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{{Short description|Historical Ukrainian name for land in the southern Russian Far East}} |
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{{Refimprove|date=August 2010}} |
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{| style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 85%; width: 280px;" |
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| colspan="2" style="background:#efefef; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid; text-align:center;"| '''Green Ukraine''' |
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|- |
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| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| |
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{| style="background:#f9f9f9; border-collapse:collapse;" |
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|} |
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[[File:Flag of Green Ukraine.svg|80px|]] |
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|- |
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| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|Flag of Green Ukraine. |
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|- |
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| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| |
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{| style="background:#f9f9f9; border-collapse:collapse;" |
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|} |
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[[File:Map of the Green Ukraine.jpg|270px|]] |
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|- |
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| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|{{legend|#00ff00|A map of the Green Ukraine}} |
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|} |
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{{Distinguish|Environment of Ukraine|Party of Greens of Ukraine|Greens (Ukraine)}} |
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'''Green Ukraine''', also known as '''Zeleny Klyn''' ({{lang-uk|Зелений клин}}, {{lang-ru|Зелёный Клин}}, literally: "the green [[Gore (segment)|gore]]/wedge"),<ref> |
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{{split|Green Ukrainian government|date=February 2023}} |
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The flag of the Green Ukraine appears to pun on he concept of a "green wedge" combined with traditional Ukrainian colors. Ukrainian parlance also referred to other ethnic enclaves as "wedges" - the yellow wedge, the grey wedge, etc). |
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{{More citations needed|date=August 2010}} |
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</ref> also known as '''Trans[[cathay]]''' ({{lang-uk|Закитайщина}}), is a historical Ukrainian name of the land in the [[Russian Far East]] area between the [[Amur River]] and the [[Pacific Ocean]]. |
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'''Green Ukraine''',{{efn|{{lang-uk|Зелена Україна|Zelena Ukraina}}<br/>{{lang-ru|Зелёная Украина|Zelyonaya Ukraina}}}} also known as '''Zelenyi Klyn'''{{efn|{{lang-uk|Зелений клин|Zelenyi Klyn|[the] green [[Gore (surveying)|gore]]/wedge|links=no}}<br/>{{lang-ru|Зелёный Клин|Zelyonyy Klin|links=no}}}} or '''Zakytaishchyna''',{{efn|{{lang-uk|Закитайщина||Trans China|links=no}}}}{{notetag|The flag of Green Ukraine appears to be a play on words on the concept of a "green wedge" combined with traditional Ukrainian colors. Ukrainian parlance also referred to other ethnic enclaves as "wedges" - note that [[Yellow Ukraine]], [[Grey Ukraine]], {{Interlanguage link multi|Pink Ukraine|ru|3=Малиновый Клин}} - compare [[Ukrainian historical regions]].}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://liva.com.ua/zakitajshhina.-ukraina-na-dalnem-vostoke.html |title=«Закитайщина». «Другая Украина» на Дальнем Востоке |accessdate=18 February 2018 |archive-date=18 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218210157/http://liva.com.ua/zakitajshhina.-ukraina-na-dalnem-vostoke.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://incognita.day.kiev.ua/yurij-glushko-mova.html |title=Юрій Глушко (Мова) — Україна Incognita |accessdate=18 February 2018 |archive-date=18 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218150547/http://incognita.day.kiev.ua/yurij-glushko-mova.html }}</ref> is a historical Ukrainian name for the land in the [[Russian Far East]] area between the [[Amur River]] and the [[Pacific Ocean]], an area roughly corresponding to [[Outer Manchuria]]. |
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[[File:Green Ukraine - Zeleny Klyn - Russian Federation.jpg|thumb|Zeleny Klyn on the map of Russia]] |
[[File:Green Ukraine - Zeleny Klyn - Russian Federation.jpg|thumb|Zeleny Klyn on the map of Russia]] |
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After the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution |
After the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution of 1917]], [[cathay|Transcathay]] ({{lang-uk|Закитайщина|Zakytaishchyna}}) was a projected country in the [[Russian Far East]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Jonathan D. |last=Smele |date=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwquCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA476 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |pages=476 |isbn=978-1442252813}}</ref> |
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After the [[Bolshevik]] [[Far Eastern Republic]] |
After the establishment of the [[Bolshevik]] [[Far Eastern Republic]] on April 6, 1920, Far Eastern areas with an ethnic [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] majority attempted to secede and establish an entity called Green Ukraine.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jonathan D. Smele |title=Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926 |date=2015 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781442252813 |page=476}}</ref> This movement quickly proved abortive. |
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Geographically, Green Ukraine borders the present-day [[North Korea]], in the special city of [[Rason]] and the Chinese provinces of [[Heilongjiang]] and [[Jilin]]. |
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== Historical outline == |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2010}} |
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== History == |
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* 24 June 1917 -First All-Ukrainian Far Eastern Congress at Nikolsk-[[Ussuriysk]]y formed the Far Eastern [[Kray Rada]] (Land Council). |
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[[File:Ukrainians in Russian regions 1926.jpg|thumb|Number and share of Ukrainians in the population of the regions of the [[RSFSR]] (1926 census)]] |
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* January 1918 - Second All-Ukrainian Far Eastern Congress at [[Khabarovsk]] proclaimed Green Ukraine as part of the Ukrainian State (in spite of the lack of geographical connection). |
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The '''Zeleny Klyn''' was an area of land settled by [[Ukrainians]] which is a part of the [[Russian Far East]] in the area of the [[Amur River]] and the [[Pacific Ocean]]. It was named by the Ukrainian settlers. The territory consists of over 1,000,000 square kilometres and has a population of 3.1 million (1958). The Ukrainian population in 1897 made up 15% of the [[Primorskaya Oblast|Primorskaya Oblast's]] population.<ref>{{cite web |title=Russian Census of 1897 |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php?reg=112 |access-date=2014-03-03 |publisher=Demoscope.ru}}</ref> |
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* April 1918 - The Third All-Ukrainian Far Eastern Congress asked for the creation of an independent Ukrainian state on the Pacific Ocean. |
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* Summer 1918 - The Far Eastern Ukrainian troops (more than 5,000) enlisted by General [[Boris Khreschatitsky]]. |
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* 11 April 1920 - Order of [[Hetman]] [[Grigory Semyonov]] on the right of Far Eastern Ukrainians for national self-determination and autonomy in the limits of a united Far Eastern state of [[Cossacks]], [[Buryats]], and Ukrainians. |
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* 1922 - Dissolution of Green Ukraine. |
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Zeleny Klyn became part of the [[Russian Empire]] much later than [[Siberia]] and other parts of the Far East. The first attempts at colonizing the area date back to the mid-17th century when [[Yerofey Khabarov]] founded the fort of [[Albazin]] on the [[Amur River]]. From that time, constant skirmishes took place with the [[Manchu people]] of [[China]]. In 1689 China and Russia signed the [[Treaty of Nerchinsk]], which granted Russia limited territory. |
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[[Image:Yuri Mova.jpg|thumb|Yuri Hlushko-Mova]] |
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[[File: Набір поштових марок "Пам'яті Української Далекосхідної республіки".jpg|thumb|A set of postage stamps "In Memory of the Ukrainian Far Eastern Republic", [[Ukraine]], 2021.]] |
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Head of the [[Krai]] Secretariat: |
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In the mid 19th century, the second Russian expansion took place after Russia lost the [[Crimean War]] (1853–1856). A number of Cossack settlements were established on the Amur river. [[China]] had become far weaker than Russia at the time and ceded territory to Russia in the [[Treaty of Aigun]] of 1858 and by the [[Convention of Peking]] of 1860 (see [[Amur Annexation]]). |
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* June 1918-1919 - [[Yuri Hlushko-Mova]] (1st time) |
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* January 1920-1922 - Yuri Hlushko-Mova (2nd time) |
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During this period, only a small number of settlers settled in the region consisting of some 14,000 [[Cossacks]] and 2,500 [[Russians|Russian]] soldiers. In 1861, two oblasts were established, the [[Primorsky Krai|Primorsky]] and [[Amur Oblast|Amur]]. [[Khabarovsk]] was founded in 1858, [[Vladivostok]] in 1860. |
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== Territory == |
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Near the [[Amur River]], [[Ussuri]]land, around [[Khabarovsk]] and north of [[Vladivostok]]. |
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In 1882, free transportation was announced for settlers to the area from Ukraine and free land was offered to settlers. By 1897, the population had increased to 310,000. With the establishment of the railroad in 1901, over 14,000 settlers were moving to the area per year, with a maximum of 78,000 settlers moving there in 1907. |
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== Religion== |
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Most of the [[Slavic people|Slavic]] population were [[Christian]]s. The local [[Tungusic peoples]] followed local religions; some [[Ashkenazi Jews]] practiced [[Judaism]]. |
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After 1917,{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} the area came under the jurisdiction of Admiral [[Alexander Kolchak]]. In 1920, the Far East Republic was established as a buffer republic between Russia and [[Japan]]. In 1922, the republic joined with the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]]. In 1934, the [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]] region was established with its capital at [[Birobidzhan]]. |
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== Hydrography == |
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It would have had a [[coast]]line similar to that of the [[Far Eastern Republic]]. |
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== |
== Proposed state == |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2010}} |
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The '''Zeleny Klyn''' ({{lang-uk|Зелений клин}}), '''Zelena Ukraina''' or '''Eastern Ukraina''' was an area of land settled by [[Ukrainians]] which is a part of the [[Russian Far East]] in the area of the [[Amur River]] and the [[Pacific Ocean]]. It was named by the Ukrainian settlers. The territory consists of over 1,000,000 square kilometres and has a population of 3.1 million (1958). The Ukrainian population in 1897 made up 15% of the [[:ru:Приморская область|Primorskaya Oblast's]] population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97.php?reg=112 |title=Russian Census of 1897 |publisher=Demoscope.ru |date= |accessdate=2014-03-03}}</ref> |
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{{Infobox former country |
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| native_name = Зелений клин |
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| conventional_long_name = Green Ukraine |
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| common_name = Green Ukraine |
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| iso3166code = omit <!-- For a country or geopolitical version of a country that ceased to exist prior to the introduction of iso3166--> |
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| era = [[Russian Civil War]] |
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| status = <!-- Status: see Category list on template page --> |
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| status_text = <!-- A free text to describe status at the top of the infobox. Use sparingly. --> |
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| empire = <!-- The empire or country to which the entity was in a state of dependency --> |
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| government_type = <!-- To generate categories: "Monarchy", "Republic", etc. to generate categories --> |
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<!-- Rise and fall, events, years and dates --> |
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<!-- only fill in the start/end event entry if a specific article exists. Don't just say "abolition" or "declaration" -->| event_start = <!-- Default: "Established" --> |
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| date_start = 24 June |
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| year_start = 1917 |
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| event_end = <!-- Default: "Disestablished" --> |
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| date_end = <!-- Optional: Date of disestablishment, in format 1 January (no year) --> |
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| year_end = 1922 |
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| year_exile_start = <!-- Year of start of exile (if dealing with exiled government: status="Exile") --> |
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| year_exile_end = |
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| event1 = Independence |
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| date_event1 = April 1918 |
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| event2 = |
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| date_event2 = |
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| event3 = |
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| date_event3 = |
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| event4 = |
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| date_event4 = |
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| event5 = |
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| date_event5 = |
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| event6 = |
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| date_event6 = |
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| event_pre = <!-- Optional: A crucial event that took place before "event_start" --> |
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| date_pre = |
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| event_post = <!-- Optional: A crucial event that took place after "event_end" --> |
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| date_post = <!-- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 --> |
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| p1 = Russian Republic |
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| flag_p1 = Flag of Russia.svg |
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| image_p1 = <!-- Use: [[File:Sin escudo.svg|20px|Image missing]] --> |
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| p2 = |
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| flag_p2 = |
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| p3 = |
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| flag_p3 = |
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| p4 = |
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| flag_p4 = |
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| p5 = |
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| flag_p5 = |
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| s1 = Far Eastern Republic |
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| flag_s1 = Flag_of_Far_Eastern_Republic.svg |
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| image_s1 = <!-- Use: [[File:Sin escudo.svg|20px|Image missing]] --> |
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| s2 = |
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| flag_s2 = |
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| s3 = |
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| flag_s3 = |
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| s4 = |
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| flag_s4 = |
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| s5 = |
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| flag_s5 = |
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| image_flag = Flag of Green Ukraine.svg |
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| flag_alt = <!-- Alt text for flag --> |
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| image_flag2 = <!-- Second flag --> |
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| flag_alt2 = <!-- Alt text for second flag --> |
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| flag = <!-- Link target under flag image. Default: Flag of {{{common_name}}} --> |
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| flag2 = <!-- Link target under flag2 image. Default: Flag of {{{common_name}}} --> |
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| flag_type = Proposed flag of Green Ukraine<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Ned |title=Green Ukraine / Ukrainian Far East (1921, Russian Far East) |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ru-zu.html |website=FOTW "Flags Of The World" |publisher=CRW Flags |access-date=24 October 2018 |date=24 February 2001 |quote=In “Flags of Non-Russian Peoples Under Soviet Rule” by Prof. Walter Trembicky [tbc69], pages 134 and 135, it mentions two proposed flags for Green Ukraine, or the Ukrainian Far East, neither of which was officially adopted, since the movement quickly proved abortive. There are simple black & white line drawings illustrating the two proposed flags on p. 133 of [tbc69]. The green in the two flags was described as dark or deep green. ... One [of the two proposed flags] was the Ukrainian blue-over-gold bicolor with a green triangle at the hoist.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Trembicky |first1=Walter |title=Flags of Non-Russian Peoples Under Soviet Rule |date=1969 |publisher=Flag Research Center |pages=134, 135}}</ref> |
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| flag2_type = <!-- Displayed text for link under flag2. Default "Flag" --> |
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| image_coat = <!-- Default: Coat of arms of {{{common_name}}}.svg --> |
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| coa_size = <!-- Size of coat of arms --> |
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| coat_alt = <!-- Alt text for coat of arms --> |
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| symbol_type = <!-- Displayed text for link under symbol. Default "Coat of arms" --> |
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| symbol_type_article = <!-- Link target under symbol image. Default: Coat of arms of {{{common_name}}} --> |
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| image_map = Map of the Green Ukraine.svg |
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| image_map_alt = |
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| image_map_caption = |
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| image_map2 = <!-- If second map is needed; does not appear by default --> |
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| image_map2_alt = |
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| image_map2_caption = |
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| capital = |
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| capital_exile = <!-- If status="Exile" --> |
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| national_motto = |
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| national_anthem = |
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| common_languages = |
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| religion = |
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| demonym = |
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| currency = <!-- Titles and names of the first and last leaders and their deputies --> |
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| leader1 = [[Yurii Hlushko]] |
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| leader2 = |
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| leader3 = |
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| leader4 = |
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| leader21 = <!--(up to 21 distinct leaders may be included)--> |
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| year_leader1 = 1918—1922 |
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| year_leader2 = |
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| year_leader3 = |
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| year_leader4 = |
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| year_leader21 = |
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| title_leader = [[Head of government]] |
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| representative1 = <!-- Name of representative of head of state (e.g. colonial governor) --> |
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| representative2 = |
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| representative3 = |
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| representative4 = |
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| representative5 = |
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| year_representative1 = <!-- Years served --> |
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| year_representative2 = |
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| year_representative3 = |
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| year_representative4 = |
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| year_representative5 = |
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| title_representative = <!-- Default: "Governor" --> |
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| deputy1 = <!-- Name of prime minister --> |
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| deputy2 = |
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| deputy3 = |
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| deputy4 = |
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| year_deputy1 = <!-- Years served --> |
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| year_deputy2 = |
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| year_deputy3 = |
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| year_deputy4 = |
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| title_deputy = <!-- Default: "Prime minister" --> |
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<!-- Legislature -->| legislature = <!-- Name of legislature --> |
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| house1 = <!-- Name of first chamber --> |
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| type_house1 = <!-- Default: "Upper house" --> |
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| house2 = <!-- Name of second chamber --> |
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| type_house2 = <!-- Default: "Lower house" --> |
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<!-- Area and population of a given year -->| stat_year1 = <!-- year of the statistic, specify either area, population or both --> |
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| stat_area1 = <!-- area in square kílometres (w/o commas or spaces), area in square miles is calculated --> |
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| stat_pop1 = <!-- population (w/o commas or spaces), population density is calculated if area is also given --> |
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| stat_year2 = |
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| stat_area2 = |
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| stat_pop2 = |
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| stat_year3 = |
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| stat_area3 = |
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| stat_pop3 = |
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| stat_year4 = |
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| stat_area4 = |
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| stat_pop4 = |
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| stat_year5 = |
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| stat_area5 = |
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| stat_pop5 = |
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| today = [[Russia]] |
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*[[Far Eastern Federal District]] |
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| footnote_a = <!-- Accepts wikilinks --> |
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| footnote_b = <!-- Accepts wikilinks --> |
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| footnote_h = <!-- Accepts wikilinks --> |
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| footnotes = <!-- Accepts wikilinks --> |
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}} |
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* 24 June 1917 – First All-Ukrainian Far Eastern Congress at Nikolsk-[[Ussuriysk]]y formed the Far Eastern [[Krai Rada]] (Land Council). |
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Zeleny Klyn became part of the [[Russian Empire]] much later than [[Siberia]] and other parts of the [[Far East]]. The first attempts at colonizing the area date back to the mid-17th century when [[Yerofey Khabarov]] founded the fort of [[Albazin]] on the [[Amur River]]. From that time, constant skirmishes took place with the [[Manchu people]] of [[China]]. In 1689 China and Russia signed the [[Treaty of Nerchinsk]], which granted Russia limited territory. |
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* January 1918 – Second All-Ukrainian Far Eastern Congress at [[Khabarovsk]] proclaimed Green Ukraine as part of the Ukrainian State (in spite of the lack of geographical connection). |
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* April 1918 – The Third All-Ukrainian Far Eastern Congress asked for the creation of an independent Ukrainian state on the [[Pacific Ocean]]. |
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* Summer 1918 – The Far Eastern Ukrainian troops (more than 5,000) enlisted by General [[Boris Khreschatitsky]]. |
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* 11 April 1920 – Order of [[Hetman]] [[Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov|Grigory Semyonov]] on the right of Far Eastern Ukrainians for national [[self-determination]] and autonomy in the limits of a united Far Eastern state of [[Cossacks]], [[Buryats]], and Ukrainians. |
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* 1922 – Dissolution of Green Ukraine. |
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{{stack|[[Image:Yuri Mova.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Yuri Hlushko-Mova]]]]}} |
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In the mid 19th century, the second Russian expansion took place after Russia lost the [[Crimean War]] (1853–1856). A number of Cossack settlements were established on the Amur river. [[China]] had become far weaker than Russia at the time and ceded territory to Russia in the [[Treaty of Aigun]] of 1858 and by the [[Convention of Peking]] of 1860 (see [[Amur Annexation]]). |
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Head of the [[Krai]] Secretariat: |
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During this period only a small number of settlers settled in the region consisting of some 14,000 [[Cossacks]] and 2,500 [[Russians|Russian]] soldiers. In 1861 two oblasts were established, the [[Primorsky Krai|Primorsky]] and [[Amur Oblast|Amur]]. [[Vladivostok]] was founded in 1860, [[Khabarovsk]] in 1858. |
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* June 1918 – 1919 – [[Yuri Hlushko-Mova]] (1st time) |
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* January 1920 – 1922 – Yuri Hlushko-Mova (2nd time) |
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== Territory == |
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In 1882 free transportation was announced for settlers to the area from [[Ukraine]] and free land was offered to settlers. Boatloads of settlers departed from the Ukrainian port of [[Odessa]]. By 1897 the population had increased to 310,000. With the establishment of the railroad in 1901 over 14,000 settlers were moving to the area per year, with a maximum of 78,000 settlers moving there in 1907. |
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The Green Ukraine was located in the [[Outer Manchuria]], extending across [[Amur River]], [[Zeya, Russia|Zeya]], [[Svobodny, Amur Oblast|Svobodny]], [[Blagoveshchensk]], [[Ussuri]]land, to the north, [[Nikolayevsk-on-Amur]], [[Khabarovsk]], [[Vladivostok]]. to the south. The Green Ukraine had a roughly 2,500 km coastline along the Pacific Ocean that extended from the [[Sea of Japan]], to the [[Sea of Okhotsk]]. Green Ukraine was nearby the [[Sakhalin|Sakhalin island]] and the [[Japanese archipelago]]. |
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== Religion == |
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After 1917{{fact|date=November 2013}} the area came under the jurisdiction of [[Alexander Kolchak|Admiral Kolchak]]. 1920 saw the establishment of the Far East Republic, which became a buffer republic between Russia and [[Japan]]. In 1922 the republic joined with the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]]. In 1934 the [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]] region was established with its capital at [[Birobidzhan]]. |
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Most of the [[Slavic people|Slavic]] population were [[Christians]]. The local [[Tungusic peoples]] followed local religions; some [[Ashkenazi Jews]] in areas around the present-day [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]] practiced [[Judaism]]. |
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==See also== |
== See also == |
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{{ |
{{Portal|Russia|Ukraine}} |
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{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em| |
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* [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War]] |
* [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War]] |
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* [[Far Eastern Republic]] |
* [[Far Eastern Republic]] |
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* [[Outer Manchuria]] |
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* [[Lemko Republic]] |
* [[Lemko Republic]] |
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* [[Primorsky Krai]] |
* [[Primorsky Krai]] |
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* [[Provisional Siberian Government (Omsk)]] |
* [[Provisional Siberian Government (Omsk)]] |
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* [[Ukrainians in Russia]] |
* [[Ukrainians in Russia]] |
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* [[Grey Ukraine]] |
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* [[Yellow Ukraine]] |
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}} |
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== |
== Notes == |
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=== Lingual === |
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* ''Encyclopedia of Ukraine'', Volume 2, Paris 1957 |
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{{notelist}} |
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=== Explanatory === |
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{{reflist|group=note}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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=== Sources === |
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* ''Encyclopedia of Ukraine'', Volume 2, Paris 1957 |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Russia_war.html worldstatesmen.org] |
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Russia_war.html worldstatesmen.org] |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{Coord missing|Russia}} |
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{{Coord|51.3 |133.4 |display=title, inline}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Ukrainian diaspora in Siberia]] |
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[[Category:1922 disestablishments]] |
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[[Category:History of the Russian Far East]] |
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[[Category:Ukrainian diaspora in Russia]] |
[[Category:Ukrainian diaspora in Russia]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Cultural regions]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:History of the Russian Far East]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Post–Russian Empire states]] |
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[[Category:Former countries in East Asia]] |
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[[Category:Separatism in Russia]] |
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[[Category:1922 in Russia]] |
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[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1922]] |
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[[Category:Proposed countries]] |
Revision as of 14:45, 23 April 2024
Green Ukraine,[a] also known as Zelenyi Klyn[b] or Zakytaishchyna,[c][note 1][1][2] is a historical Ukrainian name for the land in the Russian Far East area between the Amur River and the Pacific Ocean, an area roughly corresponding to Outer Manchuria.
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Transcathay (Ukrainian: Закитайщина, romanized: Zakytaishchyna) was a projected country in the Russian Far East.[3]
After the establishment of the Bolshevik Far Eastern Republic on April 6, 1920, Far Eastern areas with an ethnic Ukrainian majority attempted to secede and establish an entity called Green Ukraine.[4] This movement quickly proved abortive.
Geographically, Green Ukraine borders the present-day North Korea, in the special city of Rason and the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang and Jilin.
History
The Zeleny Klyn was an area of land settled by Ukrainians which is a part of the Russian Far East in the area of the Amur River and the Pacific Ocean. It was named by the Ukrainian settlers. The territory consists of over 1,000,000 square kilometres and has a population of 3.1 million (1958). The Ukrainian population in 1897 made up 15% of the Primorskaya Oblast's population.[5]
Zeleny Klyn became part of the Russian Empire much later than Siberia and other parts of the Far East. The first attempts at colonizing the area date back to the mid-17th century when Yerofey Khabarov founded the fort of Albazin on the Amur River. From that time, constant skirmishes took place with the Manchu people of China. In 1689 China and Russia signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk, which granted Russia limited territory.
In the mid 19th century, the second Russian expansion took place after Russia lost the Crimean War (1853–1856). A number of Cossack settlements were established on the Amur river. China had become far weaker than Russia at the time and ceded territory to Russia in the Treaty of Aigun of 1858 and by the Convention of Peking of 1860 (see Amur Annexation).
During this period, only a small number of settlers settled in the region consisting of some 14,000 Cossacks and 2,500 Russian soldiers. In 1861, two oblasts were established, the Primorsky and Amur. Khabarovsk was founded in 1858, Vladivostok in 1860.
In 1882, free transportation was announced for settlers to the area from Ukraine and free land was offered to settlers. By 1897, the population had increased to 310,000. With the establishment of the railroad in 1901, over 14,000 settlers were moving to the area per year, with a maximum of 78,000 settlers moving there in 1907.
After 1917,[citation needed] the area came under the jurisdiction of Admiral Alexander Kolchak. In 1920, the Far East Republic was established as a buffer republic between Russia and Japan. In 1922, the republic joined with the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. In 1934, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast region was established with its capital at Birobidzhan.
Proposed state
Green Ukraine Зелений клин | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1917–1922 | |||||||||
Head of government | |||||||||
• 1918—1922 | Yurii Hlushko | ||||||||
Historical era | Russian Civil War | ||||||||
• Established | 24 June 1917 | ||||||||
• Independence | April 1918 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1922 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Today part of | Russia |
- 24 June 1917 – First All-Ukrainian Far Eastern Congress at Nikolsk-Ussuriysky formed the Far Eastern Krai Rada (Land Council).
- January 1918 – Second All-Ukrainian Far Eastern Congress at Khabarovsk proclaimed Green Ukraine as part of the Ukrainian State (in spite of the lack of geographical connection).
- April 1918 – The Third All-Ukrainian Far Eastern Congress asked for the creation of an independent Ukrainian state on the Pacific Ocean.
- Summer 1918 – The Far Eastern Ukrainian troops (more than 5,000) enlisted by General Boris Khreschatitsky.
- 11 April 1920 – Order of Hetman Grigory Semyonov on the right of Far Eastern Ukrainians for national self-determination and autonomy in the limits of a united Far Eastern state of Cossacks, Buryats, and Ukrainians.
- 1922 – Dissolution of Green Ukraine.
Head of the Krai Secretariat:
- June 1918 – 1919 – Yuri Hlushko-Mova (1st time)
- January 1920 – 1922 – Yuri Hlushko-Mova (2nd time)
Territory
The Green Ukraine was located in the Outer Manchuria, extending across Amur River, Zeya, Svobodny, Blagoveshchensk, Ussuriland, to the north, Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok. to the south. The Green Ukraine had a roughly 2,500 km coastline along the Pacific Ocean that extended from the Sea of Japan, to the Sea of Okhotsk. Green Ukraine was nearby the Sakhalin island and the Japanese archipelago.
Religion
Most of the Slavic population were Christians. The local Tungusic peoples followed local religions; some Ashkenazi Jews in areas around the present-day Jewish Autonomous Oblast practiced Judaism.
See also
Notes
Lingual
Explanatory
- ^ The flag of Green Ukraine appears to be a play on words on the concept of a "green wedge" combined with traditional Ukrainian colors. Ukrainian parlance also referred to other ethnic enclaves as "wedges" - note that Yellow Ukraine, Grey Ukraine, Pink Ukraine - compare Ukrainian historical regions.
References
- ^ "«Закитайщина». «Другая Украина» на Дальнем Востоке". Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ^ "Юрій Глушко (Мова) — Україна Incognita". Archived from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ^ Smele, Jonathan D. (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 476. ISBN 978-1442252813.
- ^ Jonathan D. Smele (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 476. ISBN 9781442252813.
- ^ "Russian Census of 1897". Demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
- ^ Smith, Ned (24 February 2001). "Green Ukraine / Ukrainian Far East (1921, Russian Far East)". FOTW "Flags Of The World". CRW Flags. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
In "Flags of Non-Russian Peoples Under Soviet Rule" by Prof. Walter Trembicky [tbc69], pages 134 and 135, it mentions two proposed flags for Green Ukraine, or the Ukrainian Far East, neither of which was officially adopted, since the movement quickly proved abortive. There are simple black & white line drawings illustrating the two proposed flags on p. 133 of [tbc69]. The green in the two flags was described as dark or deep green. ... One [of the two proposed flags] was the Ukrainian blue-over-gold bicolor with a green triangle at the hoist.
- ^ Trembicky, Walter (1969). Flags of Non-Russian Peoples Under Soviet Rule. Flag Research Center. pp. 134, 135.
Sources
- Encyclopedia of Ukraine, Volume 2, Paris 1957