move ref to bibliography |
remove duplicate info |
||
Line 28: | Line 28: | ||
|title_leader = [[Sultan]] |
|title_leader = [[Sultan]] |
||
}} |
}} |
||
The '''Eretnids''' ({{lang-tr|Eretna Beyliği}}) were an [[Anatolian beylik]] that succeeded the [[Ilkhanids|Ilkhanid]] governors in [[Anatolia]] and that ruled in a large region extending between Caesarea ([[Kayseri]]), Sebastea ([[Sivas]]) and Amaseia ([[Amasya]]) in [[Central Anatolia]] between 1328 and 1381. |
|||
The '''Eretnids''' ({{lang-tr|Eretna Beyliği}}) were an [[Anatolian beylik]] that succeeded the [[Ilkhanids|Ilkhanid]] governors in [[Anatolia]] and that ruled in a large region extending between Caesarea ([[Kayseri]]), Sebastea ([[Sivas]]) and Amaseia ([[Amasya]]) in [[Central Anatolia]] between 1328 and 1381. The dynasty was founded by [[Eretna]], an officer of [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]]<ref>Bruce Alan Masters, Gábor Ágoston, ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'', Infobase, 2010, p.41, Online Edition, "With the death of the Ilkhanid ruler Ebu Said in 1335, administration of Asia Minor was entrusted to his former governor Eretna Bey, ''originally an Uighur Turk'', who eventually declared himself independent..."</ref><ref>Yılmaz Öztuna, Devletler ve hânedanlar: Türkiye : 1074 - 1990, Vol.2, Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı, 2005, p.51, [https://books.google.com/books?id=R1w-AQAAIAAJ&q=eretna+uygur+turk Online Edition]''</ref><ref>John Freely, The companion guide to Turkey, HarperCollins, 1993, p.391, [https://books.google.com/books?id=khs_AQAAIAAJ&q=eretna+uyghur+turk Online Edition] "This was erected in 1339 by Eretna, a Uyghur Turk who created an independent principality in central Anatolia after the collapse of the Ilkhanid Mongol Empire in 1335."</ref><ref>Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila Blair, Oxford University Press, 2009, p.60, [https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC Online Edition] "In the early 14th century, the city passed to the ''Uighur chief Eretna''."</ref><ref>Speros Vryonis, ''The decline of medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor: and the process of Islamization from the eleventh through the fifteenth century'', (Berkeley: University of California, 1971), p. 139, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wBpIAAAAMAAJ&q=eretna+uighur+turk Online Edition] "When the governor Timurlash fled to Egypt in 1327, he was replaced by Ghiyath al-Din Eretna (of Uighur origin) who succeeded in receiving official appointment from the Ilkhan Abu Sa'id."</ref> origin in the service of Ilkhanid governors of Anatolia. Although short-lived, the Beylik of Eretna left important works of architecture. The name of Eretna may be derived from [[Sanskrit]] word ''Ratna'' "Jewel".<ref>Clifford Edmund Bosworth-The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual, p.234</ref> |
|||
The dynasty's founder, Eretna, was a Mongol officer<ref>[[Ibn Batuta]], Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, ''Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325-1354'', Published for the Hakluyt Society at the University Press, 1962, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hGgTAAAAIAAJ&q=%22+a+Mongol+officer+under+the+Chobanid+Timurtash%22 p. 433.] "Ertena, a Mongol officer under the Chobanid Timurtash"</ref> of Uyghur origin in the service of [[Timurtash]], the Ilkhanid governor of Anatolia. After his master unsuccessfully revolted in 1327 to ally with the Mamluks in response to the fate of his father [[Chupan]], [[Ilkhan]] [[Abu Sa'id (Ilkhanid dynasty)|Abu Said]] appointed Eretna a governor of [[Anatolia]]. Eretna, who established his own beylik with the title of Sultan under the protection of the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)]],<ref>''Encyclopedia of Mongolia and Mongol Empire'', ''see:'' Turkey and Mongol Empire</ref> also knew [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and was considered a scholar.{{sfn|Cahen|2012}} |
The dynasty's founder, Eretna, was a Mongol officer<ref>[[Ibn Batuta]], Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, ''Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325-1354'', Published for the Hakluyt Society at the University Press, 1962, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hGgTAAAAIAAJ&q=%22+a+Mongol+officer+under+the+Chobanid+Timurtash%22 p. 433.] "Ertena, a Mongol officer under the Chobanid Timurtash"</ref> of Uyghur origin<ref>Bruce Alan Masters, Gábor Ágoston, ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'', Infobase, 2010, p.41, Online Edition, "With the death of the Ilkhanid ruler Ebu Said in 1335, administration of Asia Minor was entrusted to his former governor Eretna Bey, ''originally an Uighur Turk'', who eventually declared himself independent..."</ref><ref>Yılmaz Öztuna, Devletler ve hânedanlar: Türkiye : 1074 - 1990, Vol.2, Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı, 2005, p.51, [https://books.google.com/books?id=R1w-AQAAIAAJ&q=eretna+uygur+turk Online Edition]''</ref><ref>John Freely, The companion guide to Turkey, HarperCollins, 1993, p.391, [https://books.google.com/books?id=khs_AQAAIAAJ&q=eretna+uyghur+turk Online Edition] "This was erected in 1339 by Eretna, a Uyghur Turk who created an independent principality in central Anatolia after the collapse of the Ilkhanid Mongol Empire in 1335."</ref><ref>Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila Blair, Oxford University Press, 2009, p.60, [https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC Online Edition] "In the early 14th century, the city passed to the ''Uighur chief Eretna''."</ref><ref>Speros Vryonis, ''The decline of medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor: and the process of Islamization from the eleventh through the fifteenth century'', (Berkeley: University of California, 1971), p. 139, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wBpIAAAAMAAJ&q=eretna+uighur+turk Online Edition] "When the governor Timurlash fled to Egypt in 1327, he was replaced by Ghiyath al-Din Eretna (of Uighur origin) who succeeded in receiving official appointment from the Ilkhan Abu Sa'id."</ref> in the service of [[Timurtash]], the Ilkhanid governor of Anatolia. After his master unsuccessfully revolted in 1327 to ally with the Mamluks in response to the fate of his father [[Chupan]], [[Ilkhan]] [[Abu Sa'id (Ilkhanid dynasty)|Abu Said]] appointed Eretna a governor of [[Anatolia]]. Eretna, who established his own beylik with the title of Sultan under the protection of the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)]],<ref>''Encyclopedia of Mongolia and Mongol Empire'', ''see:'' Turkey and Mongol Empire</ref> also knew [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and was considered a scholar.{{sfn|Cahen|2012}} Although short-lived, the Beylik of Eretna left important works of architecture. The name of Eretna may be derived from [[Sanskrit]] word ''Ratna'' "Jewel".<ref>Clifford Edmund Bosworth-The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual, p.234</ref> |
||
== List of Eretnid sultans == |
== List of Eretnid sultans == |
Revision as of 18:28, 13 December 2023
Eretnid dynasty | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1335–1381 | |||||||||||||||
![]() The Eretnids under Eretna | |||||||||||||||
Status | Beylik | ||||||||||||||
Capital | Sivas and Kayseri | ||||||||||||||
Common languages | |||||||||||||||
Religion | Islam | ||||||||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||||
Sultan | |||||||||||||||
• 1336–1352 | Eretna | ||||||||||||||
• 1380 | Muhammad II Chelebi | ||||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||||
• Established | 1335 | ||||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1381 | ||||||||||||||
|
The Eretnids (Turkish: Eretna Beyliği) were an Anatolian beylik that succeeded the Ilkhanid governors in Anatolia and that ruled in a large region extending between Caesarea (Kayseri), Sebastea (Sivas) and Amaseia (Amasya) in Central Anatolia between 1328 and 1381.
The dynasty's founder, Eretna, was a Mongol officer[2] of Uyghur origin[3][4][5][6][7] in the service of Timurtash, the Ilkhanid governor of Anatolia. After his master unsuccessfully revolted in 1327 to ally with the Mamluks in response to the fate of his father Chupan, Ilkhan Abu Said appointed Eretna a governor of Anatolia. Eretna, who established his own beylik with the title of Sultan under the protection of the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo),[8] also knew Arabic and was considered a scholar.[1] Although short-lived, the Beylik of Eretna left important works of architecture. The name of Eretna may be derived from Sanskrit word Ratna "Jewel".[9]
List of Eretnid sultans
- ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Eretna (1336–1352)
- Ghiyāth al-Dīn Muhammad I (1352–1366)
- ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn 'Ali (1366–1380)
- Muhammad II Chelebi (1380)[10]
History of Turkey |
---|
![]() |
Timeline |
![]() |
See also
References
- ^ a b c Cahen 2012.
- ^ Ibn Batuta, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325-1354, Published for the Hakluyt Society at the University Press, 1962, p. 433. "Ertena, a Mongol officer under the Chobanid Timurtash"
- ^ Bruce Alan Masters, Gábor Ágoston, Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Infobase, 2010, p.41, Online Edition, "With the death of the Ilkhanid ruler Ebu Said in 1335, administration of Asia Minor was entrusted to his former governor Eretna Bey, originally an Uighur Turk, who eventually declared himself independent..."
- ^ Yılmaz Öztuna, Devletler ve hânedanlar: Türkiye : 1074 - 1990, Vol.2, Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı, 2005, p.51, Online Edition
- ^ John Freely, The companion guide to Turkey, HarperCollins, 1993, p.391, Online Edition "This was erected in 1339 by Eretna, a Uyghur Turk who created an independent principality in central Anatolia after the collapse of the Ilkhanid Mongol Empire in 1335."
- ^ Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila Blair, Oxford University Press, 2009, p.60, Online Edition "In the early 14th century, the city passed to the Uighur chief Eretna."
- ^ Speros Vryonis, The decline of medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor: and the process of Islamization from the eleventh through the fifteenth century, (Berkeley: University of California, 1971), p. 139, Online Edition "When the governor Timurlash fled to Egypt in 1327, he was replaced by Ghiyath al-Din Eretna (of Uighur origin) who succeeded in receiving official appointment from the Ilkhan Abu Sa'id."
- ^ Encyclopedia of Mongolia and Mongol Empire, see: Turkey and Mongol Empire
- ^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth-The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual, p.234
- ^ Bosworth 1996, p. 234.
Bibliography
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press.
- Cahen, Claude (2012). "Eretna". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. II. E. J. Brill.
External links
- "Köşk Medrese and Tomb (Türbe) in Kayseri". archnet.org. Archived from the original on 2006-02-10.