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===Formal coursing=== |
===Formal coursing=== |
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[[Image:Coursing the Hare.JPG|thumb|right|''Coursing the hare'', [[Francis Barlow (artist)|Francis Barlow]], 1686]] Whether for sporting or hunting purposes, hare coursing was in Europe historically restricted to landowners and the [[nobility]], who used [[sighthound]]s, the ownership of which was at certain historic times prohibited among the lower [[social class]]es.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PVQCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5&dq=greyhounds+forbidden|title=The greyhound|journal=New Sporting Magazine|volume=4|date=November 1832 – April 1833|accessdate=2008-02-21|pages=5|publisher=Baldwin & Cradock}}</ref> The oldest documented description of hare coursing is the work ''Kynegetikos'' (Greek), otherwise known as ''Cynegeticus'' (Latin), which was written by [[Arrian]] circa 180 AD. This work, known from its first complete English translation as ''On Coursing'' 1831, by William Dansey, was considered by its original author as a necessary addition to the classic work of the same name ''Cynegeticus'' (''On Hunting''), scent hunting, by [[Xenophon]]. Arrian felt compelled to describe the sight hunt and sighthounds because the [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greeks]] only knew the scent hunt. It is from Arrian that the most famous quote on the sporting fairness of coursing originates "... true huntsmen do not take out their hounds to catch the creature, but for a trial of speed and a race, and they are satisfied if the hare manages to find something that will rescue her".<ref>{{cite book|last=Arrian|first=William Dansey|year=1831|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&id=2icOAAAAQAAJ&dq=arrian+%22on+coursing%22+&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=oQC1_mXRlE&sig=l2GypNC-Tlfj1qoLQiBJclnRo6M&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA108,M1http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&id=2icOAAAAQAAJ&dq=arrian+%22on+coursing%22+&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=oQC1_mXRlE&sig=l2GypNC-Tlfj1qoLQiBJclnRo6M&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA108,M1|title=On coursing|page=108|translator=Dansey, William |publisher=J. Bohn}}</ref><ref name="NCC1"/><ref name="Deerhounds2">{{cite web|url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/rural/hunting/inquiry/evidence/deerhounds2.htm|title=Deerhounds Coursing Club, Evidence to Burns Inquiry, Annex 1|accessdate=2008-04-10|year=2000|publisher=Defra}}</ref> |
[[Image:Coursing the Hare.JPG|thumb|right|''Coursing the hare'', [[Francis Barlow (artist)|Francis Barlow]], 1686]] Whether for sporting or hunting purposes, hare coursing was in Europe historically restricted to landowners and the [[nobility]], who used [[sighthound]]s, the ownership of which was at certain historic times prohibited among the lower [[social class]]es.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PVQCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5&dq=greyhounds+forbidden|title=The greyhound|journal=New Sporting Magazine|volume=4|date=November 1832 – April 1833|accessdate=2008-02-21|pages=5|publisher=Baldwin & Cradock}}</ref> The oldest documented description of hare coursing is the work ''Kynegetikos'' (Greek), otherwise known as ''Cynegeticus'' (Latin), which was written by [[Arrian]] circa 180 AD. This work, known from its first complete English translation as ''On Coursing'' 1831, by William Dansey, was considered by its original author as a necessary addition to the classic work of the same name ''Cynegeticus'' (''On Hunting''), scent hunting, by [[Xenophon]]. Arrian felt compelled to describe the sight hunt and sighthounds because the [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greeks]] only knew the scent hunt. It is from Arrian that the most famous quote on the sporting fairness of coursing originates "... true huntsmen do not take out their hounds to catch the creature, but for a trial of speed and a race, and they are satisfied if the hare manages to find something that will rescue her".<ref>{{cite book|last=Arrian|first=William Dansey|year=1831|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&id=2icOAAAAQAAJ&dq=arrian+%22on+coursing%22+&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=oQC1_mXRlE&sig=l2GypNC-Tlfj1qoLQiBJclnRo6M&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA108,M1http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&id=2icOAAAAQAAJ&dq=arrian+%22on+coursing%22+&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=oQC1_mXRlE&sig=l2GypNC-Tlfj1qoLQiBJclnRo6M&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA108,M1|title=On coursing|page=108|translator=Dansey, William |publisher=J. Bohn}}</ref><ref name="NCC1"/><ref name="Deerhounds2">{{cite web|url=http://www.defra.gov.uk/rural/hunting/inquiry/evidence/deerhounds2.htm|title=Deerhounds Coursing Club, Evidence to Burns Inquiry, Annex 1|accessdate=2008-04-10|year=2000|publisher=Defra}}</ref> |
||
The competitive version of hare coursing was given definitive form in the UK<ref>see page 246 Turbervile "A short observation ... concerning coursing" http://www.archive.org/details/turbervilesbooke00turb</ref> when the first complete set of [[England|English]] rules was drawn up in the reign of [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] by Thomas [[Duke of Norfolk]],<ref name="Martin">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NWu6sLJn7-kC|title=Encyclopedia of Traditional British Rural Sports|author=Martin, J.|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=041535224X|pages=78–79}}</ref> providing for a pursuit of no more than two hounds, a headstart termed "Law" to be given to the hare for a fair run, and for the manner of awarding points on "Speed", "Go-bye", "Turn", "Wrench", "Kill" & "Trip", to judge the dogs' performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/haremacp00macp|author=Watson, A.|date=1896|title=The Hare|pages=142–164|accessdate=2009-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.sympatico.ca/afghaned/origcrse.html|title=Original British Coursing Rules|author=Duke of Norfolk|publisher=Nachtmusik Afghans|accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref> The first modern coursing club was established at [[Swaffham]] in 1776,<ref name = "Martin"/> and the [[National Coursing Club]] was founded to regulate the sport in 1858.<ref name ="NCC1"/><ref name ="Holt">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vtChCoG6veMC|title=Sport and the British: A Modern History|author=Holt, R.|year=1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=60|isbn=0192852299}}</ref> During the 1800s, coursing crossed the [[social class|class]] divide,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=D_eBJgwhNL8C|title=Leisure and Recreation in a Victorian Mining Community: The Social Economy|last=Metcalfe|first=Alan|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|accessdate=2008-08-06|page=69|isbn=0415356970}}</ref> and reached its peak of popularity, with more than 150 coursing clubs in Britain,<ref name="Martin"/> some attracting up to 80,000 people.<ref name="NCC1"/ |
The competitive version of hare coursing was given definitive form in the UK<ref>see page 246 Turbervile "A short observation ... concerning coursing" http://www.archive.org/details/turbervilesbooke00turb</ref> when the first complete set of [[England|English]] rules was drawn up in the reign of [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] by Thomas [[Duke of Norfolk]],<ref name="Martin">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NWu6sLJn7-kC|title=Encyclopedia of Traditional British Rural Sports|author=Martin, J.|year=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=041535224X|pages=78–79}}</ref> providing for a pursuit of no more than two hounds, a headstart termed "Law" to be given to the hare for a fair run, and for the manner of awarding points on "Speed", "Go-bye", "Turn", "Wrench", "Kill" & "Trip", to judge the dogs' performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/haremacp00macp|author=Watson, A.|date=1896|title=The Hare|pages=142–164|accessdate=2009-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.sympatico.ca/afghaned/origcrse.html|title=Original British Coursing Rules|author=Duke of Norfolk|publisher=Nachtmusik Afghans|accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref> The first modern coursing club was established at [[Swaffham]] in 1776,<ref name = "Martin"/> and the [[National Coursing Club]] was founded to regulate the sport in 1858.<ref name ="NCC1"/><ref name ="Holt">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vtChCoG6veMC|title=Sport and the British: A Modern History|author=Holt, R.|year=1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=60|isbn=0192852299}}</ref> During the 1800s, coursing crossed the [[social class|class]] divide,<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=D_eBJgwhNL8C|title=Leisure and Recreation in a Victorian Mining Community: The Social Economy|last=Metcalfe|first=Alan|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|accessdate=2008-08-06|page=69|isbn=0415356970}}</ref> and reached its peak of popularity, with more than 150 coursing clubs in Britain,<ref name="Martin"/> some attracting up to 80,000 people.<ref name="NCC1"/> |
||
Coursing declined during the 20th century, notably due to the development of urban [[greyhound racing]] in the 1920s,<ref name="NCC1"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Gambling and Problem Gambling in Britain|accessdate=2008-06-21|page=4|author=Orford, J.; Sproston, K.; Erens, B.; White, C.; Mitchell, L.|publisher=Psychology Press|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A0WOh5Ep4pwC|year=2003|isbn=1583919236}}</ref> and there were less than 30 coursing clubs in the UK by 2000.<ref name="NCC1"/> |
Coursing declined during the 20th century, notably due to the development of urban [[greyhound racing]] in the 1920s,<ref name="NCC1"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Gambling and Problem Gambling in Britain|accessdate=2008-06-21|page=4|author=Orford, J.; Sproston, K.; Erens, B.; White, C.; Mitchell, L.|publisher=Psychology Press|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=A0WOh5Ep4pwC|year=2003|isbn=1583919236}}</ref> and there were less than 30 coursing clubs in the UK by 2000.<ref name="NCC1"/> |
Revision as of 14:45, 8 September 2009
Hare coursing is the pursuit of hares with greyhounds and other sighthounds, which chase the hare by sight and not by scent. It is a competitive sport, in which dogs are tested on their ability to run, overtake and turn a hare, rather than a form of hunting aiming at the capture of game. It has a number of variations in its rules around the world. Informal coursing can be a true form of hunting. It is often conducted to kill game or vermin, mainly for food, and occasionally as a form of gambling.
Coursing is a long established and almost universal hunting technique, practiced historically with greyhounds. The sport grew in popularity in Europe during the 19th century, but has since experienced a decline due in part to the introduction of greyhound racing and betting.
Hare coursing is a traditional activity that assists in the conservation of hares and tests the ability of sighthounds. Since 2005, hare coursing has been banned in the UK but continues elsewhere in the world as a regulated and judged, competitive sport, especially in Ireland and Spain, as well as in Russia and the Western United States. Elsewhere, in Eurasia for example, coursing continues as a classic form of hunting.
History
Formal coursing
Whether for sporting or hunting purposes, hare coursing was in Europe historically restricted to landowners and the nobility, who used sighthounds, the ownership of which was at certain historic times prohibited among the lower social classes.[1] The oldest documented description of hare coursing is the work Kynegetikos (Greek), otherwise known as Cynegeticus (Latin), which was written by Arrian circa 180 AD. This work, known from its first complete English translation as On Coursing 1831, by William Dansey, was considered by its original author as a necessary addition to the classic work of the same name Cynegeticus (On Hunting), scent hunting, by Xenophon. Arrian felt compelled to describe the sight hunt and sighthounds because the Ancient Greeks only knew the scent hunt. It is from Arrian that the most famous quote on the sporting fairness of coursing originates "... true huntsmen do not take out their hounds to catch the creature, but for a trial of speed and a race, and they are satisfied if the hare manages to find something that will rescue her".[2][3][4]
The competitive version of hare coursing was given definitive form in the UK[5] when the first complete set of English rules was drawn up in the reign of Elizabeth I by Thomas Duke of Norfolk,[6] providing for a pursuit of no more than two hounds, a headstart termed "Law" to be given to the hare for a fair run, and for the manner of awarding points on "Speed", "Go-bye", "Turn", "Wrench", "Kill" & "Trip", to judge the dogs' performance.[7][8] The first modern coursing club was established at Swaffham in 1776,[6] and the National Coursing Club was founded to regulate the sport in 1858.[3][9] During the 1800s, coursing crossed the class divide,[10] and reached its peak of popularity, with more than 150 coursing clubs in Britain,[6] some attracting up to 80,000 people.[3]
Coursing declined during the 20th century, notably due to the development of urban greyhound racing in the 1920s,[3][11] and there were less than 30 coursing clubs in the UK by 2000.[3]
Informal coursing
The oldest form of hare coursing simply involved two dogs chasing a hare, the winner being the dog that caught the hare; this could be for sport, food or pest control. In order to indulge in the informal practice, or hunting, various cross breeds (under the generic British term lurchers) have been created;[12] such animals may be specifically bred for coursing, such as the staghounds used to hunt coyote in the USA. Informal coursing has long been closely associated with peasant hunting or poaching,[13] lacking the landowner's permission, and is often seen as a problem by the local public, landowners and the police.[14] Clubs affiliated to the Association of Lurcher Clubs organised informal coursing with the landowner's permission, sometimes using a single lurcher rather than a pair to chase a hare.[15]
Description of formal coursing
Modern hare coursing is practiced using a number of sighthounds: mainly greyhounds but also Borzois,[16] Salukis,[17] Whippets,[18] and Deerhounds[19] that are registered with a governing body such as the National Coursing Club or Kennel Club in Great Britain, the Irish Coursing Club or the National Open Field Coursing Association (NOFCA) in the US. Events are conducted through local coursing clubs which are regulated by their governing body. The objective of coursing is to test and judge the athletic ability of the dogs rather than to kill the hare.[3]
Such hare coursing has a number of variations in how it is undertaken. Open coursing takes place in the open field, and closed coursing (or park or Irish style) takes place in an enclosure with an escape route. Open coursing is either run as walked-up coursing, where a line of people walk through the countryside to flush out a hare, or as driven coursing (such as the Waterloo Cup), where hares are driven by beaters towards the coursing field. In each case in the UK with Greyhound coursing, when a suitable hare appears, a person known as a slipper uses a slip with two collars to release two dogs at the same time, in pursuit of the hare which is given a head start (known as fair law), usually between 80–100 yards (70–90 metres).[3]. Elsewhere the sighthound is slipped by the handler.
The chased hare will in the UK then run at around 40–45 km/h (24–26 mph)[20] and the course will last around 35–40 seconds over a third of a mile (0.5 km).[3] The Greyhounds which pursue the hare will, being faster, start to catch up with it. Since the Greyhounds are much bigger than the hare, and much less agile, they find it hard to follow the hare's sharp turns, which it makes as the Greyhounds threaten to reach it. This agility gives the hare an important and often crucial advantage as it seeks, usually successfully, to escape.[3] Under National Coursing Club rules, the dogs are awarded points on how many times they can turn the hare, and how closely they force the hare's progress. The contest between the Greyhounds is judged in the UK usually from horseback, and the winning Greyhound will proceed to the next round of a knock-out tournament.[3] The 2003 UK coursing season ran from 1 October to 28 February.[21]
Variations in Irish coursing
Hare coursing is popular in the Republic of Ireland, with the national meeting in Clonmel, County Tipperary, being the most important event in the coursing calendar, attracting 10,000 spectators,[22] and claimed by its organisers to be worth up to €16 million for the local economy.[23] There are around 70 formal coursing clubs in the Republic and two in Northern Ireland,[20] together holding 80–85 meetings per year.[24]
There are several differences between the rules of coursing in Great Britain (where it is regulated by the National Coursing Club) and Irish coursing which has been organised by Irish Coursing Club since 1916.[25] Because hares are not plentiful in all parts of the island of Ireland, mainly due to modern agricultural practices,[26] coursing clubs are licensed by the Irish Government to net 70–75 hares for their events.[20] The hares are then transported in boxes to the coursing venue where they are kept for up to eight weeks and trained to be coursed.
Instead of being coursed on open land, the Irish form is run in a secure enclosure over a set distance. Since 1993, Irish Coursing Club rules have made it compulsory for the Greyhounds to be muzzled while they chase the hare.[20] After the coursing event, the hares are transported back to where they were netted and re-released into the wild.[20][22] Reports by Government wardens, published under freedom of information legislation, state that hares have sometimes been coursed more than once at the same event.
Whereas the British form of coursing is run with dogs winning points for their running and turning of the hare, the Irish form is run on the basis that the first dog to turn the hare wins.[22] This is denoted by either a red flag or a white flag, indicating the colours of the respective dogs' collars.
Variations in the United States
Greyhounds were introduced in the Americas for sport and pleasure, they helped farmers control jackrabbits, and organised coursing meets were taking place in the United States in the 19th century,[27] by 1886 according to Gulf Coast Greyhounds.[28] Open field coursing of jackrabbits, which are members of the hare family,[29] now takes place in a number of states in Western America, including California, Montana and Wyoming,[30] and is said by the North American Coursing Association to take place also in Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico and Utah.[31] It takes place with up to four dogs chasing the hare.[32]
Open field coursing is legal in all US states with a huntable population of jackrabbits.[33] Washington state lists jackrabbits as a protected species, due to an unusually low population for a western state, and bans all forms of hunting them.[34]
During the 2006–07 coursing season, the leading United States coursing body, the National Open Field Coursing Association, registered 480 dogs of various breeds,[35] and oversaw 83 coursing events.[36] Its quarry is the Black-tailed Jackrabbit. Coursing of White-tailed Jackrabbits is organised by a smaller body, the North American Coursing Association.[16]
Other countries
Hare coursing also takes place in Pakistan, Portugal and Spain. Hare coursing in Portugal is run in both forms: open (Prova de Galgos a Campo), and closed (park) coursing[30] where it is known as lebre a corricão.[37] Hare coursing in Portugal may only be legally undertaken with two dogs[38] and operates under the same ethos as coursing in Britain and the United States.[39] In Spain, the hare coursing is open coursing,[30] and the areas where the activity takes place includes the Medinrua area.
See also
References
- ^ "The greyhound". New Sporting Magazine. 4. Baldwin & Cradock: 5. November 1832 – April 1833. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
- ^ Arrian, William Dansey (1831). On coursing. Translated by Dansey, William. J. Bohn. p. 108.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Blanning, C. (2000). "National Coursing Club Evidence to Burns Inquiry, part one". Defra. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ^ "Deerhounds Coursing Club, Evidence to Burns Inquiry, Annex 1". Defra. 2000. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
- ^ see page 246 Turbervile "A short observation ... concerning coursing" http://www.archive.org/details/turbervilesbooke00turb
- ^ a b c Martin, J. (2005). Encyclopedia of Traditional British Rural Sports. Routledge. pp. 78–79. ISBN 041535224X.
- ^ Watson, A. (1896). "The Hare". pp. 142–164. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
- ^ Duke of Norfolk. "Original British Coursing Rules". Nachtmusik Afghans. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ^ Holt, R. (1989). Sport and the British: A Modern History. Oxford University Press. p. 60. ISBN 0192852299.
- ^ Metcalfe, Alan (2005). Leisure and Recreation in a Victorian Mining Community: The Social Economy. Routledge. p. 69. ISBN 0415356970. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
- ^ Orford, J.; Sproston, K.; Erens, B.; White, C.; Mitchell, L. (2003). Gambling and Problem Gambling in Britain. Psychology Press. p. 4. ISBN 1583919236. Retrieved 2008-06-21.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Guide to lurchers". Battersea Dogs and Cats Home. Archived from the original on 2007-11-23. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
- ^ Osborne, H.; Winstanley, M. (2006). "Rural and Urban Poaching in Victorian England". Rural History. 17 (2). Cambridge University Press: 187–212. doi:10.1017/S0956793306001877.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Crackdown on hare coursing gangs". Lincolnshire Echo. 2008-01-30. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Tyler
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b "Open Field Coursing with Borzoi". Borzoi Club of America. 1998. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ^ Saluki or Gazelle Hound Club Coursing Section (2000). "Evidence to Burns Inquiry: An introductory guide to saluki coursing". Defra. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
- ^ National Whippet Coursing Club (2000). "Evidence to Burns Inquiry". Defra. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ^ Deerhound Coursing Club (2000). "Evidence to Burns Inquiry". Defra. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ^ a b c d e Reid, N.; McDonald, R.A.; Montgomery, W. I. (2007). "Factors associated with hare mortality during coursing". Animal Welfare. 16 (4): 427–434.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Official Report, Lords". House of Lords. 2003-10-28. Retrieved 2008-02-27.
- ^ a b c O‘Reilly, M (2008-02-10). "Countryfile". BBC.
- ^ "Thousands to attend coursing event". The Irish Times. 2008-02-03. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
- ^ "Fixture list 2007/08". Irish Coursing Club. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ^ "The sport of coursing". Irish Coursing Club. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
- ^ Reid, N.; Dingerkus, K.; Montgomery, W. I.; Marnell, F.; Jeffrey, R.; Lynn, D.; Kingston, N.; McDonald, R. A. (2007), "Status of hares in Ireland", Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 30, National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Environment, Heritage and Local Government
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "The Most Exciting Dogs in the World". Greyhound Racing Association of America. Retrieved 2008-06-14.
- ^ "Greyhound History in the 18th and 19th Centuries". Gulf Coast Greyhounds. 2006. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
- ^ "Lepus californicus". University of Michigan. 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
- ^ a b c Burns, T.; Edwards, V.; Marsh, J.; Soulsby, E. J. L.; Winter, M. (2000-06-09). "Final Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Hunting with Dogs in England and Wales, paragraph 2.58". HMSO. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Bartel, S.; Mott, E.; Mott, C.; Johnston, S. "Greyhound Coursing and Lure Coursing". Helios Greyhounds. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "American Coursing rules, 2005" (PDF). National Open Field Coursing Association. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
- ^ "FAQ on coursing". Stop2110 pro coursing campaign. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
- ^ "Hunting Season dates, 2007-08". Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ^ "NOFCA Hound List" (PDF). National Open Field Coursing Association. 2005. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ "NOFCA coursing events, 2006-07". National Open Field Coursing Association. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
- ^ Simões, S (2006-09-18). "Taxas - Licenças para armas mais caras com nova Lei" (in Portuguese). Correiomanha News.
- ^ "Regulamento Lei de Bases Gerais Da Caça, article 84 Portuguese" (in Portuguese). Procuradoria-Geral Distrital de Lisboa. 2005. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
- ^ Gonçalves, M. "The Nobreza Hunting em Samora Correia In Samora Correia" (in Portuguese). Gonçalves, M. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
External links
- ABC7 coverage of open field coursing in California
- American Sighthound Field Association – engages in lure coursing
- Countryside Alliance (UK and Ireland)
- Harding Cox (1899) on Coursing & falconry
- Irish Coursing Club
- National Coursing Club (Great Britain)
- National Open Field Coursing Association (US)
- Sporting Press – Ireland's Leading Greyhound/Coursing Newspaper