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== Chemicals in the aerosol == |
== Chemicals in the aerosol == |
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[[File:Electronic Cigarette Smoking.jpg |thumb|[[Aerosol]] (vapor) exhaled by an e-cigarette user.]] |
[[File:Electronic Cigarette Smoking.jpg |thumb|[[Aerosol]] (vapor) exhaled by an e-cigarette user.]] |
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A liquid is heated to a temperature of about 55°C within the e-cigarette to create an aerosolized vapor.<ref name=Kacker2014>{{cite journal|last1=Oh|first1=Anne Y.|last2=Kacker|first2=Ashutosh|title=Do electronic cigarettes impart a lower potential disease burden than conventional tobacco cigarettes?: Review on e-cigarette vapor versus tobacco smoke|journal=The Laryngoscope|date=December 2014|volume=124|issue=12|pages=2702–2706|doi=10.1002/lary.24750|pmid=25302452}}</ref> The vapor usually contains [[nicotine]] and other chemicals, primarily consisting of [[flavor#Flavorants or flavorings|flavors]], aroma transporters, [[glycerol|glycerin]] and [[propylene glycol]].<ref name=Hajek2014>{{cite journal|last1=Hajek|first1=P|last2=Etter|first2=JF|last3=Benowitz|first3=N|last4=Eissenberg|first4=T|last5=McRobbie|first5=H|title=Electronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potential for harm and benefit.|url=http://tobonline.com/Media/Default/Article/Addiction-%20Hajek%2014.pdf|journal=Addiction (Abingdon, England)|date=31 July 2014|pmid=25078252|doi=10.1111/add.12659|volume=109|issue=11|pages=1801–10}}</ref> The vapor may also contain tiny amounts of [[toxicant]]s, [[carcinogen]]s, and [[heavy metals]].<ref name=Grana2014/><ref name=Hajek2014/> Contamination with various chemicals has been identified in the product.<ref name=Bertholon2013>{{cite journal|last1=Bertholon|first1=J.F.|last2=Becquemin|first2=M.H.|last3=Annesi-Maesano|first3=I.|last4=Dautzenberg|first4=B.|title=Electronic Cigarettes: A Short Review|journal=Respiration|year=2013|issn=1423-0356|volume=86|pages=433–8|doi=10.1159/000353253|pmid=24080743}}</ref> |
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Some metal parts in e-cigarettes can contact the e-liquid and contaminate it with metals<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014>{{cite journal|last1=Farsalinos|first1=K. E.|last2=Polosa|first2=R.|title=Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review|journal=Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety|volume=5|issue=2|year=2014|pages=67–86|issn=2042-0986|doi=10.1177/2042098614524430|pmc=4110871|pmid=25083263}}</ref> in concentrations far below inhalation medicine standards.<ref name=Hajek2014/> The metals tin, silicate beads, cadmium, nickel, lead<ref name=Rom2014>{{cite journal|last1=Rom|first1=Oren|last2=Pecorelli|first2=Alessandra|last3=Valacchi|first3=Giuseppe|last4=Reznick|first4=Abraham Z.|title=Are E-cigarettes a safe and good alternative to cigarette smoking?|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|year=2014|pages=n/a–n/a|issn=00778923|doi=10.1111/nyas.12609|pmid=25557889}}</ref> |
Some metal parts in e-cigarettes can contact the e-liquid and contaminate it with metals<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014>{{cite journal|last1=Farsalinos|first1=K. E.|last2=Polosa|first2=R.|title=Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review|journal=Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety|volume=5|issue=2|year=2014|pages=67–86|issn=2042-0986|doi=10.1177/2042098614524430|pmc=4110871|pmid=25083263}}</ref> in concentrations far below inhalation medicine standards.<ref name=Hajek2014/> The metals tin, silicate beads, cadmium, nickel, lead<ref name=Rom2014>{{cite journal|last1=Rom|first1=Oren|last2=Pecorelli|first2=Alessandra|last3=Valacchi|first3=Giuseppe|last4=Reznick|first4=Abraham Z.|title=Are E-cigarettes a safe and good alternative to cigarette smoking?|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|year=2014|pages=n/a–n/a|issn=00778923|doi=10.1111/nyas.12609|pmid=25557889}}</ref> and chromium have been found in the vapor.<ref name=Grana2014/> |
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Many chemicals including [[carbonyl compounds]] such as [[formaldehyde]], [[acetaldehyde]], [[acrolein]], and [[glyoxal]] can inadvertently be produced when the [[nichrome wire]] that touches the e-liquid is heated and chemically reacts with the liquid.<ref name=Bekki2014>{{cite journal|last1=Bekki|first1=Kanae|last2=Uchiyama|first2=Shigehisa|last3=Ohta|first3=Kazushi|last4=Inaba|first4=Yohei|last5=Nakagome|first5=Hideki|last6=Kunugita|first6=Naoki|title=Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Electronic Cigarettes|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=11|issue=11|year=2014|pages=11192–11200|issn=1660-4601|doi=10.3390/ijerph111111192|pmid=25353061}}</ref |
Many chemicals including [[carbonyl compounds]] such as [[formaldehyde]], [[acetaldehyde]], [[acrolein]], and [[glyoxal]] can inadvertently be produced when the [[nichrome wire]] that touches the e-liquid is heated and chemically reacts with the liquid.<ref name=Bekki2014>{{cite journal|last1=Bekki|first1=Kanae|last2=Uchiyama|first2=Shigehisa|last3=Ohta|first3=Kazushi|last4=Inaba|first4=Yohei|last5=Nakagome|first5=Hideki|last6=Kunugita|first6=Naoki|title=Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Electronic Cigarettes|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=11|issue=11|year=2014|pages=11192–11200|issn=1660-4601|doi=10.3390/ijerph111111192|pmid=25353061}}</ref> [[Tobacco-specific nitrosamines]] (TSNAs) in comparable amounts to [[nicotine replacement products]],<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> trace amounts of [[toluene]]<ref name=Rom2014/> and xylene<ref name=FarsalinosPolosa2014/> aldehydes, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and tobacco alkaloids has been found in the vapor.<ref name=Cheng2014>{{cite journal|last1=Cheng|first1=T.|title=Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=23|issue=Supplement 2|year=2014|pages=ii11–ii17|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482|pmc=3995255|pmid=24732157}}</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
Revision as of 09:06, 19 June 2015
Various chemicals has been identified in the aerosol of electronic cigarettes.[1] The vapor contains similar chemicals to the e-liquid which vary across and within manufacturers.[2][3]
Chemicals in the aerosol
A liquid is heated to a temperature of about 55°C within the e-cigarette to create an aerosolized vapor.[4] The vapor usually contains nicotine and other chemicals, primarily consisting of flavors, aroma transporters, glycerin and propylene glycol.[5] The vapor may also contain tiny amounts of toxicants, carcinogens, and heavy metals.[1][5] Contamination with various chemicals has been identified in the product.[2]
Some metal parts in e-cigarettes can contact the e-liquid and contaminate it with metals[6] in concentrations far below inhalation medicine standards.[5] The metals tin, silicate beads, cadmium, nickel, lead[7] and chromium have been found in the vapor.[1]
Many chemicals including carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and glyoxal can inadvertently be produced when the nichrome wire that touches the e-liquid is heated and chemically reacts with the liquid.[8] Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in comparable amounts to nicotine replacement products,[6] trace amounts of toluene[7] and xylene[6] aldehydes, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and tobacco alkaloids has been found in the vapor.[3]
See also
References
- ^ a b c Grana, R; Benowitz, N; Glantz, SA (13 May 2014). "E-cigarettes: a scientific review". Circulation. 129 (19): 1972–86. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.007667. PMC 4018182. PMID 24821826.
- ^ a b Bertholon, J.F.; Becquemin, M.H.; Annesi-Maesano, I.; Dautzenberg, B. (2013). "Electronic Cigarettes: A Short Review". Respiration. 86: 433–8. doi:10.1159/000353253. ISSN 1423-0356. PMID 24080743.
- ^ a b Cheng, T. (2014). "Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes". Tobacco Control. 23 (Supplement 2): ii11–ii17. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051482. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 3995255. PMID 24732157.
- ^ Oh, Anne Y.; Kacker, Ashutosh (December 2014). "Do electronic cigarettes impart a lower potential disease burden than conventional tobacco cigarettes?: Review on e-cigarette vapor versus tobacco smoke". The Laryngoscope. 124 (12): 2702–2706. doi:10.1002/lary.24750. PMID 25302452.
- ^ a b c Hajek, P; Etter, JF; Benowitz, N; Eissenberg, T; McRobbie, H (31 July 2014). "Electronic cigarettes: review of use, content, safety, effects on smokers and potential for harm and benefit" (PDF). Addiction (Abingdon, England). 109 (11): 1801–10. doi:10.1111/add.12659. PMID 25078252.
- ^ a b c Farsalinos, K. E.; Polosa, R. (2014). "Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: a systematic review". Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety. 5 (2): 67–86. doi:10.1177/2042098614524430. ISSN 2042-0986. PMC 4110871. PMID 25083263.
- ^ a b Rom, Oren; Pecorelli, Alessandra; Valacchi, Giuseppe; Reznick, Abraham Z. (2014). "Are E-cigarettes a safe and good alternative to cigarette smoking?". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: n/a–n/a. doi:10.1111/nyas.12609. ISSN 0077-8923. PMID 25557889.
- ^ Bekki, Kanae; Uchiyama, Shigehisa; Ohta, Kazushi; Inaba, Yohei; Nakagome, Hideki; Kunugita, Naoki (2014). "Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Electronic Cigarettes". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 11 (11): 11192–11200. doi:10.3390/ijerph111111192. ISSN 1660-4601. PMID 25353061.
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: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
External links
- Media related to Electronic cigarettes at Wikimedia Commons