livestock production.[11]
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci can spread from animals to humans.[12]
The appearance of Carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae has been attributed in part to antibiotic use in livestock.[13]
There is evidence that a large proportion of resistant E. coli isolates causing blood stream infections in people are from livestock produced as food.[14]
The Pew Charitable Trusts have stated that "hundreds of scientific studies conducted over four decades demonstrate that feeding low doses of antibiotics to livestock breeds antibiotic-resistant superbugs that can infect people. The FDA, the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention all testified before Congress that there is a definitive link between the routine, non-therapeutic use of antibiotics in food animal production and the challenge of antibiotic resistance in humans."[15]
When manure from antibiotic-fed swine is used as fertilizer elsewhere, the manure may be contaminated with bacteria which can infect humans.[16]
Prevalence of use and local responses
Various countries use antibiotics in different ways.[citation needed] Various countries have legislation about antibiotic use in livestock production.[citation needed]
When government regulation restricts use of antibiotics the negative economic impact is not often considered.[17]
European Union
On 1 January 2006 the European Union banned the non-medicinal use of antibiotics in livestock production.[18]
United States
In 1998 40% of antibiotics in the United States were used to stimulate livestock growth.[19] in 2011 80% of antibiotics went to livestock production.[20]
Some grocery stores have policies about voluntarily not selling meat produced by using antibiotics to stimulate growth. In 2012 in the United States advocacy organization Consumers Union organized a petition asking the store Trader Joe's to discontinue the sale of meat produced with antibiotics.[21]
The U.S. Animal Drug User Fee Act was passed by Congress in 2008 and requires that drug manufacturers report all sales of antibiotics into the food animal production industry.[22][23]
The Government Accountability Office published a report in 2011 stating that government and commercial agencies had not been collecting sufficient data to make a decision about best practices.[24]
Some proposed legislation in the US has failed to be adopted.[25]
Regulation of antibiotics in livestock production would affect the business models of corporations including Tyson Foods, Cargill, and Hormel.[26]
The Animal Drug and Animal Generic Drug User Fee Reauthorization Act of 2013 proposes other regulation.
China
Of all countries, China produces and consumes the most antibiotics.[27]
Antibiotic use has been measured by checking the water near factory farms in China.[28][29] Measurements have also been taken from animal dung.[30]
Half of the antibiotics manufactured in China are used in the production of livestock.[31]
In 2012 an American newspaper described the Chinese government's regulation of antibiotics in livestock production as "weak".[32]
India
In 2012 India manufactured about a third of the total amount of antibiotics in the world.[33]
In 2011 the Indian government proposed a "National policy for containment of antimicrobial resistance".[34] Other policies set schedules for requiring that food producing animals not be given antibiotics for a certain amount of time before their food goes to market.[35][36]
Brazil
Brazil is the world's largest exporter of beef and the government regulates antibiotic use in the cattle production industry.[37] Antibiotic resistant bacteria have been found in Brazilian cattle.[38]
South Korea
In 1998 some researchers reported use in livestock production was a factor in the high prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in Korea.[39] In 2007 The Korea Times noted that Korea has relatively high usage of antibiotics in livestock production.[40] In 2011 the Korean government banned the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in livestock.[41]
New Zealand
In 1999 the New Zealand government issued a statement that they would not then ban the use of antibiotics in livestock production.[42] In 2007 ABC Online reported on antibiotic use in chicken production in New Zealand.[43]
References
- ^ a b c d Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090904, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090904
instead. - ^ McVeigh, Karen (19 September 2012). "Scientists: overuse of antibiotics in animal agriculture endangers humans". theguardian.com. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
- ^ Kessler, David Aaron (27 March 2013). "Antibiotics and the Meat We Eat". The New York Times. New York City: NYTC. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
- ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1289/ehp.8837, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1289/ehp.8837
instead. - ^ de La Hamaide, Sybille (11 January 2012). "Antibiotics for livestock vital to feed world: OIE | Reuters". reuters.com. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f Reinhardt, Christopher D. (2012), "Antimicrobial Feed Additives", in Aiello, Susan E.; Moses, Michael A. (eds.), Merck Veterinary Manual, Merck & Co. and Merial, retrieved 4 November 2013
- ^ a b Baragona, Steve (12 May 2010). "Use of Antibiotics in Livestock Debated". voanews.com. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
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|doi=10.1046/j.1198-743x.2001.00239.x
instead. - ^
- National Pork Producers Council (15 September 2011). "Nat'l Pork Producers Council Issues Statement About GAO's Report on Antibiotic Resistance". growinggeorgia.com. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
- Philpott, Tom (21 September 2011). "Meat Industry Still Denying Antibiotic Resistance". motherjones.com. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
- ^ Couric, Katie (10 February 2010). "Animal Antibiotic Overuse Hurting Humans?". CBS News. New York City: CBS. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
- ^ Knox, Richard (21 February 2012). "How Using Antibiotics in Animal Feed Creates Superbugs". npr.org. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
- ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1016/j.mib.2003.09.009, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1016/j.mib.2003.09.009
instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1186/2047-2994-1-11, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1186/2047-2994-1-11
instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1089/fpd.2011.0950, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1089/fpd.2011.0950
instead. - ^ The Pew Charitable Trusts (15 October 2012). "Pew Comments on Proposed Antibiotics Legislation". pewtrusts.org. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
- ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1038/nature.2013.13752, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1038/nature.2013.13752
instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1093/jac/dkg483, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
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instead. - ^ European Commission (22 December 2005). "EUROPA – PRESS RELEASES – Press release – Ban on antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed enters into effect". europa.eu. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
- ^ Levy, Stuart B. (1998). "The Challenge of Antibiotic Resistance" (PDF). Scientific American: 46–53. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
{{cite journal}}
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ignored (help) - ^ Philpott, Tom (29 July 2011). "What the USDA Doesn't Want You to Know About Antibiotics and Factory Farms | Mother Jones". motherjones.com. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ^ "Meat Without Drugs". Consumers Union. Retrieved 27 August 2013., which is described in the following works
- Gore, Al (2013). "The Reinvention of Life and Death: Antibiotics before Swine". The Future : Six Drivers of Global Change (First edition. ed.). New York: Random House. pp. 227 and citation on 475. ISBN 9780812992946.
- Hurd, Scott (26 June 2012). "Commentary: 'Meat without Drugs' could be inhumane". Bovine Veterinarian. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
All peer-reviewed scientific risk assessments have demonstrated a negligible risk of human health harm due to livestock antibiotic use.
- Greenaway, Twilight (20 June 2012). "Your meat on drugs: Will grocery stores cut out antibiotics?". Grist. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ^ Rogers, Laura (28 December 2012). "Laura Rogers: A New Year's Resolution: Put Animals on an Antibiotics Diet". huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
- ^ Wallinga, David (12 February 2013). "David Wallinga, M.D.: Animal Antibiotic Use Continues Upwards, FDA Keeps Blinders on". huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
- ^ Government Accountability Office (7 September 2011), "Antibiotic Resistance: Agencies Have Made Limited Progress Addressing Antibiotic Use in Animals", gao.gov, retrieved 27 August 2013
- ^ Philpott, Tom (17 Sep 2010 [last update]). "UPDATED: With the food safety bill dead, time for the FDA/USDA to grow some backbone". Grist. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
{{cite web}}
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(help) - ^ Yukhananov, Anna (11 April 2012). "U.S. seeks voluntary antibiotic limits in livestock". reuters.com. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ^ Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (18 February 2013). "Global Health Threat Seen in Overuse of Antibiotics on Chinese Pig Farms". rendezvous.blogs.nytimes.com. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.067, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.11.067
instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2010.05.023, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2010.05.023
instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.014, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.11.014
instead. - ^ Wu, Alex (12 January 2012). "Livestock in China Given Too Many Antibiotics". The Epoch Times. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ^ Salamon, Maureen (11 February 2013). "China's Overuse of Antibiotics in Livestock May Threaten Human Health". health.usnews.com. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ^ Gale, Jason; Narayan, Adi (7 May 2012). "Drug-Defying Germs From India Speed Post-Antibiotic Era – Bloomberg". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ^ Thacker, Teena (13 April 2011). "Govt wants to limit use of antibiotics in animals – Indian Express". indianexpress.com. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ^ Sinha, Kounteya (25 November 2011). "New norm to curb antibiotic resistance – Times of India". indiatimes.com. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ^ Sinha, Kounteya (6 April 2012). "In a first, antibiotics bar on food-producing animals – Times of India". indiatimes.com. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
- ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.2527/af.2011-0017, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.2527/af.2011-0017
instead. - ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.1995.tb01328.x, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with
|doi=10.1111/j.1472-765X.1995.tb01328.x
instead. - ^ Kim, Woo Joo; Park, Seung Chull (1998). "bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents: An Overview from Korea" (PDF). Yonsei Medical Journal. 39 (6): 488–494. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
- ^ Won-sup, Yoon (25 June 2007). "Antibiotics in Livestock Harm Human Beings". The Korea Times. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
- ^ Flynn, Dan (7 June 2011). "South Korea Bans Antibiotics in Animal Feed". foodsafetynews.com. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
- ^ staff (7 January 1999). "NZ holds off ban on animal antibiotics – National – NZ Herald News". nzherald.co.nz. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
- ^ Williams, Robyn; Cook, Greg (11 August 2007). "Antibiotics and intensive chicken farming in New Zealand – The Science Show". abc.net.au. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
External links
- PBS report on antibiotics in livestock production
- Fix Food, Fix Antibiotics, a 90 second video explaining the problem of antibiotic resistance and campaigning for action
- 2011 FDA report on antibiotics in animals in the United States
- Pew Trust campaign for restricting antibiotic use
- Antibiotic Resistance and the Use of Antibiotics in Animal Agriculture: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, July 14, 2010