Eretnid dynasty | |||||||||||||||
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1335–1381 | |||||||||||||||
Status | Beylik | ||||||||||||||
Capital | Sivas and Kayseri | ||||||||||||||
Common languages | |||||||||||||||
Religion | Islam | ||||||||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||||
Sultan | |||||||||||||||
• 1336–1352 | Eretna | ||||||||||||||
• 1380 | Muhammad II Chelebi | ||||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||||
• Established | 1335 | ||||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1381 | ||||||||||||||
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The Eretnids (Turkish: Eretna Beyliği) were an Anatolian beylik that succeeded the Ilkhanid governors in Anatolia and that ruled in a large region extending between Caesarea (Kayseri), Sebastea (Sivas) and Amaseia (Amasya) in Central Anatolia between 1328 and 1381.
Background
The Ilkhanate emerged in West Asia under Hulagu Khan as part of the division of the Mongol Empire. After half a century, the seventh Ilkhān Ghazan's death marked the height of the state, and while his brother Öljaitü was capable of maintaining the empire, his conversion to Shiism sped up the impending fall and civil war in the region.[2] The life of Eretna, the founder of the Eretnids, coincided with this political turmoil, which would eventually make him an heir to the Ilkhanid dominion.[1]
History
The dynasty's founder, Eretna, was a Mongol officer[3] of Uyghur origin[4][5][6][7][8] in the service of Timurtash, the Ilkhanid governor of Anatolia. After his master unsuccessfully revolted in 1327 to ally with the Mamluks in response to the fate of his father Chupan, Ilkhan Abu Said appointed Eretna a governor of Anatolia. Eretna, who established his own beylik with the title of Sultan under the protection of the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo),[9] also knew Arabic and was considered a scholar.[1] Although short-lived, the Beylik of Eretna left important works of architecture. The name of Eretna may be derived from Sanskrit word Ratna "Jewel".[10]
List of Eretnid sultans
- ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Eretna (1336–1352)
- Ghiyāth al-Dīn Muhammad I (1352–1366)
- ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn 'Ali (1366–1380)
- Muhammad II Chelebi (1380)[11]
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See also
References
- ^ a b c d Cahen 2012.
- ^ Spuler & Ettinghausen 2012.
- ^ Ibn Batuta, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb, Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325-1354, Published for the Hakluyt Society at the University Press, 1962, p. 433. "Ertena, a Mongol officer under the Chobanid Timurtash"
- ^ Bruce Alan Masters, Gábor Ágoston, Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Infobase, 2010, p.41, Online Edition, "With the death of the Ilkhanid ruler Ebu Said in 1335, administration of Asia Minor was entrusted to his former governor Eretna Bey, originally an Uighur Turk, who eventually declared himself independent..."
- ^ Yılmaz Öztuna, Devletler ve hânedanlar: Türkiye : 1074 - 1990, Vol.2, Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı, 2005, p.51, Online Edition
- ^ John Freely, The companion guide to Turkey, HarperCollins, 1993, p.391, Online Edition "This was erected in 1339 by Eretna, a Uyghur Turk who created an independent principality in central Anatolia after the collapse of the Ilkhanid Mongol Empire in 1335."
- ^ Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila Blair, Oxford University Press, 2009, p.60, Online Edition "In the early 14th century, the city passed to the Uighur chief Eretna."
- ^ Speros Vryonis, The decline of medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor: and the process of Islamization from the eleventh through the fifteenth century, (Berkeley: University of California, 1971), p. 139, Online Edition "When the governor Timurlash fled to Egypt in 1327, he was replaced by Ghiyath al-Din Eretna (of Uighur origin) who succeeded in receiving official appointment from the Ilkhan Abu Sa'id."
- ^ Encyclopedia of Mongolia and Mongol Empire, see: Turkey and Mongol Empire
- ^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth-The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual, p.234
- ^ Bosworth 1996, p. 234.
Bibliography
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press.
- Cahen, Claude (2012). "Eretna". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. II. E. J. Brill.
- Spuler, Bertold; Ettinghausen, Richard (2012). "Īlk̲h̲āns". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. II. E. J. Brill.
External links
- "Köşk Medrese and Tomb (Türbe) in Kayseri". archnet.org. Archived from the original on 2006-02-10.