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|conventional_long_name = Eretnid dynasty |
|conventional_long_name = Eretnid dynasty |
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|common_name = Eretnids |
|common_name = Eretnids |
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|status_text = [[ |
|status_text = [[Sultan]]ate |
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|status = |
|status = Sultanate |
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|government_type = [[Monarchy]] |
|government_type = [[Monarchy]] |
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|year_start = |
|year_start = 1343 |
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|year_end = 1381 |
|year_end = 1381 |
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|p1 = Ilkhanate |
|p1 = Ilkhanate |
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|religion = [[Islam]] |
|religion = [[Islam]] |
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|legislature = |
|legislature = |
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|common_languages = |
|common_languages = |
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*[[Arabic language|Arabic]]{{sfn|Cahen|2012}} |
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*[[Old Anatolian Turkish]]{{sfn|Cahen|2012}}}} |
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|leader1 = [[Eretna]] |
|leader1 = [[Eretna]] |
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|leader2 = [[Muhammad II Chelebi]] |
|leader2 = [[Muhammad II Chelebi]] |
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|year_leader1 = |
|year_leader1 = 1343–1352 |
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|year_leader2 = |
|year_leader2 = 1380–1381 |
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|title_leader = [[Sultan]] |
|title_leader = [[Sultan]] |
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}} |
}} |
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{{History of Turkey}} |
{{History of Turkey}} |
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The ''' |
The '''Eretnid dynasty''' ({{lang-tr|Eretna Beyliği}}) was a dynasty that ruled a [[sultan]]ate spanning central and eastern [[Anatolia]]. It was an [[Anatolian beylik]] that succeeded the [[Ilkhanids|Ilkhanid]] governors of the region. |
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== Background == |
== Background == |
Revision as of 01:12, 15 December 2023
Eretnid dynasty | |||||||||||||||
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1343–1381 | |||||||||||||||
![]() The Eretnids under Eretna | |||||||||||||||
Status | Sultanate | ||||||||||||||
Capital | Sivas and Kayseri | ||||||||||||||
Religion | Islam | ||||||||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||||
Sultan | |||||||||||||||
• 1343–1352 | Eretna | ||||||||||||||
• 1380–1381 | Muhammad II Chelebi | ||||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||||
• Established | 1343 | ||||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1381 | ||||||||||||||
|
History of Turkey |
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Timeline |
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The Eretnid dynasty (Turkish: Eretna Beyliği) was a dynasty that ruled a sultanate spanning central and eastern Anatolia. It was an Anatolian beylik that succeeded the Ilkhanid governors of the region.
Background
The Ilkhanate emerged in West Asia under Hulagu Khan as part of the division of the Mongol Empire. After half a century, the seventh Ilkhān Ghazan's death marked the height of the state, and while his brother Öljaitü was capable of maintaining the empire, his conversion to Shiism sped up the impending fall and civil war in the region.[1] The life of Eretna, the founder of the Eretnids, coincided with this political turmoil, which would eventually make him an heir to the Ilkhanid dominion.[2]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Historical_Atlas_of_Iran_-_Plate_No._17_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Historical_Atlas_of_Iran_-_Plate_No._17_%28cropped%29.jpg)
History
The dynasty's founder, Eretna, was a Mongol officer[3] of Uyghur origin[4][5][6][7][8] in the service of Timurtash, the Ilkhanid governor of Anatolia. After his master unsuccessfully revolted in 1327 to ally with the Mamluks in response to the fate of his father Chupan, Ilkhan Abu Said appointed Eretna a governor of Anatolia. Eretna, who established his own beylik with the title of Sultan under the protection of the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo),[9] also knew Arabic and was considered a scholar.[2] Although short-lived, the Beylik of Eretna left important works of architecture. The name of Eretna may be derived from Sanskrit word Ratna "Jewel".[10]
Eretna (1343–1352)
After the battle and Hasan Kuchak's death, Eretna assumed the title sultan, dispersed coins in his name, and formally declared sovereignty as part of the khutbah. He took the laqab Alāʾ al-Dīn,[11] which was attested in Ibn Battuta's Rihla and his coins.[12] Eretna additionally expanded his borders beyond Erzurum.[11] He faced a reduced number of threats to his rule in this period: Despite the intentions of the new Chobanid ruler Malek Ashraf to wage a war against him, such an expedition never came to be. The political vacuum in Mamluk Egypt, following Al-Nasir Muhammad's death, allowed Eretna to take Darende from them. And the Dulkadirid ruler Qarāja's focus in pillaging the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and tensions with the Mamluk emirs also made an attack from south unlikely.[13] Eretna further took advantage of the Karamanid ruler Ahmed's death in 1350, capturing Konya. Overall, Eretna's realm extended from Konya to Ankara and Erzurum,[14] also incorporating Kayseri, Amasya, Tokat, Çorum, Develi, Karahisar, Zile, Canik, Ürgüp, Niğde, Aksaray, Erzincan, Şebinkarahisar, and Darende,[15] with the capital initially situated in Sivas and later Kayseri.[16]
Eretna benefited from the support of the significant population of Mongol tribes in Central Anatolia (referred to as Qarā Tātārs in sources) in asserting his rule. He thus highlighted his succession to the Mongol tradition despite his Uyghur origin.[17] When he stopped referring to an overlord after 1341–2 and issued his own coins, he utilized the Uyghur script, which was also used for Mongolian,[18] to underline the Mongol heritage he sought to represent.[19] Eretna's identification with the Mongol tradition and repudiation of Mamluk sovereignty is in parallel with the overall character of medieval Anatolian rulers, who often experimented with various methods of claiming legitimacy in an atmosphere in which long-standing concepts of legitimacy were ceasing to exist.[20] Still, instead of the Mongols, who were numerous in the region from Kütahya to Sivas, Eretna appointed mamluks and local Turks in administrative positions fearing the rebirth of the Mongol rule.[21]
Eretna was a fluent Arabic-speaker according to Ibn Battuta[20] and was considered a scholar among the scholars of his era. He was famously known as Köse Peyghamber (lit. 'the beardless prophet') by his subjects who looked upon him favorably because his rule preserved order in a region that was politically crumbling apart.[2] He promoted and reinforced the sharia law in his domains and showed an effort to respect and sustain the ulama, sayyids, and sheikhs. An exception to the praise he received was al-Maqrizi's accusation that he allowed the state to later fall apart.[22]
Muḥammad I (1352–1365)
Muḥammad was liked by most Eretnid emirs, and upon his father's death, Eretna's vizier Khoja Ali secretly invited Muḥammad to Kayseri to become the new sultan, although Muḥammad's older brother Jafar was already residing there. Jafar was imprisoned by Muḥammad for some time, but he eventually escaped to Egypt. However, Muḥammad's rule did not fare well as he behaved debaucherously and treated his siblings unfairly. Since he was young, authority came into the hands of his emirs.[23] Turkoman tribes took control of the region of Canik.[24] Although the Dulkadirids to the south expanded their borders at the expense of the Eretnids, the Dulkadirid beg Zayn al-Dīn Qarāja would soon seek protection in Muḥammad's court fleeing from the Mamluks, who were preparing to prosecute him for the rebellion he led. On 22 September 1353, Muḥammad deported Qarāja to Mamluk-controlled Aleppo in exchange for a payment of 500 thousand dinars by the Mamluks, who would later transport Qarāja to Cairo for his execution.[25] This did not affect the fate of Muḥammad, as he was deposed by his emirs, and his half-brother Jafar reigned for a year.[23]
After losing the throne to his half-brother, Muḥammad fled to Konya[23] taking refuge amongst the Karamanids[15] and later Sivas. The governor of Sivas, Ibn Kurd, recognized him and assisted him in the restoration of his rule.[23] In April 1355, he faced Jafar at the Battle of Yalnızgöz.[15] He came to terms with the vizier Ali Khoja and killed Jafar, reclaiming his rule.[23] In 1361, as a reprisal to a raid by Tatars of the Chavdar tribe, Ottoman Beg Murad I captured Ankara Castle from the Eretnids. Muḥammad allied himself with the Dulkadirids in September 1362 in a joint campaign to drive the Mamluks away from Malatya. Mamluk governor of Damascus, Yalbugha and his 24 thousand-strong force marched north and raided Eretnid and Dulkadirid lands. However, this effort failed to regain Mamluk control.[26]
In 1364, Khoja Ali Shah led an uprising against Muḥammad and marched towards Kayseri. Muḥammad was defeated and had to request assistance from the Mamluk Sultan Al-Kamil Sha'ban. Upon a decree by the Mamluk Sultan, the governor of Aleppo sent his forces to aid Muḥammad, with which he subdued and executed Khoja Ali Shah in 1365. Soon after, other emirs who wanted to preserve their autonomy, such as Hajji Shadgeldi and Hajji Ibrahim,[15] killed Muḥammad in Kayseri before he could reinforce his authority, enthroning his son Ali.[27] Around that time, the eastern part of the realm, including Erzincan, Erzurum, and Bayburt, had come under the rule of a local figure, Akhi Ayna.[28]
'Ali (1366–1380)
'Ali was crowned at 13 years old, following the murder of his father.[29] After Muḥammad's death, local emirs obtained control of much of the region with the former vizier Khoja Ali Shah's son Hajji Ibrahim in Sivas, Sheikh Najib in Tokat, and Hajji Shadgeldi Pasha in Amasya. The Karamanids invaded Niğde and Aksaray, and local Mongol tribes started disrupting the public order.[30] ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn 'Ali was particularly known to have solely cared for pleasure[2] and lacked the skills to consolidate his authority. He was largely disregarded in political matters.[31]
In 1375, when 'Ali was in the midst of a feast in his hammam in Kayseri, Karamanids captured the city with the help of the Mongol tribes of Samargar and Chaykazan, prompting 'Ali to flee to Sivas. Statesman Kadi Burhan al-Din tried to fend off the Karamanids with the hopes that he could claim Kayseri for himself. He wasn't successful, getting arrested when 'Ali uncovered his true intentions.[31] In addition, the Dulkadirids gained control of Pınarbaşı.[29] The Emir of Sivas, Hajji Ibrahim, who allied with the leader of Samargar, Hizir Beg, rescued Burhan al-Din and imprisoned 'Ali instead.[32] Hajji Ibrahim further appointed Hizir Beg as the governor of Kayseri and kept 'Ali in isolation in Sivas. Although 'Ali was released for a brief period of time, 'Ali was imprisoned once again by Hajji Mukbil, who was the mamluk of the recently-deceased Hajji Ibrahim.[33] 'Ali was liberated by Burhan al-Din in 1378. In June of that year, Burhan al-Din was made vizier by the emirs to prevent a possible revolt of peasants disgruntled by 'Ali's incompetence.[34]
Kadi Burhan al-Din later dispatched 'Ali to lead several campaigns. One was aimed at subduing Burhan al-Din's rival Hajji Shadgeldi of Amasya, but this proved to be futile and further reinforced Shadgeldi's influence over the region. Another expedition consisted of efforts to reclaim Niğde, which was largely fruitless except for Karahisar's capture. After raiding the Turkomans near Niğde in 1379, 'Ali took advantage of the death of Pir Hussain Beg, the emir of Erzincan, through a campaign to retake the city, which was also unsuccessful. Alāʾ al-Dīn 'Ali died in Kazova in August 1380 from the plague amidst another attempt to crush Shadgeldi.[34] His body was transferred to Tokat and then to Kayseri. He was buried in Köşkmedrese beside his father and grandfather.[35]
Muḥammad II Chelebī and usurpation by Kadi Burhan al-Din
Muḥammad II Chelebī was crowned when he was 7 years old, after his father, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn 'Ali died in August 1380 from the plague.[36] His regent was Kadi Burhan al-Din, who proclaimed himself as the ruler by January 1381. According to Ibn Khaldun and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Muhammad was killed by Kadi Burhan al-Din in 1390.[37]
Culture
Architecture
There are no surviving mosques, madrasas, caravanserais, hospitals, or bridges dated back to Eretnid rule, with the exception of tombs.[38] Köşkmedrese is a khanqah that was used as the burial place of the Eretnid sultans and consorts. According to the inscriptions on the building that ceased to exist, it was built by Eretna in memory of his consort Suli Pasha in 1339.[39] The name Kālūyān, possibly an Armenian architect, appears on the building.[40]
Literature
There is a scant number of literary works that were dedicated to the Eretnids. One such text was a short Persian tafsir in al-As'ila wa'l-Ajwiba by Aqsara'i commissioned by the Eretnid emir of Amasya, Sayf al-Din Shadgeldi (died 1381). Another instance was an astrological almanac (taqwīm) created for the last Eretnid ruler ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Ali in 1371–2.[20]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/A_Qur%27an_scroll_%28tumar%29_commissioned_for_Ghiyath_al-Din_Sultan_Muhammad_ibn_Sultan_Eretna%2C_signed_Mubarakshah_ibn_%27Abdullah%2C_eastern_Anatolia%2C_dated_1353-54.jpg/220px-A_Qur%27an_scroll_%28tumar%29_commissioned_for_Ghiyath_al-Din_Sultan_Muhammad_ibn_Sultan_Eretna%2C_signed_Mubarakshah_ibn_%27Abdullah%2C_eastern_Anatolia%2C_dated_1353-54.jpg)
List of Eretnid sultans
- ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Eretna (1336–1352)
- Ghiyāth al-Dīn Muhammad I (1352–1366)
- ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn 'Ali (1366–1380)
- Muhammad II Chelebi (1380)[16]
See also
References
- ^ Spuler & Ettinghausen 2012.
- ^ a b c d Cahen 2012.
- ^ Ibn Batuta, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325-1354, Published for the Hakluyt Society at the University Press, 1962, p. 433. "Ertena, a Mongol officer under the Chobanid Timurtash"
- ^ Bruce Alan Masters, Gábor Ágoston, Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Infobase, 2010, p.41, Online Edition, "With the death of the Ilkhanid ruler Ebu Said in 1335, administration of Asia Minor was entrusted to his former governor Eretna Bey, originally an Uighur Turk, who eventually declared himself independent..."
- ^ Yılmaz Öztuna, Devletler ve hânedanlar: Türkiye : 1074 - 1990, Vol.2, Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı, 2005, p.51, Online Edition
- ^ John Freely, The companion guide to Turkey, HarperCollins, 1993, p.391, Online Edition "This was erected in 1339 by Eretna, a Uyghur Turk who created an independent principality in central Anatolia after the collapse of the Ilkhanid Mongol Empire in 1335."
- ^ Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila Blair, Oxford University Press, 2009, p.60, Online Edition "In the early 14th century, the city passed to the Uighur chief Eretna."
- ^ Speros Vryonis, The decline of medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor: and the process of Islamization from the eleventh through the fifteenth century, (Berkeley: University of California, 1971), p. 139, Online Edition "When the governor Timurlash fled to Egypt in 1327, he was replaced by Ghiyath al-Din Eretna (of Uighur origin) who succeeded in receiving official appointment from the Ilkhan Abu Sa'id."
- ^ Encyclopedia of Mongolia and Mongol Empire, see: Turkey and Mongol Empire
- ^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth-The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual, p.234
- ^ a b Sümer 1969, p. 110.
- ^ Uzunçarşılı 1968, p. 164.
- ^ Sümer 1969, p. 111.
- ^ Sümer 1969, p. 113.
- ^ a b c d Göde 1995.
- ^ a b Bosworth 1996, p. 234.
- ^ Peacock 2019, p. 51.
- ^ Peacock 2019, p. 182.
- ^ Peacock 2019, p. 61.
- ^ a b c Peacock 2019, p. 62.
- ^ Sümer 1969, p. 115.
- ^ Melville 2009, p. 96.
- ^ a b c d e Uzunçarşılı 1968, p. 177.
- ^ Uzunçarşılı 1968, p. 177–178.
- ^ Alıç 2020, pp. 85–86.
- ^ Uzunçarşılı 1968, p. 178–179.
- ^ Uzunçarşılı 1968, p. 179–180.
- ^ Sinclair 2019, link.
- ^ a b Çayırdağ 2000, p. 450.
- ^ Uzunçarşılı 1968, p. 181.
- ^ a b Uzunçarşılı 1968, p. 182.
- ^ Uzunçarşılı 1968.
- ^ Çayırdağ 2000, p. 451.
- ^ a b Uzunçarşılı 1968, p. 183.
- ^ Uzunçarşılı 1968, p. 184.
- ^ Uzunçarşılı 1968, p. 183–184.
- ^ Uzunçarşılı 1968, p. 186–187.
- ^ Sümer 1969, p. 114.
- ^ Durukan 2002.
- ^ Jackson 2020, link.
Bibliography
- Alıç, Samet (2020). "Memlûkler Tarafından Katledilen Dulkadir Emirleri" [The Dulkadir's Emirs Killed by the Mamluks]. The Journal of Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute (in Turkish) (43): 83–94. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press.
- Cahen, Claude (2012). "Eretna". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. II. E. J. Brill.
- Çayırdağ, Mehmet (August 2000). "Eretnalı Beyliğinin Paraları" [Coinage of the Eretna Principality]. BELLETEN (in Turkish). 64 (240). Turkish Historical Society: 435–452. doi:10.37879/belleten.2000.435. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- Durukan, Aynur (2002). "Köşkmedrese". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. TDV İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
- Göde, Kemal (1995). "Eretnaoğulları". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. TDV İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- Jackson, Cailah (4 September 2020). Islamic Manuscripts of Late Medieval Rum, 1270s-1370s Production, Patronage and the Arts of the Book. Edinburgh University Press.
- Melville, Charles (12 March 2009). "Anatolia under the Mongols". In Fleet, Kate (ed.). The Cambridge History of Turkey (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–101. doi:10.1017/chol9780521620932.004. ISBN 978-1-139-05596-3. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- Peacock, Andrew Charles Spencer (17 October 2019). Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia. Cambridge University Press.
- Spuler, Bertold; Ettinghausen, Richard (2012). "Īlk̲h̲āns". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. II. E. J. Brill.
- Sinclair, Thomas (6 December 2019). Eastern Trade and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages: Pegolotti’s Ayas-Tabriz Itinerary and Its Commercial Context. Taylor & Francis.
- Sümer, Faruk (1969). "Anadolu'da Moğollar" [Mongols in Anatolia] (PDF). Journal of Seljuk studies (in Turkish). Ankara: Selçuklu Tarih ve Medeniyeti Enstitüsü (published 1970). Retrieved 19 October 2023.
- Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı (20 April 1968). "Sivas - Kayseri ve Dolaylarında Eretna Devleti" [State of Eretna in Sivas - Kayseri and Around]. BELLETEN (in Turkish). 32 (126). Turkish Historical Association: 161–190. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
External links
- "Köşk Medrese and Tomb (Türbe) in Kayseri". archnet.org. Archived from the original on 2006-02-10.