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{{short description|Political party in Russia}} |
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{{other uses|Communist Party of Russia (disambiguation)}} |
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{{EngvarB|date=August 2019}} |
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{{POV|date=March 2024}} |
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{{use British English|date=February 2021}} |
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{{use dmy dates|date=August 2019}} |
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{{Infobox political party |
{{Infobox political party |
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| name=Communist Party of the Russian Federation |
| name = Communist Party of the Russian Federation |
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| native_name = Коммунистическая Партия Российской Федерации |
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|logo =[[File:КПРФ Logo.svg|150px]] |
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| logo = KPRF Logo.svg |
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|colorcode={{Communist Party of the Russian Federation/meta/color}} |
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| colorcode = {{party color|Communist Party of the Russian Federation}} |
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|foundation={{start date and age|1993|2|14|df==yes}} |
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| abbreviation = CPRF (English)<br/>КПРФ (Russian)<br/> KPRF (Romanized) |
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|ideology=[[Communism]]<ref name="baijp241">[[András Bozóki|Bozóki, A]] & Ishiyama, J (2002) The Communist Successor Parties of Central and Eastern Europe, p241</ref><ref name="Nordsieck">{{Cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/russia.html|title=Parties and Elections in Europe|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|website=www.parties-and-elections.eu|access-date=2017-05-29}}</ref><br>[[Marxism–Leninism]]<ref name="Nordsieck" /> |
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| general_secretary = [[Gennady Zyuganov]] |
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|headquarters=[[Moscow]], [[Russia]] |
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| leader1_title = First Deputy Chairmen |
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|international=[[International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties]]<br>[[International Communist Seminar]] |
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| leader1_name = [[Ivan Melnikov (politician)|Ivan Melnikov]]<br />[[Yury Afonin]] |
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|website={{URL|http://cprf.ru|cprf.ru}} |
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| leader2_title = Deputy Chairmen |
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| country = Russia |
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| leader2_name = [[Vladimir Kashin]]<br />[[Dmitry Novikov]]<br />[[Leonid Kalashnikov]] |
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|native_name=Коммунистическая Партия Российской Федерации |
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| founded = {{start date and age|1993|2|14|df=yes}} |
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|leader1_title=First Secretary |
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| predecessor = [[Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|CP RSFSR]] |
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|leader1_name=[[Gennady Zyuganov hitler |
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| headquarters = 16th building, Ol'khovskaya Ulitsa<br />[[Moscow]], [[Russia]] 105066 |
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|leader2_title=Deputy Secretary |
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| newspaper = ''[[Pravda]]'' (81 regional editions) |
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|leader2_name=[[Ivan Melnikov (politician)|Ivan Melnikov]] |
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| youth_wing = [[Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation|Komsomol]] |
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|leader3_title= Parliamentary Leader |
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| membership_year = 2024 {{estimation}} |
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|leader3_name= Gennady Zyuganov |
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| membership = {{increase}}~500,000<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Communist-Party-of-the-Russian-Federation | title=Communist Party of the Russian Federation | date=20 February 2024 }}</ref> |
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|predecessor=[[Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Communist Party of the Russian SFSR]] |
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| ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap |
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|slogan="[[Workers of the world, unite!]]" |
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| [[Communism]]<ref name="baijp241">{{cite book | last1=Bozóki | first1=András | last2=Ishiyama | first2=John T. | title=The Communist Successor Parties of Central and Eastern Europe | publisher=M.E. Sharpe | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-7656-1389-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qiLldOJ5jVgC | access-date=19 October 2022 | page=241}}</ref><ref name="Nordsieck">{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|title=Russia|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/russia.html|year=2016|access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref> |
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|newspaper=''[[Pravda]]'', more than 30 regional editions |
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| [[Marxism–Leninism]]<ref name="Nordsieck"/> |
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|youth_wing=[[Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation|Leninist Young Communist League]] |
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| [[Neo-Stalinism]]<ref>Bozóki, A and Ishiyama, J (2002). ''The Communist Successor Parties of Central and Eastern Europe''. p. 241—245.</ref> |
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|membership_year=2015 |
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| [[Left-wing nationalism]]<ref name="baijp245">[[András Bozóki|Bozóki, A]] and Ishiyama, J (2002). ''The Communist Successor Parties of Central and Eastern Europe''. p. 245.</ref> |
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|membership=570,000<ref name="minjust.ru">http://minjust.ru/node/2266</ref> |
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| [[Soviet patriotism]]<ref name="baijp245" /> |
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|position=[[Far-left politics|Far-left]] |
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|affiliation1_title=Continental affiliation |
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|affiliation1=[[Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] |
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|anthem = "[[The Internationale]]" |
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|seats1_title = [[Federation Council|Seats in the Federation Council]] |
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|seats1={{Composition bar|2|170|hex={{Communist Party of the Russian Federation/meta/color}}}} |
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|seats2_title=[[State Duma|Seats in the State Duma]] |
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|seats2={{Composition bar|42|450|hex={{Communist Party of the Russian Federation/meta/color}}}} |
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|seats3_title=[[List of current heads of federal subjects of Russia|Governors]] |
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|seats3={{Composition bar|2|85|hex={{Communist Party of the Russian Federation/meta/color}}}} |
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|seats4_title=[[Regional parliaments of Russia|Seats in the Regional Parliaments]] |
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|seats4={{Composition bar|460|3928|hex={{Communist Party of the Russian Federation/meta/color}}}} |
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|colours={{Color box|{{Communist Party of the Russian Federation/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} Red |
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|flag=[[File:KPRF Flag.svg|200px]]<br>CPRF flag<br> |
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}} |
}} |
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| position = [[Far-left politics|Far-left]]<ref>{{cite web|language=fr|title=Qui sont les ultranationalistes russes ?|url=http://www.europe1.fr/international/qui-sont-les-ultranationalistes-russes-1697255|website=[[Europe 1]]|date=4 November 2013|access-date=24 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Far-Left Prepares for Russia's Election: Campaigning Communists Evoke Ghost of Stalin|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/far-left-prepares-for-russia-s-election-campaigning-communists-evoke-ghost-of-stalin-a-536060.html|newspaper=[[Der Spiegel]]|date=18 February 2008|access-date=28 February 2018|last1=Klußmann|first1=Uwe}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mccauley|first=Martin|title=The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cKWsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT513|year=2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-86782-1|page=513}}</ref> |
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The '''Communist Party of the Russian Federation''' ('''CPRF'''; {{lang-ru|Коммунистическая Партия Российской Федерации; КПРФ}}; ''Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii'', '''KPRF''') is a [[communism|communist]] and [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] political party in [[Russia]]. |
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| international = [[International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties|IMCWP]] |
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| national = [[National Patriotic Forces of Russia]] |
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The party is often viewed as the immediate successor of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], which was banned in 1991 by then-President [[Boris Yeltsin]]. It is the second largest [[Political parties in Russia|political party in the Russian Federation]], after [[United Russia]]. The youth organisation of the party is the [[Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation|Leninist Young Communist League]]. The party is administered by the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation|Central Committee]]. |
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| continental = [[Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union|UCP–CPSU]] |
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| colours = {{color box|{{party color|Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}|border=darkgray}} [[Red]] |
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| slogan = {{ubl|"Russia! Labour! Democracy! Socialism!"|({{lang-ru|«Россия! Труд! Народовластие! Социализм!»}})}} |
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| anthem = {{center|{{lang|ru|«Интернациона́л»}}<br />("[[The Internationale]]")}}{{parabr}}[[File:Internationale-ru.ogg|center]] |
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| seats1_title = [[State Duma|Seats in the State Duma]] |
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| seats1 = {{composition bar|57|450|hex={{party color|Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}}} |
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| seats2_title = [[Federation Council (Russia)|Seats in the Federation Council]] |
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| seats2 = {{composition bar|4|178|hex={{party color|Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}}} |
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| seats3_title = [[List of heads of federal subjects of Russia|Governors]] |
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| seats3 = {{composition bar|3|85|hex={{party color|Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}}} |
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| seats4_title = [[Regional parliaments of Russia|Seats in the Regional Parliaments]] |
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| seats4 = {{composition bar|449|3928|hex={{party color|Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}}} |
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| seats5_title = [[Government of Russia|Ministers]] |
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| seats5 = {{composition bar|0|31|hex={{party color|Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}}} |
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| flag = KPRF Flag.svg |
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| website = {{URL|https://kprf.ru/}} (Russian)<br>{{URL|https://cprf.ru/}} (English) |
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| country = Russia |
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| leader3_name = Gennady Zyuganov |
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| leader3_title = Parliamentary Leader |
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}} |
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The '''Communist Party of the Russian Federation''' ('''CPRF'''; {{lang-rus|Коммунистическая Партия Российской Федерации; КПРФ|Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii; KPRF}}) is a [[Communist party|communist political party]] in [[Russia]] that officially adheres to [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] philosophy.<ref name="Nordsieck"/> It is the second-largest [[Political parties in Russia|political party in Russia]] after [[United Russia]]. The youth organisation of the party is the [[Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation|Leninist Young Communist League]]. |
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The CPRF was founded at the Second Extraordinary Congress of Russian Communists on 14 February 1993 |
The CPRF can trace its origin to the [[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]] which was established in March 1898. The party split in 1903 into a [[Mensheviks|Menshevik]] (minority) and [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] (majority) faction; the latter, led by [[Vladimir Lenin]], is the direct ancestor of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU) and is the party that seized power in the [[October Revolution]] of 1917. After the CPSU was banned in 1991 by [[List of presidents of Russia|Russian President]] [[Boris Yeltsin]] in the aftermath of a [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|failed coup attempt]], the CPRF was founded at the Second Extraordinary Congress of Russian Communists on 14 February 1993 as the successor organisation of the [[Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] (CPRSFSR). It was the ruling party in the [[State Duma]], the lower house of the [[Federal Assembly (Russia)|Russian Federal Assembly]] from 1998 to 1999. |
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The party's stated goal is to establish a new, |
The party's stated goal is to establish a new, modernized form of [[Socialist mode of production|socialism]] in Russia through peaceful means.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2011/12/06/can-russias-communist-party-make-a-comeback/2/|title=Can Russia's Communist Party Make A Comeback?|date=6 December 2011|access-date=2013-08-11|work=Forbes|first=Kenneth|last=Rapoza}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Immediate goals of the party include the [[nationalisation]] of [[Natural resources of Russia|natural resources]], [[Agriculture in Russia|agriculture]], and large industries within the framework of a [[mixed economy]], with socialist [[relations of production]] that allow for the growth of small and medium enterprises in the private/non-state sector.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/nov/22/socialism-may-be-waning-but-not-for-young-russians/?page=all|title=Socialism may be waning, but not for young Russians |work=[[The Washington Times]] |date=22 November 2012|access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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{{Communist |
{{Communist parties}} |
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The |
The CPRF was founded on 14 February 1993 at the Second Extraordinary Congress of Russian Communists, where it declared itself to be the successor of the [[Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] (CPRSFSR).<ref>American University (Washington, D.C.), and Moskovskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet im. M. V. Lomonosova. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BMxDAQAAIAAJ Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization]'', volume 4. Washington, D.C.: Quality Press of the Southern Tier, 1996. p. 174.</ref> It formed through the merger of successor groups to the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (CPSU), including [[Roy Medvedev]]'s Socialist Party of the Working People (of left-socialist orientation), Alexei Prigarin's Union of Communists; and much of the membership of the [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] [[Russian Communist Workers Party]] (although party leader [[Viktor Anpilov]] rejected the new party).<ref>Richard Sakwa, ''Russian Politics and Society'', Routledge, 1996, p. 85.</ref> The CPRF quickly became the largest party in Russia, with 500,000 members soon after its founding, more than double all the other parties membership combined.<ref name="baijp242">Bozóki & Ishiyama, p. 242.</ref> |
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[[Gennady Zyuganov]], a co-founder of the party along with senior former [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] politicians [[Yegor Ligachev]] |
[[Gennady Zyuganov]], a co-founder of the party along with senior former [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] politicians [[Yegor Ligachev]], [[Anatoly Lukyanov]], Andrew Konstant and others, was elected to be party leader at the Second Extraordinary Congress.<ref name="baijp245"/> Zyuganov had been a harsh critic of [[Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev|Alexander Yakovlev]], the so-called "godfather of [[glasnost]]", on the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU Central Committee]]. After the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]] in 1991, he became active in the Russian "national-patriotic" movement,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/russiaandeurasia/fyi108.cfm|title=Research|work=The Heritage Foundation|access-date=2009-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223045532/http://www.heritage.org/research/russiaandeurasia/fyi108.cfm|archive-date=2009-12-23|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1kkQYEq_P0C&pg=PA69|title=The Communist Party in Post-Soviet Russia|access-date=2011-02-19|isbn=9780719060441|last1=March|first1=Luke|year=2002|publisher=Manchester University Press }}</ref> being the chairman of the [[National Salvation Front (Russia)|National Salvation Front]] (some authors call him a [[Nationalism|nationalist]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Sakwa|first=Richard|title=Russian Politics and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wdQj-XmW4UC&pg=PA179|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-22753-7|page=179}}</ref> |
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Following the CPRF's success in the [[Russian legislative election |
Following the CPRF's success in the [[1995 Russian legislative election|1995 legislative election]], it emerged as the primary opposition to incumbent President [[Boris Yeltsin]] for the [[1996 Russian presidential election|1996 presidential election]], whose approval rating was in single digits.<ref name="baijp249">Bozóki and Ishiyama, p. 249.</ref> In order to oppose Yeltsin, Zyuganov organised a "popular-patriotic bloc" of nationalist organisations to support his candidacy.<ref name="baijp249"/> After the election—which Yeltsin won with 54% of the vote—on 7 August 1996 the coalition supporting Zyuganov was transformed into an official organisation, the People's Patriotic Union of Russia (NPSR), consisting of more than 30 left-wing and nationalist organisations, including the [[Russian All-People's Union]], led by [[Sergey Baburin]]. Zyuganov was its chairman. It went on to support Zyuganov in the [[2000 Russian presidential election|2000 presidential election]]. The NPSR was meant to form the basis of a two-party system, with the NPSR opposing the ruling "[[party of power]]".<ref name="baijp249"/> |
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The party suffered a sharp decline in the [[Russian legislative election |
The party suffered a sharp decline in the [[2003 Russian legislative election|2003 legislative election]], going from 113 seats to 52. Zyuganov called the 2003 elections a "revolting spectacle" and accused the Kremlin of setting up a "[[Potemkin village|Potemkin]] party", [[Rodina (political party)|Rodina]], to steal its votes. The CPRF was endorsed by [[Sergey Baburin]]'s [[People's Union (Russia)|People's Union]] for the [[2007 Russian legislative election|2007 Russian parliamentary elections]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Andrey Shabaev|url=http://www.partinform.ru/new.htm|title=Партинформ. Материал последнего номера|publisher=partinform.ru|access-date=2011-02-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309025708/http://www.partinform.ru/new.htm|archive-date=2011-03-09}}</ref> |
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In the [[2012 Russian presidential election|2012 presidential election]], Zyuganov denounced election irregularities in the [[2011 Russian legislative election|2011 legislative election]], but he also expressed his opposition to the organisers of the [[2011 Russian protests|mass demonstrations of December 2011]], which he viewed as orchestrated by ultra-liberals exploiting unrest. The party played only a minor role as a catalyst in the protests. Party rallies on 18 December 2011 in protest of election irregularities in [[Moscow]] and [[Saint Petersburg]] were attended by only a few thousand, mostly elderly, party supporters.<ref name="NYTCommunist">{{cite news|title=Where Communists See an Opening, Many Russians See a Closed Door|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/21/world/europe/communists-solidify-opposition-role-in-russia.html|access-date=2011-12-22|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 20, 2011|author=David M. Herszenhorn|quote=He, [Gennadi A. Zyuganov], has joined in popular protests against Mr. Putin's government, while seeking to block the rise of the liberal reformers leading those rallies by denouncing them as a subversive threat to Russia's future.}}</ref> |
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The CPRF was endorsed by [[Sergey Baburin]]'s [[People's Union (Russia)|People's Union]] for the [[Russian legislative election, 2007|2007 Russian parliamentary elections]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Andrey Shabaev |url=http://www.partinform.ru/new.htm |title=Партинформ. Материал последнего номера |publisher=www.partinform.ru |date= |accessdate=2011-02-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309025708/http://www.partinform.ru:80/new.htm |archivedate=2011-03-09 |df= }}</ref> |
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In 2014, the party called for Russia to formally recognise the separatist [[Donetsk People's Republic]] and the [[Luhansk People's Republic]], something that would happen in 2022 preceding Russia's invasion of Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/746089|title=TASS: Russia – Communist Party urges Russian leadership to recognise Novorossiya|work=TASS}}</ref> |
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In the [[Russian presidential election, 2012|2012 Presidential election]] Zyuganov denounced election irregularities in the [[Russian legislative election, 2011|2011 legislative election]], but also expressed his opposition to the organizers of the [[2011 Russian protests|mass demonstrations of December 2011]], which he views as orchestrated by ultra liberals who are exploiting unrest. The party played only a minor role as a catalyst in the protests. Party rallies on December 18, 2011 in protest of election irregularities in [[Moscow]] and [[Saint Petersburg]] were attended by only a few thousand, mostly elderly, party supporters.<ref name="NYTCommunist">{{cite news|title=Where Communists See an Opening, Many Russians See a Closed Door|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/21/world/europe/communists-solidify-opposition-role-in-russia.html|accessdate=2011-12-22|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 20, 2011|author=David M. Herszenhorn|quote=He, [Gennadi A. Zyuganov], has joined in popular protests against Mr. Putin’s government, while seeking to block the rise of the liberal reformers leading those rallies by denouncing them as a subversive threat to Russia’s future.}}</ref> |
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After Russia was sanctioned for systematic doping in the run-up to the [[2018 Winter Olympics]], [[Gennady Zyuganov]], leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, proposed sending Russian fans to the Games with a Soviet [[Victory Banner]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mk.ru/politics/2018/01/30/zyuganov-predlozhil-otpravit-na-olimpiadu-bolelshhikov-so-znamenem-pobedy.html|title=Зюганов предложил отправить на Олимпиаду болельщиков со знаменем Победы|date=30 January 2018|work=mk.ru|access-date=5 February 2018|language=ru}}</ref> |
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The party has also recently called for Russia to formally recognize [[Donetsk People's Republic]] and the [[Luhansk People's Republic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/746089|title=TASS: Russia - Communist Party urges Russian leadership to recognize Novorossiya|work=TASS}}</ref> |
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In 2021, the party's headquarters were raided by Russian authorities and a party official was barred from entering his office in the [[State Duma]] after it refused to accept the results of an online parliamentary election vote and attempting to file a lawsuit against the results.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-09-28|title=Police Search Communist Party Offices as Online Voting Controversy Continues|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/09/28/police-search-communist-party-offices-as-online-voting-controversy-continues-a75159|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-25|website=The Moscow Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928095811/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/09/28/police-search-communist-party-offices-as-online-voting-controversy-continues-a75159 |archive-date=28 September 2021 }}</ref> |
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==Ideology== |
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[[File:XIII съезд КПРФ.JPG|thumb|right|250px|XIII Congress of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in 2008.]] |
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The party's current program was adopted in 2008, where the CPRF declared that it is the only political organization that consistently upholds the rights of the workers and national interests. According to the program, the strategic goal of the party is to build in Russia a "renewed socialism, socialism of the 21st century".<ref name="kprf.ru">{{cite web|url=http://kprf.ru/party/program/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050102215355/http://www.kprf.ru:80/party/program/ |archive-date=2005-01-02 |dead-url=yes|title=Программа партии|accessdate=2015-03-13}}</ref> The program of the Communist Party declared that the party is guided by [[Marxism–Leninism]], based on the experience and achievements of domestic and world science and culture. According to the party there comes a "confrontation between the [[New world order (politics)|New World Order]] and the Russian people with its thousand-year history, and with its qualities", "communality and great power, deep faith, undying altruism and decisive rejection of lures mercantile bourgeois liberal-democratic paradise".<ref>Зюганов Г. А. Кадры партии в действии. — М.: ИТРК, 2001. — с. 11. — {{ISBN|5-88010-083-9}}</ref> |
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Following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the CPRF published a statement in support of the invasion and accused NATO of planning "to enslave Ukraine" and thus creating "critical threats to the security of Russia". It called for the "demilitarization and denazification" of Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |title=The People of Ukraine Must Not Be a Victim of World Capital and Oligarchic Clans. Statement of the CPRF CC Presidium – Communist Party of the Russian Federation |url=https://cprf.ru/2022/02/the-people-of-ukraine-must-not-be-a-victim-of-world-capital-and-oligarchic-clans-statement-of-the-cprf-cc-presidium%ef%bf%bc/ |access-date=2022-02-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> The party framed the conflict as that between the Ukrainian [[Banderites]] and fascists, who have been perpetrating genocide against Russian speakers, and liberating Russian forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kprf.ru/party-live/cknews/209010.html |title=Новые акты нацистского террора на Украине |publisher=Kprf.ru |date=2022-03-06 |accessdate=2022-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Зюганов Геннадий Андреевич |url=https://kprf.ru/party-live/cknews/208964.html |title=Г.А. Зюганов: Нет фашизму на нашей земле! |publisher=Kprf.ru |date=2022-03-04 |accessdate=2022-03-15}}</ref> The CPRF also accused the United States and NATO of deploying European fascist sympathizers and Middle Eastern terrorists to Ukraine to fight the Russian army.<ref>{{cite web|author=Зюганов Геннадий Андреевич |url=https://kprf.ru/party-live/cknews/208990.html |title=Фашисты из Европы и террористы с Ближнего Востока поддерживают нацистов-бандеровцев. Заявление Председателя ЦК КПРФ Г.А. Зюганова |publisher=Kprf.ru |date=2022-03-05 |accessdate=2022-03-15}}</ref> Two members out of 57 of CPRF's Duma caucus, [[Vyacheslav Markhayev|Vyacheslav Markhaev]] and [[Mikhail Matveyev (politician)|Mikhail Matveev]], have expressed opposition to the war, although they support the "protection of the people of Donbass".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/02/28/7326641/ |title=Third member of Derzhavna Duma condemns the war against Ukraine |publisher=Ukrayinska Pravda |date=2022-02-26 |accessdate=2022-03-02}}</ref> |
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According to its program,<ref name="kprf.ru"/> the CPRF considers it necessary to reform the country in three phases. In the first phase, it is needed to achieve workers' power through representation by a coalition led by the CPRF. Achieving this goal will help eliminate the devastation from the standpoint of the party, the consequences conducted in the past decade of reforms, in particular, by the nationalization of property privatized in the 1990s. In this case, however, small producers will remain, and, moreover, will be organized to protect them from robbery by "big business, bureaucrats, and mafia groups". It is planned to reform the management of enterprises through the creation of [[Workers' council|councils]] at various levels. The party also plans to transform Russia into a [[Soviet republic (system of government)|Soviet republic]]. |
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A few younger members of the CPRF spoke publicly against the war in Ukraine, although their criticisms only refer to Russia's military campaign outside of Donbass, while they fully support the narrative that Ukraine is governed by "neo-Nazis".<ref>{{cite news |title='Defending the Donbas is one thing. Bombing Kyiv is another'. Russia's Communist Party officially supports the war against Ukraine. But its younger members are speaking out. |url=https://meduza.io/en/feature/2022/06/10/defending-the-donbas-is-one-thing-bombing-kyiv-is-another |work=[[Meduza]] |date=10 June 2022}}</ref> |
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In the second stage the role of councils and [[trade union]]s will increase even more. The economy will be made a gradual transition to a socialist form of economic activity, however, a small private equity is still retained. Finally, the third phase is to build [[socialism]]. |
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As a result of the party's actions of endorsing the invasion of Ukraine, 55 of the 57 CPRF lawmakers, including Zyuganov, have been sanctioned by the [[United States Department of Treasury]], [[HM Treasury]] of the United Kingdom, [[Global Affairs Canada]], Japan, Australia and the [[European Commission]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-28/sanctions-imposed-so-far-on-russia-from-the-u-s-eu-and-u-k |title=The Sanctions Imposed So Far on Russia From the U.S., EU and U.K. |first1=Daniel |last1=Flatley |first2=John |last2=Follain |first3=Alex |last3=Morales |orig-date=28 February 2022 |date=31 March 2022 |publisher=Bloomberg |access-date=2022-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=From: Global Affairs Canada |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2022/02/canada-imposes-additional-economic-measures-on-russia-in-response-to-russias-attack-on-ukraine.html |title=Canada imposes additional economic measures on Russia in response to Russia's attack on Ukraine |publisher=Canada.ca |date=2022-02-24 |access-date=2022-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2022L00192 |title=Autonomous Sanctions (Designated Persons and Entities and Declared Persons—Ukraine) Amendment (No. 4) Instrument 2022 |publisher=Legislation.gov.au |date= 25 February 2022|access-date=2022-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.newizv.ru/news/world/15-03-2022/gennady-zyuganov-and-viktor-vekselberg-fell-under-japanese-sanctions?amp=1 |title=Gennady Zyuganov and Viktor Vekselberg are sanctioned by Japan |publisher=En.newizv.ru |date=2022-03-15 |access-date=2022-04-05}}</ref><ref>[[Office of Foreign Assets Control]]. "Notice of OFAC Sanctions Actions" published 17 March 2022. {{Federal Register|87|15305}}</ref> |
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In recent years, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation has also shown tendency of moving towards [[Dengism]]. The First Secretary Gennady Zyuganov also expressed that they should learn from China's successful example and build Russian Socialism. He also encouraged all party members to read "Selective work of Deng Xiaoping". He said during his visit to China in 2008: "If we have been learning the successful experience from the Chinese earlier, the Soviet Union would not have dissolved."<ref name="ce.cn">{{cite web|url=http://www.ce.cn/culture/rw/wg/xw/200801/26/t20080126_14371297.shtml|title=久加诺夫:俄共党员应好好学习《邓小平文选》(图)_中国经济网——国家经济门户|work=ce.cn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-01-30/102214861843.shtml|title=俄共主席访华自称只求公平一战|work=sina.com.cn}}</ref> |
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In July 2022, CPRF leader [[Gennady Zyuganov]] allowed the party to propose a merger with the left-conservative party [[A Just Russia — For Truth]], but only if the new party adopted the communist program.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Жуковский|first=Иван|date=2022-08-06|title=Зюганов согласился на объединение КПРФ и "Справедливой России". При одном условии|work=[[Gazeta.Ru]]|url=https://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2022/07/28/15192800.shtml|access-date=2022-08-06}}</ref> The day before, the leader of the A Just Russia [[Sergey Mironov]] said that he "does not see any obstacles to the creation in Russia of a large coalition of left-wing patriotic forces".<ref>{{cite web|date=2022-08-06|title=Зюганов допустил объединение КПРФ и СРЗП|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5481963|access-date=2022-08-02|website=www.kommersant.ru|language=ru}}</ref> |
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===Party program=== |
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Under the present conditions in the Russian Federation, the Communist Party believes it is necessary to:<ref name="kprf.ru"/> |
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*Stop the extinction of the country, restore benefits for large families, reconstruct the network of public kindergartens and provide housing for young families.[[File:Moscow rally 1 May 2012 19.JPG|thumb|Communist protesters with the sign "the order of dismissal of [[Vladimir Putin]] for the betrayal of the national interests", Moscow, 1 May 2012]] |
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*Nationalize natural resources in Russia and the strategic sectors of the economy; revenues in these industries are to be used in the interests of all citizens. |
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*Return to Russia from foreign banks the state financial reserves and use them for economic and social development. |
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*Break the system of total fraud in the elections. |
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*Create a truly independent judiciary. |
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*Carry out an immediate package of measures to combat poverty and introduce price controls on essential goods. |
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*Not raise the retirement age. |
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*Restore government responsibility for housing and utilities, establish fees for municipal services in an amount not more than 10% of family income, stop the eviction of people to the streets, expand public housing. |
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*Increase funding for science and scientists to provide decent wages and all the necessary research. |
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*Restore the highest standards of universal and free secondary and higher education that existed during the Soviet era. |
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*Ensure the availability and quality of health care. |
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*Vigorously develop high-tech manufacturing. |
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*Ensure the food and environmental security of the country and support the large collective farms for the production and processing of agricultural products. |
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*Prioritize [[domestic debt]] over [[foreign debt]] (to compensate for household deposits, burnt in the disastrous years of "reform"{{clarify|date=December 2015}}<!--which reform? wikilink please-->). |
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*Introduce progressive taxation; low-income citizens will be exempt from paying taxes. |
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*Create conditions for development of small and medium enterprises. |
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*Ensure the accessibility of cultural goods, stop the commercialization of culture, defend Russian culture as the foundation of the spiritual unity of multinational Russia, the national culture of all citizens of the country. |
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*Stop the slandering of the Russian and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] history. |
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*Take drastic measures to suppress corruption and crime. |
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*Strengthen national defense and expand social guarantees to servicemen and law enforcement officials. |
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*Ensure the territorial integrity of Russia and the protection of compatriots abroad. |
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*Institute a foreign policy based on mutual respect of countries and peoples to facilitate the voluntary restoration of the Union of States. |
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== Ideology == |
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The party is in favour of cooperation with the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kprf.ru/rus_soc/61751.html|title=Г.А. Зюганов о кончине Патриарха Алексия Второго: Он внес огромный вклад в дело возрождения церкви|work=kprf.ru}}</ref> But, according to the words of [[Gennady Zyuganov|Zyuganov]], the CPRF - is a party of scientific, but not militant [[atheism]]. [[Propaganda]] of any [[religion]] is banned inside the party.<ref>[http://kprf.ru/pravda/issues/2012/111/article-41057/ Актуальные вопросы совершенствования идейно-теоретической работы партии] (2012)</ref> Unlike the Communist Party of the Soviet Union after [[On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences|1956]], the CPRF celebrates the rule of [[Joseph Stalin]], ignoring the [[Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions]] automatically.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2822029.stm |title=Thousands pay respects to Stalin |accessdate=2008-06-06 |publisher=BBC News |date=2003-03-06 }}</ref><ref>[http://rbth.com/society/2014/10/30/victims_of_stalinist_repressions_remembered_at_moscow_ceremony_41051.html Victims of Stalinist repressions remembered at Moscow ceremony] (October 30, 2014)</ref> The party supported a ban on the "promotion of non-traditional sexual relations to minors",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/politics/putin-law-gay-religious-457/|title=Putin signs 'gay propaganda' ban and law criminalizing insult of religious feelings|work=rt.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://themoscownews.com/politics/20140129/192192050-print/Russian-State-Duma-Possessed-printer-or-executor-of-the-peoples.html|title=Russian State Duma: ‘Possessed printer’ or executor of the people’s will?|work=themoscownews.com}}</ref> mostly named a ban on "homosexual propaganda to minors" in Western media.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euronews.com/2013/06/11/russian-mps-vote-overwhelmingly-to-outlaw-gay-propaganda/|title=Russian MPs vote overwhelmingly to outlaw gay ‘propaganda’|work=euronews}}</ref> |
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[[File:XIII съезд КПРФ.JPG|thumb|250px|XIII Congress of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in 2008.]] |
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The party advocates for a socialist transformation of Russia through peaceful means within a pluralistic political framework. The CPRF considers the multi-sector [[market socialism|socialist market system]] as [[Socialism with Chinese Characteristics|developed in China]] to be a model which should be emulated within Russia. The party supports state ownership over major industries, the renationalization of businesses [[Privatization in Russia|privatized after the collapse of the Soviet Union]], giving out subsidies to currently [[State-owned enterprises of Russia|existing state-owned firms]] and maintaining large welfare benefits. The CPRF has also maintained stable relationships with many businesses, including small and large private companies, worker cooperatives, and organizations which trace their lineage to the Soviet era.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Communist Party of the Russian Federation (KPRF) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Communist-Party-of-the-Russian-Federation |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2002, it was described as [[left-wing nationalist]].<ref name="baijp245"/> |
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The CPRF's current programme was adapted in 2008, where the CPRF declared that it is the only political organisation that consistently upholds the rights of the workers and national interests. According to the programme, the strategic goal of the party is to build in Russia a "renewed socialism, [[Socialism of the 21st century]]".<ref name="cprf.ru">{{cite web|url=https://cprf.ru/party-program/|title=Official website of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}</ref> The program of the Communist Party declared that the party is guided by [[Marxism–Leninism]], based on the experience and achievements of domestic and world science and culture. According to the party, there comes a "confrontation between the [[New world order (politics)|New World Order]] and the Russian people with its thousand-year history, and with its qualities", "communality and great power, deep faith, undying altruism and decisive rejection of lures mercantile bourgeois liberal-democratic paradise".<ref>Зюганов Г. А. Кадры партии в действии. — М.: ИТРК, 2001. — с. 11. — {{ISBN|5-88010-083-9}}.</ref> |
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According to its program,<ref name="kprf.ru">{{cite web |title=Программа партии |url=http://kprf.ru/party/program/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050102215355/http://www.kprf.ru/party/program/ |archive-date=2005-01-02 |access-date=2015-03-13}}</ref> the CPRF considers it necessary to reform the country in three phases. In the first phase, it is needed to achieve workers' power through representation by a coalition led by the CPRF. Achieving this goal will help eliminate the devastation from the standpoint of the party, the consequences conducted in the past decade of reforms, in particular by the nationalisation of property privatised in the 1990s. However, in this case small producers will remain and moreover will be organised to protect them from robbery by "big business, bureaucrats, and mafia groups". It is planned to reform the management of enterprises through the creation of [[Workers' council|councils]] at various levels. The party also plans to transform Russia into a [[Soviet republic]].{{citation needed | date = December 2017}} In the second stage, the role of councils and [[trade union]]s will increase even more. A gradual transition in the economy will be made to a socialist form of [[Economics|economic activity]], but a small private equity is still retained. Finally, the third phase is to build [[socialism]]. |
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The First Secretary Gennady Zyuganov also expressed that they should learn from China's successful example and build Russian socialism. He also encouraged all party members to read "Selected works of Deng Xiaoping". He said during his visit to China in 2008: "Had we learned from the success of China earlier, the Soviet Union would not have dissolved".<ref name="ce.cn">{{cite web|url=http://www.ce.cn/culture/rw/wg/xw/200801/26/t20080126_14371297.shtml|title=久加诺夫:俄共党员应好好学习《邓小平文选》(图)_中国经济网——国家经济门户|work=ce.cn|access-date=2014-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201701/http://www.ce.cn/culture/rw/wg/xw/200801/26/t20080126_14371297.shtml|archive-date=2015-09-23|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-01-30/102214861843.shtml|title=俄共主席访华自称只求公平一战|work=sina.com.cn}}</ref> |
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=== Party programme === |
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[[File:Moscow rally 1 May 2012 19.JPG|thumb|right|270px|Communist protesters with a sign portraying an "order of dismissal" for [[Vladimir Putin]] for "betrayal of the national interests", Moscow, 1 May 2012.]] |
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Under the present conditions in the Russian Federation, the CPRF calls for the following proposals:<ref name="kprf.ru"/> |
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* Stop the extinction of the country, restore benefits for large families, reconstruct the network of public kindergartens and provide housing for young families. |
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* Nationalise natural resources in Russia and the strategic sectors of the economy; revenues in these industries are to be used in the interests of all citizens. |
|||
* Return to Russia from foreign banks the state financial reserves and use them for economic and social development. |
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* Break the system of total fraud in the elections.{{failed verification|date=May 2023}} |
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* Create a truly independent judiciary.{{failed verification|date=May 2023}} |
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* Carry out an immediate package of measures to combat poverty and introduce price controls on essential goods. |
|||
* Not raise the retirement age. |
|||
* Restore government responsibility for housing and utilities, establish fees for municipal services in an amount not more than 10% of family income, stop the eviction of people to the streets and expand public housing. |
|||
* Increase funding for science and scientists to provide decent wages and all the necessary research. |
|||
* Restore the highest standards of universal and free secondary and higher education that existed during the Soviet era. |
|||
* Ensure the availability and quality of health care. |
|||
* Vigorously develop high-tech manufacturing. |
|||
* Ensure the food and environmental security of the country and support the large collective farms for the production and processing of agricultural products. |
|||
* Prioritise [[domestic debt]] over [[foreign debt]] |
|||
* Introduce progressive taxation; low-income citizens will be exempt from paying taxes. |
|||
* Create conditions for development of small and medium enterprises. |
|||
* Ensure the accessibility of cultural goods, stop the commercialisation of culture, defend Russian culture as the foundation of the spiritual unity of multinational Russia, the national culture of all citizens of the country. |
|||
* Stop the slandering of the [[History of Russia|Russian]] and [[History of the Soviet Union|Soviet history]]. |
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* Take drastic measures to suppress corruption and crime. |
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* Strengthen national defense and expand social guarantees to servicemen and law enforcement officials. |
|||
* Ensure the territorial integrity of Russia and the protection of compatriots abroad. |
|||
* Institute a foreign policy based on mutual respect of countries and peoples to facilitate the voluntary restoration of the Union of States. |
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The party is in favour of cooperation with the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kprf.ru/rus_soc/61751.html|title=Г.А. Зюганов о кончине Патриарха Алексия Второго: Он внес огромный вклад в дело возрождения церкви|work=kprf.ru}}</ref> According to the words of [[Gennady Zyuganov|Zyuganov]], the CPRF is a party of scientific, but not militant [[atheism]]. [[Propaganda]] of any [[religion]] is banned inside the party.<ref>[http://kprf.ru/pravda/issues/2012/111/article-41057/ Актуальные вопросы совершенствования идейно-теоретической работы партии] (2012).</ref> The CPRF celebrates the rule of [[Joseph Stalin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ria.ru/20190404/1552382644.html |title=Зюганов отреагировал на слова генсека НАТО о Сталине – РИА Новости, 03.03.2020 |publisher=Ria.ru |date= 4 April 2019|accessdate=2022-03-02}}</ref> Zyuganov and the party support social conservatism and voted in favor of the ban on the "promotion of non-traditional sexual relations to minors", commonly known as the [[Russian gay propaganda law]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rbc.ru/politics/23/10/2015/5629f3689a7947066e293618 | title=В КПРФ предложили арестовывать совершивших каминг-аут гомосексуалистов | date=23 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://themoscownews.com/politics/20140129/192192050-print/Russian-State-Duma-Possessed-printer-or-executor-of-the-peoples.html|title=Russian State Duma: 'Possessed printer' or executor of the people's will?|last=Antonova|first=Natalia|date=29 January 2014|work=themoscownews.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301042652/http://themoscownews.com/politics/20140129/192192050-print/Russian-State-Duma-Possessed-printer-or-executor-of-the-peoples.html|archive-date=1 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2013/06/11/russian-mps-vote-overwhelmingly-to-outlaw-gay-propaganda|title=Russian MPs vote overwhelmingly to outlaw gay 'propaganda'|date=11 June 2013|publisher=[[EuroNews]]|access-date=19 December 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041358/https://www.euronews.com/2013/06/11/russian-mps-vote-overwhelmingly-to-outlaw-gay-propaganda|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the party has taken a pro-war stance.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} The party leader, [[Gennady Zyuganov]], called in the Duma for a general mobilization.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cuesta |first=Javier G. |date=2022-09-15 |title=Putin's entourage demands 'full mobilization' for the war in Ukraine |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2022-09-15/putins-entourage-demands-full-mobilization-for-the-war-in-ukraine.html |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=EL PAÍS English Edition |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="It's a war, not a special operation. We need mobilization," Russian Communist Party leader says |url=https://theins.info/en/news/254990 |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=The Insider |language=ru}}</ref> |
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===Internal factions=== |
===Internal factions=== |
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Since its founding the CPRF has had several distinct internal factions:<ref name="baijp244">Bozóki & Ishiyama, |
Since its founding the CPRF has had several distinct internal factions:<ref name="baijp244">Bozóki & Ishiyama, p. 244.</ref> |
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*[[Left-wing nationalism|Left-wing nationalists]]. CPRF leader Gennady Zyuganov is from this tendency. The left-wing nationalists in the party identify |
*[[Left-wing nationalism|Left-wing nationalists]]. CPRF leader Gennady Zyuganov is from this tendency. The left-wing nationalists in the party identify socialism historically with Russia and Russia culturally with socialism. They are influenced by the writings of historian [[Lev Gumilyov]] and see class struggle as having evolved into struggle between civilisations.<ref name="baijp245"/> |
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*[[Marxism–Leninism| |
*[[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninists]]. The Marxist–Leninist faction of the party has a traditional [[Leninist]] understanding of class struggle and socialism. They are against both nationalism and social democracy. This tendency is heavily reflected in the party's rank-and-file membership. [[Richard Kosolapov]] was a prominent member of this group.<ref>{{cite web|author=Andrey Shabaev|url=http://www.partinform.ru/ros_mn/rm_5.htm |title=Российская многопартийность. Глава 5|publisher=www.partinform.ru|access-date=2011-02-19}}</ref> |
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*[[Reformism|Reformers]]. The party's reformers are [[Social democracy|social democratic]] or reform-communists, who have a generally critical view of the Soviet Union. This faction had a majority at the Second Extraordinary Congress but has declined since then.<ref name="baijp245" |
*[[Reformism|Reformers]]. The party's reformers are [[Social democracy|social democratic]] or [[Eurocommunism|reform-communists]], who have a generally critical view of the Soviet Union. This faction had a majority at the Second Extraordinary Congress, but has declined since then.<ref name="baijp245"/> |
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==Party structure== |
== Party structure == |
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[[File:Communist Party of the Russian Federation meeting at Manezhnaya Square 3, Moscow, 2011-12-18.jpg|thumb |
[[File:Communist Party of the Russian Federation meeting at Manezhnaya Square 3, Moscow, 2011-12-18.jpg|thumb|250px|Communist Party rally on [[Manezhnaya Square, Moscow]], 18 December 2011.]] |
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The CPRF is legally registered |
The CPRF is legally registered in Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://minjust.ru/nko/gosreg/partii/spisok|title=Список зарегистрированных политических партий|work=minjust.ru|access-date=12 August 2012|archive-date=3 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403071918/http://minjust.ru/nko/gosreg/partii/spisok|url-status=dead}}</ref> In organisational terms, it largely mirrors the CPSU, with the party being led by a [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation|Central Committee]] with a commitment to [[democratic centralism]].<ref name="baijp243">Bozóki & Ishiyama, p. 243.</ref> It has regional offices in 81 federal subjects. Each regional office is controlled by the local (oblast, city, etc.) committee, headed by the First Secretary. The headquarters of the party is in [[Moscow]]. The [[Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation]] is the youth organisation of the party. |
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===International cooperation=== |
=== International cooperation === |
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In 1993 the party founded the [[Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]. Since 2001, the organisation has been led by Gennady Zyuganov and it became part of the Central Committee. |
In 1993, the party founded the [[Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]. Since 2001, the organisation has been led by Gennady Zyuganov and it became part of the Central Committee. |
||
The party has friendly relations with the [[Party of the European Left]], but is not a member of it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kprf.ru/international/102237.html|title=И.И. Мельников встретился с делегацией Европарламента|work=kprf.ru}}</ref> The party also has friendly relations with the [[Communist Party |
The party has friendly relations with the [[Party of the European Left]], but it is not a member of it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kprf.ru/international/102237.html|title=И.И. Мельников встретился с делегацией Европарламента|work=kprf.ru}}</ref> The party also has friendly relations with the [[Chinese Communist Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kprf.ru/international/94550.html|title=90 лет Коммунистической партии Китая. "Круглый стол" в редакции газеты "Правда"|work=kprf.ru}}</ref> |
||
On |
On 24 March 2017, the party sent a delegation to [[North Korea]] and signed a "protocol on cooperation" with the [[Workers' Party of Korea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://naenara.com.kp/en/order/pytimes/index.php?page=Affairs&no=17793|title=Russian dignitaries visit DPRK|publisher=[[Naenara]]}}</ref> During the visit, a stone was placed in the [[Juche Tower]]. |
||
In October 2017 the party hosted the 19th [[International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties]] in the city of Saint Petersburg, marking the centenary of the [[October Revolution]], with an attendance of over 100 parties from around the globe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcp.pt/partidos-comunistas-operarios-assinalam-centenario-da-revolucao-de-outubro|title=Partidos comunistas e operários assinalam centenário da Revolução de Outubro|work=pcp.pt|date=9 November 2017 }}</ref> |
|||
===Media=== |
|||
''[[Pravda]]'' is the newspaper of the Communist Party,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kprf.ru/rus_soc/62045.html|title=Г.А. Зюганов в "Интерфаксе": КПРФ – реальная политическая сила, способная вывести страну из тяжелого кризиса|work=kprf.ru}}</ref> it has more than 30 regional editions. The party has also a newspaper named ''[[Sovetskaya Rossiya]] ''("Soviet Russia"). ''[[Sovetskaya Rossiya]]'' is a newspaper that is friendly to the party, and until 2004 the newspaper ''Tomorrow''.{{clarify|date=June 2016}} |
|||
=== |
=== Media === |
||
''[[Pravda]]'' is the newspaper of the Communist Party;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kprf.ru/rus_soc/62045.html|title=Г.А. Зюганов в "Интерфаксе": КПРФ – реальная политическая сила, способная вывести страну из тяжелого кризиса|work=kprf.ru}}</ref> it has 81 regional editions. |
|||
According to the financial report of the CPRF, in 2006 the party received 127,453,237 rubles (3,998,835 [[U.S. dollars]]): |
|||
*29% - membership fees |
|||
*30% - the federal budget |
|||
*6% - donations |
|||
*35% - other incomes |
|||
[[Left-wing nationalism|Left-wing nationalist]] newspaper ''[[Sovetskaya Rossiya]]'' has also friendly ties with the Communist Party, but is not officially affiliated with it. |
|||
In 2006, the party spent 116,823,489 rubles (3,665,328 U.S. dollars): |
|||
*5% - for the maintenance of regional offices |
|||
*21% - on promotion (information, advertising, publishing, printing) |
|||
*10% - the content of the governing bodies |
|||
*7% - the preparation and conduct of elections and referenda |
|||
*36% - content publishers, media and educational institutions |
|||
In 2008 the CPRF received 70% of its finance from the state budget of the Russian Federation. According to a report at the XIII Congress of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, for 10 months of 2008, total income amounted to 148 million rubles, including 8 million rubles from charges membership fees, 36 million rubles from donations and 106 million rubles from government funding. |
|||
Ultra-nationalist newspaper ''[[Zavtra]]'' used to support the Communist Party, but in 2005 it switched its support to [[Rodina (political party)|Rodina]].<ref>[http://www.orodine.ru/kniga/party4e.pdf ''"Party Number Four", Rodina: Whence and Why?''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126214940/http://orodine.ru/kniga/party4e.pdf|date=2013-11-26}}, by Alexei Titkov, Panorama Centre, Moscow, 2006, {{ISBN|5-94420-021-9}}, p. 24-25.</ref> |
|||
On 19 October 2008 the leader of the party, Gennady Zyuganov, appealed to the citizens of Russia to financially support the party to implement its policy goals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ria.ru/politics/20081019/153484963.html|title=Коммунисты просят россиян материально поддержать партию|work=РИА Новости}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.mail.ru/politics/2105744/|title=Коммунисты просят россиян материально поддержать партию|work=Новости Mail. Ru}}</ref> |
|||
=== Finances === |
|||
==Popular support and electoral results== |
|||
According to the financial report of the CPRF, in 2006 the party received ₽127,453,237 rubles (3,998,835 US$): |
|||
The CPRF is strong in large cities and major industrial and scientific centers ("[[naukograd]]s"), as well as in the small towns and cities around [[Moscow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orenkprf.narod.ru/ookkprf.html |script-title=ru:Оренбургский Областной Комитет КПРФ |accessdate=2009-02-05 |language=ru |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828113147/http://orenkprf.narod.ru/ookkprf.html |archivedate=August 28, 2009 }}</ref> |
|||
For example, one of the few polling stations that gave a success to the CPRF during the [[Russian legislative election, 2007|Russian legislative election of 2007]] was at [[Moscow State University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apn.ru/publications/article18702.htm|script-title=ru:Агентство Политических Новостей|accessdate=2007-12-14|language=ru|work=Agency of Political News}}</ref> The CPRF is also strong in the far east of Russia, in [[Siberia]] and the [[Urals]].<ref name="baijp253">Bozóki & Ishiyama, p253</ref> |
|||
* 29% – membership fees |
|||
===Presidential elections=== |
|||
* 30% – the federal budget |
|||
In all presidential elections that have been held in the Russian Federation, the Communist Party's candidate has finished second. In 2012 several opposition politicians, including [[Boris Nemtsov]], claimed that Dmitry Medvedev admitted to them that Zyuganov would actually have won the 1996 election if not for fraud in favor of Yeltsin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pvda.be/nieuws/artikel/rusland-belangrijkste-oppositie-doodgezwegen.html|title=Nieuws|work=PVDA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2107565,00.html|title=Russia: Did Yeltsin Steal the 1996 Presidential Vote? - TIME|date=24 February 2012|work=TIME.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://exiledonline.com/how-the-west-helped-invent-russias-election-fraud-osce-whistleblower-exposes-1996-whitewash/|title=How The West Helped Invent Russia’s Election Fraud: OSCE Whistleblower Exposes 1996 Whitewash - By Alexander Zaitchik and Mark Ames - The eXiled|work=exiledonline.com}}</ref> Zyuganov received, according to the official results, 17.18% of the votes in the presidential election of 2012. According to independent observers, there was large-scale fraud in favor of Putin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bnr.nl/topic/politiek/184310-1203/fraude-bij-verkiezing-rusland|title=Fraude bij verkiezing Rusland|work=BNR Nieuwsradio}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nos.nl/artikel/347832-fraudeberichten-uit-rusland.html|title=Fraudeberichten uit Rusland|work=nos.nl}}</ref> He called the election "one of thieves, and absolutely dishonest and unworthy".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.standaard.be/artikel/detail.aspx?artikelid=DMF20120304_064|title=Oppositie noemt stembusgang oneerlijk|author=sad|work=De Standaard}}</ref> |
|||
* 6% – donations |
|||
{|class=wikitable |
|||
* 35% – other incomes |
|||
|- |
|||
|colspan=7|[[President of Russia|Presidency of Russia]] |
|||
In 2006, the party spent 116,823,489 rubles (3,665,328 US$): |
|||
* 5% – for the maintenance of regional offices |
|||
* 21% – on promotion (information, advertising, publishing and printing) |
|||
* 10% – the content of the governing bodies |
|||
* 7% – the preparation and conduct of elections and referendums |
|||
* 36% – content publishers, media and educational institutions |
|||
On 19 October 2008, the leader of the party Gennady Zyuganov appealed to the citizens of Russia to financially support the party to implement its policy goals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ria.ru/politics/20081019/153484963.html|title=Коммунисты просят россиян материально поддержать партию|work=РИА Новости|date=2008-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.mail.ru/politics/2105744/|title=Коммунисты просят россиян материально поддержать партию|work=Новости Mail. Ru|access-date=2012-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114004414/http://news.mail.ru/politics/2105744/|archive-date=2012-01-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
|||
== Popular support and electoral results == |
|||
The CPRF is strong in large cities and major industrial and scientific centers ("[[naukograd]]s") as well as in the small towns and cities around [[Moscow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orenkprf.narod.ru/ookkprf.html |script-title=ru:Оренбургский Областной Комитет КПРФ |access-date=2009-02-05 |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828113147/http://orenkprf.narod.ru/ookkprf.html |archive-date=August 28, 2009 }}</ref> One of the few polling stations that gave a success to the CPRF during the [[2007 Russian legislative election]] was at [[Moscow State University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apn.ru/publications/article18702.htm|script-title=ru:Агентство Политических Новостей|access-date=2007-12-14|language=ru|work=Agency of Political News}}</ref> The CPRF is also strong in the [[Russian Far East|far east of Russia]], in [[Siberia]], and the [[Ural Mountains|Ural]].<ref name="baijp253">Bozóki & Ishiyama, p. 253.</ref> Supporters of the CPRF include those who suffered economically and politically from the collapse of the Soviet Union. The party is considered to depend on the [[nostalgia for the Soviet Union]], having the largest poll of voters among the elderly.<ref name=":2" /> |
|||
=== Presidential elections === |
|||
In all presidential elections that have been held in the Russian Federation, the CRPF's candidate has finished second. In 2012, several opposition politicians, including [[Boris Nemtsov]], posited that Dmitry Medvedev admitted to them that Zyuganov would actually have won the [[1996 Russian presidential election]] if not for fraud in favor of [[Boris Yeltsin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pvda.be/nieuws/artikel/rusland-belangrijkste-oppositie-doodgezwegen.html|title=Nieuws|work=PVDA|access-date=2012-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214192622/http://www.pvda.be/nieuws/artikel/rusland-belangrijkste-oppositie-doodgezwegen.html|archive-date=2013-12-14|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2107565,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224190926/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2107565,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 February 2012|title=Russia: Did Yeltsin Steal the 1996 Presidential Vote? |date=24 February 2012|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://exiledonline.com/how-the-west-helped-invent-russias-election-fraud-osce-whistleblower-exposes-1996-whitewash/|title=How The West Helped Invent Russia's Election Fraud: OSCE Whistleblower Exposes 1996 Whitewash – By Alexander Zaitchik and Mark Ames – The eXiled|work=exiledonline.com}}</ref> According to the official results, Zyuganov received 17.18% of the votes in the [[2012 Russian presidential election]]. According to independent observers, there was large-scale fraud in favor of [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bnr.nl/topic/politiek/184310-1203/fraude-bij-verkiezing-rusland|title=Fraude bij verkiezing Rusland|work=BNR Nieuwsradio|access-date=6 August 2012|archive-date=14 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414111045/http://www.bnr.nl/topic/politiek/184310-1203/fraude-bij-verkiezing-rusland|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nos.nl/artikel/347832-fraudeberichten-uit-rusland.html|title=Fraudeberichten uit Rusland|work=nos.nl|date=4 March 2012 }}</ref> Zyuganov called the election "one of thieves, and absolutely dishonest and unworthy".<ref>{{cite web |author= |title=Oppositie noemt stembusgang oneerlijk |url=http://www.standaard.be/artikel/detail.aspx?artikelid=DMF20120304_064 |work=De Standaard|date=4 March 2012 }}</ref> |
|||
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
!rowspan=2| |
! rowspan="2" | Election |
||
!rowspan=2|Candidate |
! rowspan="2" | Candidate |
||
!colspan=2|First |
! colspan="2" scope="col" | First round |
||
!colspan=2|Second |
! colspan="2" | Second round |
||
! rowspan="2" | Result |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! Votes |
|||
!# of<br/>overall votes |
|||
! % |
|||
!% of<br/>overall vote |
|||
! Votes |
|||
!# of<br/>overall votes |
|||
! % |
|||
!% of<br/>overall vote |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
![[Russian presidential election |
![[1996 Russian presidential election|1996]] |
||
|[[Gennady Zyuganov]] |
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Gennady Zyuganov]] |
||
|24,211,686 |
|24,211,686 |
||
|32. |
|32.03 |
||
|30, |
|30,102,288 |
||
|40. |
|40.31 |
||
|{{no2|Lost}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
![[Russian presidential election |
![[2000 Russian presidential election|2000]] |
||
|[[Gennady Zyuganov]] |
|||
|21,928,468 |
|21,928,468 |
||
|29. |
|29.21 |
||
| |
| style="background:lightgrey;" colspan="2"| |
||
|{{no2|Lost}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
![[Russian presidential election |
![[2004 Russian presidential election|2004]] |
||
|[[Nikolay Kharitonov]] |
|align=left| [[Nikolay Kharitonov]] |
||
|9,513,313 |
|9,513,313 |
||
|13. |
|13.69 |
||
| |
| style="background:lightgrey;" colspan="2"| |
||
|{{no2|Lost}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
![[Russian presidential election |
![[2008 Russian presidential election|2008]] |
||
|[[Gennady Zyuganov]] |
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Gennady Zyuganov]] |
||
|13,243,550 |
|13,243,550 |
||
|17. |
|17.72 |
||
| |
| style="background:lightgrey;" colspan="2"| |
||
|{{no2|Lost}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
![[Russian presidential election |
![[2012 Russian presidential election|2012]] |
||
|[[Gennady Zyuganov]] |
|||
|12,318,353 |
|12,318,353 |
||
|17. |
|17.18 |
||
| |
| style="background:lightgrey;" colspan="2"| |
||
|{{no2|Lost}} |
|||
|} |
|||
===Parliamentary elections=== |
|||
{|class=wikitable |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
![[2018 Russian presidential election|2018]] |
|||
|colspan=6|[[State Duma]] |
|||
|align=left| [[Pavel Grudinin]] |
|||
|8,659,206 |
|||
|11.77 |
|||
| style="background:lightgrey;" colspan="2"| |
|||
|{{no2|Lost}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
![[2024 Russian presidential election|2024]] |
|||
! Election year |
|||
|align=left| [[Nikolay Kharitonov]] |
|||
!# of<br/>overall votes |
|||
|3,768,470 |
|||
!% of<br/>overall vote |
|||
|4.37 |
|||
!# of<br/>overall seats won |
|||
| style="background:lightgrey;" colspan="2"| |
|||
!+/– |
|||
|{{no2|Lost}} |
|||
!Leader |
|||
|- |
|||
![[Russian legislative election, 1993|1993]] |
|||
|6,666,402 (#3) |
|||
|12.4 |
|||
|{{Composition bar|65|450|hex={{Communist Party of the Russian Federation/meta/color}}}} |
|||
|<center>-</center> |
|||
|<center>[[Gennady Zyuganov]]</center> |
|||
|- |
|||
![[Russian legislative election, 1995|1995]] |
|||
|15,432,963 (#'''1''') |
|||
|22.30 |
|||
|{{Composition bar|157|450|hex={{Communist Party of the Russian Federation/meta/color}}}} |
|||
|<center>{{increase}} 92</center> |
|||
|<center>[[Gennady Zyuganov]]</center> |
|||
|- |
|||
![[Russian legislative election, 1999|1999]] |
|||
|16,196,024 (#'''1''') |
|||
|24.29 |
|||
|{{Composition bar|113|450|hex={{Communist Party of the Russian Federation/meta/color}}}} |
|||
|<center>{{decrease}} 44</center> |
|||
|<center>[[Gennady Zyuganov]]</center> |
|||
|- |
|||
![[Russian legislative election, 2003|2003]] |
|||
|7,647,820 (#2) |
|||
|12.6 |
|||
|{{Composition bar|52|450|hex={{Communist Party of the Russian Federation/meta/color}}}} |
|||
|<center>{{decrease}} 61</center> |
|||
|<center>[[Gennady Zyuganov]]</center> |
|||
|- |
|||
![[Russian legislative election, 2007|2007]] |
|||
|8,046,886 (#2) |
|||
|11.6 |
|||
|{{Composition bar|57|450|hex={{Communist Party of the Russian Federation/meta/color}}}} |
|||
|<center>{{increase}} 5</center> |
|||
|<center>[[Gennady Zyuganov]]</center> |
|||
|- |
|||
![[Russian legislative election, 2011|2011]] |
|||
|12,599,507 (#2) |
|||
|19.2 |
|||
|{{Composition bar|92|450|hex={{Communist Party of the Russian Federation/meta/color}}}} |
|||
|<center>{{increase}} 35</center> |
|||
|<center>[[Gennady Zyuganov]]</center> |
|||
|- |
|||
![[Russian legislative election, 2016|2016]] |
|||
|6,958,361 (#2) |
|||
|13.4 |
|||
|{{Composition bar|42|450|hex={{Communist Party of the Russian Federation/meta/color}}}} |
|||
|<center>{{decrease}} 50</center> |
|||
|<center>[[Gennady Zyuganov]]</center> |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
=== |
=== Parliamentary elections === |
||
{|class= |
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right |
||
|+ '''Results of the CPRF in national elections''' |
|||
|-style="text-align: center;" |
|||
!Region |
|||
!2003<br/>Pct. |
|||
!2007<br/>Pct. |
|||
!2011<br/>Pct. |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! Election |
|||
|[[Murmansk Oblast]] |
|||
! Leader |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|7.44 |
|||
! Votes |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|17.47 |
|||
! % |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|21.76 |
|||
! Seats |
|||
! +/– |
|||
! Rank |
|||
! Government |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
![[1993 Russian legislative election|1993]] |
|||
|[[Komi Republic]] |
|||
|style="text-align: |
|style="text-align:left;" rowspan="10"|[[Gennady Zyuganov]] |
||
|6,666,402 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|14.23 |
|||
|12.40 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|13.46 |
|||
|{{composition bar|42|450|hex={{party color|Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}}} |
|||
| style="background:lightgrey;"| |
|||
|3rd |
|||
|{{no2|Opposition}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! rowspan="3" |[[1995 Russian legislative election|1995]] |
|||
|[[Vologda Oblast]] |
|||
| rowspan="3" | 15,432,963 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|8.77 |
|||
| rowspan="3" |22.30 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|13.44 |
|||
| rowspan="3" |{{composition bar|157|450|hex={{party color|Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}}} |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|16.78 |
|||
| rowspan="3" |{{increase}} 115 |
|||
| rowspan="3" |{{increase}} '''1st''' |
|||
|{{No2|Opposition {{small|(1995–1998)}}}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{yes2|[[Yevgeny Primakov's Cabinet|Coalition]] {{small|(1998–1999)}}}} |
|||
|[[Leningrad Oblast]] |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|9.05 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|17.07 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|17.31 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{no2|Opposition {{small|(1999)}}}} |
|||
|[[Saint Petersburg]] |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|8.48 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|16.02 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|15.50 |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
![[1999 Russian legislative election|1999]] |
|||
|[[Pskov Oblast]] |
|||
|16,196,024 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|15.17 |
|||
|24.29 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|19.41 |
|||
|{{composition bar|113|450|hex={{party color|Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}}} |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|25.13 |
|||
|{{decrease}} 44 |
|||
|{{steady}} '''1st''' |
|||
|{{no2|Opposition}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
![[2003 Russian legislative election|2003]] |
|||
|[[Moscow Oblast]] |
|||
|7,647,820 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|9.67 |
|||
|12.61 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|18.81 |
|||
|{{composition bar|51|450|hex={{party color|Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}}} |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|19.35 |
|||
|{{decrease}} 62 |
|||
|{{decrease}} 2nd |
|||
|{{no2|Opposition}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
![[2007 Russian legislative election|2007]] |
|||
|[[Oryol Oblast]] |
|||
|8,046,886 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|16.28 |
|||
|11.57 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|17.58 |
|||
|{{composition bar|57|450|hex={{party color|Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}}} |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|31.98 |
|||
|{{increase}} 6 |
|||
|{{steady}} 2nd |
|||
|{{no2|Opposition}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
![[2011 Russian legislative election|2011]] |
|||
|[[Samara Oblast]] |
|||
|12,599,507 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|17.38 |
|||
|19.19 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|18.39 |
|||
|{{composition bar|92|450|hex={{party color|Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}}} |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|23.13 |
|||
|{{increase}} 35 |
|||
|{{steady}} 2nd |
|||
|{{no2|Opposition}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
![[2016 Russian legislative election|2016]] |
|||
|[[Stavropol Krai]] |
|||
|7,019,752 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|13.70 |
|||
|13.34 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|14.28 |
|||
|{{composition bar|42|450|hex={{party color|Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}}} |
|||
|style="text-align:right;"|18.40 |
|||
|{{decrease}} 50 |
|||
|{{steady}} 2nd |
|||
|{{no2|Opposition}} |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
![[2021 Russian legislative election|2021]] |
|||
|[[Dagestan]] |
|||
|10,660,599 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|18.31 |
|||
|18.93 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|6.64 |
|||
|{{composition bar|57|450|hex={{party color|Communist Party of the Russian Federation}}}} |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|8.38 |
|||
|{{increase}} 15 |
|||
|- |
|||
|{{steady}} 2nd |
|||
|[[Omsk Oblast]] |
|||
|{{no2|Opposition}} |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|16.23 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|22.90 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|21.87 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Tyumen Oblast]] |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|9.94 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|8.43 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|11.74 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Tomsk Oblast]] |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|12.60 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|13.37 |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|22.39 |
|||
|- |
|||
|'''National''' |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|'''12.61''' |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|'''11.57''' |
|||
|style="text-align: right;"|'''19.20''' |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
===Regional elections=== |
=== Regional elections === |
||
In February 2005 the CPRF defeated the ruling pro-Kremlin party |
In February 2005, the CPRF defeated the ruling pro-Kremlin party [[United Russia]] in elections to the regional legislature of [[Nenets Autonomous Okrug]], obtaining 27% of the popular vote. |
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In the [[Moscow]] [[Duma]] election held on 4 December 2005 the |
In the [[Moscow]] [[Duma]] election held on 4 December 2005, the party won 16.75% and 4 seats, the best ever result for the CPRF in Moscow. In the opinion of some observers,{{which|date=November 2014}} the absence of the [[Motherland (Russia)|Rodina]] party contributed to the Communists' success. |
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On 11 March 2007 elections took place for 14 regional and local legislatures. The CPRF performed very well and increased its votes in most of the territories; it came second in [[Oryol Oblast]] (23.78%), |
On 11 March 2007, elections took place for 14 regional and local legislatures. The CPRF performed very well and increased its votes in most of the territories; it came second in [[Oryol Oblast]] (23.78%), [[Omsk Oblast]] (22.58%), [[Pskov Oblast]] (19.21%) and [[Samara Oblast]] (18.87%), [[Moscow Oblast]] (18.80%), [[Murmansk Oblast]] (17.51%) and [[Tomsk Oblast]] (13.37%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cprf.ru/news/party_news/48021.html |title=Официальный сайт КПРФ |publisher=Cprf.ru |access-date=2011-02-19 |archive-date=23 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323162848/http://www.cprf.ru/news/party_news/48021.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> These results testify that the CPRF is the most significant opposition party in Russia. |
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On 21 May 2007 the CPRF obtained an important success in the [[Volgograd]]'s mayoral election. Communist candidate [[Roman Grebennikov]] won election as mayor with 32.47% of the vote and became the youngest mayor of a regional capital. In 2008 Roman Grebennikov switched his allegiance to |
On 21 May 2007, the CPRF obtained an important success in the [[Volgograd]]'s mayoral election. Communist candidate [[Roman Grebennikov]] won election as mayor with 32.47% of the vote and became the youngest mayor of a regional capital. In 2008, Roman Grebennikov switched his allegiance to United Russia, angering many Communists who accused him of using the CPRF as a tool to become elected. |
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On 7 April 2011, the CPRF candidate Ilya Potapov won the [[mayor]]al election in the town of [[Berdsk]] with a landslide victory over the |
On 7 April 2011, the CPRF candidate Ilya Potapov won the [[mayor]]al election in the town of [[Berdsk]] with a landslide victory over the United Russia candidates. |
||
{|class="wikitable" |
|||
|+ Results of the CPRF in regional parliamentary elections |
|||
|-style="text-align: center;" |
|||
!Region |
|||
!2003–2005<br/>Pct. |
|||
!2009<br/>Pct. |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Arkhangelsk Oblast]] |
|||
|8.61 |
|||
|16.67 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Bryansk Oblast]] |
|||
|18.57 |
|||
|22.76 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Vladimir Oblast]] |
|||
|20.33 |
|||
|27.75 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Volgograd Oblast]] |
|||
|25.83 |
|||
|23.57 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Kabardino-Balkaria]] |
|||
|8.69 |
|||
|8.36 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Karachay–Cherkessia]] |
|||
|15.57 |
|||
|10.07 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Nenets Autonomous Okrug]] |
|||
|25.86 |
|||
|20.51 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Tatarstan]] |
|||
|6.34 |
|||
|11.15 |
|||
|- |
|||
|[[Khakassia]] |
|||
|7.04 |
|||
|14.69 |
|||
|- |
|||
|'''Total''' |
|||
|'''12.79''' |
|||
|'''15.88''' |
|||
|} |
|||
In 2015 gubernatorial elections, party's nominee [[Sergey Levchenko]] won the gubernatorial election in [[Irkutsk Oblast]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2015/09/27_a_7781729.shtml|title=Иркутский проигрыш "Единой России"|website=Газета.Ru|date=6 April 2024 }}</ref> |
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==Criticism== |
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[[Marxism|Marxist]] theoretician [[Boris Kagarlitsky]] writes: “It is enough to recall that within the Communist movement itself, Zyuganov's party was at first neither the sole organisation, nor the largest. Bit by bit, however, all other Communist organisations were forced out of political life. This occurred not because the organisations in question were weak, but because it was the CPRF that had received the Kremlin's official approval as the sole recognised opposition.”<ref>{{cite web |last=Kagarlitsky |first=Boris |url=https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/23576 |title=RUSSIA: Is there life for KPRF after Yeltsin? |work=Green Left Weekly |date=2001-01-17 |accessdate=2011-02-19}}</ref> Andrei Brezhnev, grandson of Soviet leader [[Leonid Brezhnev]], has criticised the CPRF's Zyuganov's [[rapprochement]] with the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/10/world/the-saturday-profile-a-different-kind-of-brezhnev-in-the-making.html?pagewanted=all |work=The New York Times |title=THE SATURDAY PROFILE; A Different Kind of Brezhnev in the Making |date=2002-08-10 |accessdate=2010-03-28}}</ref> |
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In the [[2018 Russian gubernatorial elections|2018 gubernatorial elections]], Communist Party candidates [[Andrey Klychkov]] and [[Valentin Konovalov]] won the gubernatorial elections in the [[Oryol Oblast]] and [[Khakassia]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Коновалов набирает 57,5% на выборах главы Хакасии|url=https://tass.ru/politika/5779776|work=ТАСС|access-date=2018-11-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Новости |first=Р. И. А. |date=2018-09-10 |title=Клычков вступит в должность главы Орловской области 14 сентября |url=https://ria.ru/20180910/1528219456.html |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=РИА Новости |language=ru}}</ref> In addition, in the [[September 2018 Primorsky Krai gubernatorial election|election in Primorsky Krai]], the party's candidate [[Andrey Ishchenko]] could pass in the second round of election in which lost, by official results. The result of those elections was declared invalid due to a large number of violations in connection with which recall election were scheduled for December 2018, but the Communist Party decided not to nominate its candidate for the new election.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3791621|title=Выборы губернатора Приморья пройдут без участия КПРФ|journal=Коммерсантъ|date=3 November 2018 |via=Kommersant}}</ref> |
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In the 2018 elections to the regional parliaments, the Communist Party took first place in the voting on party lists in three regions. However, in two regions, [[United Russia]] still managed to get a relative majority in regional parliaments at the expense of deputies-single-mandate holders. Nevertheless, in Irkutsk Oblast, the party received a relative majority and is the largest faction in the Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tass.ru/politika/5544413|title=КПРФ побеждает по партийным спискам на выборах в заксобрания трех регионов из 16|website=ТАСС}}</ref> |
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== Criticism == |
|||
[[Marxism|Marxist]] theoretician [[Boris Kagarlitsky]] wrote in 2001: "It is enough to recall that within the Communist movement itself, Zyuganov's party was at first neither the sole organisation, nor the largest. Bit by bit, however, all other Communist organisations were forced out of political life. This occurred not because the organisations in question were weak, but because it was the CPRF that had received the Kremlin's official approval as the sole recognised opposition".<ref>{{cite web |last=Kagarlitsky |first=Boris |url=https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/russia-there-life-kprf-after-yeltsin |title=RUSSIA: Is there life for KPRF after Yeltsin? |work=Green Left Weekly |date=2001-01-17 |access-date=2022-03-06}}</ref> Andrei Brezhnev, grandson of [[List of leaders of the Soviet Union|Soviet leader]] [[Leonid Brezhnev]], has criticised the CPRF's Zyuganov's [[rapprochement]] with the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/10/world/the-saturday-profile-a-different-kind-of-brezhnev-in-the-making.html?pagewanted=all |work=The New York Times |title=The Saturday Profile; A Different Kind of Brezhnev in the Making |date=2002-08-10 |access-date=2010-03-28}}</ref> |
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== Gallery == |
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==Gallery== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:RIAN archive 783695 The leader of the CPRF Gennady Zyuganov at the Red Square.jpg|Zyuganov with members of the [[Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation]] |
File:RIAN archive 783695 The leader of the CPRF Gennady Zyuganov at the Red Square.jpg|Zyuganov with members of the [[Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation]] |
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Line 402: | Line 344: | ||
File:RIAN archive 371352 Communist Party supporters rally in Moscow's Triumfalnaya Square.jpg|The Communist Party holds a demonstration on [[Triumfalnaya Square]] in Moscow |
File:RIAN archive 371352 Communist Party supporters rally in Moscow's Triumfalnaya Square.jpg|The Communist Party holds a demonstration on [[Triumfalnaya Square]] in Moscow |
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File:Communist Party of the Russian Federation meeting at Manezhnaya Square, Moscow, 2011-12-18.jpg|Demonstration of the party |
File:Communist Party of the Russian Federation meeting at Manezhnaya Square, Moscow, 2011-12-18.jpg|Demonstration of the party |
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File:RIAN archive 535278 Laying flowers and wreaths to Iosif Stalin's grave at Kremlin wall.jpg|Party members lay down flowers at the tomb of Joseph Stalin |
File:RIAN archive 535278 Laying flowers and wreaths to Iosif Stalin's grave at Kremlin wall.jpg|Party members lay down flowers at the tomb of [[Joseph Stalin]] |
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File:Партийный билет КПРФ.JPG|Party membership card |
File:Партийный билет КПРФ.JPG|Party membership card |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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Line 408: | Line 350: | ||
==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{portal|Communism|Politics|Soviet Union|Russia}} |
{{portal|Communism|Politics|Soviet Union|Russia}} |
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* [[ |
* [[CPRF faction in the State Duma]] |
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* [[Communist Party of |
* [[History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] |
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* [[ |
* [[List of communist parties]] |
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* [[ |
* [[MFK KPRF]] |
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* [[Politics of Russia]] |
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* [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]] |
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* [[ |
* [[Red Belt (Russia)]] |
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* [[Communist Party of Cuba]] |
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* [[Yuri Maslyukov]] |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{ |
{{reflist|30em}} |
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*Lisa Horner [http://www.sras.org/communist_party_russian_federation_cprf "Communism and the CPRF in Modern Russia"] • ''The School of Russian and Asian Studies'' (23.01.2009) |
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*Miriam Elder, [http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/mexico/091014/communism-love-affair "Communism: a love affair? The tyranny of daily bribes has many Russians nostalgic for Soviet social services"] • ''[[The Global Post]]'' (14 October 2009) (updated 30 May 2010) |
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==Further reading== |
== Further reading == |
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*''KPRF ideology and its implications for democratization in Russia'' |
* Syed Mohsin Hashim (March 1999). ''KPRF ideology and its implications for democratization in Russia''. ''Communist and Post-Communist Studies''. Vol. 32. Iss. 1. pp. 77–89. |
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*Lisa Horner (23 January 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090227160511/http://www.sras.org/communist_party_russian_federation_cprf "Communism and the CPRF in Modern Russia"] • ''The School of Russian and Asian Studies''. |
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* Miriam Elder (14 October 2009) (updated 30 May 2010). [http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/mexico/091014/communism-love-affair "Communism: a love affair? The tyranny of daily bribes has many Russians nostalgic for Soviet social services"] • ''[[The Global Post]]''. |
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* {{cite book | last1=Bozóki | first1=András | last2=Ishiyama | first2=John T. | title=The Communist Successor Parties of Central and Eastern Europe | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-000-16140-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HszxDwAAQBAJ}} |
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==External links== |
== External links == |
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{{Commons category|Communist Party of the Russian Federation}} |
{{Commons category|Communist Party of the Russian Federation}} |
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*[ |
* [https://kprf.ru/ Official website] |
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*[https://www.youtube.com/user/CommunistPartyRF Official YouTube account] |
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{{Left-wing parties in the Russian Federation}} |
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Latest revision as of 18:36, 26 June 2024
Communist Party of the Russian Federation Коммунистическая Партия Российской Федерации | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Abbreviation | CPRF (English) КПРФ (Russian) KPRF (Romanized) |
General Secretary | Gennady Zyuganov |
First Deputy Chairmen | Ivan Melnikov Yury Afonin |
Deputy Chairmen | Vladimir Kashin Dmitry Novikov Leonid Kalashnikov |
Parliamentary Leader | Gennady Zyuganov |
Founded | 14 February 1993 |
Preceded by | CP RSFSR |
Headquarters | 16th building, Ol'khovskaya Ulitsa Moscow, Russia 105066 |
Newspaper | Pravda (81 regional editions) |
Youth wing | Komsomol |
Membership (2024 est.) | ![]() |
Ideology | |
Political position | Far-left[6][7][8] |
National affiliation | National Patriotic Forces of Russia |
Continental affiliation | UCP–CPSU |
International affiliation | IMCWP |
Colours | Red |
Slogan |
|
Anthem | |
Seats in the State Duma | 57 / 450 |
Seats in the Federation Council | 4 / 178 |
Governors | 3 / 85 |
Seats in the Regional Parliaments | 449 / 3,928 |
Ministers | 0 / 31 |
Party flag | |
![]() | |
Website | |
kprf cprf | |
The Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF; Russian: Коммунистическая Партия Российской Федерации; КПРФ, romanized: Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii; KPRF) is a communist political party in Russia that officially adheres to Marxist–Leninist philosophy.[3] It is the second-largest political party in Russia after United Russia. The youth organisation of the party is the Leninist Young Communist League.
The CPRF can trace its origin to the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which was established in March 1898. The party split in 1903 into a Menshevik (minority) and Bolshevik (majority) faction; the latter, led by Vladimir Lenin, is the direct ancestor of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and is the party that seized power in the October Revolution of 1917. After the CPSU was banned in 1991 by Russian President Boris Yeltsin in the aftermath of a failed coup attempt, the CPRF was founded at the Second Extraordinary Congress of Russian Communists on 14 February 1993 as the successor organisation of the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (CPRSFSR). It was the ruling party in the State Duma, the lower house of the Russian Federal Assembly from 1998 to 1999.
The party's stated goal is to establish a new, modernized form of socialism in Russia through peaceful means.[9][10] Immediate goals of the party include the nationalisation of natural resources, agriculture, and large industries within the framework of a mixed economy, with socialist relations of production that allow for the growth of small and medium enterprises in the private/non-state sector.[11]
History
Part of a series on |
Communist parties |
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The CPRF was founded on 14 February 1993 at the Second Extraordinary Congress of Russian Communists, where it declared itself to be the successor of the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (CPRSFSR).[12] It formed through the merger of successor groups to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), including Roy Medvedev's Socialist Party of the Working People (of left-socialist orientation), Alexei Prigarin's Union of Communists; and much of the membership of the Stalinist Russian Communist Workers Party (although party leader Viktor Anpilov rejected the new party).[13] The CPRF quickly became the largest party in Russia, with 500,000 members soon after its founding, more than double all the other parties membership combined.[14]
Gennady Zyuganov, a co-founder of the party along with senior former Soviet politicians Yegor Ligachev, Anatoly Lukyanov, Andrew Konstant and others, was elected to be party leader at the Second Extraordinary Congress.[5] Zyuganov had been a harsh critic of Alexander Yakovlev, the so-called "godfather of glasnost", on the CPSU Central Committee. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, he became active in the Russian "national-patriotic" movement,[15][16] being the chairman of the National Salvation Front (some authors call him a nationalist).[17]
Following the CPRF's success in the 1995 legislative election, it emerged as the primary opposition to incumbent President Boris Yeltsin for the 1996 presidential election, whose approval rating was in single digits.[18] In order to oppose Yeltsin, Zyuganov organised a "popular-patriotic bloc" of nationalist organisations to support his candidacy.[18] After the election—which Yeltsin won with 54% of the vote—on 7 August 1996 the coalition supporting Zyuganov was transformed into an official organisation, the People's Patriotic Union of Russia (NPSR), consisting of more than 30 left-wing and nationalist organisations, including the Russian All-People's Union, led by Sergey Baburin. Zyuganov was its chairman. It went on to support Zyuganov in the 2000 presidential election. The NPSR was meant to form the basis of a two-party system, with the NPSR opposing the ruling "party of power".[18]
The party suffered a sharp decline in the 2003 legislative election, going from 113 seats to 52. Zyuganov called the 2003 elections a "revolting spectacle" and accused the Kremlin of setting up a "Potemkin party", Rodina, to steal its votes. The CPRF was endorsed by Sergey Baburin's People's Union for the 2007 Russian parliamentary elections.[19]
In the 2012 presidential election, Zyuganov denounced election irregularities in the 2011 legislative election, but he also expressed his opposition to the organisers of the mass demonstrations of December 2011, which he viewed as orchestrated by ultra-liberals exploiting unrest. The party played only a minor role as a catalyst in the protests. Party rallies on 18 December 2011 in protest of election irregularities in Moscow and Saint Petersburg were attended by only a few thousand, mostly elderly, party supporters.[20]
In 2014, the party called for Russia to formally recognise the separatist Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, something that would happen in 2022 preceding Russia's invasion of Ukraine.[21]
After Russia was sanctioned for systematic doping in the run-up to the 2018 Winter Olympics, Gennady Zyuganov, leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, proposed sending Russian fans to the Games with a Soviet Victory Banner.[22]
In 2021, the party's headquarters were raided by Russian authorities and a party official was barred from entering his office in the State Duma after it refused to accept the results of an online parliamentary election vote and attempting to file a lawsuit against the results.[23]
Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the CPRF published a statement in support of the invasion and accused NATO of planning "to enslave Ukraine" and thus creating "critical threats to the security of Russia". It called for the "demilitarization and denazification" of Ukraine.[24] The party framed the conflict as that between the Ukrainian Banderites and fascists, who have been perpetrating genocide against Russian speakers, and liberating Russian forces.[25][26] The CPRF also accused the United States and NATO of deploying European fascist sympathizers and Middle Eastern terrorists to Ukraine to fight the Russian army.[27] Two members out of 57 of CPRF's Duma caucus, Vyacheslav Markhaev and Mikhail Matveev, have expressed opposition to the war, although they support the "protection of the people of Donbass".[28]
A few younger members of the CPRF spoke publicly against the war in Ukraine, although their criticisms only refer to Russia's military campaign outside of Donbass, while they fully support the narrative that Ukraine is governed by "neo-Nazis".[29]
As a result of the party's actions of endorsing the invasion of Ukraine, 55 of the 57 CPRF lawmakers, including Zyuganov, have been sanctioned by the United States Department of Treasury, HM Treasury of the United Kingdom, Global Affairs Canada, Japan, Australia and the European Commission.[30][31][32][33][34]
In July 2022, CPRF leader Gennady Zyuganov allowed the party to propose a merger with the left-conservative party A Just Russia — For Truth, but only if the new party adopted the communist program.[35] The day before, the leader of the A Just Russia Sergey Mironov said that he "does not see any obstacles to the creation in Russia of a large coalition of left-wing patriotic forces".[36]
Ideology
The party advocates for a socialist transformation of Russia through peaceful means within a pluralistic political framework. The CPRF considers the multi-sector socialist market system as developed in China to be a model which should be emulated within Russia. The party supports state ownership over major industries, the renationalization of businesses privatized after the collapse of the Soviet Union, giving out subsidies to currently existing state-owned firms and maintaining large welfare benefits. The CPRF has also maintained stable relationships with many businesses, including small and large private companies, worker cooperatives, and organizations which trace their lineage to the Soviet era.[10] In 2002, it was described as left-wing nationalist.[5]
The CPRF's current programme was adapted in 2008, where the CPRF declared that it is the only political organisation that consistently upholds the rights of the workers and national interests. According to the programme, the strategic goal of the party is to build in Russia a "renewed socialism, Socialism of the 21st century".[37] The program of the Communist Party declared that the party is guided by Marxism–Leninism, based on the experience and achievements of domestic and world science and culture. According to the party, there comes a "confrontation between the New World Order and the Russian people with its thousand-year history, and with its qualities", "communality and great power, deep faith, undying altruism and decisive rejection of lures mercantile bourgeois liberal-democratic paradise".[38]
According to its program,[39] the CPRF considers it necessary to reform the country in three phases. In the first phase, it is needed to achieve workers' power through representation by a coalition led by the CPRF. Achieving this goal will help eliminate the devastation from the standpoint of the party, the consequences conducted in the past decade of reforms, in particular by the nationalisation of property privatised in the 1990s. However, in this case small producers will remain and moreover will be organised to protect them from robbery by "big business, bureaucrats, and mafia groups". It is planned to reform the management of enterprises through the creation of councils at various levels. The party also plans to transform Russia into a Soviet republic.[citation needed] In the second stage, the role of councils and trade unions will increase even more. A gradual transition in the economy will be made to a socialist form of economic activity, but a small private equity is still retained. Finally, the third phase is to build socialism.
The First Secretary Gennady Zyuganov also expressed that they should learn from China's successful example and build Russian socialism. He also encouraged all party members to read "Selected works of Deng Xiaoping". He said during his visit to China in 2008: "Had we learned from the success of China earlier, the Soviet Union would not have dissolved".[40][41]
Party programme
Under the present conditions in the Russian Federation, the CPRF calls for the following proposals:[39]
- Stop the extinction of the country, restore benefits for large families, reconstruct the network of public kindergartens and provide housing for young families.
- Nationalise natural resources in Russia and the strategic sectors of the economy; revenues in these industries are to be used in the interests of all citizens.
- Return to Russia from foreign banks the state financial reserves and use them for economic and social development.
- Break the system of total fraud in the elections.[failed verification]
- Create a truly independent judiciary.[failed verification]
- Carry out an immediate package of measures to combat poverty and introduce price controls on essential goods.
- Not raise the retirement age.
- Restore government responsibility for housing and utilities, establish fees for municipal services in an amount not more than 10% of family income, stop the eviction of people to the streets and expand public housing.
- Increase funding for science and scientists to provide decent wages and all the necessary research.
- Restore the highest standards of universal and free secondary and higher education that existed during the Soviet era.
- Ensure the availability and quality of health care.
- Vigorously develop high-tech manufacturing.
- Ensure the food and environmental security of the country and support the large collective farms for the production and processing of agricultural products.
- Prioritise domestic debt over foreign debt
- Introduce progressive taxation; low-income citizens will be exempt from paying taxes.
- Create conditions for development of small and medium enterprises.
- Ensure the accessibility of cultural goods, stop the commercialisation of culture, defend Russian culture as the foundation of the spiritual unity of multinational Russia, the national culture of all citizens of the country.
- Stop the slandering of the Russian and Soviet history.
- Take drastic measures to suppress corruption and crime.
- Strengthen national defense and expand social guarantees to servicemen and law enforcement officials.
- Ensure the territorial integrity of Russia and the protection of compatriots abroad.
- Institute a foreign policy based on mutual respect of countries and peoples to facilitate the voluntary restoration of the Union of States.
The party is in favour of cooperation with the Russian Orthodox Church.[42] According to the words of Zyuganov, the CPRF is a party of scientific, but not militant atheism. Propaganda of any religion is banned inside the party.[43] The CPRF celebrates the rule of Joseph Stalin.[44] Zyuganov and the party support social conservatism and voted in favor of the ban on the "promotion of non-traditional sexual relations to minors", commonly known as the Russian gay propaganda law.[45][46][47] During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the party has taken a pro-war stance.[citation needed] The party leader, Gennady Zyuganov, called in the Duma for a general mobilization.[48][49]
Internal factions
Since its founding the CPRF has had several distinct internal factions:[50]
- Left-wing nationalists. CPRF leader Gennady Zyuganov is from this tendency. The left-wing nationalists in the party identify socialism historically with Russia and Russia culturally with socialism. They are influenced by the writings of historian Lev Gumilyov and see class struggle as having evolved into struggle between civilisations.[5]
- Marxist–Leninists. The Marxist–Leninist faction of the party has a traditional Leninist understanding of class struggle and socialism. They are against both nationalism and social democracy. This tendency is heavily reflected in the party's rank-and-file membership. Richard Kosolapov was a prominent member of this group.[51]
- Reformers. The party's reformers are social democratic or reform-communists, who have a generally critical view of the Soviet Union. This faction had a majority at the Second Extraordinary Congress, but has declined since then.[5]
Party structure
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation_meeting_at_Manezhnaya_Square_3%2C_Moscow%2C_2011-12-18.jpg/250px-Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation_meeting_at_Manezhnaya_Square_3%2C_Moscow%2C_2011-12-18.jpg)
The CPRF is legally registered in Russia.[52] In organisational terms, it largely mirrors the CPSU, with the party being led by a Central Committee with a commitment to democratic centralism.[53] It has regional offices in 81 federal subjects. Each regional office is controlled by the local (oblast, city, etc.) committee, headed by the First Secretary. The headquarters of the party is in Moscow. The Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation is the youth organisation of the party.
International cooperation
In 1993, the party founded the Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Since 2001, the organisation has been led by Gennady Zyuganov and it became part of the Central Committee.
The party has friendly relations with the Party of the European Left, but it is not a member of it.[54] The party also has friendly relations with the Chinese Communist Party.[55]
On 24 March 2017, the party sent a delegation to North Korea and signed a "protocol on cooperation" with the Workers' Party of Korea.[56] During the visit, a stone was placed in the Juche Tower.
In October 2017 the party hosted the 19th International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties in the city of Saint Petersburg, marking the centenary of the October Revolution, with an attendance of over 100 parties from around the globe.[57]
Media
Pravda is the newspaper of the Communist Party;[58] it has 81 regional editions.
Left-wing nationalist newspaper Sovetskaya Rossiya has also friendly ties with the Communist Party, but is not officially affiliated with it.
Ultra-nationalist newspaper Zavtra used to support the Communist Party, but in 2005 it switched its support to Rodina.[59]
Finances
According to the financial report of the CPRF, in 2006 the party received ₽127,453,237 rubles (3,998,835 US$):
- 29% – membership fees
- 30% – the federal budget
- 6% – donations
- 35% – other incomes
In 2006, the party spent 116,823,489 rubles (3,665,328 US$):
- 5% – for the maintenance of regional offices
- 21% – on promotion (information, advertising, publishing and printing)
- 10% – the content of the governing bodies
- 7% – the preparation and conduct of elections and referendums
- 36% – content publishers, media and educational institutions
On 19 October 2008, the leader of the party Gennady Zyuganov appealed to the citizens of Russia to financially support the party to implement its policy goals.[60][61]
Popular support and electoral results
The CPRF is strong in large cities and major industrial and scientific centers ("naukograds") as well as in the small towns and cities around Moscow.[62] One of the few polling stations that gave a success to the CPRF during the 2007 Russian legislative election was at Moscow State University.[63] The CPRF is also strong in the far east of Russia, in Siberia, and the Ural.[64] Supporters of the CPRF include those who suffered economically and politically from the collapse of the Soviet Union. The party is considered to depend on the nostalgia for the Soviet Union, having the largest poll of voters among the elderly.[10]
Presidential elections
In all presidential elections that have been held in the Russian Federation, the CRPF's candidate has finished second. In 2012, several opposition politicians, including Boris Nemtsov, posited that Dmitry Medvedev admitted to them that Zyuganov would actually have won the 1996 Russian presidential election if not for fraud in favor of Boris Yeltsin.[65][66][67] According to the official results, Zyuganov received 17.18% of the votes in the 2012 Russian presidential election. According to independent observers, there was large-scale fraud in favor of Vladimir Putin.[68][69] Zyuganov called the election "one of thieves, and absolutely dishonest and unworthy".[70]
Election | Candidate | First round | Second round | Result | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
1996 | Gennady Zyuganov | 24,211,686 | 32.03 | 30,102,288 | 40.31 | Lost |
2000 | 21,928,468 | 29.21 | Lost | |||
2004 | Nikolay Kharitonov | 9,513,313 | 13.69 | Lost | ||
2008 | Gennady Zyuganov | 13,243,550 | 17.72 | Lost | ||
2012 | 12,318,353 | 17.18 | Lost | |||
2018 | Pavel Grudinin | 8,659,206 | 11.77 | Lost | ||
2024 | Nikolay Kharitonov | 3,768,470 | 4.37 | Lost |
Parliamentary elections
Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Rank | Government |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1993 | Gennady Zyuganov | 6,666,402 | 12.40 | 42 / 450
|
3rd | Opposition | |
1995 | 15,432,963 | 22.30 | 157 / 450
|
![]() |
![]() |
Opposition (1995–1998) | |
Coalition (1998–1999) | |||||||
Opposition (1999) | |||||||
1999 | 16,196,024 | 24.29 | 113 / 450
|
![]() |
![]() |
Opposition | |
2003 | 7,647,820 | 12.61 | 51 / 450
|
![]() |
![]() |
Opposition | |
2007 | 8,046,886 | 11.57 | 57 / 450
|
![]() |
![]() |
Opposition | |
2011 | 12,599,507 | 19.19 | 92 / 450
|
![]() |
![]() |
Opposition | |
2016 | 7,019,752 | 13.34 | 42 / 450
|
![]() |
![]() |
Opposition | |
2021 | 10,660,599 | 18.93 | 57 / 450
|
![]() |
![]() |
Opposition |
Regional elections
In February 2005, the CPRF defeated the ruling pro-Kremlin party United Russia in elections to the regional legislature of Nenets Autonomous Okrug, obtaining 27% of the popular vote.
In the Moscow Duma election held on 4 December 2005, the party won 16.75% and 4 seats, the best ever result for the CPRF in Moscow. In the opinion of some observers,[which?] the absence of the Rodina party contributed to the Communists' success.
On 11 March 2007, elections took place for 14 regional and local legislatures. The CPRF performed very well and increased its votes in most of the territories; it came second in Oryol Oblast (23.78%), Omsk Oblast (22.58%), Pskov Oblast (19.21%) and Samara Oblast (18.87%), Moscow Oblast (18.80%), Murmansk Oblast (17.51%) and Tomsk Oblast (13.37%).[71] These results testify that the CPRF is the most significant opposition party in Russia.
On 21 May 2007, the CPRF obtained an important success in the Volgograd's mayoral election. Communist candidate Roman Grebennikov won election as mayor with 32.47% of the vote and became the youngest mayor of a regional capital. In 2008, Roman Grebennikov switched his allegiance to United Russia, angering many Communists who accused him of using the CPRF as a tool to become elected.
On 7 April 2011, the CPRF candidate Ilya Potapov won the mayoral election in the town of Berdsk with a landslide victory over the United Russia candidates.
In 2015 gubernatorial elections, party's nominee Sergey Levchenko won the gubernatorial election in Irkutsk Oblast.[72]
In the 2018 gubernatorial elections, Communist Party candidates Andrey Klychkov and Valentin Konovalov won the gubernatorial elections in the Oryol Oblast and Khakassia, respectively.[73][74] In addition, in the election in Primorsky Krai, the party's candidate Andrey Ishchenko could pass in the second round of election in which lost, by official results. The result of those elections was declared invalid due to a large number of violations in connection with which recall election were scheduled for December 2018, but the Communist Party decided not to nominate its candidate for the new election.[75]
In the 2018 elections to the regional parliaments, the Communist Party took first place in the voting on party lists in three regions. However, in two regions, United Russia still managed to get a relative majority in regional parliaments at the expense of deputies-single-mandate holders. Nevertheless, in Irkutsk Oblast, the party received a relative majority and is the largest faction in the Legislative Assembly.[76]
Criticism
Marxist theoretician Boris Kagarlitsky wrote in 2001: "It is enough to recall that within the Communist movement itself, Zyuganov's party was at first neither the sole organisation, nor the largest. Bit by bit, however, all other Communist organisations were forced out of political life. This occurred not because the organisations in question were weak, but because it was the CPRF that had received the Kremlin's official approval as the sole recognised opposition".[77] Andrei Brezhnev, grandson of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, has criticised the CPRF's Zyuganov's rapprochement with the Russian Orthodox Church.[78]
Gallery
-
Zyuganov with members of the Leninist Komsomol of the Russian Federation
-
Demonstration of communists on the Red Square
-
Communists marching on International Workers' Day in 2009, Severodvinsk
-
The Communist Party holds a demonstration on Triumfalnaya Square in Moscow
-
Demonstration of the party
-
Party members lay down flowers at the tomb of Joseph Stalin
-
Party membership card
See also
- CPRF faction in the State Duma
- History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- List of communist parties
- MFK KPRF
- Politics of Russia
- Red Belt (Russia)
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Further reading
- Syed Mohsin Hashim (March 1999). KPRF ideology and its implications for democratization in Russia. Communist and Post-Communist Studies. Vol. 32. Iss. 1. pp. 77–89.
- Lisa Horner (23 January 2009). "Communism and the CPRF in Modern Russia" • The School of Russian and Asian Studies.
- Miriam Elder (14 October 2009) (updated 30 May 2010). "Communism: a love affair? The tyranny of daily bribes has many Russians nostalgic for Soviet social services" • The Global Post.
- Bozóki, András; Ishiyama, John T. (2020). The Communist Successor Parties of Central and Eastern Europe. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-16140-3.