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{{short description|Cessation or reversal of transgender identification or gender transition}} |
{{short description|Cessation or reversal of transgender identification or gender transition}} |
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{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}} |
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{{Use American English|date=July 2023}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}} |
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{{redirect|Detrans|the short film|Detrans (short film)}} |
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{{transgender sidebar|medicine}} |
{{transgender sidebar|medicine}} |
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'''Detransition''' is the cessation or reversal of a [[transgender]] |
'''Detransition''' is the cessation or reversal of a [[transgender]] identification or of [[Transitioning (transgender)|gender transition]], temporarily or permanently, through social, legal, and/or medical means.<ref name="Davies"/> The term is distinct from the concept of 'regret', and the decision may be based on a shift in [[gender identity]], or other reasons, such as health concerns, social pressure, discrimination, [[Social stigma|stigma]],<ref name=":3" /> political beliefs,<ref>{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Max |title=Detransition: Beyond Before And After|publisher=Spinifex Press |page=1-50}}</ref> or religious beliefs.<ref>{{cite AV media |date= |title=Pray Away |type=Documentary |language=English |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81040370 |access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref> |
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Some studies use the term '''retransition''' rather than detransition.<ref name=abcnews/> ''Retransition'' is also commonly used to describe the resumption of transition or transgender identity following a detransition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=MacKinnon |first1=Kinnon Ross |last2=Expósito-Campos |first2=Pablo |last3=Gould |first3=W. Ariel |date=2023-06-14 |title=Detransition needs further understanding, not controversy |journal=BMJ |language=en |volume=381 |pages=e073584 |doi=10.1136/bmj-2022-073584 |issn=1756-1833 |pmid=37315956|pmc=10265220 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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Estimates of the rate at which detransitioning occurs vary, although it is rare.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2023-02-18|url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/150/2/e2021056082/186992/Gender-Identity-5-Years-After-Social-Transition?autologincheck=redirected|website=publications.aap.org|title=Gender Identity 5 Years After Social Transition }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=K. R.|last1=MacKinnon|first2=F.|last2=Ashley|first3=H.|last3=Kia|first4=J. S. H.|last4=Lam|title=Preventing transition "regret": An institutional ethnography of gender-affirming medical care assessment practices in Canada|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953621008091|journal=Social Science & Medicine|date=1 December 2021|issn=0277-9536|pages=114477|volume=291|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114477|first5=Y.|last5=Krakowsky|first6=L. E.|last6=Ross|pmid=34666278 |s2cid=239035474 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29463477/ | pmid=29463477 | year=2018 | last1=Wiepjes | first1=C. M. | last2=Nota | first2=N. M. | author3=de Blok CJM | last4=Klaver | first4=M. | author5=de Vries ALC | last6=Wensing-Kruger | first6=S. A. | last7=De Jongh | first7=R. T. | last8=Bouman | first8=M. B. | last9=Steensma | first9=T. D. | last10=Cohen-Kettenis | first10=P. | author11=Gooren LJG | author12=Kreukels BPC | last13=Den Heijer | first13=M. | title=The Amsterdam Cohort of Gender Dysphoria Study (1972-2015): Trends in Prevalence, Treatment, and Regrets | journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine | volume=15 | issue=4 | pages=582–590 | doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.01.016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmc=8099405 | year=2021 | last1=Bustos | first1=V. P. | last2=Bustos | first2=S. S. | last3=Mascaro | first3=A. | last4=Del Corral | first4=G. | last5=Forte | first5=A. J. | last6=Ciudad | first6=P. | last7=Kim | first7=E. A. | last8=Langstein | first8=H. N. | last9=Manrique | first9=O. J. | title=Regret after Gender-affirmation Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence | journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open | volume=9 | issue=3 | pages=e3477 | doi=10.1097/GOX.0000000000003477 | pmid=33968550 }}</ref> Reasons for detransitioning also vary, and may include health-related concerns, finding that transition did not alleviate [[gender dysphoria]], an unaffirming social environment, financial concerns, the realization that the individual's gender dysphoria was a manifestation of another condition, or political, religious, or philosophical disagreements with the [[transgender rights movement]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> |
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The estimated prevalence of detransition varies depending on definitions and methodology, with estimates ranging from 1% to 8%.{{sfn|Hall|Mitchell|Sachdeva|2021|loc="Rates of detransitioning are unknown, with estimates ranging from less than 1% to 8%."}} A 2018 review on the outcomes of gender transition found a large majority of data showing positive outcomes, a few reports of neutral outcomes or null results, and no studies which reported that gender transition causes overall harm.<ref>{{cite web | title = What does the scholarly research say about the effect of gender transition on transgender well-being? (online literature review) | website = Cornell University Public Policy Research Portal | date = 2018 | url = https://whatweknow.inequality.cornell.edu/topics/lgbt-equality/what-does-the-scholarly-research-say-about-the-well-being-of-transgender-people/ | access-date = 2023-11-12}}</ref> Although some studies cite a range up to 8%, this combines 3% of survey respondents who had de-transitioned at the time of the survey, along with 5% who had temporarily done so in the past.{{sfn|Hall|Mitchell|Sachdeva| 2021| loc="Rates of detransitioning are unknown, with estimates ranging from less than 1% to 8%."}}<ref name = USTS/> Different methodological limitations afflict studies reporting low and high incidence.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Irwig |first=Michael S |date=September 28, 2022 |title=Detransition Among Transgender and Gender-Diverse People—An Increasing and Increasingly Complex Phenomenon |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |language=en |volume=107 |issue=10 |pages=e4261–e4262 |doi=10.1210/clinem/dgac356 |issn=0021-972X |pmc=9516050 |pmid=35678284}}</ref>{{sfn|Gribble|Bewley|Dahlen|2023|p=5}} |
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Academic research into detransition is underdeveloped. Professional interest in the phenomenon has been met with contention, and some scholars have argued there is censorship around the topic.<ref name=":2" /> In politics and popular culture, detransitioning is a contentious topic. Some who detransition report feeling a loss of support by their [[LGBT]] friends and family.<ref name=":1"/> Various sides in the debate over detransitioning have reported harassment from other individuals.<ref name="herzogquote"/> Some people regret detransitioning and choose to retransition.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alfonseca |first1=Kiara |title=Former 'detransitioner' fights anti-transgender movement she once backed |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/former-detransitioner-fights-anti-transgender-movement-backed/story?id=92597182 |agency=ABC News |date=23 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Some organizations with ties to [[conversion therapy]] have used detransition narratives to push anti-transgender agendas and legislation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Falk |first1=Misha |title=Health Liberation Now! is challenging the way anti-trans groups weaponize detransition narratives |url=https://xtramagazine.com/power/activism/health-liberation-now-detransition-227906 |website=xtramagazine.com |publisher=Xtra Magazine |date=4 August 2022}}</ref> |
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Formal studies of detransition have been few in number,<ref name=FewStudies> |
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*"There is a paucity of literature." {{harvnb|Danker et al.|2018}} |
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*"We urgently need systematic data on this point in order to inform best practice clinical care." {{harvnb|Zucker|2019}}</ref> politically controversial,<ref name=PoliticalControv>"[R]esearch in this field is extremely controversial." {{harvnb|Danker et al.|2018}}</ref> and inconsistent in the way they characterize the phenomenon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Expósito-Campos |first=Pablo |date=10 January 2021 |title=A Typology of Gender Detransition and Its Implications for Healthcare Providers |journal=Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=270–280 |doi=10.1080/0092623X.2020.1869126 |pmid=33427094 |s2cid=231575978 |quote=The absence of systematic research around detransition has given rise to inconsistencies in its conceptual use and application, adding to the unclarity and confusion.|doi-access=free |hdl=10810/51393 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Professional interest in the phenomenon has been met with contention, and some scholars have argued there is censorship around the topic.<ref name=":2" /> Some ex-detransitioners regret detransitioning and choose to retransition later.<ref name = abcnews>{{cite web | url=https://abcnews.go.com/amp/US/former-detransitioner-fights-anti-transgender-movement-backed/story?id=92597182 | title=Former 'detransitioner' fights anti-transgender movement she once backed | website=[[ABC News]] }}</ref> Some organizations with ties to [[conversion therapy]] have used detransition narratives to push [[Transphobia|transphobic]] rhetoric and legislation.<ref name="Xtra" /> |
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==Background and terminology== |
==Background and terminology== |
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[[Gender transition]], often shortened to just transition, is the process of a transgender person changing their [[gender expression]] and/or [[sex characteristics]] to accord with their internal sense of gender identity.<ref>{{harvnb|''Fenway Health''|2010}}; {{harvnb|''Human Rights Campaign''|n.d.}}</ref> Methods of transition vary from person to person, but the process commonly involves social changes (such as [[Cross-dressing|clothing]], [[personal name]], and [[Preferred gender pronoun|pronouns]]), legal changes (such as changes in [[legal name]] and [[Gender#Legal status|legal gender]]), and medical/physical changes (such as [[transgender hormone therapy|hormone replacement therapy]] and [[gender-affirming surgery]]). |
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''Transition'' is the process of a transgender person changing their [[gender presentation]] and/or [[sex characteristics]] to accord with their internal sense of gender identity.<ref>{{harvnb|''Fenway Health''|2010}}; {{harvnb|''Human Rights Campaign''|n.d.}}</ref> Transition commonly involves social changes (such as [[Cross-dressing|clothing]], [[personal name]], and [[Personal pronoun|pronouns]]), legal changes (such as changes in [[legal name]] and [[Gender#Legal status|legal gender]]), and medical/physical changes (such as [[transgender hormone therapy|hormone replacement therapy]] and [[gender-affirming surgery]]). |
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''Detransition'' (sometimes called ''retransition'') is the process of halting or reverting a transgender identification or gender transition.<ref> |
''Detransition'' (sometimes called ''retransition'') is the process of halting or reverting a transgender identification or gender transition.<ref> |
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*{{"'}}Detransition' refers to reidentification with the gender identity given at birth and a conscious decision to take action to revert to that designation." {{harvnb|Stewart|2018|p=xxiii}}. See also |
*{{"'}}Detransition' refers to reidentification with the gender identity given at birth and a conscious decision to take action to revert to that designation." {{harvnb|Stewart|2018|p=xxiii}}. See also {{harvnb|Graham|2017}}; {{harvnb|Tobia|2018}}; {{harvnb|Herzog|2017a}}; {{harvnb|Clark-Flory|2015}}; {{harvnb|Danker et al.|2018}}; {{harvnb|Turban et al.|2018b}}.</ref> Like transition, detransition is a process rather than a single event, and methods of detransitioning vary and can involve social, legal, and physical changes to one's [[gender expression]], [[Identity (social science)|social identity]], [[identity document]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark-Flory|2015}}; {{harvnb|Herzog|2017a}}; {{harvnb|Graham|2017}}; {{harvnb|Tobia|2018}}</ref> ''Desistance'' is a general term for any cessation,<ref>{{harvnb|''Merriam-Webster''|n.d.}}; {{harvnb|''Collins''|n.d.}}</ref> and it is commonly applied specifically to the cessation of transgender identity or [[gender dysphoria]].<ref>{{harvnb|Steensma et al.|2013}}; {{harvnb|Wallien and Cohen-Kettenis|2008}}</ref> Those who undertake detransition are known as ''detransitioners''.<ref>{{harvnb|Herzog|2017a}}; {{harvnb|Graham|2017}}; {{harvnb|Singal|2018}}</ref> Detransition is sometimes associated with ''transition regret'', but regret and detransition do not always coincide.<ref> |
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*"Not everyone who detransitions regrets transitioning in the first place, and, like transitioning, the process of deciding to detransition is a very individual and personal choice." {{harvnb|Yarbrough|2018|p=130}}. See also {{harvnb|Graham|2017}}; {{harvnb|Herzog|2017a}}.</ref> |
*"Not everyone who detransitions regrets transitioning in the first place, and, like transitioning, the process of deciding to detransition is a very individual and personal choice." {{harvnb|Yarbrough|2018|p=130}}. See also {{harvnb|Graham|2017}}; {{harvnb|Herzog|2017a}}.</ref> |
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The term ''detransition'' is controversial within the transgender community. According to [[Jack Turban|Turban]] et al., this is because, as with the word ''transition'', it carries an "incorrect implication that gender identity is contingent upon gender affirmation processes". The term has also been conflated with transition regret, and thereby become associated with |
The term ''detransition'' is controversial within the transgender community. According to [[Jack Turban|Turban]] et al., this is because, as with the word ''transition'', it carries an "incorrect implication that gender identity is contingent upon gender affirmation processes". The term has also been conflated with transition regret, and thereby become associated with movements that aim to restrict the access of transgender people to transition-related healthcare.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1-link=Jack Turban|last1=Turban|first1=Jack L.|last2=Loo|first2=Stephanie S.|last3=Almazan|first3=Anthony N.|last4=Keuroghlian|first4=Alex S.|date=June 1, 2021|title=Factors Leading to "Detransition" Among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in the United States: A Mixed-Methods Analysis|journal=LGBT Health|volume=8|issue=4|pages=273–280|doi=10.1089/lgbt.2020.0437|issn=2325-8292|pmc=8213007|pmid=33794108}}</ref> |
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==Occurrence== |
==Occurrence== |
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Formal studies of detransition have been few in number,<ref name=FewStudies/> of disputed quality and politically controversial.<ref name=PoliticalControv/> Frequency estimates for detransition and desistance vary greatly, with notable differences in terminology and methodology.<ref name="detransitionestimates">Detransition estimates: |
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Formal studies of detransition have been few in number,<ref> |
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*"There is a paucity of literature." {{harvnb|Danker et al.|2018}} |
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*"We urgently need systematic data on this point in order to inform best practice clinical care." {{harvnb|Zucker|2019}}</ref> of disputed quality,<ref>"The research on outcomes post-transition is mixed at best." {{harvnb|Marchiano|2017}}</ref> and politically controversial.<ref>"[R]esearch in this field is extremely controversial." {{harvnb|Danker et al.|2018}}</ref> Frequency estimates for detransition and desistance vary greatly, with notable differences in terminology and methodology.<ref name="detransitionestimates">Detransition estimates: |
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* "Detransitioning after surgical interventions ... is exceedingly rare. Research has often put the percentage of regret between 1 and 2% ... Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery, when people are still exploring their options. 'There are people who take hormones and then decide to go off hormones,' says Randi Ettner, a therapist who has served on the board of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. 'That is not uncommon.{{' "}} {{harvnb|Clark-Flory|2015}} |
* "Detransitioning after surgical interventions ... is exceedingly rare. Research has often put the percentage of regret between 1 and 2% ... Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery, when people are still exploring their options. 'There are people who take hormones and then decide to go off hormones,' says Randi Ettner, a therapist who has served on the board of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. 'That is not uncommon.{{' "}} {{harvnb|Clark-Flory|2015}} |
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* "There were 15 (5 [female-to-male] and 10 [male-to-female]) regret applications corresponding to a 2.2% regret rate for both sexes. There was a significant decline of regrets over the time period." (Dhejne et al. define "regret" as "application for reversal of the legal gender status among those who were sex reassigned" which "gives the person the right to treatment to reverse the body as much as possible."), "the median time lag until applying for a reversal was 8 years." {{harvnb|Dhejne et al.|2014}}</ref> Detransition is more common in the earlier stages of transition, particularly before surgeries.<ref>"Detransitioning after surgical interventions ... is exceedingly rare....Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery, when people are still exploring their options." {{harvnb|Clark-Flory|2015}}</ref> |
* "There were 15 (5 [female-to-male] and 10 [male-to-female]) regret applications corresponding to a 2.2% regret rate for both sexes. There was a significant decline of regrets over the time period." (Dhejne et al. define "regret" as "application for reversal of the legal gender status among those who were sex reassigned" which "gives the person the right to treatment to reverse the body as much as possible."), "the median time lag until applying for a reversal was 8 years." {{harvnb|Dhejne et al.|2014}}</ref> Detransition is more common in the earlier stages of transition, particularly before surgeries.<ref>"Detransitioning after surgical interventions ... is exceedingly rare....Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery, when people are still exploring their options." {{harvnb|Clark-Flory|2015}}</ref> |
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The share of trans people who detransition is not known with certainty. Studies which give low estimates (which include<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=February 18, 2023|url=https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/150/2/e2021056082/186992/Gender-Identity-5-Years-After-Social-Transition?autologincheck=redirected|website=publications.aap.org|title=Gender Identity 5 Years After Social Transition }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=K. R.|last1=MacKinnon|first2=F.|last2=Ashley|first3=H.|last3=Kia|first4=J. S. H.|last4=Lam|title=Preventing transition "regret": An institutional ethnography of gender-affirming medical care assessment practices in Canada|journal=Social Science & Medicine|date=December 1, 2021|issn=0277-9536|pages=114477|volume=291|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114477|first5=Y.|last5=Krakowsky|first6=L. E.|last6=Ross|pmid=34666278 |s2cid=239035474 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29463477/ | pmid=29463477 | year=2018 | last1=Wiepjes | first1=C. M. | last2=Nota | first2=N. M. | author3=de Blok CJM | last4=Klaver | first4=M. | author5=de Vries ALC | last6=Wensing-Kruger | first6=S. A. | last7=De Jongh | first7=R. T. | last8=Bouman | first8=M. B. | last9=Steensma | first9=T. D. | last10=Cohen-Kettenis | first10=P. | author11=Gooren LJG | author12=Kreukels BPC | last13=Den Heijer | first13=M. | title=The Amsterdam Cohort of Gender Dysphoria Study (1972-2015): Trends in Prevalence, Treatment, and Regrets | journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine | volume=15 | issue=4 | pages=582–590 | doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.01.016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmc=8099405 | year=2021 | last1=Bustos | first1=V. P. | last2=Bustos | first2=S. S. | last3=Mascaro | first3=A. | last4=Del Corral | first4=G. | last5=Forte | first5=A. J. | last6=Ciudad | first6=P. | last7=Kim | first7=E. A. | last8=Langstein | first8=H. N. | last9=Manrique | first9=O. J. | title=Regret after Gender-affirmation Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence | journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open | volume=9 | issue=3 | pages=e3477 | doi=10.1097/GOX.0000000000003477 | pmid=33968550 }}</ref>) have been criticized for their "serious limitations", such as short follow-up, high or unclear rates of loss to follow up, reliance on individuals returning to secondary care clinics reporting transition regret or seeking reversal procedures, (a study of 100 detransitioners found that only 24% of respondents informed their clinicians that they had detransitioned<ref name=":6"/>), errors, non-replicability, as well as other issues.{{sfn|Gribble|Bewley|Dahlen|2023|p=5}}<ref name=":6" /> Research suggesting higher rates of detransition also has flaws, however, meaning that detransition rates can be under-reported or over-reported.{{sfn|Gribble|Bewley|Dahlen|2023|p=5}} |
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The number of detransitioners is unknown, with estimates generally ranging from less than 1% to as many as 8%.{{sfn|Hall|Mitchell|Sachdeva|2021|loc="Rates of detransitioning are unknown, with estimates ranging from less than 1% to 8%."}} Studies which give low estimates have been criticised for their "serious limitations", such as short follow-up, high or unclear rates of loss to follow up, reliance on individuals returning to secondary care clinics reporting transition regret or seeking reversal procedures, (a study of 100 detransitioners found that only 24% of respondents informed their clinicians that they had detransitioned<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Irwig |first=Michael S |date=28 September 2022 |title=Detransition Among Transgender and Gender-Diverse People—An Increasing and Increasingly Complex Phenomenon |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |language=en |volume=107 |issue=10 |pages=e4261–e4262 |doi=10.1210/clinem/dgac356 |issn=0021-972X |pmc=9516050 |pmid=35678284}}</ref>), errors, non-replicability, as well as other issues.{{sfn|Gribble|Bewley|Dahlen|2023|p=5}}<ref name=":6" /> Research suggesting higher rates of detransition also has flaws, however, meaning that detransition rates can be under-reported or over-reported.{{sfn|Gribble|Bewley|Dahlen|2023|p=5}} |
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A 2019 [[poster presentation]] examined the records of 3398 patients who attended a UK gender identity clinic between August 2016 and August 2017. Davies and colleagues searched for assessment reports with keywords related to regret or detransition. They identified 16 individuals (0.47%) who expressed regret or had detransitioned. Of those 16, 3 (0.09%) had detransitioned permanently.<ref name="Davies">{{Cite conference|last1=Davies|first1=Skye|first2=Stephen|last2=McIntyre|first3=Craig|last3=Rypma|title=Detransition rates in a national UK Gender Identity Clinic|conference=3rd Biennial EPATH Conference: Inside Matters, On Law, Ethics and Religion|page=118|date=April 2019|url=https://epath.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Boof-of-abstracts-EPATH2019.pdf#page=139|access-date=May 27, 2021|archive-date=May 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521155446/https://epath.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Boof-of-abstracts-EPATH2019.pdf#page=139|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 (0.29%) had detransitioned temporarily, to later retransition.<ref name="Davies" /> A 2019 clinical assessment found that 9.4% of patients with adolescent-emerging gender dysphoria either ceased wishing to pursue medical interventions or no longer felt that their gender identity was incongruent with their assigned sex at birth within an eighteen-month period.<ref>{{harvnb|Churcher Clarke|Spiliadis|2019}}</ref> A 2021 study examining the case notes of 175 adults discharged from a UK gender identity clinic between September 2017 and August 2018 found that 12 (6.9%) met the researchers' criteria for detransitioning{{Em dash}}that is, they returned to living as their assigned gender. Six individuals were found to have experiences that "overlap" with detransitioners, but were not counted as such for this study due to displaying "gender identity confusion" during treatment.<ref name="Hall 2021">{{harvnb|Hall|Mitchell|Sachdeva|2021}}</ref> |
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Studies have reported higher rates of desistance among prepubertal children. A 2016 review of 10 prospective follow-up studies from childhood to adolescence found desistance rates ranging from 61% to 98%, with evidence suggesting that they might be less than 85% more generally.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kaltiala-Heino|first1=Riittakerttu|last2=Bergman|first2=Hannah|last3=Työläjärvi|first3=Marja|last4=Frisén|first4=Louise|date=2018-03-02|title=Gender dysphoria in adolescence: current perspectives|journal=Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics|volume=9|pages=31–41|doi=10.2147/AHMT.S135432|issn=1179-318X|pmc=5841333|pmid=29535563|quote="Evidence from the 10 available prospective follow-up studies from childhood to adolescence (reviewed in the study by Ristori and Steensma 28) indicates that for ~80% of children who meet the criteria for GDC, the GD recedes with puberty. Instead, many of these adolescents will identify as non-heterosexual."}}</ref><ref name="RistoriSteensma2016">{{Cite journal|last1=Ristori|first1=Jiska|last2=Steensma|first2=Thomas D.|date=2016|title=Gender dysphoria in childhood|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26754056/|journal=International Review of Psychiatry|volume=28|issue=1|pages=13–20|doi=10.3109/09540261.2015.1115754|issn=1369-1627|pmid=26754056|s2cid=5461482|quote=" As is shown in Table 1 there is much variation in the reported persistence rates between the studies, ranging from 2% to 39%. ", " Based on this information, it seems reasonable to conclude that the persistence of GD may well be higher than 15%. However, desistence of GD still seems to be the case in the majority of children with GD."|access-date=2021-05-24|archive-date=2022-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115052313/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26754056/|url-status=live}}</ref> These studies have been criticized on the grounds that they include cases as 'desistance' where the child met the criteria for gender identity disorder as defined in the [[DSM-III]] or [[DSM-IV]], although some would likely not have met the updated criteria for [[gender dysphoria]] in the [[DSM-5]] (2013).<ref name=":0" /> Initial diagnostic criteria for gender dysphoria were only introduced in the DSM-III (1980), so earlier research on desistance rates might report inflated numbers of desistance due to the inclusion of [[childhood gender nonconformity|gender-nonconforming children]] without gender dysphoria.<ref name="Need">{{Cite journal|last1=Butler|first1=Catherine|last2=Hutchinson|first2=Anna|year=2020|title=Debate: The pressing need for research and services for gender desisters/Detransitioners|journal=Child and Adolescent Mental Health|volume=25|issue=1|pages=45–47|doi=10.1111/camh.12361|pmid=32285632|s2cid=210484832|url=https://purehost.bath.ac.uk/ws/files/201923425/Desister_paperfinal.pdf }}</ref> Additionally, two studies of childhood desistance were based on data from a Canadian clinic which closed in 2015 after allegations that they engaged in [[conversion therapy]] by discouraging social transition; such clinical practices may also lead to inflated rates of reported desistance.<ref name="ashley_2021">{{Cite journal |last=Ashley |first=Florence |date=2021-09-02 |title=The clinical irrelevance of "desistance" research for transgender and gender creative youth. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/sgd0000504 |journal=Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=387–397 |language=en |doi=10.1037/sgd0000504 |s2cid=239099559 |issn=2329-0390 |quote=Desistance research may also underreport persistence because of the impact of clinical models of care on follow-up assessments. The Canadian clinic where the Drummond et al. (2008) and Singh (2012) studies were conducted was closed in 2015 following allegations that they engaged in conversion practices. |access-date=3 March 2022 |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303170812/http://doi.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037/sgd0000504 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=temple-newhook>{{Cite journal|last1=Newhook|first1=Julia Temple|last2=Pyne|first2=Jake|last3=Winters|first3=Kelley|last4=Feder|first4=Stephen|last5=Holmes|first5=Cindy|last6=Tosh|first6=Jemma|last7=Sinnott|first7=Mari-Lynne|last8=Jamieson|first8=Ally|last9=Pickett|first9=Sarah|date=2018-04-03|title=A critical commentary on follow-up studies and "desistance" theories about transgender and gender-nonconforming children|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1456390|journal=International Journal of Transgenderism|volume=19|issue=2|pages=212–224|doi=10.1080/15532739.2018.1456390|s2cid=150338824|issn=1553-2739|access-date=2022-04-16|archive-date=2022-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609011001/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15532739.2018.1456390|url-status=live}}</ref> Most childhood desisters go on to identify as [[cisgender]] and gay, bisexual, or lesbian.<ref name="Need" /><ref name="RistoriSteensma2016" /> |
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Those who undergo [[gender-affirming surgery]] have very low rates of detransition or transition regret. A 2005 Dutch study included 162 adults who received sex reassignment surgery, 126 of whom participated in follow-up assessments one to four years after surgery. Two individuals expressed regret at follow-up, only one of whom said that they would not transition again if given the opportunity. The remaining 124 out of 126 (98%) expressed no regrets about transitioning.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Yolanda L. S.|last2=Goozen|first2=Stephanie H. M. Van|last3=Kuiper|first3=Abraham J.|last4=Cohen-Kettenis|first4=Peggy T.|date=January 2005|title=Sex reassignment: outcomes and predictors of treatment for adolescent and adult transsexuals|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/abs/sex-reassignment-outcomes-and-predictors-of-treatment-for-adolescent-and-adult-transsexuals/D000472406C5F6E1BD4E6A37BC7550A4|journal=Psychological Medicine|language=en|volume=35|issue=1|pages=89–99|doi=10.1017/S0033291704002776|pmid=15842032|s2cid=6032916 |issn=1469-8978|access-date=November 16, 2021|archive-date=November 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116155604/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/abs/sex-reassignment-outcomes-and-predictors-of-treatment-for-adolescent-and-adult-transsexuals/D000472406C5F6E1BD4E6A37BC7550A4|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2021 meta-analysis of 27 studies concluded that "there is an extremely low prevalence of regret in transgender patients after [gender-affirmation surgery]".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bustos |first1=Valeria P. |last2=Bustos |first2=Samyd S. |last3=Mascaro |first3=Andres |last4=Del Corral |first4=Gabriel |last5=Forte |first5=Antonio J. |last6=Ciudad |first6=Pedro |last7=Kim |first7=Esther A. |last8=Langstein |first8=Howard N. |last9=Manrique |first9=Oscar J. |date=March 19, 2021 |title=Regret after Gender-affirmation Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=e3477 |doi=10.1097/GOX.0000000000003477 |issn=2169-7574 |pmc=8099405 |pmid=33968550}}</ref> In a January 2023 study of 1989 individuals who had undergone sex reassignment surgery, 6 individuals (0.3%) requested a reversal surgery or detransitioned.<ref name="jedrzejewski_20230124">{{Cite journal |last1=Jedrzejewski |first1=Breanna Y. |last2=Marsiglio |first2=Mary |last3=Guerriero |first3=Jess |last4=Penkin |first4=Amy |author5=OHSU Transgender Health Program "Regret and Request for Reversal" workgroup |last6=Berli |first6=Jens |date=January 24, 2023 |title=Regret after Gender Affirming Surgery – A Multidisciplinary Approach to a Multifaceted Patient Experience |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |volume=152 |issue=1 |pages=206–214 |doi=10.1097/PRS.0000000000010243 |pmid=36727823 |s2cid=256501398 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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A 2019 [[poster presentation]] examined the records of 3398 patients who attended a UK gender identity clinic between August 2016 and August 2017. Davies and colleagues searched for assessment reports with keywords related to regret or detransition. They identified 16 individuals (0.47%) who expressed regret or had detransitioned. Of those 16, 3 (0.09%) had detransitioned permanently.<ref name="Davies">{{Cite conference|last1=Davies|first1=Skye|first2=Stephen|last2=McIntyre|first3=Craig|last3=Rypma|title=Detransition rates in a national UK Gender Identity Clinic|conference=3rd Biennial EPATH Conference: Inside Matters, On Law, Ethics and Religion|page=118|date=April 2019|url=https://epath.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Boof-of-abstracts-EPATH2019.pdf#page=139|access-date=2021-05-27|archive-date=2021-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521155446/https://epath.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Boof-of-abstracts-EPATH2019.pdf#page=139|url-status=live}}</ref> 10 (0.29%) had detransitioned temporarily, to later retransition.<ref name="Davies" /> A 2019 clinical assessment found that 9.4% of patients with adolescent-emerging gender dysphoria either ceased wishing to pursue medical interventions or no longer felt that their gender identity was incongruent with their assigned sex at birth within an eighteen-month period.<ref>{{harvnb|Churcher Clarke|Spiliadis|2019}}</ref> A 2021 study examining the case notes of 175 adults discharged from a UK gender identity clinic between September 2017 and August 2018 found that 12 (6.9%) met the researchers' criteria for detransitioning{{Em dash}}that is, they returned to living as their assigned gender. Six individuals were found to have experiences that "overlap" with detransitioners, but were not counted as such for this study due to displaying "gender identity confusion" during treatment.<ref name="Hall 2021">{{harvnb|Hall|Mitchell|Sachdeva|2021}}</ref> Another study from a UK primary care practice found that 12.2% of those who had started hormonal treatments either detransitioned or documented regret, while a total of 20% stopped the treatments for a wider range of reasons.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Levine |first1=Stephen B. |last2=Abbruzzese |first2=E. |last3=Mason |first3=Julia W. |date=3 October 2022 |title=Reconsidering Informed Consent for Trans-Identified Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2022.2046221 |journal=Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=706–727 |doi=10.1080/0092623X.2022.2046221 |issn=0092-623X |pmid=35300570|s2cid=247521800 }}</ref> An April 2022 study found that 284 individuals out of a total of 952 (29.8%) had stopped hormone therapy treatments.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Christina M. |last2=Klein |first2=David A. |last3=Adirim |first3=Terry A. |last4=Schvey |first4=Natasha A. |last5=Hisle-Gorman |first5=Elizabeth |date=18 August 2022 |title=Continuation of Gender-affirming Hormones Among Transgender Adolescents and Adults |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35452119/ |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=107 |issue=9 |pages=e3937–e3943 |doi=10.1210/clinem/dgac251 |issn=1945-7197 |pmid=35452119|s2cid=248323577 }}</ref> |
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Studies of transition regret or detransition in different populations have found different (average or median) elapsed times before these occurred: a 2018 study found 10 years and 10 months on average to regret (but not necessarily detransition) from start of hormonal therapy,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wiepjes|first1=Chantal M.|last2=Nota|first2=Nienke M.|last3=de Blok|first3=Christel J. M.|last4=Klaver|first4=Maartje|last5=de Vries|first5=Annelou L. C.|last6=Wensing-Kruger|first6=S. Annelijn|last7=de Jongh|first7=Renate T.|last8=Bouman|first8=Mark-Bram|last9=Steensma|first9=Thomas D.|last10=Cohen-Kettenis|first10=Peggy|last11=Gooren|first11=Louis J. G.|date=April 2018|title=The Amsterdam Cohort of Gender Dysphoria Study (1972-2015): Trends in Prevalence, Treatment, and Regrets|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29463477/|journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine| volume=15| issue=4| pages=582–590| doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.01.016|issn=1743-6109|pmid=29463477|quote="In addition, in our population the average time to regret was 130 months, so it might be too early to examine regret rates in people who started with HT in the past 10 years."|access-date=June 16, 2021|archive-date=June 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620212554/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29463477/|url-status=live}}</ref> and a 2014 study of those who had surgery found a median lag of 8 years before requesting a reversal of legal gender status.<ref name="detransitionestimates" /> A 2021 UK study found evidence that supports detransitioning occurring on average 4–8 years after transitioning.<ref name="Hall 2021" /> |
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Those who undergo [[gender-affirming surgery]] have very low rates of detransition or transition regret. A 2005 Dutch study included 162 adults who received sex reassignment surgery, 126 of whom participated in follow-up assessments one to four years after surgery. Two individuals expressed regret at follow-up, only one of whom said that they would not transition again if given the opportunity. The remaining 124 out of 126 (98%) expressed no regrets about transitioning.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=Yolanda L. S.|last2=Goozen|first2=Stephanie H. M. Van|last3=Kuiper|first3=Abraham J.|last4=Cohen-Kettenis|first4=Peggy T.|date=January 2005|title=Sex reassignment: outcomes and predictors of treatment for adolescent and adult transsexuals|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/abs/sex-reassignment-outcomes-and-predictors-of-treatment-for-adolescent-and-adult-transsexuals/D000472406C5F6E1BD4E6A37BC7550A4|journal=Psychological Medicine|language=en|volume=35|issue=1|pages=89–99|doi=10.1017/S0033291704002776|pmid=15842032|s2cid=6032916 |issn=1469-8978|access-date=2021-11-16|archive-date=2021-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116155604/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/abs/sex-reassignment-outcomes-and-predictors-of-treatment-for-adolescent-and-adult-transsexuals/D000472406C5F6E1BD4E6A37BC7550A4|url-status=live}}</ref> A 2021 meta-analysis of 27 studies concluded that "there is an extremely low prevalence of regret in transgender patients after [gender-affirmation surgery]".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bustos |first1=Valeria P. |last2=Bustos |first2=Samyd S. |last3=Mascaro |first3=Andres |last4=Del Corral |first4=Gabriel |last5=Forte |first5=Antonio J. |last6=Ciudad |first6=Pedro |last7=Kim |first7=Esther A. |last8=Langstein |first8=Howard N. |last9=Manrique |first9=Oscar J. |date=2021-03-19 |title=Regret after Gender-affirmation Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=e3477 |doi=10.1097/GOX.0000000000003477 |issn=2169-7574 |pmc=8099405 |pmid=33968550}}</ref> In a January 2023 study of 1989 individuals who had undergone sex reassignment surgery, 6 individuals (0.3%) requested a reversal surgery or detransitioned.<ref name="jedrzejewski_20230124">{{Cite journal |last1=Jedrzejewski |first1=Breanna Y. |last2=Marsiglio |first2=Mary |last3=Guerriero |first3=Jess |last4=Penkin |first4=Amy |author5=OHSU Transgender Health Program "Regret and Request for Reversal" workgroup |last6=Berli |first6=Jens |date=24 January 2023 |title=Regret after Gender Affirming Surgery – A Multidisciplinary Approach to a Multifaceted Patient Experience |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery |doi=10.1097/PRS.0000000000010243 |pmid=36727823 |s2cid=256501398 }}</ref> |
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[[Informed consent]] and affirmation of [[self-diagnosis]] (both newer but increasingly employed models for transgender healthcare) have been criticized for failing to meet the needs of those who eventually detransition.<ref>{{harvnb|Graham|2017}}; {{harvnb|Yoo|2018}}</ref> |
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Studies of transition regret or detransition in different populations have found different (average or median) elapsed times before these occurred: a 2018 study found 10 years and 10 months on average to regret (but not necessarily detransition) from start of hormonal therapy,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wiepjes|first1=Chantal M.|last2=Nota|first2=Nienke M.|last3=de Blok|first3=Christel J. M.|last4=Klaver|first4=Maartje|last5=de Vries|first5=Annelou L. C.|last6=Wensing-Kruger|first6=S. Annelijn|last7=de Jongh|first7=Renate T.|last8=Bouman|first8=Mark-Bram|last9=Steensma|first9=Thomas D.|last10=Cohen-Kettenis|first10=Peggy|last11=Gooren|first11=Louis J. G.|date=April 2018|title=The Amsterdam Cohort of Gender Dysphoria Study (1972-2015): Trends in Prevalence, Treatment, and Regrets|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29463477/|journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine|volume=15|issue=4|pages=582–590|doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.01.016|issn=1743-6109|pmid=29463477|quote="In addition, in our population the average time to regret was 130 months, so it might be too early to examine regret rates in people who started with HT in the past 10 years."|access-date=2021-06-16|archive-date=2021-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620212554/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29463477/|url-status=live}}</ref> and a 2014 study of those who had surgery found a median lag of 8 years before requesting a reversal of legal gender status.<ref name="detransitionestimates" /> A 2021 UK study found evidence that supports detransitioning occurring on average 4–8 years after transitioning.<ref name="Hall 2021" /> |
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Criticisms have been made regarding the "persistence-desistance" dichotomy as ignoring reasons why a person's gender identity may desist outside of simply being cisgender in the first place. For example, an assertion of a cisgender identity may be treated with validity and as an invalidation of a previously stated transgender identity; however, an assertion of a transgender identity may only be treated with the same validity if it is held throughout one's life. An individual may repress or realize their identity at any point in their life for a variety of reasons; some individuals' gender identities are fluid and/or may change throughout their lifetime, and some individuals whose identities are [[Non-binary gender|non-binary]] are effectively excluded due to a study's assumption of a gender binary.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Temple Newhook|first1=Julia|last2=Pyne|first2=Jake|last3=Winters|first3=Kelley|last4=Feder|first4=Stephen|last5=Holmes|first5=Cindy|last6=Tosh|first6=Jemma|last7=Sinnott|first7=Mari-Lynne|last8=Jamieson|first8=Ally|last9=Pickett|first9=Sarah|date=April 3, 2018|title=A critical commentary on follow-up studies and "desistance" theories about transgender and gender-nonconforming children|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15532739.2018.1456390|journal=International Journal of Transgenderism|language=en|volume=19|issue=2|pages=212–224|doi=10.1080/15532739.2018.1456390|s2cid=150338824|issn=1553-2739|quote="Due to such shifting diagnostic categories and inclusion criteria over time, these studies included children who, by current DSM-5 standards, would not likely have been categorized as transgender (i.e., they would not meet the criteria for gender dysphoria) and therefore, it is not surprising that they would not iden- tify as transgender at follow-up. Current criteria require identification with a gender other than what was assigned at birth, which was not a necessity in prior versions of the diagnosis."|access-date=March 26, 2021|archive-date=December 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215203717/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15532739.2018.1456390|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="steensma_2018">{{Cite journal|last=Steensma|first=Thomas|date=2018|title=A critical commentary on "A critical commentary on follow-up studies and "desistence" theories about transgender and gender non-conforming children"|journal=[[International Journal of Transgenderism]]|volume=19|issue=2|pages=225–230|doi=10.1080/15532739.2018.1468292|s2cid=150062632|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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[[Informed consent]] and affirmation of [[self-diagnosis]] (both newer but increasingly employed models for transgender healthcare) have been criticized for failing to meet the needs of those who eventually detransition.<ref>{{harvnb|Graham|2017}}; {{harvnb|Marchiano|2017}}; {{harvnb|Yoo|2018}}</ref> |
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Criticisms have been made regarding the "persistence-desistance" dichotomy as ignoring reasons why a person's gender identity may desist outside of simply being cisgender in the first place. For example, an assertion of a cisgender identity may be treated with validity and as an invalidation of a previously stated transgender identity; however, an assertion of a transgender identity may only be treated with the same validity if it is held throughout one's life. An individual may repress or realize their identity at any point in their life for a variety of reasons; some individuals' gender identities are fluid and/or may change throughout their lifetime, and some individuals whose identities are [[Non-binary gender|non-binary]] are effectively excluded due to a study's assumption of a gender binary.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Temple Newhook|first1=Julia|last2=Pyne|first2=Jake|last3=Winters|first3=Kelley|last4=Feder|first4=Stephen|last5=Holmes|first5=Cindy|last6=Tosh|first6=Jemma|last7=Sinnott|first7=Mari-Lynne|last8=Jamieson|first8=Ally|last9=Pickett|first9=Sarah|date=2018-04-03|title=A critical commentary on follow-up studies and "desistance" theories about transgender and gender-nonconforming children|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15532739.2018.1456390|journal=International Journal of Transgenderism|language=en|volume=19|issue=2|pages=212–224|doi=10.1080/15532739.2018.1456390|s2cid=150338824|issn=1553-2739|quote="Due to such shifting diagnostic categories and inclusion criteria over time, these studies included children who, by current DSM-5 standards, would not likely have been categorized as transgender (i.e., they would not meet the criteria for gender dysphoria) and therefore, it is not surprising that they would not iden- tify as transgender at follow-up. Current criteria require identification with a gender other than what was assigned at birth, which was not a necessity in prior versions of the diagnosis."|access-date=2021-03-26|archive-date=2021-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215203717/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15532739.2018.1456390|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="steensma_2018">{{Cite journal|last=Steensma|first=Thomas|date=2018|title=A critical commentary on "A critical commentary on follow-up studies and "desistence" theories about transgender and gender non-conforming children"|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15532739.2018.1468292|journal=[[International Journal of Transgenderism]]|volume=19|issue=2|pages=225–230|doi=10.1080/15532739.2018.1468292|s2cid=150062632|via=Taylor & Francis Online|access-date=2022-02-08|archive-date=2022-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127045920/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15532739.2018.1468292|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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=== Reasons === |
=== Reasons === |
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Reasons for detransitioning vary, and may include health-related concerns, finding that transition did not alleviate [[gender dysphoria]], a negative social environment, and financial concerns.<ref name=":3" /> |
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The [[National Center for Transgender Equality]] conducted a survey which collected responses from individuals who identified as transgender at the time of the survey.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS-Full-Report-Dec17.pdf |title=The Report of the 2015 US Transgender Survey |date=December 17, 2016}}</ref> The results published in the [[National Center for Transgender Equality#U.S. Transgender Survey (2015)|2015 U.S. Transgender Survey]] found that 8% of respondents reported having ever detransitioned; 62% of that group reported transitioning again and were living as a gender other than the one assigned to them at birth at the time of the survey.<ref>{{harvnb|Boslaugh|2018|p=43}}; {{harvnb|James|Herman|Rankin|Keisling|2016|pp=111, 292–294}}</ref> About 36% reported having detransitioned due to pressure from parent, 33% because it was too difficult, 31% due to discrimination, 29% due to difficulty getting a job, 26% pressure from family members, 18% pressure from a spouse, and 17% due to pressure from an employer.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Boslaugh |first=Sarah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agVnDwAAQBAJ&q=detransition+harassment&pg=PA43 |title=Transgender Health Issues |date=2018-08-03 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-5888-8 |pages=43–44 |language=en |ref=none |access-date=2021-06-15 |archive-date=2022-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620144900/https://books.google.com/books?id=agVnDwAAQBAJ&q=detransition+harassment&pg=PA43 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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The [[National Center for Transgender Equality]] conducted a survey which collected responses from individuals who identified as transgender at the time of the survey.<ref name = USTS>{{Cite web |url=https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS-Full-Report-Dec17.pdf |title=The Report of the 2015 US Transgender Survey |date=December 17, 2016}}</ref> The results published in the [[National Center for Transgender Equality#U.S. Transgender Survey|2015 U.S. Transgender Survey]] found that 8% of respondents reported having ever detransitioned; 62% of that group reported transitioning again and were living as a gender other than the one assigned to them at birth at the time of the survey.<ref>{{harvnb|Boslaugh|2018|p=43}}; {{harvnb|James|Herman|Rankin|Keisling|2016|pp=111, 292–294}}</ref> About 36% reported having detransitioned due to pressure from parents, 33% because it was too difficult, 31% due to discrimination, 29% due to difficulty getting a job, 26% pressure from family members, 18% pressure from a spouse, and 17% due to pressure from an employer.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Boslaugh |first=Sarah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agVnDwAAQBAJ&q=detransition+harassment&pg=PA43 |title=Transgender Health Issues |date=August 3, 2018 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-5888-8 |pages=43–44 |language=en |ref=none |access-date=June 15, 2021 |archive-date=June 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620144900/https://books.google.com/books?id=agVnDwAAQBAJ&q=detransition+harassment&pg=PA43 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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In a 2021 study of 237 detransitioners (92% of whom were assigned female at birth), recruited via online detransitioner communities and who no longer identify as transgender, the most prevalent reasons to detransition were the realization that gender dysphoria was related to other issues (70%), health concerns (for 62%), and that transitioning didn’t help their gender dysphoria (50%).<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Vandenbussche |first=Elie |date=2021-04-30 |title=Detransition-Related Needs and Support: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |volume=69 |issue=9 |pages=1602–1620 |doi=10.1080/00918369.2021.1919479 |issn=1540-3602 |pmid=33929297 |quote=“The most common reported reason for detransitioning was realized that my gender dysphoria was related to other issues (70%). The second one was health concerns (62%), followed by transition did not help my dysphoria (50%), found alternatives to deal with my dysphoria (45%), unhappy with the social changes (44%), and change in political views (43%). At the very bottom of the list are: lack of support from social surroundings (13%), financial concerns (12%) and discrimination (10%) (see Figure 1).” |doi-access=free |s2cid=233459164 }}</ref> |
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In a 2021 study of 2,242 individuals recruited via community outreach organizations who detransitioned and who continue to identify as transgender or gender diverse, the vast majority said detransition was in part due to external factors, such as pressure from family, sexual assault, and nonaffirming school environments; another highly cited factor was "it was just too hard for me."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Turban|first1=Jack L.|last2=Loo|first2=Stephanie S.|last3=Almazan|first3=Anthony N.|last4=Keuroghlian|first4=Alex S.|date=May 2021|title=Factors Leading to "Detransition" Among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in the United States: A Mixed-Methods Analysis|journal=LGBT Health|volume=8|issue=4|pages=273–280|doi=10.1089/lgbt.2020.0437|issn=2325-8306|pmid=33794108|pmc=8213007|quote="Because the USTS only surveyed currently TGD-identified people, our study does not offer insights into reasons for detransition in previously TGD-identified people who currently identify as cisgender." "The vast majority of participants reported detransition due at least in part to external factors, such as pressure from family, nonaffirming school environments, and sexual assault." "iIt was just too hard for me" is shown in table 2.}}</ref> Motives for detransitioning commonly include financial barriers to transition, social rejection in transition, depression or suicidality due to transition, and discomfort with sexual characteristics developed during transition. Additional motives include concern for lack of data on long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy, concern for loss of fertility, complications from surgery, and changes in gender identity.<ref>* "Six persons clearly ventilated their feelings of regret about the decision; three of them accused their clinician of incompetence. Four others respectively gave as primary reasons: social isolation, disappointing surgical results and a sudden vanishing of the urge to live as a woman." {{harvnb|Kuiper and Cohen-Kettenis|1998}}. See also {{harvnb|Bowen|2007}}; {{harvnb|Clark-Flory|2015}}; {{harvnb|Danker et al.|2018}}; {{harvnb|Herzog|2017a}}; {{harvnb|McFadden|2017}}; {{harvnb|Sarner|2017}}; {{harvnb|Turban et al.|2018a}}.</ref> Some people detransition on a temporary basis, in order to accomplish a particular aim, such as having biologically related children, or until barriers to transition have been resolved or removed.<ref>{{harvnb|Americo|2018}}; {{harvnb|Kanner|2018}}</ref> Transgender elders may also detransition out of concern for whether they can receive adequate or respectful care in later life.<ref>{{harvnb|Witten|2015}}</ref> |
In a 2021 study of 2,242 individuals recruited via community outreach organizations who detransitioned and who continue to identify as transgender or gender diverse, the vast majority said detransition was in part due to external factors, such as pressure from family, sexual assault, and nonaffirming school environments; another highly cited factor was "it was just too hard for me."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Turban|first1=Jack L.|last2=Loo|first2=Stephanie S.|last3=Almazan|first3=Anthony N.|last4=Keuroghlian|first4=Alex S.|date=May 2021|title=Factors Leading to "Detransition" Among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in the United States: A Mixed-Methods Analysis|journal=LGBT Health|volume=8|issue=4|pages=273–280|doi=10.1089/lgbt.2020.0437|issn=2325-8306|pmid=33794108|pmc=8213007|quote="Because the USTS only surveyed currently TGD-identified people, our study does not offer insights into reasons for detransition in previously TGD-identified people who currently identify as cisgender." "The vast majority of participants reported detransition due at least in part to external factors, such as pressure from family, nonaffirming school environments, and sexual assault." "iIt was just too hard for me" is shown in table 2.}}</ref> Motives for detransitioning commonly include financial barriers to transition, [[social rejection]] in transition, depression or suicidality due to transition, and discomfort with sexual characteristics developed during transition. Additional motives include concern for lack of data on long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy, concern for loss of fertility, complications from surgery, and changes in gender identity.<ref>* "Six persons clearly ventilated their feelings of regret about the decision; three of them accused their clinician of incompetence. Four others respectively gave as primary reasons: social isolation, disappointing surgical results and a sudden vanishing of the urge to live as a woman." {{harvnb|Kuiper and Cohen-Kettenis|1998}}. See also {{harvnb|Bowen|2007}}; {{harvnb|Clark-Flory|2015}}; {{harvnb|Danker et al.|2018}}; {{harvnb|Herzog|2017a}}; {{harvnb|McFadden|2017}}; {{harvnb|Sarner|2017}}; {{harvnb|Turban et al.|2018a}}.</ref> Some people detransition on a temporary basis, in order to accomplish a particular aim, such as having biologically related children, or until barriers to transition have been resolved or removed.<ref>{{harvnb|Americo|2018}}; {{harvnb|Kanner|2018}}</ref> Transgender elders may also detransition out of concern for whether they can receive adequate or respectful care in later life.<ref>{{harvnb|Witten|2015}}</ref> |
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A qualitative study comparing child desisters to persisters (those with persisting gender dysphoria) found that while persisters related their dysphoria primarily to a mismatch between their bodies and their identity, desisters' dysphoria was more likely to be, at least retroactively, related to a desire to fulfill the other gender role.<ref name="Steensma">{{Cite journal|last1=Steensma|first1=Thomas D.|last2=Biemond|first2=Roeline|last3=De Boer|first3=Fijgje|last4=Cohen-Kettenis|first4=Peggy T.|year=2011|title=Desisting and persisting gender dysphoria after childhood: A qualitative follow-up study|journal=Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry|volume=16|issue=4|pages=499–516|doi=10.1177/1359104510378303|pmid=21216800|s2cid=1789558}}</ref> |
A qualitative study comparing child desisters to persisters (those with persisting gender dysphoria) found that while persisters related their dysphoria primarily to a mismatch between their bodies and their identity, desisters' dysphoria was more likely to be, at least retroactively, related to a desire to fulfill the other gender role.<ref name="Steensma">{{Cite journal|last1=Steensma|first1=Thomas D.|last2=Biemond|first2=Roeline|last3=De Boer|first3=Fijgje|last4=Cohen-Kettenis|first4=Peggy T.|year=2011|title=Desisting and persisting gender dysphoria after childhood: A qualitative follow-up study|journal=Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry|volume=16|issue=4|pages=499–516|doi=10.1177/1359104510378303|pmid=21216800|s2cid=1789558}}</ref> |
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== Cultural and political impact == |
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An October 2021 study of 100 detransitioners found that detransitioning was related to them becoming more comfortable identifying as their natal sex (60%), having concerns about potential medical complications from transitioning (49%), coming to the view that their gender dysphoria was caused by something specific such as trauma, abuse, or a mental health condition (38%), experiencing discrimination (23%), homophobia or difficulty accepting themselves as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (23%) and feeling pressured to transition by social sources that included friends, partners, and society (20%).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Littman |first1=Lisa |date=October 2021 |title=Individuals Treated for Gender Dysphoria with Medical and/or Surgical Transition Who Subsequently Detransitioned: A Survey of 100 Detransitioners |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=50 |issue=8 |pages=3353–3369 |doi=10.1007/s10508-021-02163-w |pmid=34665380 |pmc=8604821 |quote=Reasons for detransitioning were varied and included: experiencing discrimination (23.0%); becoming more comfortable identifying as their natal sex (60.0%); having concerns about potential medical complications from transitioning (49.0%); and coming to the view that their gender dysphoria was caused by something specific such as trauma, abuse, or a mental health condition (38.0%). Homophobia or difficulty accepting themselves as lesbian, gay, or bisexual was expressed by 23.0% as a reason for transition and subsequent detransition... And finally, 20.0% of participants felt pressured to transition by social sources that included friends, partners, and society.}}</ref> |
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There are no legal, medical, and psychological guidelines on the topic of detransition.<ref>{{harvnb|Graham|2017}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=I don't understand what this means, to the point I wonder why a section called "Cultural and political impact" leads with it?|date=May 2023}} The Standards of Care by the [[World Professional Association for Transgender Health]] (WPATH) do not mention detransition,<ref> |
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==== Forced detransition ==== |
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*{{harvnb|WPATH|2012}} |
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===== Forced detransition of minors ===== |
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"There are currently no professional guidelines or resources for providers who encounter patients who experience regret and/or seek detransition." {{harvnb|Danker et al.|2018}}</ref> though 37 WPATH surgeons have expressed a desire for detransition guidelines to be included,<ref> |
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In 2021, legislatures in 22 states in the United States introduced bills that would criminalize the provision of [[gender-affirming care]] to transgender minors, forcibly detransitioning those who can't flee the state. By the end of February 2022, the number had risen to 29. Supporters of these bills often cite concerns about detransition and desistance and claim they wish to protect children. However, scientific evidence suggests these bills will cause harm to transgender children as gender-affirming care is often necessary and access to it has consistently shown a positive relationship with mental well-being.<ref name="APA-on-healthcare-bans">{{Cite report |url=https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/gender-affirmative-care |title= Criminalizing Gender Affirmative Care with Minors: Suggested Discussion Points With Resources to Oppose Transgender Exclusion Bills |
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"88% of respondents feel that WPATH SOC 8 should include a chapter on detransition" {{harvnb|Danker et al.|2018}}</ref> and former WPATH president and longtime chair of [[WPATH-SOC|WPATH's Standards of Care]] revision team, [[Eli Coleman]], has listed detransition among the topics that he would like to see included in the eighth edition.<ref> |
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|publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Dodds |first1=Io |last2=Woodward |first2=Alex |date=2022-04-14 |title=The GOP 'grooming' smear is sparking a new wave of anti-LGBT+ violence |language=en |work=Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/republicans-disney-groomer-harassment-lgbt-people-b2058272.html |access-date=2022-09-16}}</ref> |
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"Miscellaneous suggestions ... detransition." {{harvnb|Coleman|2017}}</ref> |
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Some researchers perceive there to be an atmosphere of censorship around studying the phenomenon.<ref name=":2">{{harvnb|Shute|2017}}; {{harvnb|''BBC''|2017}}; {{harvnb|Borreli|2017}}; {{harvnb|Stein|2009}}; {{harvnb|Veissière|2018}}</ref> Various sides involved in the dispute over detransitioning say they have been harassed and have described each other as threats to [[transgender rights]].<ref name="herzogquote">"This has ignited a contentious debate both in and outside the trans community, with various sides accusing each other of bigotry, harassment, censorship, and damaging the fight for trans rights. It's such a fraught issue that many people I interviewed requested anonymity. (All the names of detransitioners have been changed.) Others refused to speak on the record, afraid of the potential fallout." {{harvnb|Herzog|2017a}}</ref><ref>""[T]he trans community does our best to pretend that retransitioning never happens ... trans people who have retransitioned are often treated as outcasts, as aberrations or as an embarrassment to our community's goals. They are assumed to be failures, traitors to the cause of trans liberation." {{harvnb|Tobia|2018}}</ref> |
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The majority of medical associations agree that gender-affirming healthcare is necessary. The [[American Medical Association]], [[American Academy of Pediatrics]], and [[American Psychological Association]] have spoken out against the bills and defended the right of minors to transition.<ref name="APA-on-healthcare-bans"/><ref name="Yurcaba"/><ref name="AMA-on-healthcare-bans"/><ref name="AAP-on-healthcare-bans"/> In a letter to the National Governors Association, the American Medical Association warned that anti-trans healthcare bans will lead to greater rates of depression and suicide for transgender youth and described bills banning gender-affirming care as "a dangerous intrusion into the practice of medicine".<ref name="AMA-on-healthcare-bans">{{Cite report |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/press-releases/ama-states-stop-interfering-health-care-transgender-children |title=AMA to states: Stop interfering in health care of transgender children |date=April 26, 2021 |publisher=[[American Medical Association]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Milton |first=Josh |date=2022-05-10 |title=Trans teen facing 'detransition' under healthcare ban makes urgent plea to lawmakers |language=en-GB |work=The Pink News |url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2022/05/10/alabama-trans-healthcare-ban/ |access-date=2022-09-16}}</ref> Pediatricians testifying against the bills have said they are based on myths and misconceptions about transgender healthcare.<ref name="AAP-on-healthcare-bans">{{Cite report |url=https://publications.aap.org/aapnews/news/12780 |title= Pediatricians say state bills would harm transgender youths |last=Korioth |first=Trisha |date=March 9, 2021 |publisher=[[American Academy of Pediatrics]] News}}</ref> |
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Controversy surrounding detransition within trans activism primarily arises from how the subject is framed as a subject of [[moral panic]] in mainstream media and right-wing politics.<ref name="Slothouber">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/13825577.2020.1730052| title=(De)trans visibility: Moral panic in mainstream media reports on de/Retransition| year=2020| last1=Slothouber| first1=Van| journal=European Journal of English Studies| volume=24| pages=89–99| s2cid=219079388| doi-access=free}}</ref> Detransition has attracted interest from both [[Social conservatism|social conservatives]] on the [[Right-wing politics|political right]] and [[Radical feminism|radical feminists]] on the [[Left-wing politics|political left]]. Activists on the right have been accused of using detransitioners' stories to further their work [[Transphobia|against trans rights]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ford|2018}}; {{harvnb|Herzog|2017a}}; {{harvnb|Bowen|2007}}; {{harvnb|Tobia|2018}}</ref> On the left, some radical feminists see detransitioners' experiences as further proof of [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] enforcement of [[gender roles]] and [[medicalized]] erasure of [[Homosexuality|gays and lesbians]].<ref name="Bowen 2007">{{harvnb|Herzog|2017a}}; {{harvnb|Bowen|2007}}</ref> Other feminists have expressed disagreement with this opinion, referring to those who hold these beliefs as [[TERF|trans-exclusionary radical feminists (TERF)]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Parker|first=Charlie|title=JK Rowling compares trans treatment to gay conversion therapy|newspaper=[[The Times]]|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/jk-rowling-compares-trans-treatment-to-gay-conversion-therapy-t7z3kxnjn|access-date=August 26, 2021|issn=0140-0460|archive-date=August 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826152549/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/jk-rowling-compares-trans-treatment-to-gay-conversion-therapy-t7z3kxnjn|url-status=live}}</ref> This attention has elicited in detransitioners mixed feelings of both exploitation and support.<ref name="Bowen 2007" /><ref name=urquhart>{{Cite web|last=Urquhart|first=Evan|date=February 1, 2021|title=An "Ex-Detransitioner" Disavows the Anti-Trans Movement She Helped Spark|url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2021/02/detransition-movement-star-ex-gay-explained.html|access-date=August 26, 2021|website=Slate Magazine|language=en|archive-date=September 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901194702/https://slate.com/human-interest/2021/02/detransition-movement-star-ex-gay-explained.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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In 2021, the Arkansas legislature passed [[Arkansas HB 1570|House Bill 1570]], prohibiting transgender youth from receiving gender-affirming health care of any kind. The ACLU challenged the bill, leading a federal judge to issue a temporary injunction, protecting transgender youth in the state from being detransitioned against their will.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Harron |date=2022-06-01 |title=How Chase Strangio Became the Face of the Legal Battle for Trans Rights |language=en |work=The Advocate |url=https://www.advocate.com/politics/2022/6/01/chase-strangio-aclu-cover-twitter-trans-rights |access-date=2022-09-16}}</ref> |
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In August 2017, the [[Mazzoni Center]]'s [[Philadelphia Trans Wellness Conference|Philadelphia Trans Health Conference]], which is an annual meeting of transgender people, advocates, and healthcare providers, canceled two panel discussions on detransition and alternate methods of working with gender dysphoria.<ref>{{harvnb|Rodriguez|2017}}; {{harvnb|Herzog|2017b}}</ref> The conference organizers said, "When a topic becomes controversial, such as this one has turned on social media, there is a duty to make sure that the debate does not get out of control at the conference itself. After several days of considerations and reviewing feedback, the planning committee voted that the workshops, while valid, cannot be presented at the conference as planned."<ref>{{harvnb|''Mazzoni Center''|2017}}</ref> |
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In April 2022, Alabama [[LGBT rights in Alabama#Gender affirming healthcare|Senate Bill 184]] was approved. The bill prevents doctors from prescribing [[puberty blocker]]s or hormone therapy for transgender youth under a threat of up to 10 years in prison, forcibly detransitioning youth in the state, and mandates that school staff [[Coming out|out]] students to their parents.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Serena |date=2022-04-08 |title=Alabama will now force trans youth to detransition |language=en |work=Dazed |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/politics/article/55882/1/alabama-will-now-force-medically-transitioning-trans-youth-to-detransition |access-date=2022-09-16}}</ref> |
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In September 2017, [[Bath Spa University]] revoked permission for James Caspian, a [[Jungian]] psychotherapist who works with transgender people and is a trustee of the [[Beaumont Trust]], to research regret of gender-reassignment procedures and pursuit of detransition.<ref>{{harvnb|Caspian}}</ref> Caspian alleged the reason for the university's refusal was that it was "a potentially [[Political correctness|politically incorrect]] piece of research, [which] carries a risk to the university. Attacks on social media may not be confined to the researcher, but may involve the university. The posting of unpleasant material on blogs or social media may be detrimental to the reputation of the university."<ref>{{harvnb|''BBC''|2017}}; {{harvnb|Weale|2017}}; {{harvnb|Hurst|2017}}</ref> The university stated that Caspian's proposal "was not refused because of the subject matter, but rather because of his proposed methodological approach. The university was not satisfied this approach would guarantee the anonymity of his participants or the confidentiality of the data."<ref name="somerset">{{cite web |url=https://www.somersetlive.co.uk/news/somerset-news/bath-spa-university-james-caspian-2557060 |title=Ex-Bath Spa student James Caspian fails in court fight against university |last=Petherick |first=Sam |date=February 20, 2019 |publisher=[[Somerset Live]] |access-date=May 1, 2020 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729205448/https://www.somersetlive.co.uk/news/somerset-news/bath-spa-university-james-caspian-2557060 |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2017, he took the matter to the High Court, which concluded his application for a judicial review was "totally without merit".<ref name="somerset" /> The outcome was also considered by the [[Office of the Independent Adjudicator]] for Higher Education, who determined the university's conclusion was reasonable.<ref name="somerset" /> Caspian appealed to the High Court for judicial review again in 2019; the judge ruled against him, saying, "I entirely accept that there are important issues of freedom of expression. I just do not accept that, on the facts of this particular case, there is an arguable case made out," and adding that the application was too late.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/19/proposal-research-trans-regret-rejected-university-fear-backlash/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/19/proposal-research-trans-regret-rejected-university-fear-backlash/ |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Proposal to research 'trans regret' rejected by university for fear of backlash, claims psychotherapist |last=Johnson |first=Jamie |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=February 19, 2019 |publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=February 19, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Caspian claimed that he was "refused permission for a Judicial Review on points of procedure" and that the judge "was clearly sympathetic to the case but felt that his hands were tied by legal procedure;"<ref name="somerset"/> in February 2021, he appealed to the [[European Court of Human Rights]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/02/05/psychotherapist-blocked-studying-trans-regret-takes-case-european/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/02/05/psychotherapist-blocked-studying-trans-regret-takes-case-european/ |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Psychotherapist blocked from studying 'trans regret' takes case to the European Court |last=Swerling |first=Gabriella |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=February 5, 2021 |publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=February 19, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |
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On August 5, 2022, the Florida Board of Medicine voted to consider [[LGBT rights in Florida#Healthcare|guidelines]] proposed by the state's surgeon general, starting the process of denying transgender youth in Florida gender-affirming care.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wiggins |first=Christopher |date=2022-08-05 |title=Florida Medical Board Votes to Ban Kids' Gender-Affirming Care |language=en |work=The Advocate |url=https://www.advocate.com/transgender/2022/8/05/florida-medical-board-votes-ban-kids-gender-affirming-care |access-date=2022-09-16}}</ref> On October 28, 2022, Florida's Board of Medicine passed a motion to ban all gender-affirming healthcare for minors, including puberty blockers, hormones, and surgeries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lehman |first=Mark |date=2022-10-28 |title=Florida Board of Medicine considers restricting gender-affirming treatment for teens |url=https://www.clickorlando.com/news/local/2022/10/28/florida-board-of-medicine-considers-restricting-gender-affirming-treatment-for-teens/ |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=WKMG |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-28 |title=Florida Board of Medicine Advances Ban on Transition-Related Care for Minors |url=https://www.them.us/story/florida-board-medicine-trans-minor-care |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=Them |language=en-US}}</ref> The motion mandates all transgender youth to detransition until they turn 18. At one point during the hearing, in response to one protester yelling that trans children would be harmed as a result, board member Dr. Zachariah P. Zachariah answered "That's okay", before forcing a vote ahead.<ref name="Yurcaba">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-news/florida-medical-board-votes-ban-gender-affirming-care-transgender-mino-rcna54632 |last1=Yurcaba |first1=Jo |title=Florida medical board votes to ban gender-affirming care for transgender minors|website=[[NBC News]] }}</ref> Some who'd been at the meeting were reported as saying that the board had put all the speakers in favor of the ban, many of whom where from outside of the state or outside of the country, first in line to speak, before cutting off public comment once they ran out and pro-trans Floridians began to take the podium.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Baska |first1=Maggie |date=29 October 2022 |title=Florida medical board committee takes next step to ban gender-affirming healthcare for trans kids |url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2022/10/29/florida-medical-board-gender-affirming-medical-care-trans-youth/ |website=The Pink News}}</ref> The [[Florida Department of Children and Families|Florida Department of Health]] released official state guidance that transgender children should not be allowed to wear clothes or use names or pronouns aligning with their gender identity.<ref name="Nast">{{Cite magazine |date=2023-01-05 |title=Oklahoma Bill Would Ban Gender-Affirming Care for People Under 26, Could Force Some to Detransition |language=en-US |magazine=Vanity Fair |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/01/oklahoma-gender-affirming-care-ban-bill |access-date=2023-01-13}}</ref> |
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Many [[ex-gay]] and [[Christian Right]] affiliated organizations also promote programs aiming to discourage transition, promote reversal or desistence of transition, and to change individuals' gender identities. A key characteristic of these organizations are the construction of "transgenderism" as a sin against God or the natural order. In the 1970s, [[Exodus International]] platformed Perry Desmond, an "ex-transsexual" who evangelized throughout the US and supported [[Anita Bryant]]'s [[Save Our Children]] campaign. Another prominent characteristic is ex-transgender testimonials, which depict "the transgender lifestyle" as destructive as opposed to contemplation of God and encourage other transgender people to join them. These organizations portray "gender ideology" and "transgender ideology" as a social contagion threatening to the natural order.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=Christine M. |last2=Spivey |first2=Sue E. |date=June 19, 2019 |title=Ungodly Genders: Deconstructing Ex-Gay Movement Discourses of "Transgenderism" in the US |journal=Social Sciences |language=en |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=191 |doi=10.3390/socsci8060191 |issn=2076-0760|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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In Spring 2021, the [[Center for Christian Virtue]] proposed Ohio [[LGBT rights in Ohio#Transgender rights|House Bill 454]], known as the "Save Adolescents From Experimentation (SAFE) Act" in Ohio. The bill was introduced by state representative [[Gary Click]] in 2022 without consulting any transgender people beforehand and would forcibly detransition all transgender minors in the state. The bill would also require counselors, teachers, and all other staff at public and private schools to [[Coming out|out]] transgender youth to their parents. Click stated he believes children are being "[[LGBT grooming conspiracy theory|groomed]]" into thinking that they are trans.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Trau |first=Morgan |date=2022-07-13 |title=Ohio Rep. behind bill limiting transgender care had never spoken to community |language=en-US |work=Ohio Capital Journal |url=https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2022/07/13/ohio-rep-behind-bill-limiting-transgender-care-had-never-spoken-to-community/ |access-date=2022-09-16}}</ref> |
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[[Ky Schevers]], an "ex-detransitioner" whose detransition was prominently profiled by Katie Herzog<ref name="herzogquote"/> and [[The Outline (website)|The Outline]],<ref name="outline">{{cite news |last1=Monroe |first1=Rachel |author-link=Rachel Monroe |title=Detransitioning: a story about discovery |url=https://theoutline.com/post/349/a-story-about-discovery?zd=1&zi=ieqmvy6w |access-date=March 18, 2019 |work=[[The Outline (website)|The Outline]] |date=December 4, 2016 |language=en |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729195521/https://theoutline.com/post/349/a-story-about-discovery?zd=1&zi=ieqmvy6w |url-status=live }}</ref> spoke about her experiences in a community of radical feminist detransitioned women, drawing parallels to the [[ex-gay movement]] and [[conversion therapy]].<ref name=urquhart/> Parallels drawn include suppressing rather than addressing or removing the underlying dysphoria, stating that not only their gender dysphoria but everyone's dysphoria was a result of internalized sexism and trauma, and language from the [[twelve-step program]] being used to describe the desire to transition.<ref name=urquhart/> |
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In August 2022, [[Marjorie Taylor Greene]] of Georgia introduced the "Protect Children’s Innocence Act" that would make providing gender-affirming care to transgender minors a felony punishable by up to 25 years in prison and prohibit the use of federal funds for gender-affirming care, including in [[Affordable Care Act]] plans. The bill would also prohibit higher education institutions from providing instruction on gender-affirming care and bar doctor's who've provided gender-affirming care to minors from receiving visas or being admitted to the United States.<ref name="Migdon">{{Cite news |last1=Migdon |first1=Brooke |last2=Brooks |first2=Emily |date=2022-08-19 |title=Marjorie Taylor Greene introduces bill to make gender-affirming care for transgender youth a felony |language=en-US |work=The Hill |url=https://thehill.com/changing-america/respect/equality/3607955-marjorie-taylor-greene-introduces-bill-to-make-gender-affirming-care-for-transgender-youth-a-felony/ |access-date=2023-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slisco |first=Aila |date=2022-08-18 |title=Marjorie Taylor Greene seeks to criminalize gender-affirming care for kids |language=en |work=Newsweek |url=https://www.newsweek.com/marjorie-taylor-greene-seeks-criminalize-gender-affirming-care-kids-1735044 |access-date=2022-09-16}}</ref> |
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Schevers noted that during the ''[[Bell v Tavistock]]'' ruling, her lawyer had connections to the right-wing and anti-LGBT-rights organization the [[Alliance Defending Freedom]], which she described as pushing most of the [[Transgender rights in the United States|anti-trans bills in the United States]]. Schevers later created Health Liberation Now! alongside Lee Leveille, who'd also previously been involved in detransition communities that were transphobic, to "give voice to folks who have complicated experiences with transition or detransition, retransition and shifting senses of self that goes beyond a lot of the TERFy areas that people are inevitably getting funnelled into". The group has reported on conversion therapy practices and maintains resources to help identify relationships between clinical conversion therapists and [[Astroturfing|astroturfed]] campaigns led by anti-trans groups.<ref name="Xtra">{{Cite news |last=Falk |first=Misha |date=August 4, 2022 |title=Health Liberation Now! is challenging the way anti-trans groups weaponize detransition narratives |work=Xtra |url=https://xtramagazine.com/power/activism/health-liberation-now-detransition-227906 |url-status=live |access-date=September 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804203555/https://xtramagazine.com/power/activism/health-liberation-now-detransition-227906 |archive-date=August 4, 2022}}</ref> |
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In 2023, dozens of bills in over 10 U.S. States have been proposed which would ban minors from receiving gender-affirming care.<ref name="Migdon2">{{Cite news |last=Migdon |first=Brooke |date=2023-01-13 |title=Transgender youth health care bans have a new target: adults |language=en-US |work=The Hill |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/3810926-transgender-youth-health-care-bans-have-a-new-target-adults/ |access-date=2023-01-13}}</ref> |
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== Criminalization of gender-affirming care== |
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===== Forced detransition of adults ===== |
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{{See also|2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States}} |
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On June 2, 2022, Florida Governor [[Ron DeSantis]] announced a [[LGBT rights in Florida#Healthcare|plan to end Medicaid coverage for transgender adults]], making them the first U.S state to target hormones and transition coverage for adults and removing care for approximately 9000 adults.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muñoz-Schaefer |first=Ursula |date=June 3, 2022 |title=Florida is trying to take away gender-affirming medical coverage for 9,000 trans adults |work=Xtra |url=https://xtramagazine.com/power/florida-gender-affirming-medical-coverage-224215 |access-date=2022-09-16}}</ref> |
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=== Criminalization of gender-affirming care for minors === |
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In 2021, legislatures in 22 states in the United States introduced bills that would criminalize the provision of [[gender-affirming care]] to transgender minors, {{Citation needed span|forcibly detransitioning those who are unable to or refuse to leave the state. |date=May 2024}} By the end of February 2022, the number had risen to 29. Supporters of these bills often cite concerns about detransition and desistance and claim they wish to protect children. Scientific evidence suggests these bills will cause harm to transgender children as gender-affirming care is often necessary and access to it has consistently shown a positive relationship with mental well-being, and an inability to access gender-affirming care can cause gender dysphoria, which can commonly lead to anxiety, depression and even suicide in transgender children and teens.<ref name="APA-on-healthcare-bans">{{Cite report |url=https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/gender-affirmative-care |title=Criminalizing Gender Affirmative Care with Minors: Suggested Discussion Points With Resources to Oppose Transgender Exclusion Bills |publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Dodds |first1=Io |last2=Woodward |first2=Alex |date=April 14, 2022 |title=The GOP 'grooming' smear is sparking a new wave of anti-LGBT+ violence |language=en |work=Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/republicans-disney-groomer-harassment-lgbt-people-b2058272.html |access-date=September 16, 2022}}</ref> |
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The [[American Medical Association]], [[American Academy of Pediatrics]], and [[American Psychological Association]] have spoken out against the bills and defended the right of minors to transition.<ref name="APA-on-healthcare-bans" /><ref name="Yurcaba">{{Cite web |last1=Yurcaba |first1=Jo |title=Florida medical board votes to ban gender-affirming care for transgender minors |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-news/florida-medical-board-votes-ban-gender-affirming-care-transgender-mino-rcna54632 |website=[[NBC News]]|date=October 29, 2022 }}</ref><ref name="AMA-on-healthcare-bans">{{Cite report |url=https://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/press-releases/ama-states-stop-interfering-health-care-transgender-children |title=AMA to states: Stop interfering in health care of transgender children |date=April 26, 2021 |publisher=[[American Medical Association]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AAP-on-healthcare-bans">{{Cite report |url=https://publications.aap.org/aapnews/news/12780 |title=Pediatricians say state bills would harm transgender youths |last=Korioth |first=Trisha |date=March 9, 2021 |publisher=[[American Academy of Pediatrics]] News}}</ref> In a letter to the National Governors Association, the American Medical Association warned that anti-trans healthcare bans will lead to greater rates of depression and suicide for transgender youth and described bills banning gender-affirming care as "a dangerous intrusion into the practice of medicine".<ref name="AMA-on-healthcare-bans" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Milton |first=Josh |date=May 10, 2022 |title=Trans teen facing 'detransition' under healthcare ban makes urgent plea to lawmakers |language=en-GB |work=The Pink News |url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2022/05/10/alabama-trans-healthcare-ban/ |access-date=September 16, 2022}}</ref> Pediatricians testifying against the bills have said they are based on myths and misconceptions about transgender healthcare.<ref name="AAP-on-healthcare-bans" /> A medical report published by Yale in response to bans on gender-affirming care argued that the bans were no more ethical than a prohibition on healthcare for any other life-threatening medical condition.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Boulware |first1=Susan |last2=Kamody |first2=Rebecca |last3=Kuper |first3=Laura |title=Biased Science: The Texas and Alabama Measures Criminalizing Medical Treatment for Transgender Children and Adolescents Rely on Inaccurate and Misleading Scientific Claims |url=https://medicine.yale.edu/lgbtqi/research/gender-affirming-care/report%20on%20the%20science%20of%20gender-affirming%20care%20final%20april%2028%202022_442952_55174_v1.pdf |publisher=Yale Medicine |access-date=July 17, 2023}}</ref> The president of World Professional Association of Transgender Health wrote an opinion article in the ''New York Times'' stating her view that these laws constituted an effort to "rid the world of transgender people."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bowers |first1=Marci |title=What Decades of Providing Trans Health Care Have Taught Me |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/01/opinion/trans-healthcare-law.html |work=The New York Times |date=April 2023 |access-date=July 17, 2023}}</ref> Similar sentiments were expressed in a WPATH public communique: "Anti-transgender health care legislation is not about protections for children but about eliminating transgender persons on a micro and macro scale."<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement of Opposition to Legislation Banning Access to Gender-Affirming Health Care in the US |url=https://www.wpath.org/media/cms/Documents/Public%20Policies/2023/USPATH_WPATH%20Statement%20re_%20GAHC%20march%208%202023.pdf |publisher=World Professional Association of Transgender Health |access-date=July 17, 2023}}</ref> |
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In Missouri in 2022, state legislators weighed extending a youth healthcare ban to adults under 25.<ref name="Migdon2"/> |
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In 2021, the Arkansas legislature passed [[Arkansas HB 1570|House Bill 1570]], prohibiting transgender youth from receiving gender-affirming health care of any kind. The ACLU challenged the bill, leading a federal judge to issue a temporary injunction, protecting transgender youth in the state from being detransitioned against their will.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Harron |date=June 1, 2022 |title=How Chase Strangio Became the Face of the Legal Battle for Trans Rights |language=en |work=The Advocate |url=https://www.advocate.com/politics/2022/6/01/chase-strangio-aclu-cover-twitter-trans-rights |access-date=September 16, 2022}}</ref> |
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As of January 13, 2023, the states of Oklahoma, South Carolina and Virginia have attempted to pass bills that would force adults to detransition. Efforts to restrict adults access to healthcare relies heavily on claims from self-described "[[gender-critical]]" organizations such as [[Genspect]] that young people should not be recognized as adults until they turn 25.<ref name="Migdon2"/> |
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In April 2022, Alabama [[LGBT rights in Alabama#Gender affirming healthcare|Senate Bill 184]] was approved. The bill prevents doctors from prescribing [[puberty blocker]]s or hormone therapy for transgender youth under a threat of up to 10 years in prison, forcibly detransitioning youth in the state, and mandates that school staff [[Coming out|out]] students to their parents.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Serena |date=April 8, 2022 |title=Alabama will now force trans youth to detransition |language=en |work=Dazed |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/politics/article/55882/1/alabama-will-now-force-medically-transitioning-trans-youth-to-detransition |access-date=September 16, 2022}}</ref> |
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In Oklahoma, the "Millstone act" would prohibit adults up to 25 from receiving gender-affirming care and prohibit [[Medicaid]] coverage for "gender transition procedures" for those under 26.<ref name="Migdon2"/> |
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On August 5, 2022, the Florida Board of Medicine voted to consider [[LGBT rights in Florida#Healthcare|guidelines]] proposed by the state's surgeon general, starting the process of denying transgender youth in Florida gender-affirming care.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wiggins |first=Christopher |date=August 5, 2022 |title=Florida Medical Board Votes to Ban Kids' Gender-Affirming Care |language=en |work=The Advocate |url=https://www.advocate.com/transgender/2022/8/05/florida-medical-board-votes-ban-kids-gender-affirming-care |access-date=September 16, 2022}}</ref> On October 28, 2022, Florida's Board of Medicine passed a motion to ban all gender-affirming healthcare for minors, including puberty blockers, hormones, and surgeries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lehman |first=Mark |date=October 28, 2022 |title=Florida Board of Medicine considers restricting gender-affirming treatment for teens |url=https://www.clickorlando.com/news/local/2022/10/28/florida-board-of-medicine-considers-restricting-gender-affirming-treatment-for-teens/ |access-date=October 28, 2022 |website=WKMG |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 28, 2022 |title=Florida Board of Medicine Advances Ban on Transition-Related Care for Minors |url=https://www.them.us/story/florida-board-medicine-trans-minor-care |access-date=October 28, 2022 |website=Them |language=en-US}}</ref> The motion mandates all transgender youth to detransition until they turn 18. At one point during the hearing, in response to one protester yelling that trans children would be harmed as a result, board member Dr. Zachariah P. Zachariah answered "That's okay", before forcing a vote ahead.<ref name="Yurcaba" /> Some who'd been at the meeting were reported as saying that the board had put all the speakers in favor of the ban, many of whom were from outside of the state or outside of the country, first in line to speak, before cutting off public comment once they ran out and pro-trans Floridians began to take the podium.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Baska |first1=Maggie |date=October 29, 2022 |title=Florida medical board committee takes next step to ban gender-affirming healthcare for trans kids |url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2022/10/29/florida-medical-board-gender-affirming-medical-care-trans-youth/ |website=The Pink News}}</ref> The [[Florida Department of Children and Families|Florida Department of Health]] released official state guidance that transgender children should not be allowed to wear clothes or use names or pronouns aligning with their gender identity.<ref name="Nast">{{Cite magazine |date=January 5, 2023 |title=Oklahoma Bill Would Ban Gender-Affirming Care for People Under 26, Could Force Some to Detransition |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/01/oklahoma-gender-affirming-care-ban-bill |magazine=Vanity Fair |language=en-US |access-date=January 13, 2023}}</ref> |
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On 12 March 2023 a [[LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia|Saudi trans woman]] by the name of Eden Knight committed [[suicide]] after being forcefully detransitioned. Living in US state of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], her parents contacting Specinv under [[Michael Pocalyko]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.intomore.com/culture/forced-detransition-drove-a-young-trans-woman-to-suicide/|title=Forced Detransition Drove a Young Trans Woman to Suicide|first=Henry|last=Giardina|website=INTO}}</ref> who began the process of [[conversion therapy|socially and medically]] detransitioning Eden. After this she was returned to [[Saudi Arabia]], after secretly undergoing [[feminizing hormone replacement therapy]] and being caught she committed suicide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailydot.com/irl/eden-knight-detransition-death/|title=Eden Knight, Trans Twitter presence, says she was forced to detransition in viral suicide note|first=Tricia|last=Crimmins|date=March 14, 2023|website=The Daily Dot}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/life-culture/article/58429/1/young-trans-woman-committed-suicide-after-a-forced-detransition-eden-knight|title=A young trans woman has committed suicide after a forced detransition|date=March 14, 2023|website=Dazed}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/eden-knight-saudi-arabia-suicide-b2300816.html|title=Saudi Arabian trans woman feared dead after family ‘forced her to detransition’|date=March 14, 2023|website=The Independent}}</ref> |
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In Spring 2021, the [[Center for Christian Virtue]] proposed Ohio [[LGBT rights in Ohio#Transgender rights|House Bill 454]], known as the "Save Adolescents From Experimentation (SAFE) Act" in Ohio. The bill was introduced by state representative [[Gary Click]] in 2022 without consulting any transgender people beforehand and would forcibly detransition all transgender minors in the state. The bill would also require counselors, teachers, and all other staff at public and private schools to [[Coming out|out]] transgender youth to their parents. Click stated he believes children are being "[[LGBT grooming conspiracy theory|groomed]]" into thinking that they are trans.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Trau |first=Morgan |date=July 13, 2022 |title=Ohio Rep. behind bill limiting transgender care had never spoken to community |language=en-US |work=Ohio Capital Journal |url=https://ohiocapitaljournal.com/2022/07/13/ohio-rep-behind-bill-limiting-transgender-care-had-never-spoken-to-community/ |access-date=September 16, 2022}}</ref> In February 2023 Click introduced House Bill 68, which according to Planned Parenthood of Ohio "would ban gender-affirming care for transgender and non-binary youth ─ regardless of parental consent, wishes of the patient, diagnosis, or previous care-plan".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legislation |url=https://www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/planned-parenthood-advocates-ohio/legislation |access-date=May 17, 2023 |website=www.plannedparenthoodaction.org |language=en}}</ref> |
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== Cultural and political impact == |
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In August 2022, [[Marjorie Taylor Greene]] of Georgia introduced the "Protect Children's Innocence Act" that would make providing gender-affirming care to transgender minors a felony punishable by up to 25 years in prison and prohibit the use of federal funds for gender-affirming care, including in [[Affordable Care Act]] plans. The bill would also prohibit higher education institutions from providing instruction on gender-affirming care and bar doctors who have provided gender-affirming care to minors from receiving visas or being admitted to the United States.<ref name="Migdon">{{Cite news |last1=Migdon |first1=Brooke |last2=Brooks |first2=Emily |date=August 19, 2022 |title=Marjorie Taylor Greene introduces bill to make gender-affirming care for transgender youth a felony |language=en-US |work=The Hill |url=https://thehill.com/changing-america/respect/equality/3607955-marjorie-taylor-greene-introduces-bill-to-make-gender-affirming-care-for-transgender-youth-a-felony/ |access-date=January 13, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slisco |first=Aila |date=August 18, 2022 |title=Marjorie Taylor Greene seeks to criminalize gender-affirming care for kids |language=en |work=Newsweek |url=https://www.newsweek.com/marjorie-taylor-greene-seeks-criminalize-gender-affirming-care-kids-1735044 |access-date=September 16, 2022}}</ref> |
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There are no legal, medical, and psychological guidelines on the topic of detransition.<ref>{{harvnb|Graham|2017}}</ref> The Standards of Care by the [[World Professional Association for Transgender Health]] (WPATH) do not mention detransition,<ref> |
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*{{harvnb|WPATH|2012}} |
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"There are currently no professional guidelines or resources for providers who encounter patients who experience regret and/or seek detransition." {{harvnb|Danker et al.|2018}}</ref> though 37 WPATH surgeons have expressed a desire for detransition guidelines to be included,<ref> |
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"88% of respondents feel that WPATH SOC 8 should include a chapter on detransition" {{harvnb|Danker et al.|2018}}</ref> and former WPATH president and longtime chair of [[WPATH-SOC|WPATH's Standards of Care]] revision team, [[Eli Coleman]], has listed detransition among the topics that he would like to see included in the eighth edition.<ref> |
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"Miscellaneous suggestions ... detransition." {{harvnb|Coleman|2017}}</ref> |
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In 2023, dozens of bills in over 10 U.S. States have been proposed which would ban minors from receiving gender-affirming care.<ref name="Migdon2">{{Cite news |last=Migdon |first=Brooke |date=January 13, 2023 |title=Transgender youth health care bans have a new target: adults |language=en-US |work=The Hill |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/3810926-transgender-youth-health-care-bans-have-a-new-target-adults/ |access-date=January 13, 2023}}</ref> |
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Some researchers perceive there to be an atmosphere of censorship around studying the phenomenon.<ref name=":2">{{harvnb|Shute|2017}}; {{harvnb|''BBC''|2017}}; {{harvnb|Borreli|2017}}; {{harvnb|Stein|2009}}; {{harvnb|Veissière|2018}}</ref> Various sides involved in the dispute over detransitioning say they have been harassed and have described each other as threats to [[transgender rights]].<ref name="herzogquote">"This has ignited a contentious debate both in and outside the trans community, with various sides accusing each other of bigotry, harassment, censorship, and damaging the fight for trans rights. It's such a fraught issue that many people I interviewed requested anonymity. (All the names of detransitioners have been changed.) Others refused to speak on the record, afraid of the potential fallout." {{harvnb|Herzog|2017a}}</ref><ref>""[T]he trans community does our best to pretend that retransitioning never happens ... trans people who have retransitioned are often treated as outcasts, as aberrations or as an embarrassment to our community's goals. They are assumed to be failures, traitors to the cause of trans liberation." {{harvnb|Tobia|2018}}</ref> A study in 2021 involving detransitioners found that many of them felt they lost support from the LGBT+ community and friends.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Vandenbussche |first=Elie |date=2021-04-30 |title=Detransition-Related Needs and Support: A Cross-Sectional Online Survey |journal=Journal of Homosexuality |volume=69 |issue=9 |pages=1602–1620 |doi=10.1080/00918369.2021.1919479 |issn=0091-8369 |pmid=33929297|s2cid=233459164 }}</ref> |
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=== Criminalization of gender-affirming care for adults === |
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Controversy surrounding detransition within trans activism primarily arises from how the subject is framed as a subject of [[moral panic]] in mainstream media and right-wing politics.<ref name="Slothouber">{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/13825577.2020.1730052| title=(De)trans visibility: Moral panic in mainstream media reports on de/Retransition| year=2020| last1=Slothouber| first1=Van| journal=European Journal of English Studies| volume=24| pages=89–99| s2cid=219079388}}</ref> Detransition has attracted interest from both [[Social conservatism|social conservatives]] on the [[Right-wing politics|political right]] and [[Radical feminism|radical feminists]] on the [[Left-wing politics|political left]]. Activists on the right have been accused of using detransitioners' stories to further their work [[Transphobia|against trans rights]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ford|2018}}; {{harvnb|Herzog|2017a}}; {{harvnb|Bowen|2007}}; {{harvnb|Tobia|2018}}</ref> On the left, some radical feminists see detransitioners' experiences as further proof of [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] enforcement of [[gender roles]] and [[Medicalization|medicalized]] erasure of [[Homosexuality|gays and lesbians]].<ref name="Bowen 2007">{{harvnb|Herzog|2017a}}; {{harvnb|Bowen|2007}}</ref> Other feminists have expressed disagreement with this opinion, referring to those who hold these beliefs as [[TERF|trans-exclusionary radical feminists (TERF)]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Parker|first=Charlie|title=JK Rowling compares trans treatment to gay conversion therapy|newspaper=[[The Times]]|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/jk-rowling-compares-trans-treatment-to-gay-conversion-therapy-t7z3kxnjn|access-date=2021-08-26|issn=0140-0460|archive-date=2021-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826152549/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/jk-rowling-compares-trans-treatment-to-gay-conversion-therapy-t7z3kxnjn|url-status=live}}</ref> This attention has elicited in detransitioners mixed feelings of both exploitation and support.<ref name="Bowen 2007" /><ref name=urquhart>{{Cite web|last=Urquhart|first=Evan|date=2021-02-01|title=An "Ex-Detransitioner" Disavows the Anti-Trans Movement She Helped Spark|url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2021/02/detransition-movement-star-ex-gay-explained.html|access-date=2021-08-26|website=Slate Magazine|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901194702/https://slate.com/human-interest/2021/02/detransition-movement-star-ex-gay-explained.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Many [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] legislators across the United States are increasingly proposing legislation that would restrict gender-affirming care for adults or make such treatments harder to access. However, no states have succeeded at outright banning gender-affirming care for adults in a way similar to what is being done with minors.<ref>{{cite web|last=Migdon|first=Brooke|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/3810926-transgender-youth-health-care-bans-have-a-new-target-adults/|title=Transgender youth health care bans have a new target: adults|website=The Hill|date=January 13, 2023|access-date=2024-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Goldman|first=Maya|url=https://www.axios.com/2024/01/10/trans-care-adults-red-states|title=States are limiting gender-affirming care for adults, too|website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]|date=January 10, 2024|access-date=2024-02-05}}</ref> Efforts to restrict adults' access to healthcare relies heavily on claims from self-described "[[gender-critical]]" organizations such as [[Genspect]] that young people should not be recognized as adults until they turn 25.<ref name="Migdon2" /> |
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As of January 2024, seven US states limit access to gender-affirming care for adults in some way without banning it, such as allowing private health plans, Medicaid, and correctional facilities to exclude all coverage for gender-affirming care, prohibiting the use of federal funds for gender-affirming care or requiring informed consent practices beyond those typically required in medical practice.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} |
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In August 2017, the [[Mazzoni Center]]'s Philadelphia Trans Health Conference, which is an annual meeting of transgender people, advocates, and healthcare providers, canceled two panel discussions on detransition and alternate methods of working with gender dysphoria.<ref>{{harvnb|Rodriguez|2017}}; {{harvnb|Herzog|2017b}}</ref> The conference organizers said, "When a topic becomes controversial, such as this one has turned on social media, there is a duty to make sure that the debate does not get out of control at the conference itself. After several days of considerations and reviewing feedback, the planning committee voted that the workshops, while valid, cannot be presented at the conference as planned."<ref>{{harvnb|''Mazzoni Center''|2017}}</ref> |
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In January 2024, several US Republican legislators expressed their desire to ban gender-affirming healthcare altogether saying their 'endgame' was to ban it completely for people of all ages.<ref>{{cite web|last=Reed|first=Erin|url=https://www.advocate.com/politics/ohio-republicans-ban-trans-care|title=Ohio, Michigan Republicans in released audio: 'Endgame' is to ban trans care 'for everyone'|website=[[The Advocate (magazine)|The Advocate]]|date=29 January 2024|access-date=2024-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Heywood|first=Todd|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/depth-michigan-lawmakers-discuss-gender-045725600.html|title=In-depth: Michigan lawmakers discuss gender-affirming care ban|website=[[Yahoo! News|Yahoo!]]|date=30 January 2024|access-date=2024-01-31}}</ref> |
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In September 2017, [[Bath Spa University]] revoked permission for James Caspian, a [[Jungian]] psychotherapist who works with transgender people and is a trustee of the [[Beaumont Trust]], to research regret of gender-reassignment procedures and pursuit of detransition.<ref>{{harvnb|Caspian}}</ref> Caspian alleged the reason for the university's refusal was that it was "a potentially [[Political correctness|politically incorrect]] piece of research, [which] carries a risk to the university. Attacks on social media may not be confined to the researcher, but may involve the university. The posting of unpleasant material on blogs or social media may be detrimental to the reputation of the university."<ref>{{harvnb|''BBC''|2017}}; {{harvnb|Weale|2017}}; {{harvnb|Hurst|2017}}</ref> The university stated that Caspian's proposal "was not refused because of the subject matter, but rather because of his proposed methodological approach. The university was not satisfied this approach would guarantee the anonymity of his participants or the confidentiality of the data."<ref name="somerset">{{cite web |url=https://www.somersetlive.co.uk/news/somerset-news/bath-spa-university-james-caspian-2557060 |title=Ex-Bath Spa student James Caspian fails in court fight against university |last=Petherick |first=Sam |date=February 20, 2019 |publisher=[[Somerset Live]] |access-date=May 1, 2020 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729205448/https://www.somersetlive.co.uk/news/somerset-news/bath-spa-university-james-caspian-2557060 |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2017, he took the matter to the High Court, which concluded his application for a judicial review was "totally without merit".<ref name="somerset" /> The outcome was also considered by the [[Office of the Independent Adjudicator]] for Higher Education, who determined the university's conclusion was reasonable.<ref name="somerset" /> Caspian appealed to the High Court for judicial review again in 2019; the judge ruled against him, saying, "I entirely accept that there are important issues of freedom of expression. I just do not accept that, on the facts of this particular case, there is an arguable case made out," and adding that the application was too late.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/19/proposal-research-trans-regret-rejected-university-fear-backlash/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/19/proposal-research-trans-regret-rejected-university-fear-backlash/ |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Proposal to research 'trans regret' rejected by university for fear of backlash, claims psychotherapist |last=Johnson |first=Jamie |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=February 19, 2019 |publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=February 19, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Caspian claimed that he was "refused permission for a Judicial Review on points of procedure" and that the judge "was clearly sympathetic to the case but felt that his hands were tied by legal procedure;"<ref name="somerset"/> in February 2021, he appealed to the [[European Court of Human Rights]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/02/05/psychotherapist-blocked-studying-trans-regret-takes-case-european/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/02/05/psychotherapist-blocked-studying-trans-regret-takes-case-european/ |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Psychotherapist blocked from studying 'trans regret' takes case to the European Court |last=Swerling |first=Gabriella |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=February 5, 2021 |publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=February 19, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |
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On June 2, 2022, Florida Governor [[Ron DeSantis]] announced a [[LGBT rights in Florida#State_Medicaid|plan to end Medicaid coverage for transgender adults]], making them the first U.S. state to target hormones and transition coverage for adults and removing care for approximately 9,000 adults.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muñoz-Schaefer |first=Ursula |date=June 3, 2022 |title=Florida is trying to take away gender-affirming medical coverage for 9,000 trans adults |work=Xtra |url=https://xtramagazine.com/power/florida-gender-affirming-medical-coverage-224215 |access-date=September 16, 2022}}</ref> |
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Many [[ex-gay]] and [[Christian Right]] affiliated organizations also offer services to transgender people, either through themselves or partner organizations. A key characteristic of these organizations are the construction of "transgenderism" as a sin against God or the natural order. In the 1970's, [[Exodus International]] platformed [[Perry Desmond]], an "ex-transsexual" who evangelized throughout the US and supported [[Anita Bryant]]'s [[Save Our Children]] campaign. Another prominent characteristic is ex-transgender testimonials, which depict "the transgender lifestyle" as destructive as opposed to contemplation of God and encourage other transgender people to join them. These organizations portray "gender ideology" and "transgender ideology" as a social contagion threatening to the natural order.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=Christine M. |last2=Spivey |first2=Sue E. |date=2019-06-19 |title=Ungodly Genders: Deconstructing Ex-Gay Movement Discourses of "Transgenderism" in the US |journal=Social Sciences |language=en |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=191 |doi=10.3390/socsci8060191 |issn=2076-0760|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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In Missouri in 2022, state legislators weighed extending a youth healthcare ban to adults under 25.<ref name="Migdon2" /> The bill died in the committee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legiscan.com/MO/bill/HB2649/2022|title=MO HB2649 2022 Regular Session |website=LegiScan}}</ref> |
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[[Ky Schevers]], an "ex-detransitioner" whose detransition was prominently profiled by Katie Herzog<ref name="herzogquote"/> and [[The Outline (website)|The Outline]],<ref name="outline">{{cite news |last1=Monroe |first1=Rachel |title=Detransitioning: a story about discovery |url=https://theoutline.com/post/349/a-story-about-discovery?zd=1&zi=ieqmvy6w |access-date=18 March 2019 |work=[[The Outline (website)|The Outline]] |date=4 December 2016 |language=en |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729195521/https://theoutline.com/post/349/a-story-about-discovery?zd=1&zi=ieqmvy6w |url-status=live }}</ref> spoke about her experiences in a community of radical feminist detransitioned women, drawing parallels to the [[ex-gay movement]] and [[conversion therapy]].<ref name=urquhart/> Parallels drawn include suppressing rather than addressing or removing the underlying dysphoria, stating that not only their gender dysphoria but everyone's dysphoria was a result of internalized sexism and trauma, and language from the [[twelve-step program]] being used to describe the desire to transition.<ref name=urquhart/> |
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In 2023 the state of Oklahoma introduced the "Millstone act" which would prohibit adults up to 25 from receiving gender-affirming care and prohibit [[Medicaid]] coverage for "gender transition procedures" for those under 26.<ref name="Migdon2" /> The bill ultimately did not pass.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legiscan.com/OK/text/SB129/2023|title=OK SB129 2023 Regular Session |website=LegiScan}}</ref> |
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Schevers noted that during the ''[[Bell v Tavistock]]'' ruling, her lawyer had connections to the right-wing and anti-LGBT-rights organization the [[Alliance Defending Freedom]], which she described as pushing most of the [[Transgender rights in the United States|anti-trans bills in the United States]]. Schevers later created Health Liberation Now! alongside Lee Leveille, who'd also previously been involved in detransition communities that were transphobic, to "give voice to folks who have complicated experiences with transition or detransition, retransition and shifting senses of self that goes beyond a lot of the TERFy areas that people are inevitably getting funnelled into". The group has reported on conversion therapy practices and maintains resources to help identify relationships between clinical conversion therapists and [[Astroturfing|astroturfed]] campaigns led by anti-trans groups.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Falk |first=Misha |date=August 4, 2022 |title=Health Liberation Now! is challenging the way anti-trans groups weaponize detransition narratives |work=Xtra |url=https://xtramagazine.com/power/activism/health-liberation-now-detransition-227906 |url-status=live |access-date=2022-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804203555/https://xtramagazine.com/power/activism/health-liberation-now-detransition-227906 |archive-date=2022-08-04}}</ref> |
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On March 12, 2023, a Saudi trans woman named [[Suicide of Eden Knight|Eden Knight]] died by [[suicide]] after being forcefully detransitioned. Knight wrote in a suicide note that her parents had hired an American [[private intelligence]] firm and a Saudi lawyer to relocate and forcibly [[conversion therapy|socially and medically]] detransition her. After becoming dependent on the lawyer for food and shelter and fearing he would report her to U.S. immigration authorities, Knight wrote that she returned to her parents in [[Saudi Arabia]]. She secretly continued [[feminizing hormone replacement therapy]], but after being found out twice she died by suicide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crimmins |first=Tricia |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Eden Knight, Trans Twitter presence, says she was forced to detransition in viral suicide note |url=https://www.dailydot.com/irl/eden-knight-detransition-death/ |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=[[The Daily Dot]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Grieg |first=James |date=March 14, 2023 |title=A young trans woman has committed suicide after a forced detransition |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/life-culture/article/58429/1/young-trans-woman-committed-suicide-after-a-forced-detransition-eden-knight |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=Dazed}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dodds |first=Io |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Saudi Arabian trans woman feared dead after family 'forced her to detransition' |website=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/eden-knight-saudi-arabia-suicide-b2300816.html |access-date=March 14, 2023}}</ref><ref name="ViceNewsEdenKnight">{{cite magazine |last1=Zoledziowski |first1=Anya |last2=Marchman |first2=Tim |date=March 16, 2023 |title=A Young Saudi Trans Woman Is Believed Dead After Being Lured From the US and Forced to Detransition |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/jg5ey4/eden-knight-believed-dead-after-forced-detransition-saudi-arabia |url-status=live |magazine=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230316120604/https://www.vice.com/en/article/jg5ey4/eden-knight-believed-dead-after-forced-detransition-saudi-arabia |archive-date=March 16, 2023 |access-date=March 16, 2023}}</ref> |
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In many prisons within the US, both state and federal, trans prisoners are often forcibly detransitioned.<ref>{{Cite magazine |magazine=Wired |title=Prisoners, Doctors, and the Battle Over Trans Medical Care |url=https://www.wired.com/story/inmates-doctors-battle-over-transgender-medical-care/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |work=NYT |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/25/us/ashley-diamond-transgender-inmate-out-of-prison-but-not-fully-free.html |title=Ashley Diamond, Transgender inmate, Is Out of Prison But Far From Free|date=September 24, 2015 |last1=Sontag |first1=Deborah }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.kcur.org/politics-elections-and-government/2023-02-16/a-missouri-bill-to-ban-gender-affirming-care-for-kids-expanded-to-include-incarcerated-adults |work=NPR (local) |title=A Missouri bill to ban gender-affirming care for kids expanded to include adults in prison}}</ref> |
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=== Genocide model === |
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Forced detransition has been described as a form of [[transgender genocide]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lennard |first=Natasha |date=May 4, 2023 |title=Texas GOP Opens Up a New Front in Genocidal Anti-Trans Campaign |work=[[The Intercept]] |url=https://theintercept.com/2023/05/04/texas-republicans-anti-trans/ |access-date=December 14, 2023}}</ref> This is primarily due to the assertion that forced detransition fits multiple criteria to be described as an act of genocide under the United Nations definition of such. Laws banning gender affirming care and/or directly forcing those receiving it to detransition have been described as fitting two acts defined as acts of genocide by the UN - “causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group” and “deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part", and laws allowing [[child protective services]] to pursue child abuse claims against the parents of children receiving gender-affirming care and remove said children have been described as fitting another defined act of genocide, that of "forcibly transferring children of the group to another group".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/first-person/22977970/anti-trans-legislation-texas-idaho |last=St. James |first=Emily |title=The time to panic about anti-trans legislation is now |work=Vox |date=March 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/texas-twisted-attack-trans-kids-just-got-worse-n1290792 |title=Greg Abbott's death wish for trans kids is on full display |last=Burns |first=Katelyn |work=MSNBC |date=March 4, 2022}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*{{cite book|last1=Anderson|first1=Ryan T.|author-link=Ryan T. Anderson|title=When Harry Became Sally: Responding to the Transgender Moment|date=2018|publisher=[[Encounter Books]]|pages=32–46|isbn=9781594039621|oclc=975124456|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5iedDgAAQBAJ|access-date=2020 |
*{{cite book|last1=Anderson|first1=Ryan T.|author-link=Ryan T. Anderson|title=When Harry Became Sally: Responding to the Transgender Moment|date=2018|publisher=[[Encounter Books]]|pages=32–46|isbn=9781594039621|oclc=975124456|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5iedDgAAQBAJ|access-date=June 6, 2020|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801013849/https://books.google.com/books?id=5iedDgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Belovitch|first1=Brian|title=Trans Figured: My Journey from Boy to Girl to Woman to Man|isbn=9781978648593|oclc=1088892758|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmeCDwAAQBAJ|date=2018 |
*{{cite book|last1=Belovitch|first1=Brian|title=Trans Figured: My Journey from Boy to Girl to Woman to Man|isbn=9781978648593|oclc=1088892758|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmeCDwAAQBAJ|date=September 25, 2018|publisher=Simon and Schuster |access-date=June 6, 2020|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801015712/https://books.google.com/books?id=xmeCDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Boslaugh|first1=Sarah|title=Transgender Health Issues|date=2018|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=9781440858888|chapter=Transitioning|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agVnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|language=en|oclc=1031429228|access-date=2019 |
*{{cite book|last1=Boslaugh|first1=Sarah|title=Transgender Health Issues|date=2018|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=9781440858888|chapter=Transitioning|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agVnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|language=en|oclc=1031429228|access-date=March 18, 2019|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801013824/https://books.google.com/books?id=agVnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Dzurick|first1=Alex|editor-last1=Stewart|editor-first1=Chuck|encyclopedia=Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Americans at Risk: Problems and Solutions|volume=2|title=Social Media, iPhones, iPads, and Identity: Media Impact on the Coming-Out Process for LGBT Youths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_f9KDwAAQBAJ|date= |
*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Dzurick|first1=Alex|editor-last1=Stewart|editor-first1=Chuck|encyclopedia=Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Americans at Risk: Problems and Solutions|volume=2|title=Social Media, iPhones, iPads, and Identity: Media Impact on the Coming-Out Process for LGBT Youths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_f9KDwAAQBAJ|date=February 16, 2018|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-4408-3236-9|oclc=1002302935|access-date=January 31, 2019|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801013841/https://books.google.com/books?id=_f9KDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite report |last1=James |first1=Sandy E. |last2=Herman |first2=Jody L. |last3=Rankin |first3=Susan |author-link3=Sue Rankin |last4=Keisling |first4=Mara |author-link4=Mara Keisling |last5=Mottet |first5=Lisa |last6=Anafi |first6=Ma'ayan |title=The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey |title-link=National Center for Transgender Equality#U.S. Transgender Survey (2015) |year=2016 |publisher=[[National Center for Transgender Equality]] |location=Washington, DC |chapter=De-Transitioning |chapter-url=https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS-Full-Report-Dec17.pdf#page=115 |access-date= |
*{{cite report |last1=James |first1=Sandy E. |last2=Herman |first2=Jody L. |last3=Rankin |first3=Susan |author-link3=Sue Rankin |last4=Keisling |first4=Mara |author-link4=Mara Keisling |last5=Mottet |first5=Lisa |last6=Anafi |first6=Ma'ayan |title=The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey |title-link=National Center for Transgender Equality#U.S. Transgender Survey (2015) |year=2016 |publisher=[[National Center for Transgender Equality]] |location=Washington, DC |chapter=De-Transitioning |chapter-url=https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS-Full-Report-Dec17.pdf#page=115 |access-date=March 18, 2019 |archive-date=January 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121184448/https://transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/usts/USTS-Full-Report-Dec17.pdf#page=115 |url-status=live }} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Max|title=Detransition: Beyond Before and After|date=2021|publisher=[[Spinifex Press]]|pages=1–100|isbn=9781925950403}} |
*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Max|title=Detransition: Beyond Before and After|date=2021|publisher=[[Spinifex Press]]|pages=1–100|isbn=9781925950403}} |
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*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Stewart|first1=Chuck|editor-last1=Stewart|editor-first1=Chuck|encyclopedia=Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Americans at Risk: Problems and Solutions|volume=2|title=Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_f9KDwAAQBAJ|date= |
*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Stewart|first1=Chuck|editor-last1=Stewart|editor-first1=Chuck|encyclopedia=Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Americans at Risk: Problems and Solutions|volume=2|title=Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_f9KDwAAQBAJ|date=February 16, 2018|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-4408-3236-9|oclc=1002302935|access-date=January 31, 2019|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801013841/https://books.google.com/books?id=_f9KDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Yarbrough|first1=Eric|title=Transgender Mental Health|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxRSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129|date= |
*{{cite book|last1=Yarbrough|first1=Eric|title=Transgender Mental Health|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxRSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129|date=March 8, 2018|publisher=American Psychiatric Pub|location=Washington D.C.|isbn=978-1-61537-113-6|chapter=Transitions and Detransitions|oclc=1035850780|access-date=March 17, 2019|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801031341/https://books.google.com/books?id=gxRSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Yoo|first1=Alexander|editor-last1=Stewart|editor-first1=Chuck|encyclopedia=Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Americans at Risk: Problems and Solutions|volume=2|title=Transition Regret and Detransition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_f9KDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA181|date= |
*{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Yoo|first1=Alexander|editor-last1=Stewart|editor-first1=Chuck|encyclopedia=Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Americans at Risk: Problems and Solutions|volume=2|title=Transition Regret and Detransition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_f9KDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA181|date=February 16, 2018|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-4408-3236-9|pages=181–191|oclc=1002302935|access-date=March 15, 2019|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801020804/https://books.google.com/books?id=_f9KDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA181|url-status=live}} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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*{{cite journal |last1=Bosinski|first1=H.A.G.|date=2003 |
*{{cite journal |last1=Bosinski |first1=H.A.G. |date=April 3, 2003 |title=Diagnostische und arztrechtliche Probleme bei transsexuellen Geschlechtsidentitätsstörungen |journal=[[Der Urologe]] |language=de |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=709–721 |doi=10.1007/s00120-003-0337-0 |pmid=12858867 |s2cid=11431107 |issn=0340-2592}} |
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*{{cite journal |last1=Churcher Clarke|first1=Anna|last2=Spiliadis|first2=Anastassis|date= |
*{{cite journal |last1=Churcher Clarke |first1=Anna |last2=Spiliadis |first2=Anastassis |date=February 6, 2019 |title='Taking the lid off the box': The value of extended clinical assessment for adolescents presenting with gender identity difficulties |journal=[[Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry]] |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=338–352 |language=en |doi=10.1177/1359104518825288 |pmid=30722669 |s2cid=73415946 |issn=1359-1045 |doi-access=free}} |
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*{{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Danker et al.|2018}} |
*{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Danker et al.|2018}} |last1=Danker |first1=Sara |last2=Narayan |first2=Sasha K. |last3=Bluebond-Langner |first3=Rachel |last4=Schechter |first4=Loren S. |last5=Berli |first5=Jens U. |date=August 2018 |title=A Survey Study of Surgeons' Experience with Regret and/or Reversal of Gender-Confirmation Surgeries |journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery – Global Open |volume=6 |issue=9 Suppl |pages=189 |issn=2169-7574 |doi=10.1097/01.GOX.0000547077.23299.00 |doi-access=free|pmc=6212091 }} |
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*{{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Dhejne et al.|2014}} |
*{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Dhejne et al.|2014}} |last1=Dhejne |first1=Cecilia |last2=Öberg |first2=Katarina |last3=Arver |first3=Stefan |last4=Landén |first4=Mikael |date=November 2014 |title=An Analysis of All Applications for Sex Reassignment Surgery in Sweden, 1960–2010: Prevalence, Incidence, and Regrets |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=1535–45 |doi=10.1007/s10508-014-0300-8 |pmid=24872188 |s2cid=24755434 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262734734}} |
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*{{Cite journal |last1=Gribble |first1=Karleen D. |last2=Bewley |first2=Susan |last3=Dahlen |first3=Hannah G. |date= |
*{{Cite journal |last1=Gribble |first1=Karleen D. |last2=Bewley |first2=Susan |last3=Dahlen |first3=Hannah G. |date=February 3, 2023 |title=Breastfeeding grief after chest masculinisation mastectomy and detransition: A case report with lessons about unanticipated harm |journal=Frontiers in Global Women's Health |volume=4 |pages=1073053 |doi=10.3389/fgwh.2023.1073053 |doi-access=free |issn=2673-5059 |pmc=9936190 |pmid=36817034}} |
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*{{Cite journal|last1=Hall|first1=R.|last2=Mitchell|first2=L.|last3=Sachdeva|first3=J.|date=November 2021|title=Access to care and frequency of detransition among a cohort discharged by a UK national adult gender identity clinic: retrospective case-note review|journal=BJPsych Open|language=en|volume=7|issue=6|pages=e184|doi=10.1192/bjo.2021.1022|issn=2056-4724|pmc=8503911|pmid=34593070}} |
*{{Cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=R. |last2=Mitchell |first2=L. |last3=Sachdeva |first3=J. |date=November 2021 |title=Access to care and frequency of detransition among a cohort discharged by a UK national adult gender identity clinic: retrospective case-note review |journal=BJPsych Open |language=en |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=e184 |doi=10.1192/bjo.2021.1022 |issn=2056-4724 |pmc=8503911 |pmid=34593070}} |
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*{{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Kuiper and Cohen-Kettenis|1998}} |last1=Kuiper|first1=A.J.|last2=Cohen-Kettenis|first2=P.T.|date=July–September 1998|title=Gender Role Reversal among Postoperative Transsexuals|journal=[[International Journal of Transgenderism]]|volume=2|issue=3|url=http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtc0502.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705131349/http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtc0502.htm|archive-date= |
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*{{cite journal |last1=Marchiano|first1=Lisa|title=Outbreak: On Transgender Teens and Psychic Epidemics|journal=Psychological Perspectives|volume=60|issue=3|pages=345–366|date=6 Oct 2017|doi=10.1080/00332925.2017.1350804|doi-access=free}} |
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*{{cite journal |last1=Pieper |first1=Lindsay Parks |title=Mike Penner 'or' Christine Daniels: the US media and the fractured representation of a transgender sportswriter |journal=Sport in Society |date=March 2015 |volume=18 |issue=2, Gender, Media, Sport |pages=186–201 |doi=10.1080/17430437.2013.854472 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmJQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |isbn=978-1-138-93639-3 |s2cid=144594618}} |
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*{{cite journal |last1=Pieper |first1=Lindsay Parks |title=Mike Penner 'or' Christine Daniels: the US media and the fractured representation of a transgender sportswriter |journal=Sport in Society |date=March 2015 |volume=18 |issue=2, Gender, Media, Sport |pages=186–201 |doi=10.1080/17430437.2013.854472 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmJQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|isbn=978-1-138-93639-3|s2cid=144594618 }} |
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*{{cite journal |last1=Stein|first1=Martin T.|date= |
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*{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Turban et al.|2018b}} |last1=Turban |first1=Jack L. |author-link=Jack Turban |last2=Carswell |first2=Jeremi |last3=Keuroghlian |first3=Alex |date=October 2018 |title=Understanding Pediatric Patients Who Discontinue Gender-Affirming Hormonal Interventions |journal=[[JAMA Pediatrics]] |language=en |volume=172 |issue=10 |pages=903–904 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1817 |pmid=30178056 |s2cid=52147320}} |
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*{{cite journal|ref={{harvid|Wallien and Cohen-Kettenis|2008}}|last1=Wallien|first1=Madeleine S.C.|last2=Cohen-Kettenis|first2=Peggy T.|s2cid=38185390|title=Psychosexual outcome of gender-dysphoric children.|journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry]]|date=December 2008|volume=47|issue=12|pages=1413–1423|doi=10.1097/CHI.0b013e31818956b9|pmid=18981931}} |
*{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Wallien and Cohen-Kettenis|2008}} |last1=Wallien |first1=Madeleine S.C. |last2=Cohen-Kettenis |first2=Peggy T. |s2cid=38185390 |title=Psychosexual outcome of gender-dysphoric children. |journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry]] |date=December 2008 |volume=47 |issue=12 |pages=1413–1423 |doi=10.1097/CHI.0b013e31818956b9 |pmid=18981931}} |
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*{{cite journal |last1=Witten|first1=Tarynn|title=When My Past Returns: Loss of Self and Personhood - Dementia and the Trans-Person |journal=Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans* Individuals Living with Dementia |date=November 2015|publisher=Unpublished|doi=10.13140/rg.2.1.1867.4641}} |
*{{cite journal |last1=Witten |first1=Tarynn |title=When My Past Returns: Loss of Self and Personhood - Dementia and the Trans-Person |journal=Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans* Individuals Living with Dementia |date=November 2015 |publisher=Unpublished |doi=10.13140/rg.2.1.1867.4641}} |
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*{{cite journal |last1=Zucker|first1=Kenneth J.|author-link=Kenneth Zucker|title=Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria: Reflections on Some Contemporary Clinical and Research Issues|journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]]|volume=48|issue=7|pages=1983–1992|doi=10.1007/s10508-019-01518-8|pmid=31321594|year=2019|s2cid=197663705}} |
*{{cite journal |last1=Zucker |first1=Kenneth J. |author-link=Kenneth Zucker |title=Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria: Reflections on Some Contemporary Clinical and Research Issues |journal=[[Archives of Sexual Behavior]] |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=1983–1992 |doi=10.1007/s10508-019-01518-8 |pmid=31321594 |year=2019 |s2cid=197663705}} |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Americo|first1=Lara|url=https://www.them.us/story/im-a-trans-woman-who-detransitioned-to-become-a-mom|title=I'm a Trans Woman Who Detransitioned to Become a |
*{{cite news|last1=Americo|first1=Lara|url=https://www.them.us/story/im-a-trans-woman-who-detransitioned-to-become-a-mom|title=I'm a Trans Woman Who Detransitioned to Become a mother|date=May 13, 2018|work=[[Condé Nast|Them.]]|access-date=March 17, 2019|archive-date=August 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816150043/https://www.them.us/story/im-a-trans-woman-who-detransitioned-to-become-a-mom|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''BBC''|2017}}|title=Bath Spa University 'blocks transgender research'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-41384473|date= |
*{{cite news|ref={{harvid|''BBC''|2017}}|title=Bath Spa University 'blocks transgender research'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-41384473|date=September 25, 2017|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=November 1, 2017|archive-date=November 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105090309/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-41384473|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Borreli|first1=Lizette|url=http://www.newsweek.com/transgender-women-transgender-men-sex-change-sex-reassignment-surgery-676777|title=Transgender surgery: regret rates highest in male-to-female reassignment operations|date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Borreli|first1=Lizette|url=http://www.newsweek.com/transgender-women-transgender-men-sex-change-sex-reassignment-surgery-676777|title=Transgender surgery: regret rates highest in male-to-female reassignment operations|date=October 3, 2017|work=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=March 5, 2019|archive-date=March 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324144012/https://www.newsweek.com/transgender-women-transgender-men-sex-change-sex-reassignment-surgery-676777|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Bowen|first1=Innes|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6923912.stm|title=Are sex change operations justified?|date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Bowen|first1=Innes|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6923912.stm|title=Are sex change operations justified?|date=August 1, 2007|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=December 22, 2017|archive-date=December 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054236/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6923912.stm|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Brooks|first1=Jon|title=The Controversial Research on 'Desistance' in Transgender Youth|url=https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/441784/the-controversial-research-on-desistance-in-transgender-youth|work=[[KQED Inc.|KQED]]|access-date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Brooks|first1=Jon|title=The Controversial Research on 'Desistance' in Transgender Youth|url=https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/441784/the-controversial-research-on-desistance-in-transgender-youth|work=[[KQED Inc.|KQED]]|access-date=February 16, 2019|date=May 23, 2018|archive-date=February 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204120322/https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/441784/the-controversial-research-on-desistance-in-transgender-youth|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Cantor|first1=James|url=http://www.sexologytoday.org/2016/01/do-trans-kids-stay-trans-when-they-grow_99.html|title=Do trans- kids stay trans- when they grow up?|author-link=James Cantor|date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Cantor|first1=James|url=http://www.sexologytoday.org/2016/01/do-trans-kids-stay-trans-when-they-grow_99.html|title=Do trans- kids stay trans- when they grow up?|author-link=James Cantor|date=January 11, 2016|work=Sexology Today!|access-date=March 17, 2019|archive-date=March 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311194017/http://www.sexologytoday.org/2016/01/do-trans-kids-stay-trans-when-they-grow_99.html|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Clark-Flory|first1=Tracy|title=Detransitioning: Going From Male To Female To Male Again|url=http://www.vocativ.com/culture/lgbt/detransitioning-male-female-male-again/|work=[[Vocativ]]|access-date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Clark-Flory|first1=Tracy|title=Detransitioning: Going From Male To Female To Male Again|url=http://www.vocativ.com/culture/lgbt/detransitioning-male-female-male-again/|work=[[Vocativ]]|access-date=September 1, 2017|date=June 15, 2015|archive-date=August 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831043258/http://www.vocativ.com/culture/lgbt/detransitioning-male-female-male-again/|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news |last1=Dumas |first1=Daisy |title=The in-betweeners |url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/the-inbetweeners-20150730-ginojq.html |access-date= |
*{{cite news |last1=Dumas |first1=Daisy |title=The in-betweeners |url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/the-inbetweeners-20150730-ginojq.html |access-date=March 18, 2019 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=July 31, 2015 |archive-date=February 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209050758/https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/the-inbetweeners-20150730-ginojq.html |url-status=live }} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Ford|first1=Zack|date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Ford|first1=Zack|date=January 25, 2018|url=https://thinkprogress.org/review-when-harry-became-sally-transgender-moment-4033a1b06dbb/|title=Conservative book 'When Harry Became Sally' attacks trans people while conveniently leaving them out.|work=[[ThinkProgress]]|access-date=March 14, 2019|archive-date=January 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119005746/https://thinkprogress.org/review-when-harry-became-sally-transgender-moment-4033a1b06dbb/|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Friess|first1=Joanne|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2009-02-24-transgender-penner_N.htm|title=For some, shadow of regret cast over gender switch|date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Friess|first1=Joanne|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2009-02-24-transgender-penner_N.htm|title=For some, shadow of regret cast over gender switch|date=February 24, 2009|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=March 16, 2019|archive-date=December 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219215945/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/health/2009-02-24-transgender-penner_N.htm|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Herman|first1=Joanne|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/more-on-transgender-regre_n_382241|title=More on Transgender Regret|date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Herman|first1=Joanne|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/more-on-transgender-regre_n_382241|title=More on Transgender Regret|date=November 17, 2011|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|access-date=March 16, 2019|archive-date=September 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914073546/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/more-on-transgender-regre_b_382241|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Herzog|first1=Katie|url=http://www.thestranger.com/features/2017/06/28/25252342/the-detransitioners-they-were-transgender-until-they-werent|title=The Detransitioners: They Were Transgender, Until They Weren't|date=28 June 2017a|work=[[The Stranger (newspaper)|The Stranger]]|access-date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Herzog|first1=Katie|url=http://www.thestranger.com/features/2017/06/28/25252342/the-detransitioners-they-were-transgender-until-they-werent|title=The Detransitioners: They Were Transgender, Until They Weren't|date=28 June 2017a|work=[[The Stranger (newspaper)|The Stranger]]|access-date=November 13, 2017|archive-date=October 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031194341/http://www.thestranger.com/features/2017/06/28/25252342/the-detransitioners-they-were-transgender-until-they-werent|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Herzog|first1=Katie|title=Philly Trans Health Conference Cancels Sessions on Detransitioning|date=30 August 2017b|url=https://www.thestranger.com/slog/2017/08/30/25382933/philly-trans-health-conference-cancels-sessions-on-detransitioning|work=[[The Stranger (newspaper)|The Stranger]]|access-date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Herzog|first1=Katie|title=Philly Trans Health Conference Cancels Sessions on Detransitioning|date=30 August 2017b|url=https://www.thestranger.com/slog/2017/08/30/25382933/philly-trans-health-conference-cancels-sessions-on-detransitioning|work=[[The Stranger (newspaper)|The Stranger]]|access-date=January 30, 2019|archive-date=January 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110528/https://www.thestranger.com/slog/2017/08/30/25382933/philly-trans-health-conference-cancels-sessions-on-detransitioning|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Hurst|first1=Greg|title=Bath Spa university bars research into transgender surgery regrets|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/bath-spa-university-bars-research-into-transgender-surgery-regrets-ddxxlbfzh|work=[[The Sunday Times]]|date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Hurst|first1=Greg|title=Bath Spa university bars research into transgender surgery regrets|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/bath-spa-university-bars-research-into-transgender-surgery-regrets-ddxxlbfzh|work=[[The Sunday Times]]|date=September 23, 2017|access-date=February 3, 2019|archive-date=February 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014356/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/bath-spa-university-bars-research-into-transgender-surgery-regrets-ddxxlbfzh|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Kanner|first1=Robyn|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2018/06/i-detransitioned-but-not-because-i-wasnt-trans/563396/|title=I Detransitioned. But Not Because I Wasn't Trans.|date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Kanner|first1=Robyn|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2018/06/i-detransitioned-but-not-because-i-wasnt-trans/563396/|title=I Detransitioned. But Not Because I Wasn't Trans.|date=June 22, 2018|work=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=March 17, 2019|archive-date=March 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317140246/https://www.theatlantic.com/family/archive/2018/06/i-detransitioned-but-not-because-i-wasnt-trans/563396/|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=McFadden|first1=Joan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/sep/16/transition-caused-more-problems-than-it-solved|title=Transition caused more problems than it solved|date= |
*{{cite news|last1=McFadden|first1=Joan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/sep/16/transition-caused-more-problems-than-it-solved|title=Transition caused more problems than it solved|date=September 16, 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=November 1, 2017|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107055157/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/sep/16/transition-caused-more-problems-than-it-solved|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Pollock|first1=Nicolas|title='I Wanted to Take My Body Off': Detransitioned|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/video/index/562988/detransitioned-film/|type=Documentary notes|date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Pollock|first1=Nicolas|title='I Wanted to Take My Body Off': Detransitioned|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/video/index/562988/detransitioned-film/|type=Documentary notes|date=June 18, 2018|work=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=January 30, 2019|archive-date=January 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130110258/https://www.theatlantic.com/video/index/562988/detransitioned-film/|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Rodriguez|first1=Jeremy|title=Trans Health Conference returns with new initiatives, future goals|url=http://www.epgn.com/news/local/12473-trans-health-conference-returns-with-new-initiatives-future-goals|work=[[Philadelphia Gay News]]|date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Rodriguez|first1=Jeremy|title=Trans Health Conference returns with new initiatives, future goals|url=http://www.epgn.com/news/local/12473-trans-health-conference-returns-with-new-initiatives-future-goals|work=[[Philadelphia Gay News]]|date=September 7, 2017|access-date=February 2, 2019|archive-date=February 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030425/http://www.epgn.com/news/local/12473-trans-health-conference-returns-with-new-initiatives-future-goals|url-status=dead}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Sarner|first1=Moya|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/feb/03/experience-i-regret-transitioning|title=Experience: I regret transitioning|date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Sarner|first1=Moya|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/feb/03/experience-i-regret-transitioning|title=Experience: I regret transitioning|date=February 4, 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=November 1, 2017|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021607/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/feb/03/experience-i-regret-transitioning|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Schipp|first1=Debbie|url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/current-affairs/patricks-pain-i-didnt-know-who-the-person-staring-back-at-me-was/news-story/65ff86c8bfe269109f1b28cbeb93ab7a|title=Patrick's pain: 'I didn't know who the person staring back at me was'|date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Schipp|first1=Debbie|url=http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/current-affairs/patricks-pain-i-didnt-know-who-the-person-staring-back-at-me-was/news-story/65ff86c8bfe269109f1b28cbeb93ab7a|title=Patrick's pain: 'I didn't know who the person staring back at me was'|date=September 8, 2017|website=[[news.com.au]]|access-date=November 1, 2017|archive-date=November 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102071359/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/current-affairs/patricks-pain-i-didnt-know-who-the-person-staring-back-at-me-was/news-story/65ff86c8bfe269109f1b28cbeb93ab7a|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Seleh|first1=Pardes|title=Ex-Trans Woman: 'Transition Caused More Problems Than It Solved'|date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Seleh|first1=Pardes|title=Ex-Trans Woman: 'Transition Caused More Problems Than It Solved'|date=September 19, 2017|work=[[Independent Journal Review]]|access-date=April 18, 2022|url=https://ijrnew.flywheelsites.com/ex-trans-woman-transition-caused-problems-solved/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418060656/https://ijrnew.flywheelsites.com/ex-trans-woman-transition-caused-problems-solved/|archive-date=April 18, 2022}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Shute|first1=Joe|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/the-new-taboo-more-people-regret-sex-change-and-want-to-detransition-surgeon-says|title=The new taboo: More people regret sex change and want to 'detransition', surgeon says|date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Shute|first1=Joe|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/the-new-taboo-more-people-regret-sex-change-and-want-to-detransition-surgeon-says|title=The new taboo: More people regret sex change and want to 'detransition', surgeon says|date=October 2, 2017|work=[[National Post]]|access-date=March 5, 2019|archive-date=January 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125014927/https://nationalpost.com/news/world/the-new-taboo-more-people-regret-sex-change-and-want-to-detransition-surgeon-says|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Singal|first1=Jesse|author-link=Jesse Singal|title=How the Fight Over Transgender Kids Got a Leading Sex Researcher Fired|url=https://www.thecut.com/2016/02/fight-over-trans-kids-got-a-researcher-fired.html|work=[[The Cut (blog)|The Cut]]|access-date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Singal|first1=Jesse|author-link=Jesse Singal|title=How the Fight Over Transgender Kids Got a Leading Sex Researcher Fired|url=https://www.thecut.com/2016/02/fight-over-trans-kids-got-a-researcher-fired.html|work=[[The Cut (blog)|The Cut]]|access-date=February 16, 2019|date=February 7, 2016|archive-date=September 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919085503/http://nymag.com/scienceofus/2016/02/fight-over-trans-kids-got-a-researcher-fired.html|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Singal|first1=Jesse|author-link=Jesse Singal|title=When Children Say They're Trans|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/07/when-a-child-says-shes-trans/561749/|date=July–August 2018|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Singal|first1=Jesse|author-link=Jesse Singal|title=When Children Say They're Trans|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/07/when-a-child-says-shes-trans/561749/|date=July–August 2018|magazine=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=January 30, 2019|archive-date=January 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129213607/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/07/when-a-child-says-shes-trans/561749/|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Tobia|first1=Jacob|url=http://www.papermag.com/perpetual-transition-brian-belovitch-2555638364.html|title=Inside One Person's Journey From Man to Woman and Back Again|author-link=Jacob Tobia|date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Tobia|first1=Jacob|url=http://www.papermag.com/perpetual-transition-brian-belovitch-2555638364.html|title=Inside One Person's Journey From Man to Woman and Back Again|author-link=Jacob Tobia|date=April 3, 2018|magazine=[[Paper (magazine)|Paper]]|access-date=March 12, 2019|archive-date=March 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322112334/http://www.papermag.com/perpetual-transition-brian-belovitch-2555638364.html|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Weale|first1=Sally|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/sep/25/bath-spa-university-transgender-gender-reassignment-reversal-research|title=University 'turned down politically incorrect transgender research'|date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Weale|first1=Sally|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/sep/25/bath-spa-university-transgender-gender-reassignment-reversal-research|title=University 'turned down politically incorrect transgender research'|date=September 26, 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=November 1, 2017|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107032558/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2017/sep/25/bath-spa-university-transgender-gender-reassignment-reversal-research|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=Young|first1=Sarah|title=12-Year-Old Boy Who Transitioned to Female Changes His Mind Two Years Later|date= |
*{{cite news|last1=Young|first1=Sarah|title=12-Year-Old Boy Who Transitioned to Female Changes His Mind Two Years Later|date=September 7, 2017|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=March 19, 2019|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/12-year-old-boy-trans-female-change-mind-years-later-patrick-mitchell-australia-oestrogen-hormones-a7933741.html|archive-date=March 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323063327/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/12-year-old-boy-trans-female-change-mind-years-later-patrick-mitchell-australia-oestrogen-hormones-a7933741.html|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Heyer|n.d.}}|website=WorldCat|title=Catalogue of Walt Heyer's works|url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AHeyer%2C+Walt%2C&qt=hot_author|access-date= |
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Heyer|n.d.}}|website=WorldCat|title=Catalogue of Walt Heyer's works|url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AHeyer%2C+Walt%2C&qt=hot_author|access-date=March 13, 2019|archive-date=October 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004020255/https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AHeyer%2C+Walt%2C&qt=hot_author|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite web|last1=Coleman|first1=Eli|author-link=Eli Coleman|title=The WPATH Standards of Care: What it really says and looking forward to Version 8|url=http://stagetimeproductions.com/opportunityconference/presentations/Coleman%20Opportunity%20Conference%202017%20-%20WPATH%20SOC%207.pdf|date= |
*{{cite web|last1=Coleman|first1=Eli|author-link=Eli Coleman|title=The WPATH Standards of Care: What it really says and looking forward to Version 8|url=http://stagetimeproductions.com/opportunityconference/presentations/Coleman%20Opportunity%20Conference%202017%20-%20WPATH%20SOC%207.pdf|date=February 28, 2017|access-date=February 1, 2019|archive-date=February 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201172056/http://stagetimeproductions.com/opportunityconference/presentations/Coleman%20Opportunity%20Conference%202017%20-%20WPATH%20SOC%207.pdf|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite dictionary|ref={{harvid|''Collins''|n.d.}}|dictionary=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|date=n.d.|title=Definition of 'desist'|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/desist|access-date= |
*{{cite dictionary|ref={{harvid|''Collins''|n.d.}}|dictionary=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|date=n.d.|title=Definition of 'desist'|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/desist|access-date=March 16, 2019|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308074556/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/desist|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite dictionary|ref={{harvid|Merriam-Webster|n.d.}}|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]|date=n.d.|title=Definition of desist|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/desistance|access-date= |
*{{cite dictionary|ref={{harvid|Merriam-Webster|n.d.}}|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]|date=n.d.|title=Definition of desist|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/desistance|access-date=March 16, 2019|archive-date=July 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729224339/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/desistance|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|''Fenway Health''|2010}}|title=Glossary of Gender and Transgender Terms|website=[[Fenway Health]]|year=2010|access-date= |
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|''Fenway Health''|2010}}|title=Glossary of Gender and Transgender Terms|website=[[Fenway Health]]|year=2010|access-date=April 7, 2019|url=https://fenwayhealth.org/documents/the-fenway-institute/handouts/Handout_7-C_Glossary_of_Gender_and_Transgender_Terms__fi.pdf|archive-date=October 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029123933/https://fenwayhealth.org/documents/the-fenway-institute/handouts/Handout_7-C_Glossary_of_Gender_and_Transgender_Terms__fi.pdf|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|''Human Rights Campaign''|n.d.}}|title=Glossary of Terms|website=[[Human Rights Campaign]]|date=n.d.|access-date= |
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|''Human Rights Campaign''|n.d.}}|title=Glossary of Terms|website=[[Human Rights Campaign]]|date=n.d.|access-date=April 7, 2019|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/glossary-of-terms|archive-date=May 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530172234/https://www.hrc.org/resources/glossary-of-terms|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite AV media notes|last1=Graham|first1=Julie|title=Detransition, Retransition: What Providers Need to Know|url=https://fenwayhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/Detransitioning-and-Retransitioning-graham-1.pdf|type=Presentation slides|publisher=Fenway Health|date= |
*{{cite AV media notes|last1=Graham|first1=Julie|title=Detransition, Retransition: What Providers Need to Know|url=https://fenwayhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/Detransitioning-and-Retransitioning-graham-1.pdf|type=Presentation slides|publisher=Fenway Health|date=October 14, 2017|access-date=January 29, 2019|archive-date=February 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207231200/http://fenwayhealth.org/wp-content/uploads/Detransitioning-and-Retransitioning-graham-1.pdf|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite AV media|last1=Graham|first1=Julie|title=Detransition and Retransition: What Do We need to Know?|url=https://vimeo.com/250319557|type=Presentation|publisher=National LGBT Health Education Center|date= |
*{{cite AV media|last1=Graham|first1=Julie|title=Detransition and Retransition: What Do We need to Know?|url=https://vimeo.com/250319557|type=Presentation|publisher=National LGBT Health Education Center|date=January 9, 2018|access-date=January 29, 2019|via=Vimeo|archive-date=July 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729230605/https://vimeo.com/250319557|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Graham et al.|2017}}|last1=Graham|first1=Julie|last2=Callahan|first2=Carrie|last3=Lepovic|first3=Elan|last4=Nowak|first4=Joel|title=Exploring Core Competencies for Mental Health Providers for Detransitioning Clients|publisher=WPATH|year=2017|url=http://uspath2017.conferencespot.org/uspath64082v8-1.3432109/t002-1.3432833/f002-1.3432834/0852-000319-1.3432862|access-date=2019 |
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|Graham et al.|2017}}|last1=Graham|first1=Julie|last2=Callahan|first2=Carrie|last3=Lepovic|first3=Elan|last4=Nowak|first4=Joel|title=Exploring Core Competencies for Mental Health Providers for Detransitioning Clients|publisher=WPATH|year=2017|url=http://uspath2017.conferencespot.org/uspath64082v8-1.3432109/t002-1.3432833/f002-1.3432834/0852-000319-1.3432862|access-date=April 6, 2019|archive-date=October 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003190749/http://uspath2017.conferencespot.org/uspath64082v8-1.3432109/t002-1.3432833/f002-1.3432834/0852-000319-1.3432862|url-status=dead}} |
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*{{cite web|last1=Murphy|first1=Meghan|author-link=Meghan Murphy|title=Why must trans activists smear those who put forth inconvenient narratives about 'gender identity'?|website=[[Feminist Current]]|date= |
*{{cite web|last1=Murphy|first1=Meghan|author-link=Meghan Murphy|title=Why must trans activists smear those who put forth inconvenient narratives about 'gender identity'?|website=[[Feminist Current]]|date=June 19, 2018|access-date=April 6, 2019|url=https://www.feministcurrent.com/2018/06/19/must-trans-activists-smear-put-forth-inconvenient-narratives-gender-identity/|archive-date=March 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323224527/https://www.feministcurrent.com/2018/06/19/must-trans-activists-smear-put-forth-inconvenient-narratives-gender-identity/|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|''Mazzoni Center''|2017}}|website=Mazzoni Center|title=Response to the cancellation of workshops|url=https://www.mazzonicenter.org/blog/response-cancellation-workshops|date= |
*{{cite web|ref={{harvid|''Mazzoni Center''|2017}}|website=Mazzoni Center|title=Response to the cancellation of workshops|url=https://www.mazzonicenter.org/blog/response-cancellation-workshops|date=August 29, 2017|access-date=November 1, 2017|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004149/https://www.mazzonicenter.org/blog/response-cancellation-workshops|url-status=dead}} |
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*{{cite web|last1=Veissière|first1=Samuel|title=The Debate on Trans Teens: Compassion Is Needed on All Sides|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/culture-mind-and-brain/201812/the-debate-trans-teens-compassion-is-needed-all-sides|website=[[Psychology Today]]|date= |
*{{cite web|last1=Veissière|first1=Samuel|title=The Debate on Trans Teens: Compassion Is Needed on All Sides|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/culture-mind-and-brain/201812/the-debate-trans-teens-compassion-is-needed-all-sides|website=[[Psychology Today]]|date=December 2, 2018|access-date=February 2, 2019|archive-date=September 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914073545/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/culture-mind-and-brain/201812/the-debate-trans-teens-compassion-is-needed-all-sides|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite book|ref={{harvid|WPATH|2012}}|publisher=WPATH|year=2012|title=Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and GenderNonconforming People|url=https://www.wpath.org/publications/soc|access-date= |
*{{cite book|ref={{harvid|WPATH|2012}}|publisher=WPATH|year=2012|title=Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and GenderNonconforming People|url=https://www.wpath.org/publications/soc|access-date=January 29, 2019|archive-date=August 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814230505/http://www.wpath.org/uploaded_files/140/files/Standards%20of%20Care%2C%20V7%20Full%20Book.pdf|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite web|url=http://jamescaspian.co.uk/psychotherapy-counselling/|title=Psychotherapy & Counselling|last=Caspian|first=James|website=James Caspian: Psychotherapy, Counselling and Hypnotherapy|access-date=2020 |
*{{cite web|url=http://jamescaspian.co.uk/psychotherapy-counselling/|title=Psychotherapy & Counselling|last=Caspian|first=James|website=James Caspian: Psychotherapy, Counselling and Hypnotherapy|access-date=May 13, 2020|archive-date=February 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217053313/http://jamescaspian.co.uk/psychotherapy-counselling/|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Brunskell-Evans |editor-first1=Heather |editor-last2=Moore |editor-first2=Michele |title=Unheard Voices of Detransitioners |last1=Callahan |first1=Carey Maria Catt |encyclopedia=Transgender Children and Young People: Born in Your Own Body |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=9781527510364 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OPlVDwAAQBAJ&q=carey%20callahan&pg=PA166 |language=en |oclc=1020030833 |access-date= |
*{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Brunskell-Evans |editor-first1=Heather |editor-last2=Moore |editor-first2=Michele |title=Unheard Voices of Detransitioners |last1=Callahan |first1=Carey Maria Catt |encyclopedia=Transgender Children and Young People: Born in Your Own Body |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=9781527510364 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OPlVDwAAQBAJ&q=carey%20callahan&pg=PA166 |language=en |oclc=1020030833 |access-date=October 16, 2020 |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709201919/https://books.google.com/books?id=OPlVDwAAQBAJ&q=carey%20callahan&pg=PA166 |url-status=live }} |
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*{{cite news |last1=Dubreuil |first1=Émilie |title=Je pensais que j'étais transgenre |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/info/2019/05/transgenre-sexe-detransitionneurs-transition-identite-genre-orientation/ |access-date= |
*{{cite news |last1=Dubreuil |first1=Émilie |title=Je pensais que j'étais transgenre |url=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/info/2019/05/transgenre-sexe-detransitionneurs-transition-identite-genre-orientation/ |access-date=August 10, 2019 |work=[[Radio-Canada]] |date=May 13, 2019 |language=fr |archive-date=September 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908032111/https://ici.radio-canada.ca/info/2019/05/transgenre-sexe-detransitionneurs-transition-identite-genre-orientation/ |url-status=live }} |
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*{{cite magazine |last1=Goldberg |first1=Michelle |author-link=Michelle Goldberg |title=What Is a Woman? The dispute between radical feminism and transgenderism. |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2 |access-date= |
*{{cite magazine |last1=Goldberg |first1=Michelle |author-link=Michelle Goldberg |title=What Is a Woman? The dispute between radical feminism and transgenderism. |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2 |access-date=March 18, 2019 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |volume=90 |issue=22 |pages=24+ |date=August 4, 2014 |archive-date=November 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113031943/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2 |url-status=live }} |
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*{{cite news |last1=Johnston |first1=Kirsty |title=From girl to boy and back again, Zahra Cooper shares her journey: 'Everyone is different' |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11847330 |access-date= |
*{{cite news |last1=Johnston |first1=Kirsty |title=From girl to boy and back again, Zahra Cooper shares her journey: 'Everyone is different' |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11847330 |access-date=March 18, 2019 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=April 29, 2017 |archive-date=March 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324173814/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11847330 |url-status=live }} |
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*{{cite journal |last1=Landén|first1=M.|last2=Wålinder|first2=J.|last3=Hambert|first3=G.|last4=Lundström|first4=B.|title=Factors predictive of regret in sex reassignment|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|pmid=9570489|year=1998|volume=97|issue=4|pages=284–9|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb10001.x|s2cid=19652697}} |
*{{cite journal |last1=Landén|first1=M.|last2=Wålinder|first2=J.|last3=Hambert|first3=G.|last4=Lundström|first4=B.|title=Factors predictive of regret in sex reassignment|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|pmid=9570489|year=1998|volume=97|issue=4|pages=284–9|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb10001.x|s2cid=19652697}} |
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*{{cite news|last1=McCann|first1=Charlie|url=https://www.1843magazine.com/features/when-girls-wont-be-girls|title=When girls won't be girls|date=October–November 2017|magazine=[[1843 (magazine)|1843]]|access-date= |
*{{cite news|last1=McCann|first1=Charlie|url=https://www.1843magazine.com/features/when-girls-wont-be-girls|title=When girls won't be girls|date=October–November 2017|magazine=[[1843 (magazine)|1843]]|access-date=March 13, 2019|archive-date=February 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228164617/https://www.1843magazine.com/features/when-girls-wont-be-girls|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite news |last1=McGoogan |first1=Cara |title=I transitioned from female to male, then realised I had made a mistake |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/transitioned-female-male-realised-had-made-mistake/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/transitioned-female-male-realised-had-made-mistake/ |archive-date= |
*{{cite news |last1=McGoogan |first1=Cara |title=I transitioned from female to male, then realised I had made a mistake |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/transitioned-female-male-realised-had-made-mistake/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/transitioned-female-male-realised-had-made-mistake/ |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=March 23, 2019 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |date=November 20, 2018 }}{{cbignore}} |
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*{{cite news |last1=Monroe |first1=Rachel |title=Detransitioning: a story about discovery |url=https://theoutline.com/post/349/a-story-about-discovery?zd=1&zi=ieqmvy6w |access-date= |
*{{cite news |last1=Monroe |first1=Rachel |author-link=Rachel Monroe |title=Detransitioning: a story about discovery |url=https://theoutline.com/post/349/a-story-about-discovery?zd=1&zi=ieqmvy6w |access-date=March 18, 2019 |work=[[The Outline (website)|The Outline]] |date=December 4, 2016 |language=en |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729195521/https://theoutline.com/post/349/a-story-about-discovery?zd=1&zi=ieqmvy6w |url-status=live }} |
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*{{cite web|publisher=Pique Resilience Project|year=2019|title=Pique Resilience Project|url=https://www.piqueresproject.com/|access-date=2019 |
*{{cite web|publisher=Pique Resilience Project|year=2019|title=Pique Resilience Project|url=https://www.piqueresproject.com/|access-date=March 22, 2019|archive-date=March 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322144216/https://www.piqueresproject.com/|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite journal|last1=Ristori|first1=Jiska|last2=Steensma|first2=Thomas D.|editor-last1=Bouman|journal=[[International Review of Psychiatry]]|date=February 2016|pages=13–20|title=Gender dysphoria in childhood|editor-first1=Walter Pierre|editor-last2=de Vries|editor-first2=Annelou LC|editor-last3=T'Sjoen|editor-first3=Guy|volume=28|issue=1|isbn=9781315446783|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10tWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT60|doi=10.3109/09540261.2015.1115754|pmid=26754056|s2cid=5461482|language=en|access-date=2019 |
*{{cite journal|last1=Ristori|first1=Jiska|last2=Steensma|first2=Thomas D.|editor-last1=Bouman|journal=[[International Review of Psychiatry]]|date=February 2016|pages=13–20|title=Gender dysphoria in childhood|editor-first1=Walter Pierre|editor-last2=de Vries|editor-first2=Annelou LC|editor-last3=T'Sjoen|editor-first3=Guy|volume=28|issue=1|isbn=9781315446783|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10tWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT60|doi=10.3109/09540261.2015.1115754|pmid=26754056|s2cid=5461482|language=en|access-date=April 25, 2019|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801012806/https://books.google.com/books?id=10tWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT60|url-status=live}} |
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*{{cite encyclopedia |last1=White |first1=Jess |editor-last1=Sikk |editor-first1=Helis |editor-last2=Meyer |editor-first2=Leisa |encyclopedia=The Legacies of Matthew Shepard: Twenty Years Later |title=Whiteboard |date= |
*{{cite encyclopedia |last1=White |first1=Jess |editor-last1=Sikk |editor-first1=Helis |editor-last2=Meyer |editor-first2=Leisa |encyclopedia=The Legacies of Matthew Shepard: Twenty Years Later |title=Whiteboard |date=January 8, 2019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_eCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT127 |publisher=Routledge |language=en |isbn=9780429620522 |access-date=March 18, 2019 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801015545/https://books.google.com/books?id=t_eCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT127 |url-status=live }} |
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Revision as of 08:47, 16 June 2024
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Detransition is the cessation or reversal of a transgender identification or of gender transition, temporarily or permanently, through social, legal, and/or medical means.[1] The term is distinct from the concept of 'regret', and the decision may be based on a shift in gender identity, or other reasons, such as health concerns, social pressure, discrimination, stigma,[2] political beliefs,[3] or religious beliefs.[4]
Some studies use the term retransition rather than detransition.[5] Retransition is also commonly used to describe the resumption of transition or transgender identity following a detransition.[6]
The estimated prevalence of detransition varies depending on definitions and methodology, with estimates ranging from 1% to 8%.[7] A 2018 review on the outcomes of gender transition found a large majority of data showing positive outcomes, a few reports of neutral outcomes or null results, and no studies which reported that gender transition causes overall harm.[8] Although some studies cite a range up to 8%, this combines 3% of survey respondents who had de-transitioned at the time of the survey, along with 5% who had temporarily done so in the past.[7][9] Different methodological limitations afflict studies reporting low and high incidence.[10][11]
Formal studies of detransition have been few in number,[12] politically controversial,[13] and inconsistent in the way they characterize the phenomenon.[14] Professional interest in the phenomenon has been met with contention, and some scholars have argued there is censorship around the topic.[15] Some ex-detransitioners regret detransitioning and choose to retransition later.[5] Some organizations with ties to conversion therapy have used detransition narratives to push transphobic rhetoric and legislation.[16]
Background and terminology
Gender transition, often shortened to just transition, is the process of a transgender person changing their gender expression and/or sex characteristics to accord with their internal sense of gender identity.[17] Methods of transition vary from person to person, but the process commonly involves social changes (such as clothing, personal name, and pronouns), legal changes (such as changes in legal name and legal gender), and medical/physical changes (such as hormone replacement therapy and gender-affirming surgery).
Detransition (sometimes called retransition) is the process of halting or reverting a transgender identification or gender transition.[18] Like transition, detransition is a process rather than a single event, and methods of detransitioning vary and can involve social, legal, and physical changes to one's gender expression, social identity, identity documents.[19] Desistance is a general term for any cessation,[20] and it is commonly applied specifically to the cessation of transgender identity or gender dysphoria.[21] Those who undertake detransition are known as detransitioners.[22] Detransition is sometimes associated with transition regret, but regret and detransition do not always coincide.[23]
The term detransition is controversial within the transgender community. According to Turban et al., this is because, as with the word transition, it carries an "incorrect implication that gender identity is contingent upon gender affirmation processes". The term has also been conflated with transition regret, and thereby become associated with movements that aim to restrict the access of transgender people to transition-related healthcare.[24]
Occurrence
Formal studies of detransition have been few in number,[12] of disputed quality and politically controversial.[13] Frequency estimates for detransition and desistance vary greatly, with notable differences in terminology and methodology.[25] Detransition is more common in the earlier stages of transition, particularly before surgeries.[26]
The share of trans people who detransition is not known with certainty. Studies which give low estimates (which include[27][28][29][30]) have been criticized for their "serious limitations", such as short follow-up, high or unclear rates of loss to follow up, reliance on individuals returning to secondary care clinics reporting transition regret or seeking reversal procedures, (a study of 100 detransitioners found that only 24% of respondents informed their clinicians that they had detransitioned[10]), errors, non-replicability, as well as other issues.[11][10] Research suggesting higher rates of detransition also has flaws, however, meaning that detransition rates can be under-reported or over-reported.[11]
A 2019 poster presentation examined the records of 3398 patients who attended a UK gender identity clinic between August 2016 and August 2017. Davies and colleagues searched for assessment reports with keywords related to regret or detransition. They identified 16 individuals (0.47%) who expressed regret or had detransitioned. Of those 16, 3 (0.09%) had detransitioned permanently.[1] 10 (0.29%) had detransitioned temporarily, to later retransition.[1] A 2019 clinical assessment found that 9.4% of patients with adolescent-emerging gender dysphoria either ceased wishing to pursue medical interventions or no longer felt that their gender identity was incongruent with their assigned sex at birth within an eighteen-month period.[31] A 2021 study examining the case notes of 175 adults discharged from a UK gender identity clinic between September 2017 and August 2018 found that 12 (6.9%) met the researchers' criteria for detransitioning—that is, they returned to living as their assigned gender. Six individuals were found to have experiences that "overlap" with detransitioners, but were not counted as such for this study due to displaying "gender identity confusion" during treatment.[32]
Those who undergo gender-affirming surgery have very low rates of detransition or transition regret. A 2005 Dutch study included 162 adults who received sex reassignment surgery, 126 of whom participated in follow-up assessments one to four years after surgery. Two individuals expressed regret at follow-up, only one of whom said that they would not transition again if given the opportunity. The remaining 124 out of 126 (98%) expressed no regrets about transitioning.[33] A 2021 meta-analysis of 27 studies concluded that "there is an extremely low prevalence of regret in transgender patients after [gender-affirmation surgery]".[34] In a January 2023 study of 1989 individuals who had undergone sex reassignment surgery, 6 individuals (0.3%) requested a reversal surgery or detransitioned.[35]
Studies of transition regret or detransition in different populations have found different (average or median) elapsed times before these occurred: a 2018 study found 10 years and 10 months on average to regret (but not necessarily detransition) from start of hormonal therapy,[36] and a 2014 study of those who had surgery found a median lag of 8 years before requesting a reversal of legal gender status.[25] A 2021 UK study found evidence that supports detransitioning occurring on average 4–8 years after transitioning.[32]
Informed consent and affirmation of self-diagnosis (both newer but increasingly employed models for transgender healthcare) have been criticized for failing to meet the needs of those who eventually detransition.[37]
Criticisms have been made regarding the "persistence-desistance" dichotomy as ignoring reasons why a person's gender identity may desist outside of simply being cisgender in the first place. For example, an assertion of a cisgender identity may be treated with validity and as an invalidation of a previously stated transgender identity; however, an assertion of a transgender identity may only be treated with the same validity if it is held throughout one's life. An individual may repress or realize their identity at any point in their life for a variety of reasons; some individuals' gender identities are fluid and/or may change throughout their lifetime, and some individuals whose identities are non-binary are effectively excluded due to a study's assumption of a gender binary.[38][39]
Reasons
Reasons for detransitioning vary, and may include health-related concerns, finding that transition did not alleviate gender dysphoria, a negative social environment, and financial concerns.[2]
The National Center for Transgender Equality conducted a survey which collected responses from individuals who identified as transgender at the time of the survey.[9] The results published in the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey found that 8% of respondents reported having ever detransitioned; 62% of that group reported transitioning again and were living as a gender other than the one assigned to them at birth at the time of the survey.[40] About 36% reported having detransitioned due to pressure from parents, 33% because it was too difficult, 31% due to discrimination, 29% due to difficulty getting a job, 26% pressure from family members, 18% pressure from a spouse, and 17% due to pressure from an employer.[2]
In a 2021 study of 2,242 individuals recruited via community outreach organizations who detransitioned and who continue to identify as transgender or gender diverse, the vast majority said detransition was in part due to external factors, such as pressure from family, sexual assault, and nonaffirming school environments; another highly cited factor was "it was just too hard for me."[41] Motives for detransitioning commonly include financial barriers to transition, social rejection in transition, depression or suicidality due to transition, and discomfort with sexual characteristics developed during transition. Additional motives include concern for lack of data on long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy, concern for loss of fertility, complications from surgery, and changes in gender identity.[42] Some people detransition on a temporary basis, in order to accomplish a particular aim, such as having biologically related children, or until barriers to transition have been resolved or removed.[43] Transgender elders may also detransition out of concern for whether they can receive adequate or respectful care in later life.[44]
A qualitative study comparing child desisters to persisters (those with persisting gender dysphoria) found that while persisters related their dysphoria primarily to a mismatch between their bodies and their identity, desisters' dysphoria was more likely to be, at least retroactively, related to a desire to fulfill the other gender role.[45]
Cultural and political impact
There are no legal, medical, and psychological guidelines on the topic of detransition.[46][clarification needed] The Standards of Care by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) do not mention detransition,[47] though 37 WPATH surgeons have expressed a desire for detransition guidelines to be included,[48] and former WPATH president and longtime chair of WPATH's Standards of Care revision team, Eli Coleman, has listed detransition among the topics that he would like to see included in the eighth edition.[49]
Some researchers perceive there to be an atmosphere of censorship around studying the phenomenon.[15] Various sides involved in the dispute over detransitioning say they have been harassed and have described each other as threats to transgender rights.[50][51]
Controversy surrounding detransition within trans activism primarily arises from how the subject is framed as a subject of moral panic in mainstream media and right-wing politics.[52] Detransition has attracted interest from both social conservatives on the political right and radical feminists on the political left. Activists on the right have been accused of using detransitioners' stories to further their work against trans rights.[53] On the left, some radical feminists see detransitioners' experiences as further proof of patriarchal enforcement of gender roles and medicalized erasure of gays and lesbians.[54] Other feminists have expressed disagreement with this opinion, referring to those who hold these beliefs as trans-exclusionary radical feminists (TERF).[55] This attention has elicited in detransitioners mixed feelings of both exploitation and support.[54][56]
In August 2017, the Mazzoni Center's Philadelphia Trans Health Conference, which is an annual meeting of transgender people, advocates, and healthcare providers, canceled two panel discussions on detransition and alternate methods of working with gender dysphoria.[57] The conference organizers said, "When a topic becomes controversial, such as this one has turned on social media, there is a duty to make sure that the debate does not get out of control at the conference itself. After several days of considerations and reviewing feedback, the planning committee voted that the workshops, while valid, cannot be presented at the conference as planned."[58]
In September 2017, Bath Spa University revoked permission for James Caspian, a Jungian psychotherapist who works with transgender people and is a trustee of the Beaumont Trust, to research regret of gender-reassignment procedures and pursuit of detransition.[59] Caspian alleged the reason for the university's refusal was that it was "a potentially politically incorrect piece of research, [which] carries a risk to the university. Attacks on social media may not be confined to the researcher, but may involve the university. The posting of unpleasant material on blogs or social media may be detrimental to the reputation of the university."[60] The university stated that Caspian's proposal "was not refused because of the subject matter, but rather because of his proposed methodological approach. The university was not satisfied this approach would guarantee the anonymity of his participants or the confidentiality of the data."[61] In May 2017, he took the matter to the High Court, which concluded his application for a judicial review was "totally without merit".[61] The outcome was also considered by the Office of the Independent Adjudicator for Higher Education, who determined the university's conclusion was reasonable.[61] Caspian appealed to the High Court for judicial review again in 2019; the judge ruled against him, saying, "I entirely accept that there are important issues of freedom of expression. I just do not accept that, on the facts of this particular case, there is an arguable case made out," and adding that the application was too late.[62] Caspian claimed that he was "refused permission for a Judicial Review on points of procedure" and that the judge "was clearly sympathetic to the case but felt that his hands were tied by legal procedure;"[61] in February 2021, he appealed to the European Court of Human Rights.[63]
Many ex-gay and Christian Right affiliated organizations also promote programs aiming to discourage transition, promote reversal or desistence of transition, and to change individuals' gender identities. A key characteristic of these organizations are the construction of "transgenderism" as a sin against God or the natural order. In the 1970s, Exodus International platformed Perry Desmond, an "ex-transsexual" who evangelized throughout the US and supported Anita Bryant's Save Our Children campaign. Another prominent characteristic is ex-transgender testimonials, which depict "the transgender lifestyle" as destructive as opposed to contemplation of God and encourage other transgender people to join them. These organizations portray "gender ideology" and "transgender ideology" as a social contagion threatening to the natural order.[64]
Ky Schevers, an "ex-detransitioner" whose detransition was prominently profiled by Katie Herzog[50] and The Outline,[65] spoke about her experiences in a community of radical feminist detransitioned women, drawing parallels to the ex-gay movement and conversion therapy.[56] Parallels drawn include suppressing rather than addressing or removing the underlying dysphoria, stating that not only their gender dysphoria but everyone's dysphoria was a result of internalized sexism and trauma, and language from the twelve-step program being used to describe the desire to transition.[56]
Schevers noted that during the Bell v Tavistock ruling, her lawyer had connections to the right-wing and anti-LGBT-rights organization the Alliance Defending Freedom, which she described as pushing most of the anti-trans bills in the United States. Schevers later created Health Liberation Now! alongside Lee Leveille, who'd also previously been involved in detransition communities that were transphobic, to "give voice to folks who have complicated experiences with transition or detransition, retransition and shifting senses of self that goes beyond a lot of the TERFy areas that people are inevitably getting funnelled into". The group has reported on conversion therapy practices and maintains resources to help identify relationships between clinical conversion therapists and astroturfed campaigns led by anti-trans groups.[16]
Criminalization of gender-affirming care
Criminalization of gender-affirming care for minors
In 2021, legislatures in 22 states in the United States introduced bills that would criminalize the provision of gender-affirming care to transgender minors, forcibly detransitioning those who are unable to or refuse to leave the state.[citation needed] By the end of February 2022, the number had risen to 29. Supporters of these bills often cite concerns about detransition and desistance and claim they wish to protect children. Scientific evidence suggests these bills will cause harm to transgender children as gender-affirming care is often necessary and access to it has consistently shown a positive relationship with mental well-being, and an inability to access gender-affirming care can cause gender dysphoria, which can commonly lead to anxiety, depression and even suicide in transgender children and teens.[66][67]
The American Medical Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, and American Psychological Association have spoken out against the bills and defended the right of minors to transition.[66][68][69][70] In a letter to the National Governors Association, the American Medical Association warned that anti-trans healthcare bans will lead to greater rates of depression and suicide for transgender youth and described bills banning gender-affirming care as "a dangerous intrusion into the practice of medicine".[69][71] Pediatricians testifying against the bills have said they are based on myths and misconceptions about transgender healthcare.[70] A medical report published by Yale in response to bans on gender-affirming care argued that the bans were no more ethical than a prohibition on healthcare for any other life-threatening medical condition.[72] The president of World Professional Association of Transgender Health wrote an opinion article in the New York Times stating her view that these laws constituted an effort to "rid the world of transgender people."[73] Similar sentiments were expressed in a WPATH public communique: "Anti-transgender health care legislation is not about protections for children but about eliminating transgender persons on a micro and macro scale."[74]
In 2021, the Arkansas legislature passed House Bill 1570, prohibiting transgender youth from receiving gender-affirming health care of any kind. The ACLU challenged the bill, leading a federal judge to issue a temporary injunction, protecting transgender youth in the state from being detransitioned against their will.[75]
In April 2022, Alabama Senate Bill 184 was approved. The bill prevents doctors from prescribing puberty blockers or hormone therapy for transgender youth under a threat of up to 10 years in prison, forcibly detransitioning youth in the state, and mandates that school staff out students to their parents.[76]
On August 5, 2022, the Florida Board of Medicine voted to consider guidelines proposed by the state's surgeon general, starting the process of denying transgender youth in Florida gender-affirming care.[77] On October 28, 2022, Florida's Board of Medicine passed a motion to ban all gender-affirming healthcare for minors, including puberty blockers, hormones, and surgeries.[78][79] The motion mandates all transgender youth to detransition until they turn 18. At one point during the hearing, in response to one protester yelling that trans children would be harmed as a result, board member Dr. Zachariah P. Zachariah answered "That's okay", before forcing a vote ahead.[68] Some who'd been at the meeting were reported as saying that the board had put all the speakers in favor of the ban, many of whom were from outside of the state or outside of the country, first in line to speak, before cutting off public comment once they ran out and pro-trans Floridians began to take the podium.[80] The Florida Department of Health released official state guidance that transgender children should not be allowed to wear clothes or use names or pronouns aligning with their gender identity.[81]
In Spring 2021, the Center for Christian Virtue proposed Ohio House Bill 454, known as the "Save Adolescents From Experimentation (SAFE) Act" in Ohio. The bill was introduced by state representative Gary Click in 2022 without consulting any transgender people beforehand and would forcibly detransition all transgender minors in the state. The bill would also require counselors, teachers, and all other staff at public and private schools to out transgender youth to their parents. Click stated he believes children are being "groomed" into thinking that they are trans.[82] In February 2023 Click introduced House Bill 68, which according to Planned Parenthood of Ohio "would ban gender-affirming care for transgender and non-binary youth ─ regardless of parental consent, wishes of the patient, diagnosis, or previous care-plan".[83]
In August 2022, Marjorie Taylor Greene of Georgia introduced the "Protect Children's Innocence Act" that would make providing gender-affirming care to transgender minors a felony punishable by up to 25 years in prison and prohibit the use of federal funds for gender-affirming care, including in Affordable Care Act plans. The bill would also prohibit higher education institutions from providing instruction on gender-affirming care and bar doctors who have provided gender-affirming care to minors from receiving visas or being admitted to the United States.[84][85]
In 2023, dozens of bills in over 10 U.S. States have been proposed which would ban minors from receiving gender-affirming care.[86]
Criminalization of gender-affirming care for adults
Many Republican legislators across the United States are increasingly proposing legislation that would restrict gender-affirming care for adults or make such treatments harder to access. However, no states have succeeded at outright banning gender-affirming care for adults in a way similar to what is being done with minors.[87][88] Efforts to restrict adults' access to healthcare relies heavily on claims from self-described "gender-critical" organizations such as Genspect that young people should not be recognized as adults until they turn 25.[86]
As of January 2024, seven US states limit access to gender-affirming care for adults in some way without banning it, such as allowing private health plans, Medicaid, and correctional facilities to exclude all coverage for gender-affirming care, prohibiting the use of federal funds for gender-affirming care or requiring informed consent practices beyond those typically required in medical practice.[citation needed]
In January 2024, several US Republican legislators expressed their desire to ban gender-affirming healthcare altogether saying their 'endgame' was to ban it completely for people of all ages.[89][90]
On June 2, 2022, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis announced a plan to end Medicaid coverage for transgender adults, making them the first U.S. state to target hormones and transition coverage for adults and removing care for approximately 9,000 adults.[91]
In Missouri in 2022, state legislators weighed extending a youth healthcare ban to adults under 25.[86] The bill died in the committee.[92]
In 2023 the state of Oklahoma introduced the "Millstone act" which would prohibit adults up to 25 from receiving gender-affirming care and prohibit Medicaid coverage for "gender transition procedures" for those under 26.[86] The bill ultimately did not pass.[93]
On March 12, 2023, a Saudi trans woman named Eden Knight died by suicide after being forcefully detransitioned. Knight wrote in a suicide note that her parents had hired an American private intelligence firm and a Saudi lawyer to relocate and forcibly socially and medically detransition her. After becoming dependent on the lawyer for food and shelter and fearing he would report her to U.S. immigration authorities, Knight wrote that she returned to her parents in Saudi Arabia. She secretly continued feminizing hormone replacement therapy, but after being found out twice she died by suicide.[94][95][96][97]
In many prisons within the US, both state and federal, trans prisoners are often forcibly detransitioned.[98][99][100]
Genocide model
Forced detransition has been described as a form of transgender genocide.[101] This is primarily due to the assertion that forced detransition fits multiple criteria to be described as an act of genocide under the United Nations definition of such. Laws banning gender affirming care and/or directly forcing those receiving it to detransition have been described as fitting two acts defined as acts of genocide by the UN - “causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group” and “deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part", and laws allowing child protective services to pursue child abuse claims against the parents of children receiving gender-affirming care and remove said children have been described as fitting another defined act of genocide, that of "forcibly transferring children of the group to another group".[102][103]
See also
- Category:People who detransitioned
- Healthcare and the LGBT community
- LGBT rights by country or territory
- LGBT social movements
References
- ^ a b c Davies, Skye; McIntyre, Stephen; Rypma, Craig (April 2019). Detransition rates in a national UK Gender Identity Clinic (PDF). 3rd Biennial EPATH Conference: Inside Matters, On Law, Ethics and Religion. p. 118. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
- ^ a b c Boslaugh, Sarah (August 3, 2018). Transgender Health Issues. ABC-CLIO. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-1-4408-5888-8. Archived from the original on June 20, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
- ^ Robinson, Max. Detransition: Beyond Before And After. Spinifex Press. p. 1-50.
- ^ Pray Away (Documentary). Retrieved June 7, 2024.
- ^ a b "Former 'detransitioner' fights anti-transgender movement she once backed". ABC News.
- ^ MacKinnon, Kinnon Ross; Expósito-Campos, Pablo; Gould, W. Ariel (June 14, 2023). "Detransition needs further understanding, not controversy". BMJ. 381: e073584. doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-073584. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 10265220. PMID 37315956.
- ^ a b Hall, Mitchell & Sachdeva 2021, "Rates of detransitioning are unknown, with estimates ranging from less than 1% to 8%.".
- ^ "What does the scholarly research say about the effect of gender transition on transgender well-being? (online literature review)". Cornell University Public Policy Research Portal. 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
- ^ a b "The Report of the 2015 US Transgender Survey" (PDF). December 17, 2016.
- ^ a b c Irwig, Michael S (September 28, 2022). "Detransition Among Transgender and Gender-Diverse People—An Increasing and Increasingly Complex Phenomenon". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 107 (10): e4261–e4262. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac356. ISSN 0021-972X. PMC 9516050. PMID 35678284.
- ^ a b c Gribble, Bewley & Dahlen 2023, p. 5.
- ^ a b
- "There is a paucity of literature." Danker et al. 2018
- "We urgently need systematic data on this point in order to inform best practice clinical care." Zucker 2019
- ^ a b "[R]esearch in this field is extremely controversial." Danker et al. 2018
- ^ Expósito-Campos, Pablo (January 10, 2021). "A Typology of Gender Detransition and Its Implications for Healthcare Providers". Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 47 (3): 270–280. doi:10.1080/0092623X.2020.1869126. hdl:10810/51393. PMID 33427094. S2CID 231575978.
The absence of systematic research around detransition has given rise to inconsistencies in its conceptual use and application, adding to the unclarity and confusion.
- ^ a b Shute 2017; BBC 2017; Borreli 2017; Stein 2009; Veissière 2018
- ^ a b Falk, Misha (August 4, 2022). "Health Liberation Now! is challenging the way anti-trans groups weaponize detransition narratives". Xtra. Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
- ^ Fenway Health 2010; Human Rights Campaign n.d.
- ^
- "'Detransition' refers to reidentification with the gender identity given at birth and a conscious decision to take action to revert to that designation." Stewart 2018, p. xxiii. See also Graham 2017; Tobia 2018; Herzog 2017a; Clark-Flory 2015; Danker et al. 2018; Turban et al. 2018b.
- ^ Clark-Flory 2015; Herzog 2017a; Graham 2017; Tobia 2018
- ^ Merriam-Webster n.d.; Collins n.d.
- ^ Steensma et al. 2013; Wallien and Cohen-Kettenis 2008
- ^ Herzog 2017a; Graham 2017; Singal 2018
- ^
- "Not everyone who detransitions regrets transitioning in the first place, and, like transitioning, the process of deciding to detransition is a very individual and personal choice." Yarbrough 2018, p. 130. See also Graham 2017; Herzog 2017a.
- ^ Turban, Jack L.; Loo, Stephanie S.; Almazan, Anthony N.; Keuroghlian, Alex S. (June 1, 2021). "Factors Leading to "Detransition" Among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in the United States: A Mixed-Methods Analysis". LGBT Health. 8 (4): 273–280. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2020.0437. ISSN 2325-8292. PMC 8213007. PMID 33794108.
- ^ a b Detransition estimates:
- "Detransitioning after surgical interventions ... is exceedingly rare. Research has often put the percentage of regret between 1 and 2% ... Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery, when people are still exploring their options. 'There are people who take hormones and then decide to go off hormones,' says Randi Ettner, a therapist who has served on the board of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. 'That is not uncommon.'" Clark-Flory 2015
- "There were 15 (5 [female-to-male] and 10 [male-to-female]) regret applications corresponding to a 2.2% regret rate for both sexes. There was a significant decline of regrets over the time period." (Dhejne et al. define "regret" as "application for reversal of the legal gender status among those who were sex reassigned" which "gives the person the right to treatment to reverse the body as much as possible."), "the median time lag until applying for a reversal was 8 years." Dhejne et al. 2014
- ^ "Detransitioning after surgical interventions ... is exceedingly rare....Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery, when people are still exploring their options." Clark-Flory 2015
- ^ "Gender Identity 5 Years After Social Transition". publications.aap.org. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
- ^ MacKinnon, K. R.; Ashley, F.; Kia, H.; Lam, J. S. H.; Krakowsky, Y.; Ross, L. E. (December 1, 2021). "Preventing transition "regret": An institutional ethnography of gender-affirming medical care assessment practices in Canada". Social Science & Medicine. 291: 114477. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114477. ISSN 0277-9536. PMID 34666278. S2CID 239035474.
- ^ Wiepjes, C. M.; Nota, N. M.; de Blok CJM; Klaver, M.; de Vries ALC; Wensing-Kruger, S. A.; De Jongh, R. T.; Bouman, M. B.; Steensma, T. D.; Cohen-Kettenis, P.; Gooren LJG; Kreukels BPC; Den Heijer, M. (2018). "The Amsterdam Cohort of Gender Dysphoria Study (1972-2015): Trends in Prevalence, Treatment, and Regrets". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 15 (4): 582–590. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.01.016. PMID 29463477.
- ^ Bustos, V. P.; Bustos, S. S.; Mascaro, A.; Del Corral, G.; Forte, A. J.; Ciudad, P.; Kim, E. A.; Langstein, H. N.; Manrique, O. J. (2021). "Regret after Gender-affirmation Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open. 9 (3): e3477. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000003477. PMC 8099405. PMID 33968550.
- ^ Churcher Clarke & Spiliadis 2019
- ^ a b Hall, Mitchell & Sachdeva 2021
- ^ Smith, Yolanda L. S.; Goozen, Stephanie H. M. Van; Kuiper, Abraham J.; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T. (January 2005). "Sex reassignment: outcomes and predictors of treatment for adolescent and adult transsexuals". Psychological Medicine. 35 (1): 89–99. doi:10.1017/S0033291704002776. ISSN 1469-8978. PMID 15842032. S2CID 6032916. Archived from the original on November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
- ^ Bustos, Valeria P.; Bustos, Samyd S.; Mascaro, Andres; Del Corral, Gabriel; Forte, Antonio J.; Ciudad, Pedro; Kim, Esther A.; Langstein, Howard N.; Manrique, Oscar J. (March 19, 2021). "Regret after Gender-affirmation Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prevalence". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open. 9 (3): e3477. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000003477. ISSN 2169-7574. PMC 8099405. PMID 33968550.
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In addition, in our population the average time to regret was 130 months, so it might be too early to examine regret rates in people who started with HT in the past 10 years.
- ^ Graham 2017; Yoo 2018
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Due to such shifting diagnostic categories and inclusion criteria over time, these studies included children who, by current DSM-5 standards, would not likely have been categorized as transgender (i.e., they would not meet the criteria for gender dysphoria) and therefore, it is not surprising that they would not iden- tify as transgender at follow-up. Current criteria require identification with a gender other than what was assigned at birth, which was not a necessity in prior versions of the diagnosis.
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"Because the USTS only surveyed currently TGD-identified people, our study does not offer insights into reasons for detransition in previously TGD-identified people who currently identify as cisgender." "The vast majority of participants reported detransition due at least in part to external factors, such as pressure from family, nonaffirming school environments, and sexual assault." "iIt was just too hard for me" is shown in table 2.
- ^ * "Six persons clearly ventilated their feelings of regret about the decision; three of them accused their clinician of incompetence. Four others respectively gave as primary reasons: social isolation, disappointing surgical results and a sudden vanishing of the urge to live as a woman." Kuiper and Cohen-Kettenis 1998. See also Bowen 2007; Clark-Flory 2015; Danker et al. 2018; Herzog 2017a; McFadden 2017; Sarner 2017; Turban et al. 2018a.
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- ^ "Miscellaneous suggestions ... detransition." Coleman 2017
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Further reading
- Callahan, Carey Maria Catt (2018). "Unheard Voices of Detransitioners". In Brunskell-Evans, Heather; Moore, Michele (eds.). Transgender Children and Young People: Born in Your Own Body. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781527510364. OCLC 1020030833. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
- Dubreuil, Émilie (May 13, 2019). "Je pensais que j'étais transgenre". Radio-Canada (in French). Archived from the original on September 8, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
- Goldberg, Michelle (August 4, 2014). "What Is a Woman? The dispute between radical feminism and transgenderism". The New Yorker. Vol. 90, no. 22. pp. 24+. Archived from the original on November 13, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
- Johnston, Kirsty (April 29, 2017). "From girl to boy and back again, Zahra Cooper shares her journey: 'Everyone is different'". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
- Landén, M.; Wålinder, J.; Hambert, G.; Lundström, B. (1998). "Factors predictive of regret in sex reassignment". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 97 (4): 284–9. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb10001.x. PMID 9570489. S2CID 19652697.
- McCann, Charlie (October–November 2017). "When girls won't be girls". 1843. Archived from the original on February 28, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
- McGoogan, Cara (November 20, 2018). "I transitioned from female to male, then realised I had made a mistake". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
- Monroe, Rachel (December 4, 2016). "Detransitioning: a story about discovery". The Outline. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
- "Pique Resilience Project". Pique Resilience Project. 2019. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
- Ristori, Jiska; Steensma, Thomas D. (February 2016). Bouman, Walter Pierre; de Vries, Annelou LC; T'Sjoen, Guy (eds.). "Gender dysphoria in childhood". International Review of Psychiatry. 28 (1): 13–20. doi:10.3109/09540261.2015.1115754. ISBN 9781315446783. PMID 26754056. S2CID 5461482. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
- White, Jess (January 8, 2019). "Whiteboard". In Sikk, Helis; Meyer, Leisa (eds.). The Legacies of Matthew Shepard: Twenty Years Later. Routledge. ISBN 9780429620522. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
External links
Media related to Detransition at Wikimedia Commons