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[[File:The Acropolis Baalbek Holy Land (i.e. Balabakk Lebanon).jpg|thumb|right |
[[File:The Acropolis Baalbek Holy Land (i.e. Balabakk Lebanon).jpg|thumb|right|The ruins of Roman Heliopolis in the early 1900s]] |
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'''Heliopolis''', fully |
'''Heliopolis''', fully "Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolitana" ([[Latin]] for the "Fortunate Julian Augustan Colony in the City of the [[Helios (god)|Sun]]"), was a [[Roman colony|colony]] of the [[Roman Empire]]. It was also known as {{nowrap|'''Heliopolis in Phoenicia'''}} to distinguish it from [[Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis]] in [[Roman Egypt|Egypt]]. It was known to locals as [[Baalbek]] and it has since regained its historic name. Its ruins are a [[Unesco world heritage site]]<ref>[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/294 UNESCO: Heliopolis/Baalbeck]</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Ancient Baalbek (under its Hellenic name ''Heliopolis'') formed part of the [[Diadochi]] kingdoms of [[Ptolemaic Egypt|Egypt]] & [[Seleucid Syria|Syria]]. It was annexed by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] during their eastern wars. The [[Roman Italy|Italic]] settlers of the [[Roman colony]] "Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolitana" may have arrived as early as the time of [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] but were more probably the [[legionaries|veterans]] of two Roman Legions under [[Augustus]], during which time it hosted a Roman garrison. |
Ancient Baalbek (under its Hellenic name ''Heliopolis'') formed part of the [[Diadochi]] kingdoms of [[Ptolemaic Egypt|Egypt]] & [[Seleucid Syria|Syria]]. It was annexed by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] during their eastern wars. The [[Roman Italy|Italic]] settlers of the [[Roman colony]] "Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolitana" may have arrived as early as the time of [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] but were more probably the [[legionaries|veterans]] of two Roman Legions under [[Augustus]], during which time it hosted a Roman garrison. |
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[[File:Baalbec, monolith in wall. 110.Holy land photographed. Daniel B. Shepp. 1894.jpg|thumb|right |
[[File:Baalbec, monolith in wall. 110.Holy land photographed. Daniel B. Shepp. 1894.jpg|thumb|right|The famous [[Trilithon]] of Heliopolis]] |
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{{Quote|''(Heliopolis) consists primarily of the complex of the great sanctuary of Heliopolitan Jupiter and the so-called Temple of Bacchus which adjoins it to the S. They were built on imperial initiative, perhaps begun by Augustus himself. Enlargements and improvements were carried out over three centuries. The dimensions are vast and the decoration sumptuous. The architectural and decorative forms belong largely to the repertory of Roman art, but the plan (with its successive enclosures and the importance given to the courts), the cult installations, and the arrangement of the cellas conform to ancient Oriental traditions.On a single E-W axis almost 400 m long, the sanctuary of Heliopolitan Jupiter includes monumental propylaea, a hexagonal court, a large rectangular court, and the temple proper, where the cult idol was enthroned under a canopy in the cella.The sanctuary occupies an ancient tell, artificially enlarged by enormous works of terracing and masonry. At the W end near the N corner, the supporting walls contain three colossal quadrangular stones, called the "Trilithoi", each one nearly 20 by 4.5 by 3.6 m. Another even larger stone was left in a quarry at the foot of the hill W of the town. Two long vaulted galleries running E-W correspond at the basement level to the peristyle of the central court. They are open at the ends and joined by a transverse gallery. Some of their keystones carry Latin inscriptions.'' J.Rey-Coquais}} |
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Indeed the veterans of two [[Roman legion]]s were established in the city (and region) of [[Berytus]] by emperor [[Augustus]]: the [[Legio V Macedonica|fifth Macedonian]] and the [[Legio III Gallica|third Gallic]].,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zMJqGTSUmH8C&pg=PA45 Roman Berytus: a colony of legionaries]</ref> and Heliopolis from 15 BC to 193 AD formed part of the territory of Berytus. The population was mainly local in the second century under [[Hadrian]] with a few descendants of the Roman colonists and likely varied seasonally with market fairs and the schedules of the [[Camel train|caravans]] to the coast and interior. |
Indeed the veterans of two [[Roman legion]]s were established in the city (and region) of [[Berytus]] by emperor [[Augustus]]: the [[Legio V Macedonica|fifth Macedonian]] and the [[Legio III Gallica|third Gallic]].,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zMJqGTSUmH8C&pg=PA45 Roman Berytus: a colony of legionaries]</ref> and Heliopolis from 15 BC to 193 AD formed part of the territory of Berytus. The population was mainly local in the second century under [[Hadrian]] with a few descendants of the Roman colonists and likely varied seasonally with market fairs and the schedules of the [[Camel train|caravans]] to the coast and interior. |
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During [[Classical Antiquity]], the city's [[Roman temple|temple]] to [[Baʿal]] & [[Hadad|Haddu]] was [[interpretatio graeca|conflated]] first with the worship of the [[Ancient Greek religion|Greek]] [[sun god]] [[Helios]]<ref>Cook Arthur [http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0633 550]</ref> and then with the Greek and [[Ancient Roman religion|Roman]] [[sky god]] under the name "[[Heliopolitan Zeus]]" or "[[Heliopolitan Jupiter|Jupiter]]". The present [[Temple of Jupiter (Roman Heliopolis)|Temple of Jupiter]] presumably replaced an earlier one using the same foundation. The presence of a huge quarry was one of the reasons for the Roman decision to create a huge "Great Court" of a big pagan temple complex in this mountain site, located at nearly 1100 meters of altitude and on the eastern [[Borders of the Roman Empire]]: it took three centuries to create this colossal [[Roman paganism]]'s temple complex, called ''Sanctuary'' of Heliopolis.<ref>Video-Panoramas of the Sanctuary temples at [http://www.discoverlebanon.com/en/panoramic_views/bekaa/baalbeck/monuments.php Discover Lebanon: Heliopolis temples]</ref> |
During [[Classical Antiquity]], the city's [[Roman temple|temple]] to [[Baʿal]] & [[Hadad|Haddu]] was [[interpretatio graeca|conflated]] first with the worship of the [[Ancient Greek religion|Greek]] [[sun god]] [[Helios]]<ref>Cook Arthur [http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/cook1914bd1/0633 550]</ref> and then with the Greek and [[Ancient Roman religion|Roman]] [[sky god]] under the name "[[Heliopolitan Zeus]]" or "[[Heliopolitan Jupiter|Jupiter]]". The present [[Temple of Jupiter (Roman Heliopolis)|Temple of Jupiter]] presumably replaced an earlier one using the same foundation. The presence of a huge quarry was one of the reasons for the Roman decision to create a huge "Great Court" of a big pagan temple complex in this mountain site, located at nearly 1100 meters of altitude and on the eastern [[Borders of the Roman Empire]]: it took three centuries to create this colossal [[Roman paganism]]'s temple complex, called ''Sanctuary'' of Heliopolis.<ref>Video-Panoramas of the Sanctuary temples at [http://www.discoverlebanon.com/en/panoramic_views/bekaa/baalbeck/monuments.php Discover Lebanon: Heliopolis temples]</ref> |
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Revision as of 09:31, 13 April 2018
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/The_Acropolis_Baalbek_Holy_Land_%28i.e._Balabakk_Lebanon%29.jpg/220px-The_Acropolis_Baalbek_Holy_Land_%28i.e._Balabakk_Lebanon%29.jpg)
Heliopolis, fully "Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolitana" (Latin for the "Fortunate Julian Augustan Colony in the City of the Sun"), was a colony of the Roman Empire. It was also known as Heliopolis in Phoenicia to distinguish it from Heliopolis in Egypt. It was known to locals as Baalbek and it has since regained its historic name. Its ruins are a Unesco world heritage site[1]
History
Ancient Baalbek (under its Hellenic name Heliopolis) formed part of the Diadochi kingdoms of Egypt & Syria. It was annexed by the Romans during their eastern wars. The Italic settlers of the Roman colony "Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolitana" may have arrived as early as the time of Caesar but were more probably the veterans of two Roman Legions under Augustus, during which time it hosted a Roman garrison.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Baalbec%2C_monolith_in_wall._110.Holy_land_photographed._Daniel_B._Shepp._1894.jpg/220px-Baalbec%2C_monolith_in_wall._110.Holy_land_photographed._Daniel_B._Shepp._1894.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Baalbek-Bacchus-Details.jpg/220px-Baalbek-Bacchus-Details.jpg)
Indeed the veterans of two Roman legions were established in the city (and region) of Berytus by emperor Augustus: the fifth Macedonian and the third Gallic.,[2] and Heliopolis from 15 BC to 193 AD formed part of the territory of Berytus. The population was mainly local in the second century under Hadrian with a few descendants of the Roman colonists and likely varied seasonally with market fairs and the schedules of the caravans to the coast and interior.
During Classical Antiquity, the city's temple to Baʿal & Haddu was conflated first with the worship of the Greek sun god Helios[3] and then with the Greek and Roman sky god under the name "Heliopolitan Zeus" or "Jupiter". The present Temple of Jupiter presumably replaced an earlier one using the same foundation. The presence of a huge quarry was one of the reasons for the Roman decision to create a huge "Great Court" of a big pagan temple complex in this mountain site, located at nearly 1100 meters of altitude and on the eastern Borders of the Roman Empire: it took three centuries to create this colossal Roman paganism's temple complex, called Sanctuary of Heliopolis.[4]
Notes
- ^ UNESCO: Heliopolis/Baalbeck
- ^ Roman Berytus: a colony of legionaries
- ^ Cook Arthur 550
- ^ Video-Panoramas of the Sanctuary temples at Discover Lebanon: Heliopolis temples
Bibliography
- Alouf, Michael. History of Baalbek Publisher American Press. Beirut, 1998 ([1])
- Cook, Arthur Bernard (1914), Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, vol. Vol. I: Zeus God of the Bright Sky, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
{{citation}}
: External link in
(help).|volume=
- Lohmann, Daniel (2010). Giant Strides towards Monumentality: The architecture of the Jupiter Sanctuary in Baalbek/Heliopolis. Bolletino di Archeologia [Bulletin of Archaeology], Special Volume, pp. 29–30.