Wtmitchell (talk | contribs) Fix dablinks |
Rizalninoynapoleon (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
|year_start = 1965 |
|year_start = 1965 |
||
|event1 = [[Martial Law in the Philippines|Declaration of Martial law]] |
|event1 = [[Martial Law in the Philippines|Declaration of Martial law]] |
||
|date_event1 = September |
|date_event1 = September 23, 1972 |
||
|event_end = [[People Power Revolution]] |
|event_end = [[People Power Revolution]] |
||
|year_end = 1986 |
|year_end = 1986 |
||
Line 66: | Line 66: | ||
== Martial Law and the Fourth Republic (1972–1986) == |
== Martial Law and the Fourth Republic (1972–1986) == |
||
In September 1972, Marcos' Defense Minister, [[Juan Ponce Enrile]] was reportedly ambushed by communists while in his car, killing his driver, although he was not harmed in any way. Citing this event, along with the growing threat of the [[New People's Army]] and citizen unrest, Marcos declared martial law on September |
In September 1972, Marcos' Defense Minister, [[Juan Ponce Enrile]] was reportedly ambushed by communists while in his car, killing his driver, although he was not harmed in any way. Citing this event, along with the growing threat of the [[New People's Army]] and citizen unrest, Marcos declared martial law on September 23, 1972 by virtue of [[Proclamation No. 1081]]. Marcos, ruling by decree, curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties; closed down Congress and media establishments; and ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists, including his staunchest critics Senator [[Benigno Aquino, Jr.]] and Senator [[Jose W. Diokno]]. Initially, the declaration of martial law was well received, given the social turmoil the Philippines was experiencing. Crime rates plunged dramatically after a curfew was implemented. Political opponents were given the opportunity to go into exile. But, as martial law dragged on for the next nine years, excesses by the military emerged. |
||
Constitutionally barred from seeking another term beyond 1973 and, with his political enemies in jail, Marcos reconvened the Constitutional Convention and maneuvered its proceedings to adopt a parliamentary form of government, paving the way for him to stay in power beyond 1973. Sensing that the constitution would be rejected in a nationwide plebiscite, Marcos decreed the creation of citizens' assemblies which anomalously ratified the constitution. |
Constitutionally barred from seeking another term beyond 1973 and, with his political enemies in jail, Marcos reconvened the Constitutional Convention and maneuvered its proceedings to adopt a parliamentary form of government, paving the way for him to stay in power beyond 1973. Sensing that the constitution would be rejected in a nationwide plebiscite, Marcos decreed the creation of citizens' assemblies which anomalously ratified the constitution. |
Revision as of 17:04, 31 December 2010
Republic of the Philippines Repúbliká ng Pilipinas | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1965–1986 | |||||||||
Anthem: Lupang Hinirang (Chosen Land) | |||||||||
![]() Location of the Philippines in Asia | |||||||||
Capital | Quezon City (before 1976) Manila (after 1976) | ||||||||
Common languages | Tagalog | ||||||||
Government | Unitary presidential constitutional republic before 1972 Military dictatorship and parliamentary system 1972 - 1986 | ||||||||
President | |||||||||
Prime Minister | |||||||||
Vice President | |||||||||
Legislature | Batasang Pambansa | ||||||||
History | |||||||||
December 30 1965 | |||||||||
September 23, 1972 | |||||||||
February 25 1986 | |||||||||
Area | |||||||||
1970 | 300,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi) | ||||||||
Population | |||||||||
• 1970 | 36,684,948 | ||||||||
• 1975 | 42,070,660 | ||||||||
• 1980 | 48,098,460 | ||||||||
Currency | Philippine Peso | ||||||||
ISO 3166 code | PH | ||||||||
|
History of the Philippines |
---|
![]() |
Timeline |
![]() |
This article covers the history of the Philippines during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos. It includes the final years of the Third Republic (1965–72) and the entirety of the Fourth Republic (1972–86).
Marcos administration from 1965 to 1972
In 1965, Ferdinand Marcos won the Presidential elections and became the President of the Philippines. His first term was marked with increased industrialization and the creation of solid infrastructure all over the Philippines. The North Luzon Expressway was created during this time. Marcos did this by appointing a cabinet filled with technocrats and intellectuals, and by increasing funding to the AFP and mobilizing them to help construction. Marcos also created schools nationwide, more than any other President before him combined.
In 1968, Sen. Benigno S. Aquino, Jr. warned that Marcos was on the road to establishing "a garrison state" by "ballooning the armed forces budget", saddling the defense establishment with "overstaying generals" and "militarizing our civilian government offices", overshadowing events that would happen in the decade to come.
Marcos also sent 10,450 Filipino soldiers to Vietnam during his term, under the PHILCAAG. Fidel Ramos was a part of this expeditionary force.
In 1969, Marcos ran and won against 11 other candidates to run for a second term, then an unprecedented move only accomplished again by Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo when she ran for a second term in 2004. Marcos began his second term by creating a personality cult of sorts around himself, mandating that all public institutions must carry a picture of the President, and even replacing some billboards with his propaganda messages.
Marcos' second term was marked by economic turmoil brought about by factors both external and internal, a restless student body who demanded educational reforms, a rising crime rate, and a growing Communist insurgency, among other things.
The crisis boiled over on October 30, 1970 during a massive protest in Mendiola in an event now known as the First Quarter Storm, where student protesters and communist elements were forcefully quelled by military forces, marking a period of intense student protesting and violence around Metro Manila, especially near the University Belt. At one point, student activists took over UP Diliman and delcared it a free commune, which lasted for a while before being forcefully broken up by the government. Violent protesting continued over the years until the declaration of martial law in 1972.
On August 21, 1971, the Liberal Party held a campaign rally at the Plaza Miranda to proclaim their Senatorial bets and their candidate for the Mayoralty of Manila, but it was sabotaged when two grenades were reportedly tossed on stage, injuring almost everybody on the stage. Because of this, Marcos lifted the writ of habeas corpus in order to arrest those responsible. He rounded up a list of supposed suspects and Maoists and other undesirables. Marcos and his allies tried to shift the blame from his party to Sen. Aquino by insinuating that he may have had a hand in the bombings in an effort to eliminate his rivals in the Liberal Party. Sen. Aquino was absent during the event. The writ was restored on January 11, 1972 amidst widespread protest.
Martial Law and the Fourth Republic (1972–1986)
In September 1972, Marcos' Defense Minister, Juan Ponce Enrile was reportedly ambushed by communists while in his car, killing his driver, although he was not harmed in any way. Citing this event, along with the growing threat of the New People's Army and citizen unrest, Marcos declared martial law on September 23, 1972 by virtue of Proclamation No. 1081. Marcos, ruling by decree, curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties; closed down Congress and media establishments; and ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists, including his staunchest critics Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr. and Senator Jose W. Diokno. Initially, the declaration of martial law was well received, given the social turmoil the Philippines was experiencing. Crime rates plunged dramatically after a curfew was implemented. Political opponents were given the opportunity to go into exile. But, as martial law dragged on for the next nine years, excesses by the military emerged.
Constitutionally barred from seeking another term beyond 1973 and, with his political enemies in jail, Marcos reconvened the Constitutional Convention and maneuvered its proceedings to adopt a parliamentary form of government, paving the way for him to stay in power beyond 1973. Sensing that the constitution would be rejected in a nationwide plebiscite, Marcos decreed the creation of citizens' assemblies which anomalously ratified the constitution.
Even before the Constitution could be fully implemented, several amendments were introduced to it by Marcos, including the prolongation of martial law and permitting himself to be President and concurrent Prime Minister.
During the Martial Law years, the Philippine economy grew a significant amount, with foreign investments and tourists playing a large part in the success, and GNP rising to a record P193 billion in 1980 The Philippines saw rapid industrialization and modernization during these times, with the creation of various roads, hospitals, power plants and other public services all over the country. During this time, the Philippines adopted the metric system as a form of measurement, and has since fully implemented it in industries.
The economy during the decade was robust, with budgetary and trade surpluses. The Gross National Product rose from P55 billion in 1972 to P193 billion in 1980. Tourism rose, contributing to the economy's growth. The number of tourists visiting the Philippines rose to one million by 1980 from less than 200,000 in previous years. A big portion of the tourist group was composed of Filipino balikbayans (returnees) under the Ministry of Tourism's Balikbayan Program which was launched in 1973.
The first formal elections since 1969 for an interim Batasang Pambansa (National Assembly) were held on April 7, 1978. Ninoy Aquino, then in jail, decided to run as leader of his party, the Lakas ng Bayan party, but they did not win any seats in the Parliament, even though public support for them was high and it was apparent that they would win. The night before the elections, supporters of the LABAN party showed their solidarity by setting up a "noise barrage" in Manila, creating noise the whole night until dawn.
In order to appease the Catholic Church before the visit of Pope John Paul II, Marcos officially lifted martial law on January 17, 1981. However he retained much of the government's power for arrest and detention.
Corruption and nepotism as well as civil unrest contributed to a serious decline in economic growth and development under Marcos, whose health declined due to lupus.
The Fourth Republic (1981–1986)
We love your adherence to democratic principles and to the democratic process, and we will not leave you in isolation.
An opposition boycotted presidential elections then ensued on June 16, 1981, which pitted Marcos (Kilusang Bagong Lipunan) against retired Gen. Alejo Santos (Nacionalista Party). Marcos won by a margin of over 16 million votes, which constitutionally allowed him to have another six-year term. Finance Minister Cesar Virata was elected as Prime Minister by the Batasang Pambansa.
In 1983, opposition leader Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. was assassinated at the Manila International airport upon his return to the Philippines after a long period of exile. This coalesced popular dissatisfaction with Marcos and began a succession of events, including pressure from the United States, that culminated in a snap presidential election in February 1986. The opposition united under Aquino's widow, Corazon Aquino, and Salvador Laurel, head of the United Nationalists Democratic Organizations (UNIDO). The elections were held on February 7, 1986. The election was marred by widespread reports of violence and tampering with results by the Marcos side.
The official election canvasser, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), declared Marcos the winner. According to COMELEC's final tally, Marcos won with 10,807,197 votes to Aquino's 9,291,761 votes. By contrast, the final tally of NAMFREL, an accredited poll watcher, said Aquino won with 7,835,070 votes to Marcos's 7,053,068.[2] The allegedly fraudulent result was not accepted by Corazon Aquino and her supporters. International observers, including a U.S. delegation led by Sen. Richard Lugar (R-Ind.), denounced the official results. Gen. Fidel Ramos and Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile declared that they no longer supported Marcos.
A peaceful civilian-military uprising forced Marcos into exile and installed Corazon Aquino as president on 25 February 1986.
References
- ^ Philippines: Together Again, TIME Magazine, July 13, 1981
- ^ Peter Ackerman; Jack DuVall (2001), A force more powerful: a century of nonviolent conflict, Macmillan, p. 384, ISBN 9780312240509;
^ Isabelo T. Crisostomo (1987), Cory--profile of a president, Branden Books, p. 193, ISBN 9780828319133 (showing a reproduction of NAMFREL's announcement of the results).