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==Species== |
==Species== |
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[[File:Clarias liocephalus.jpg|thumbnail|''Clarias liocephalus'']] |
[[File:Clarias liocephalus.jpg|thumbnail|''Clarias liocephalus'']] |
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There are currently |
There are currently 61 species recognized in this genus: |
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'''African species''' |
'''African species''' |
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* ''[[Clarias alluaudi]]'' <small>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1906</small> (Alluaud's catfish) |
* ''[[Clarias alluaudi]]'' <small>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1906</small> (Alluaud's catfish) |
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* ''[[Clarias angolensis]]'' <small>[[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1866</small> |
* ''[[Clarias angolensis]]'' <small>[[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1866</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias anguillaris]]'' <small> |
* ''[[Clarias anguillaris]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758</small> (Mudfish) |
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* ''[[Clarias brachysoma]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1864</small> |
* ''[[Clarias brachysoma]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1864</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias buettikoferi]]'' <small>[[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1894</small> |
* ''[[Clarias buettikoferi]]'' <small>[[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1894</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias camerunensis]]'' <small>[[Einar Lönnberg|Lönnberg]], 1895</small> |
* ''[[Clarias camerunensis]]'' <small>[[Einar Lönnberg|Lönnberg]], 1895</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias cavernicola]]'' <small>[[Ethelwynn Trewavas|Trewavas]], 1936</small> (Cave catfish) |
* ''[[Clarias cavernicola]]'' <small>[[Ethelwynn Trewavas|Trewavas]], 1936</small> (Cave catfish) |
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* ''[[Clarias dhonti]]'' <small> |
* ''[[Clarias dhonti]]'' <small>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1920</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias dumerilii]]'' <small>[[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1866</small> |
* ''[[Clarias dumerilii]]'' <small>[[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1866</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias dussumieri]]'' <small>[[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1840</small> |
* ''[[Clarias dussumieri]]'' <small>[[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1840</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias ebriensis]]'' <small>[[Jacques Pellegrin|Pellegrin]], 1920</small> |
* ''[[Clarias ebriensis]]'' <small>[[Jacques Pellegrin|Pellegrin]], 1920</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias engelseni]]'' <small> |
* ''[[Clarias engelseni]]'' <small>[[Sigurd Johnsen|Johnsen]], 1926</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias gabonensis]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1867</small> |
* ''[[Clarias gabonensis]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1867</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias gariepinus]]'' <small> |
* ''[[Clarias gariepinus]]'' <small>[[William John Burchell|Burchell]], 1822</small> (North African catfish) |
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* ''[[Clarias hilli]]'' <small>[[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]], 1936</small> |
* ''[[Clarias hilli]]'' <small>[[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]], 1936</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias jaensis]]'' <small>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1909</small> |
* ''[[Clarias jaensis]]'' <small>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1909</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias abbreviatus]]'' <small>[[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1840</small> |
* ''[[Clarias abbreviatus]]'' <small>[[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1840</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias anfractus]]'' <small>[[Ng Heok Hee|H. H. Ng]], 1999</small> |
* ''[[Clarias anfractus]]'' <small>[[Ng Heok Hee|H. H. Ng]], 1999</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias batrachus]]'' <small> |
* ''[[Clarias batrachus]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758</small> (Philippine catfish) |
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* ''[[Clarias batu]]'' <small>[[Kelvin Kok Peng Lim|K. K. P. Lim]] & [[Ng Heok Hee|H. H. Ng]], 1999<ref name="Lim"/ |
* ''[[Clarias batu]]'' <small>[[Kelvin Kok Peng Lim|K. K. P. Lim]] & [[Ng Heok Hee|H. H. Ng]], 1999</small> <ref name="Lim"/> |
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* ''[[Clarias cataractus]]'' <small> |
* ''[[Clarias cataractus]]'' <small>[[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]], 1939</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias dayi]]'' <small>[[Sunder Lal Hora|Hora]], 1936</small> |
* ''[[Clarias dayi]]'' <small>[[Sunder Lal Hora|Hora]], 1936</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias fuscus]]'' <small> |
* ''[[Clarias fuscus]]'' <small>[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1803</small> (Hong Kong catfish) |
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* ''[[Clarias gracilentus]]'' <small>[[Ng Heok Hee|H. H. Ng]], [[Dang Khanh Hong|K. H. Dang]] & [[Nguyen Van Tu|V. T. Nguyen]], 2011<ref name=Clarias_gracilentus_2011>{{Cite journal | author = Ng, H. H., Dang, K. H. and Nguyen, V. T. | year = 2011 | title = ''Clarias gracilentus'', a new walking catfish (Teleostei: Clariidae) from Vietnam and Cambodia | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 2823 | issue = | pages = 61–68 | url =http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/z02823p068f.pdf | doi = | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref |
* ''[[Clarias gracilentus]]'' <small>[[Ng Heok Hee|H. H. Ng]], [[Dang Khanh Hong|K. H. Dang]] & [[Nguyen Van Tu|V. T. Nguyen]], 2011</small> <ref name=Clarias_gracilentus_2011>{{Cite journal | author = Ng, H. H., Dang, K. H. and Nguyen, V. T. | year = 2011 | title = ''Clarias gracilentus'', a new walking catfish (Teleostei: Clariidae) from Vietnam and Cambodia | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 2823 | issue = | pages = 61–68 | url =http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2011/f/z02823p068f.pdf | doi = | postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref> |
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* ''[[Clarias insolitus]]'' <small>[[Ng Heok Hee|H. H. Ng]], 2003<ref name="Ng2003"/ |
* ''[[Clarias insolitus]]'' <small>[[Ng Heok Hee|H. H. Ng]], 2003</small> <ref name="Ng2003"/> |
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* ''[[Clarias intermedius]]'' <small>[[Guy Teugels|Teugels]], [[Sudarto (ichthyologist)|Sudarto]] & [[Laurent Pouyaud|Pouyaud]], 2001<ref name="Teugels"/ |
* ''[[Clarias intermedius]]'' <small>[[Guy Teugels|Teugels]], [[Sudarto (ichthyologist)|Sudarto]] & [[Laurent Pouyaud|Pouyaud]], 2001</small> <ref name="Teugels"/> |
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* ''[[Clarias kapuasensis]]'' <small>[[Sudarto (ichthyologist)|Sudarto]], [[Guy Teugels|Teugels]] & [[Laurent Pouyaud|Pouyaud]], 2003</small> |
* ''[[Clarias kapuasensis]]'' <small>[[Sudarto (ichthyologist)|Sudarto]], [[Guy Teugels|Teugels]] & [[Laurent Pouyaud|Pouyaud]], 2003</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias leiacanthus]]'' <small>[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1851</small> |
* ''[[Clarias leiacanthus]]'' <small>[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1851</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias macrocephalus]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1864</small> (Bighead catfish) |
* ''[[Clarias macrocephalus]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1864</small> (Bighead catfish) |
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* ''[[Clarias magur]]'' <small> |
* ''[[Clarias magur]]'' <small>[[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|F. Hamilton]], 1822</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias meladerma]]'' <small>[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1846</small> (Blackskin catfish) |
* ''[[Clarias meladerma]]'' <small>[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1846</small> (Blackskin catfish) |
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* ''[[Clarias microspilus]]'' <small>[[Ng Heok Hee|H. H. Ng]] & [[Renny Kurnia Hadiaty|Hadiaty]], 2011<ref>Ng HH & Hadiaty Rk (2011) ''Clarias microspilus'', a new walking catfish (Teleostei: Clariidae) from northern Sumatra, Indonesia. [[Journal of Threatened Taxa]] 3(3): 1577-1584. http://www.threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2011/March/ng.htm</ref |
* ''[[Clarias microspilus]]'' <small>[[Ng Heok Hee|H. H. Ng]] & [[Renny Kurnia Hadiaty|Hadiaty]], 2011</small> <ref>Ng HH & Hadiaty Rk (2011) ''Clarias microspilus'', a new walking catfish (Teleostei: Clariidae) from northern Sumatra, Indonesia. [[Journal of Threatened Taxa]] 3(3): 1577-1584. http://www.threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2011/March/ng.htm</ref> |
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* ''[[Clarias microstomus]]'' <small>[[Ng Heok Hee|H. H. Ng]], 2001<ref name="Ng2001"/ |
* ''[[Clarias microstomus]]'' <small>[[Ng Heok Hee|H. H. Ng]], 2001</small> <ref name="Ng2001"/> |
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* ''[[Clarias nebulosus]]'' <small>[[Paules Edward Pieris Deraniyagala|Deraniyagala]], 1958</small> |
* ''[[Clarias nebulosus]]'' <small>[[Paules Edward Pieris Deraniyagala|Deraniyagala]], 1958</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias nieuhofii]]'' <small>[[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1840</small> (Slender walking catfish) |
* ''[[Clarias nieuhofii]]'' <small>[[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1840</small> (Slender walking catfish) |
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* ''[[Clarias nigricans]]'' <small>[[Ng Heok Hee|H. H. Ng]], 2003</small><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/51/51rbz393-398.pdf|journal=The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology|year=2003|volume=51|issue=2|pages=393–398|title=''Clarias nigricans'', a New Species of Clariid Catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from Eastern Borneo|first=Heok Hee|last=Ng|format=PDF|accessdate=2009-06-24}}</ref> |
* ''[[Clarias nigricans]]'' <small>[[Ng Heok Hee|H. H. Ng]], 2003</small> <ref>{{cite journal|url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/51/51rbz393-398.pdf|journal=The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology|year=2003|volume=51|issue=2|pages=393–398|title=''Clarias nigricans'', a New Species of Clariid Catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from Eastern Borneo|first=Heok Hee|last=Ng|format=PDF|accessdate=2009-06-24}}</ref> |
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* ''[[Clarias olivaceus]]'' <small>[[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]], 1904</small> |
* ''[[Clarias olivaceus]]'' <small>[[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]], 1904</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias planiceps]]'' <small>[[Ng Heok Hee|H. H. Ng]], 1999</small> |
* ''[[Clarias planiceps]]'' <small>[[Ng Heok Hee|H. H. Ng]], 1999</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias pseudoleiacanthus]]'' <small>[[Sudarto (ichthyologist)|Sudarto]], [[Guy Teugels|Teugels]] & [[Laurent Pouyaud|Pouyaud]], 2003</small> |
* ''[[Clarias pseudoleiacanthus]]'' <small>[[Sudarto (ichthyologist)|Sudarto]], [[Guy Teugels|Teugels]] & [[Laurent Pouyaud|Pouyaud]], 2003</small> |
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* ''[[Clarias pseduonieuhofii]]'' <small>[[Sudarto (ichthyologist)|Sudarto]], [[Guy Teugels|Teugels]] & [[Laurent Pouyaud|Pouyaud]], 2004<ref name="Sudarto"/ |
* ''[[Clarias pseduonieuhofii]]'' <small>[[Sudarto (ichthyologist)|Sudarto]], [[Guy Teugels|Teugels]] & [[Laurent Pouyaud|Pouyaud]], 2004</small> <ref name="Sudarto"/> |
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* ''[[Clarias serniosus]]'' <small>[[Heok Hee Ng|H. H. Ng]] & [[Maurice Kottelat|Kottelat]], 2014</small> <ref>Ng, H.H. & Kottelat, M. (2014): Clarias serniosus, a new walking catfish (Teleostei: Clariidae) from Laos. ''Zootaxa, 3884 (5): 437–444.'' </ref> |
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* ''[[Clarias sulcatus]]'' <small>[[Ng Heok Hee|H. H. Ng]], 2004</small> |
* ''[[Clarias sulcatus]]'' <small>[[Ng Heok Hee|H. H. Ng]], 2004</small> |
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Revision as of 15:52, 18 November 2014
Clarias Temporal range: Lower Pliocene - Recent
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![]() | |
Walking catfish, Clarias batrachus | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | |
Phylum: | |
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Order: | |
Family: | |
Genus: | Clarias Scopoli, 1777
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Species | |
Many, see text. | |
Synonyms | |
Clarias is a genus of catfishes (order Siluriformes) of the family Clariidae, the airbreathing catfishes. The name is derived from the Greek chlaros, which means lively, in reference to the ability of the fish to live for a long time out of water.[1]
Taxonomy
Clarias has been found to be paraphyletic. It has been found that a species of Heterobranchus (H. longifilis) clusters deeply inside the Clarias group.[2]
Distribution
They are found in inland waters throughout much of the Old World, and is one of the most widespread catfish genera in the world.[3][4] The genus is found in Southeast Asia and East Asia westwards through India and the Asia Minor to Africa.[5] The diversity of these catfishes is highest in Africa.[6] Some (notably the Walking catfish) have become pest species where they have been accidentally introduced.
Description
Clarias species are recognized by their long-based dorsal and anal fins, which give them a rather eel-like appearance. These fish have slender bodies, a flat bony head, and a broad, terminal mouth with four pairs of barbels. They also have a large, accessory breathing organ composed of modified gill arches.[3][5] Also, only the pectoral fins have spines.[7]
Relationship to humans
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Yum_pladook_foo.jpg/220px-Yum_pladook_foo.jpg)
Many of the species are of great economic importance in both fisheries and fish culture.[6]
Species
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Clarias_liocephalus.jpg/220px-Clarias_liocephalus.jpg)
There are currently 61 species recognized in this genus:
African species
Asian species
- Clarias abbreviatus Valenciennes, 1840
- Clarias anfractus H. H. Ng, 1999
- Clarias batrachus Linnaeus, 1758 (Philippine catfish)
- Clarias batu K. K. P. Lim & H. H. Ng, 1999 [5]
- Clarias cataractus Fowler, 1939
- Clarias dayi Hora, 1936
- Clarias fuscus Lacépède, 1803 (Hong Kong catfish)
- Clarias gracilentus H. H. Ng, K. H. Dang & V. T. Nguyen, 2011 [8]
- Clarias insolitus H. H. Ng, 2003 [3]
- Clarias intermedius Teugels, Sudarto & Pouyaud, 2001 [6]
- Clarias kapuasensis Sudarto, Teugels & Pouyaud, 2003
- Clarias leiacanthus Bleeker, 1851
- Clarias macrocephalus Günther, 1864 (Bighead catfish)
- Clarias magur F. Hamilton, 1822
- Clarias meladerma Bleeker, 1846 (Blackskin catfish)
- Clarias microspilus H. H. Ng & Hadiaty, 2011 [9]
- Clarias microstomus H. H. Ng, 2001 [4]
- Clarias nebulosus Deraniyagala, 1958
- Clarias nieuhofii Valenciennes, 1840 (Slender walking catfish)
- Clarias nigricans H. H. Ng, 2003 [10]
- Clarias olivaceus Fowler, 1904
- Clarias planiceps H. H. Ng, 1999
- Clarias pseudoleiacanthus Sudarto, Teugels & Pouyaud, 2003
- Clarias pseduonieuhofii Sudarto, Teugels & Pouyaud, 2004 [7]
- Clarias serniosus H. H. Ng & Kottelat, 2014 [11]
- Clarias sulcatus H. H. Ng, 2004
Fossil species
- Clarias falconeri † Lydekker, 1886, from India
Invasive species
Clarias catfish and primarely Clarias batrachus (walking catfish) has been introduced to many different areas of the world where they are causing problems for the native wildlife. The effect of introduction of clarias catfish varies from area to area but as they are predatory fish they often impact the local wildlife by eating other fish, birds and amphibians. In Florida the fish is causing problems by invading aquaculture farms and prey on the fish cultivated there.[12] Countries where one or several Clarias species have been introduced includes Indonesia, USA, Hong Kong, Taiwan, China, UK, Papua New Guinea, Guam, Taiwan, Thailand and Cuba.
References
- ^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2011). Species of Clarias in FishBase. December 2011 version.
- ^ Mwita, CJ; Nkwengulila, G. (2008). "Molecular phylogeny of the clariid fishes of Lake Victoria, Tanzania, inferred from cytochrome b DNA sequences". Journal of Fish Biology. 73 (5): 1139–1148. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01935.x.
- ^ a b c Ng, Heok Hee (2003). "Clarias insolitus, a new species of clariid catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from southern Borneo" (PDF). Zootaxa. 284: 1–8. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
- ^ a b Ng, Heok Hee (2001). "Clarias microstomus, a New Species of Clariid Catfish from Eastern Borneo (Teleostei: Siluriformes)" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 40 (2): 158–162. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
- ^ a b c Lim, Kelvin K. P.; Ng, H. H. (1999). "Clarias batu, a New Species of Catfish (Teleostei: Clariidae) from Pulau Tioman, Peninsular Malaysia" (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology (6): 157–167. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
- ^ a b c Teugels, Guy G.; Sudarto; Pouyaud, Laurent (2001). "Description of a New Clarias Species from Southeast Asia Based on Morphological and Genetical Evidence (Siluriformes, Clariidae)" (PDF). 25 (1): 81–92. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ a b Sudarto; Teugels, Guy G.; Pouyaud, Laurent (2004). "Description of a New Clariid Catfish, Clarias pseudonieuhofii from West Borneo (Siluriformes: Clariidae)" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 43 (1): 8–19. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
- ^ Ng, H. H., Dang, K. H. and Nguyen, V. T. (2011). "Clarias gracilentus, a new walking catfish (Teleostei: Clariidae) from Vietnam and Cambodia" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2823: 61–68Template:Inconsistent citations
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Ng HH & Hadiaty Rk (2011) Clarias microspilus, a new walking catfish (Teleostei: Clariidae) from northern Sumatra, Indonesia. Journal of Threatened Taxa 3(3): 1577-1584. http://www.threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2011/March/ng.htm
- ^ Ng, Heok Hee (2003). "Clarias nigricans, a New Species of Clariid Catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes) from Eastern Borneo" (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 51 (2): 393–398. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
- ^ Ng, H.H. & Kottelat, M. (2014): Clarias serniosus, a new walking catfish (Teleostei: Clariidae) from Laos. Zootaxa, 3884 (5): 437–444.
- ^ issg Database: ecology of Clarias batrachus