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{{About||the village in Iran|Igdir, Iran|other places}} |
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{{pp-extended|small=yes}} |
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{{Infobox settlement |
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{{Infobox Turkey place |
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<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> |
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| type = municipality |
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| name = Iğdır |
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|settlement_type = [[Municipality]] |
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| other_name = |
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| image_skyline = Iğdır ve Ağrı Dağı.jpg |
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| image_caption = Mount Ararat from Iğdır |
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| image_shield = |
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| image_map = Iğdır_within_Iğdır_Central_District.png |
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| latd = 39 |latm = 55 |lats = 15 |latNS = N |
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| map_caption = Location within Iğdır Province |
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| longd = 44 |longm = 02 |longs = 40 |longEW = E |
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| coordinates = {{coord|39|55|15|N|44|02|40|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |
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| province = Iğdır |
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| district = Iğdır |
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| leader_party = HDP |
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| leader_name = Yaşar Akkuş (deposed) |
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| area_footnotes = |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Iğdır Province|Iğdır]] |
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| area_total_km2 = |
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| elevation_m = 850 |
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| population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik/> |
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| leader_party = [[Peace and Democracy Party|BDP]] |
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| population_total = 101700 |
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| population_as_of = 2022 |
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| postal_code = 76000 |
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| area_code = 0476 |
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| website = {{url|https://www.igdir.bel.tr/}} |
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| area_blank1_title = District |
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| area_blank1_km2 = {{Turkey district areas|Iğdır|Iğdır}} |
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| elevation_m = |
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| population_footnotes = {{Turkey district populations|SOURCE|Iğdır}} |
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| population_urban = {{Turkey district populations|Iğdır|Iğdır|şehir}} |
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| population_as_of = {{Turkey district populations|YEAR}} |
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| population_blank1_title = District |
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| population_blank1 = {{Turkey district populations|Iğdır|Iğdır|toplam}} |
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| population_density_blank1_km2 = auto |
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| postal_code_type = Post code |
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| postal_code = 76000 |
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| website = {{URL| www.igdir.bel.tr | www.igdir.bel.tr }} |
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}} |
}} |
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[[File:Iğdır Tabela.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The entrance of Iğdır city]] |
[[File:Iğdır Tabela.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The entrance of Iğdır city]] |
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'''Iğdır''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]] {{IPA-tr|ˈɯːdɯɾ||IgdirPronun.ogg}}; {{lang-hy|Իգդիր|Igdir}}, also {{lang|hy|Ցոլակերտ}} {{transl|hy|Tsʿolakert}}; {{lang-az|İğdır}}; {{lang-ku|Îdir|italic=yes}} or {{lang|ku|Reşqelas}}<ref>{{cite book |author1=İbrahim Sediyani |title=Adını arayan coğrafya |date=2009 |publisher=Özedönüş Yayınları |isbn=9786054296002 |page=187}}</ref>) is a city in the [[Eastern Anatolia Region]] of Turkey. It is the seat of [[Iğdır Province]] and [[Iğdır District]].<ref name=ilce>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx İlçe Belediyesi], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</ref> Its population is 101,700 (2022).<ref name=tuik/> |
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'''Iğdır''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]] {{IPA-tr|ˈɯːβdɯɾ||IgdirPronun.ogg}}, [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]: Îdir,<ref>Dr. Abdulla Ghafor (2000). Kurdistan: Dabeshî kargêrî terrîtorî 1927-1997 (Kurdistan: Administrative Territorial Division 1927-1997). Stockholm.</ref> {{lang-hy|Իգդիր}} ''Igdir'', also Ցոլակերտ, ''Tsolakert'', after the ancient site nearby) is the capital of [[Iğdır Province]] in the [[Eastern Anatolia Region]] of [[Turkey]]. The highest mountain in Turkey, ''Ağrı Dağı'' or [[Mount Ararat]], is partly in Iğdır province. |
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==Etymology== |
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The area is named after a western Turkish clan ''Iğdıroğlu'' belonging to a branch of the [[Oghuz Turks]].<ref>[http://www.igdir.bel.tr/igdir_hakkinda.asp :: Iğdir Belediyesi ::<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> They spread throughout [[Anatolia]] and there are towns and villages named Iğdır in Malatya and other parts of Turkey today.<ref>[http://www.igdirkoyu.com/tarih.htm igdir köyü<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Iğdır went by the Armenian name of '''Tsolakert''' during the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name="SAE">{{in lang|hy}} s.v. "Igdir," [[Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia]], 1978, vol. 4, p. 309.</ref> When the Spanish traveler [[Ruy González de Clavijo]] passed through this region in the early 15th century, he stayed a night in a castle he called ''Egida'', located at the foot of [[Mount Ararat]]. Clavijo describes it as being built upon a rock and ruled by a woman, the widow of a brigand that [[Timur]] had put to death.<ref>[[Ruy González de Clavijo]]. ''The Broadway Travellers: Embassy to Tamerlane: 1403-1406''. Trans. Guy le Strange. London: Routledge, 2004, p. 76.</ref> Because modern Iğdır has no such rock, and is a considerable distance from the Ararat foothills, it is believed that medieval Iğdır was located at a different site, at a place also known as Tsolakert, now called [[Taşburun, Karakoyunlu|Taşburun]]. Russian excavations there at the end of the 19th century discovered the ruins of houses and what was identified as a church, as well as traces of fortifications. The settlement may have been abandoned after an earthquake in 1664.<ref>Sinclair, Thomas A. ''Eastern Turkey: An Architectural and Archaeological Survey'', vol. 1. London: Pindar Press, 1987, pp. 406-409.</ref> In 1555 the town became a part of the [[Safavid Empire]], remaining under Persian rule (with brief military occupations by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]s in 1514, between 1534–35, 1548–49, 1554–55, 1578–1605, 1635–36 and 1722–46) until it fell into the hands of the Russian Empire after the [[Russo-Persian War (1826-1828)|Russo-Persian War of 1826-1828]].<ref name="SAE"/> |
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===Modern |
===Modern history=== |
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[[File:Surmalu uyezd.jpg|thumb|300px|The Surmali ''uyezd'' in 1903]] |
[[File:Surmalu uyezd.jpg|thumb|300px|The Surmali ''uyezd'' in 1903]] |
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Iğdır was taken by the [[Russian Empire]] from Persia after the latter's defeat in the [[Russo-Persian War (1826–28)|Russo-Persian War of 1826-1828]]. It was organized as part of the [[Armenian Oblast]] in 1828 and made a part of the Georgia-Imeretia Governorate in 1840, and then the [[Surmalu Uyezd]] of the [[Erivan Governorate]] in 1850. According to the Russian family lists accounts from 1886, of the total |
Iğdır, or Igdir, was taken by the [[Russian Empire]] from Persia after the latter's defeat in the [[Russo-Persian War (1826–28)|Russo-Persian War of 1826-1828]]. It was organized as part of the [[Armenian Oblast]] in 1828 and made a part of the [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]-[[Imereti|Imeretia Governorate]] in 1840, and then the [[Surmalu Uyezd]] of the [[Erivan Governorate]] in 1850. According to the Russian family lists accounts from 1886, of the total 30,647 inhabitants of the district 11,868 were Tatars (38.7%, later known as [[Azerbaijanis]]), 15,204 [[Armenians]] (49.6%) and 3,575 [[Kurds]] (11.7%).<ref name="Ethnokavkaz">{{in lang|ru}} ''[http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/igdyr1886.html Свод статистических данных о населении Закавказского края, ИГДЫРСКИЙ УЧАСТОК (1886 г.)]''. Tiflis, 1893.</ref> An 1894 publication counted 2,912 [[Armenians]] living in the town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C|title=ЭСБЕ/Игдырь — Викитека|website=ru.wikisource.org|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> Under Russian rule, two primary schools, one for boys and the other for girls, and three churches were opened and 100 Armenian families were allowed to move to Igdir. The town's population rose to 10,000 in 1914 and largely busied itself with agriculture and commerce.<ref name="SAE"/> |
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Following the Russian Revolution of October 1917, the area came under the control of a temporary administrative committee created by the three main ethnic groups in the Caucasus. Though it attempted to negotiate a truce with the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman forces launched an eastward offensive and took |
Following the [[October Revolution|Russian Revolution of October 1917]], the area came under the control of a temporary administrative committee created by the three main ethnic groups in the [[Caucasus]]. Though it attempted to negotiate a truce with the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman forces launched an eastward offensive and took Igdir on May 20, 1918. They occupied it until the signing of the [[Armistice of Mudros]] in November 1918. The [[First Republic of Armenia|Republic of Armenia]] then assumed control over Igdir. The Armenian population suffered heavily during the grueling winter of 1918–19, as famine, disease and the cold killed many.<ref>{{cite book |
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|last =Hovannisian|first =Richard G.| |
|last =Hovannisian|first =Richard G.|author-link= Richard G. Hovannisian|title =The Republic of Armenia: Vol. 1: The First Year, 1918-1919|publisher = University of California Press|year =1971|location =Berkeley|isbn =0-520-01984-9|pages =128–129}}</ref><ref>Chater, Melville. "[http://www.virtualani.org/accounts/igdir.htm The Land Of The Stalking Death: a Journey Through Starving Armenia on an American Relief Train]." ''[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]'' 36 (November 1919). Retrieved July 24, 2009.</ref> In May 1919, its status was elevated to that of a city.<ref>Hovannisian. ''Republic of Armenia'', p. 449, note 3.</ref> |
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Based on the boundaries drawn by [[ |
Based on the boundaries drawn by [[U.S. State Department]] in November 1920, Igdir was envisaged to become a part of the [[Republic of Armenia]]. However, in September 1920 the government of the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Grand National Assembly]] of [[Turkey]] led by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]] [[Turkish–Armenian War|launched a war]] to eliminate the republic and overran Igdir.<ref>{{cite book|last =Hovannisian|first =Richard G.|title =The Republic of Armenia: Vol. 4: Between Crescent and Sickle, Partition and Sovietization|publisher =University of California Press|year =1996|location =Berkeley|isbn =0-520-08804-2|pages =[https://archive.org/details/republicofarmeni0000hova/page/249 249–250, 284]|url =https://archive.org/details/republicofarmeni0000hova/page/249}}</ref> [[Turkish people|Turkish]] [[General]] [[Kâzım Karabekir]] commanded the armies but his forces were initially unable to take Igdir due to strong Armenian resistance.<ref>{{in lang|tr}} ''Genelkurmay Askerî Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı Yayınları, ''Türk İstiklâl Harbi IIIncü Cilt: Doğu Cephesi (1919-1921)''. Ankara: Genelkurmay Basım Evi, 1995, p. 221.</ref> However, within a few days, on October 20, 1920, the [[Turkish Army]] managed to drive the Armenian forces out of the city and went on to capture [[Gyumri]].<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6GhpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22On+the+20th+October+the+Armenian+troops+were+forced+out+of+Igdir+by+the+Turks,+who+were+now+appioaching+the+Armenian%22 British Documents on Foreign Affairs--Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: From the First to the Second World War. The Soviet Union, 1917-1939]'', Volume 4, p. 388.</ref> According to official Turkish documents, after their defeat in the [[Şahtaxtı|Shahtahti]] area, Armenian forces abandoned Iğdır. They burned the [[Margara|Markara]] Bridge which spanned the [[Aras (river)|Aras river]] and retreated to the northern bank on November 13, 1920. Turkey annexed the region of Iğdır after the conclusion of several peace treaties, and its territorial gains were mainly formalized under the 1921 [[Treaty of Kars]]. |
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In the early years of the Republic of Turkey, Iğdır was a district of the province of [[Doğubayazıt|Bayazıt]]. It was made a part of the [[Kars Province]] in 1934 and remained part of it until it became the seat of the newly formed Iğdır Province on 27 May 1992.<ref name=islamans>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.islamansiklopedisi.info/| title=Iğdır|encyclopedia=[[İslam Ansiklopedisi]] |publisher=Türk Diyanet Vakfı |pages=81–82 |year=1999| volume=19}}</ref> |
In the early years of the [[Republic of Turkey]], Igdir, now Iğdır, was a district of the province of [[Doğubayazıt|Bayazıt]]. It was made a part of the [[Kars Province]] in 1934 and remained part of it until it became the seat of the newly formed [[Iğdır Province]] on 27 May 1992.<ref name=islamans>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.islamansiklopedisi.info/| title=Iğdır|encyclopedia=[[İslam Ansiklopedisi]] |publisher=Türk Diyanet Vakfı |pages=81–82 |year=1999| volume=19}}</ref> |
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== Government == |
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In the [[2019 Turkish local elections|municipal elections of March 2019]], Yaşar Akkuş from the [[Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)|Peoples' Democratic Party]] (HDP) was elected mayor.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iğdır Seçim Sonuçları - 31 Mart 2019 Yerel Seçimleri|url=https://www.sabah.com.tr/secim/31-mart-2019-yerel-secim-sonuclari/igdir/ili-yerel-secim-sonuclari|website=www.sabah.com.tr|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref> He was dismissed due to terror related investigations on 15 May 2020,<ref name=":0" /> and Enver Ünlü, the Governor of the province,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Enver Ünlü|url=http://www.igdir.gov.tr/vali-enver-unlu|website=www.igdir.gov.tr|access-date=2020-05-15|archive-date=2020-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602020427/http://www.igdir.gov.tr/vali-enver-unlu|url-status=dead}}</ref> was appointed as a trustee for the municipality on the same day.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A trustee has been appointed to 6 municipalities with HDP!|url=https://www.news1.news/n1/2020/05/a-trustee-has-been-appointed-to-6-municipalities-with-hdp.html|last=admin|date=2020-05-15|website=News1 English|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref> |
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==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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The city of Iğdır sits on a plain at a lower altitude than most of Turkey's eastern provinces. This allows agricultural production including apples, tomatoes, cucumbers, peaches, pears, sugar beet, watermelons and melons. However, the most famous |
The city of Iğdır sits on a plain at a lower altitude than most of Turkey's eastern provinces. This allows [[agricultural production]] including [[apple|apples]], [[tomato|tomatoes]], [[cucumber|cucumbers]], [[peach|peaches]], [[pear|pears]], [[sugar beet]], [[watermelon|watermelons]] and [[melon|melons]]. However, the most famous produce of Iğdır are [[cotton]] and [[apricot]]s. |
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[[File:Bei Igdir (40357698592).jpg|thumb|Nature in Iğdır]] |
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===Climate=== |
===Climate=== |
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Iğdır has a |
Iğdır has a [[cold semi-arid climate|continental semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BSk,'' [[Trewartha climate classification|Trewartha]]: ''BS'') with hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. Iğdır is the driest city in Turkey, averaging {{convert|261|mm|in|abbr=on}} of precipitation per year. |
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{{Weather box|metric first= Yes |single line= Yes | |
{{Weather box |
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|metric first= Yes |
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|single line= Yes |
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|collapsed = y |
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|location= Iğdır (1991–2020, extremes 1941–2020) |
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|Jan record high C= 18.3 |
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|Jan record high C = 18.3 |
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|Feb record high C = 22.2 |
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|Mar record high C = 29.5 |
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|Apr record high C = 33.4 |
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|May record high C = 35.0 |
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|Jun record high C = 39.2 |
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|Jul record high C = 41.5 |
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|Aug record high C = 42.0 |
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|Sep record high C = 38.4 |
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|Oct record high C = 33.0 |
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|Nov record high C = 26.2 |
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|Dec record high C = 22.2 |
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|year record high C = 42.0 |
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|Jan high C = 2.4 |
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|Feb high C = 6.5 |
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|Mar high C = 14.0 |
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|Apr high C = 20.0 |
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|May high C = 24.7 |
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|Jun high C = 30.2 |
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|Jul high C = 33.8 |
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|Aug high C = 33.7 |
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|Sep high C = 29.1 |
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|Oct high C = 21.8 |
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|Nov high C = 12.9 |
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|Dec high C = 4.6 |
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|year high C = 19.5 |
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|Jan mean C = -2.7 |
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|Feb mean C = 0.7 |
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|Mar mean C = 7.6 |
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|Apr mean C = 13.4 |
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|May mean C = 17.9 |
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|Jun mean C = 22.9 |
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|Jul mean C = 26.5 |
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|Aug mean C = 26.2 |
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|Sep mean C = 21.1 |
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|Oct mean C = 14.0 |
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|Nov mean C = 6.0 |
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|Dec mean C = -0.3 |
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|year mean C = 12.8 |
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|Jan low C = -6.7 |
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|Feb low C = -4.1 |
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|Mar low C = 1.8 |
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|Apr low C = 7.2 |
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|May low C = 11.6 |
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|Jun low C = 15.9 |
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|Jul low C = 19.5 |
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|Aug low C = 19.0 |
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|Sep low C = 13.9 |
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|Oct low C = 7.7 |
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|Nov low C = 0.7 |
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|Dec low C = -4.1 |
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|year low C = 6.9 |
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|Jan record low C = -28.4 |
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|Feb record low C = -28.0 |
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|Mar record low C = -22.2 |
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|Apr record low C = -7.6 |
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|May record low C = 0.1 |
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|Jun record low C = 2.4 |
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|Jul record low C = 8.0 |
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|Aug record low C = 7.2 |
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|Sep record low C = 1.6 |
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|Oct record low C = -7.0 |
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|Nov record low C = -15.6 |
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|Apr precipitation days= 11.8 |
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|Dec record low C = -30.3 |
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|May precipitation days= 14.8 |
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|year record low C = -30.3 |
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|Jun precipitation days= 10.6 |
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|precipitation colour = green |
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|Jan precipitation mm = 13.3 |
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|Feb precipitation mm = 14.7 |
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|Mar precipitation mm = 21.4 |
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|Apr precipitation mm = 42.0 |
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|May precipitation mm = 50.1 |
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|Jun precipitation mm = 30.0 |
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|Feb precipitation mm = 17.2 |
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|Mar precipitation mm = 20.7 |
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|Apr precipitation mm = 37.3 |
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|May precipitation mm = 47.9 |
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|Jun precipitation mm = 33.2 |
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|Jul precipitation mm = 14.9 |
|Jul precipitation mm = 14.9 |
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|Aug precipitation mm = |
|Aug precipitation mm = 9.4 |
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|Sep precipitation mm = |
|Sep precipitation mm = 12.1 |
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|Oct precipitation mm = 24. |
|Oct precipitation mm = 24.1 |
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|Nov precipitation mm = |
|Nov precipitation mm = 19.5 |
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|Dec precipitation mm = |
|Dec precipitation mm = 14.3 |
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|year precipitation mm = 265.8 |
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|Jan precipitation days = 4.73 |
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|Feb precipitation days = 5.77 |
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|Mar precipitation days = 7.97 |
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|Apr precipitation days = 13.40 |
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|May precipitation days = 17.10 |
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|Jun precipitation days = 11.53 |
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|Jul precipitation days = 6.73 |
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|Aug precipitation days = 5.27 |
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|Sep precipitation days = 5.30 |
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|Oct precipitation days = 8.57 |
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|Nov precipitation days = 6.37 |
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|Dec precipitation days = 6.77 |
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|year precipitation days = 99.5 |
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|Jan humidity = 75 |
|Jan humidity = 75 |
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|Feb humidity = 71 |
|Feb humidity = 71 |
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Line 160: | Line 162: | ||
|Nov humidity = 68 |
|Nov humidity = 68 |
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|Dec humidity = 74 |
|Dec humidity = 74 |
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|year humidity = |
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|Jan sun= 80.6 |
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|Jan sun = 83.7 |
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|Feb sun = 124.3 |
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|Mar sun = 170.5 |
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|Apr sun = 180.0 |
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|May sun = 229.4 |
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|Jun sun = 282.0 |
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|Jul sun = 306.9 |
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|Aug sun = 291.4 |
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|Sep sun = 252.0 |
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|Oct sun = 180.0 |
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|Nov sun = 136.4 |
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|Dec sun = 77.5 |
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|source 1= Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü <ref>http://www.dmi.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=IGDIR</ref> |
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|year sun = |
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|date= March 2011 |
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|Jand sun = 2.7 |
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|source 2= Weatherbase <ref>http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=171&refer=&units=us&cityname=Igdir-Turkey</ref> |
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|Febd sun = 4.4 |
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|Mard sun = 5.5 |
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|Aprd sun = 6.0 |
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|Mayd sun = 7.4 |
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|Jund sun = 9.4 |
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|Juld sun = 9.9 |
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|Augd sun = 9.4 |
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|Sepd sun = 8.4 |
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|Octd sun = 6.0 |
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|Novd sun = 4.4 |
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|Decd sun = 2.5 |
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|yeard sun = 6.3 |
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|source 1 = [[Turkish State Meteorological Service]]<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=IGDIR |
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| title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020) |
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| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service |
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| language = tr |
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| access-date = 11 April 2021}}</ref> |
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|source 2= Weatherbase <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=171&refer=&units=us&cityname=Igdir-Turkey|title=Igdir, Turkey Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase}}</ref> |
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}} |
}} |
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== |
==Health== |
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On a peninsula close to the closed border with Armenia, and currently within a military zone, near the village of [[Sürmeli]], stands the ruins of the medieval city of Surmari, with a citadel whose surviving walls date from 1224. A ruinous 13th century Armenian [[caravanserai]] known as the "Caravanserai of Zor" is another historical structure near Iğdır.<ref>[http://www.virtualani.org/zor/ Caravansarai of Zor]. VirtualAni.org.</ref> |
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{{See also|Air pollution in Turkey|Coal in Turkey}} |
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===The Genocide Memorial=== |
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[[File:IgdirGenocideMuseum.jpg|thumb|right|Turkish Martyrs' Memorial and Museum.]] |
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{{main article|Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum}} |
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In August 1997, construction started on the "Iğdır Soykırım Anıt-Müzesi" (Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum). Turkish authorities erected the monument to commemorate alleged massacres of [[Turkish people|Turks]] by [[Armenians]] during World War I and the [[Turkish–Armenian War]] during the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. The Turkish argument states that "A need was expressed for the erection of this monument and this opinion was stated as follows in the final declaration of the International Symposium on Historical Realities and Armenians, held in Igdir from 24 to 26 April 1965. The Symposium resolved that a monument of martyrs should be erected in Iğdır and a cemetery for martyrs should be established in Oba Village in order to eternalise the memories of more than one million Turks that fell in Eastern Anatolia and to give a similar answer to those declaring 24 April as a genocide day and to the monuments erected in many places of the world for the alleged genocide perpetrated against the Armenians."<ref name="ErmeniSorunu">"[http://www.ermenisorunu.gen.tr/english/massacres/igdir.html Igdir Genocide Monument and Museum]."</ref> |
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[[Air pollution]] is a chronic problem here, mainly due to the burning of [[coal]].<ref>{{Cite report|date=August 2020|title=Kara Rapor 2020: Hava Kirliliği ve Sağlık Etkileri|trans-title=Black Report 2020: Air Pollution and Heath Effects|url=https://www.temizhavahakki.com/kararapor2020/|publisher=[[Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey]]|language=tr}}</ref> |
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It was opened on October 5, 1999 by Turkish Minister of State Ramazan Mirzaoğlu. Its height from ground level is 43.5 metres. The monument's design contains symbols related to Turkish self-identity, history, and legends. The upper structure consists of five upright swords, their points touching to resemble Mount Ararat. On the hilt of the swords are a series of reliefs. Beneath the monument are a series of rooms intended to house a museum. The granite for the monument's swords was brought from China and other materials, such as marble, granite, and ceramics, were brought from other regions of Turkey.<ref name="ErmeniSorunu"/> |
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[[File:Bei Igdir (39691423054).jpg|thumb|Iğdır]] In 2021, Iğdır became the Europe’s most polluted city.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-60834214 | title=2021 Dünya Hava Kirliliği Raporu: Avrupa bölgesinde havası en kirli kent Iğdır | newspaper=BBC News Türkçe }}</ref> <br> |
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According to MPs and specialists, another health risk arises from the [[Armenian Nuclear Power Plant]] in [[Metsamor]], which is a [[Armenia-Turkey border|border]] town in [[Armenia]] near Iğdır. Recent researches show that the nuclear power plant causes [[cancer]] cases increases in the region.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/amp/hdp-ermenistandaki-nukleer-santral-icin-uyardi-onlem-alin-haber-1513752 | title=HDP, Ermenistan'daki nükleer santral için uyardı: Önlem alın }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indyturk.com/node/281281/haber/iğdırda-kanser-vakalarında-artış-nedeni-ermenistandaki-metsamor-nükleer-santrali | title=Iğdır'da kanser vakalarında artış: Nedeni Ermenistan'daki Metsamor Nükleer Santrali mi? | date=4 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thebulletin.org/2021/03/armenias-nuclear-power-plant-is-dangerous-time-to-close-it/amp/ | title=Armenia's nuclear power plant is dangerous. Time to close it | date=5 March 2021 }}</ref> |
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[[File:Metsamor nükleer santrali - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Armenian Nuclear Power Plant view from Iğdır]] |
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==Architecture== |
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Its construction is explained as a counter-argument by the Turks that Armenians also perpetrated massacres against Turks and is seen as a part of Turkey's ongoing [[denial of Armenian Genocide|denial of the Armenian Genocide]].<ref>{{de icon}} "The Perpetrators Memorialize Themselves: Turks Erect a Memorial for the Victims of Armenian attacks." ''Süddeutsche Zeitung'', December 1, 1999, p. 10.</ref><ref>[[Tessa Hofmann|Hofmann, Tessa]]. "[http://www.armenian.ch/asa/Docs/faae02.pdf Armenians in Turkey: A Critical Assessment of the situation of the Armenian Minority in the Turkish Republic]." Forum of Armenian Associations in Europe. October 2002, p. 32.</ref> |
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On a peninsula close to the closed [[Armenia–Turkey border|border]] with Armenia, and currently within a military zone, near the village of {{Ill|Sürmeli, Tuzluca|lt=Sürmeli|tr|Sürmeli, Tuzluca}}, stands the ruins of the medieval city of Surmari, with a citadel whose surviving walls date from 1224. A restored 13th century Armenian [[caravanserai]] known as the [[Caravanserai of Zor]] is another historical structure near Iğdır.<ref>[http://www.virtualani.org/zor/ Caravansarai of Zor]. VirtualAni.org.</ref> |
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===Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum=== |
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==Culture== |
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[[File:IgdirGenocideMuseum.jpg|thumb|right|Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum]] |
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Iğdır's culture is part of the larger [[culture of Turkey]]. |
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The [[Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum]], is a memorial-museum complex which promotes [[Armenian genocide denial|Armenian-genocide denial]]. Construction on the memorial began in August 1997, and was opened to the public on October 5, 1999 by the Turkish Minister of State [[Ramazan Mirzaoğlu]].<ref name="ErmeniSorunu">"[http://www.ermenisorunu.gen.tr/english/massacres/igdir.html Igdir Genocide Monument and Museum]."</ref> |
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The stated aim of the memorial is to "commemorate massacres and persecution committed by Armenians in Iğdır Province" during [[World War I]] and the [[Turkish–Armenian War]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IĞDIR SOYKIRIM ANITI - Iğdır |url=https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/igdir/kulturenvanteri/igdir-soykirim-aniti |publisher=Türkiye Kültür Portalı |access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref> The memorial was built to further Armenian-genocide denial and the disproven narrative that, during World War I, it was Armenians who killed Turks rather than vice versa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Özbek |first1=Egemen |title=The Destruction of the Monument to Humanity: Historical Conflict and Monumentalization |journal=International Public History |date=2018 |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.1515/iph-2018-0011|s2cid=166208121 |quote=the Iğdır Memorial and Museum of Martyred Turks Massacred by Armenians was built to support the Turkish narrative of genocide denial, arguing that it was the Armenians who massacred Turks and Muslims, not the other way around.}}</ref> |
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The rising agricultural production and the opening of a border gate with [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]] in 1992 have enabled the town to be livelier and wealthier than its neighbours in the generally impoverished eastern Turkey. There are many cafes and restaurants. The best-known dish is a meat stew called ''bozbaş''.<ref>"Sürmeli Çukurda Iğdır", Ziya Zakir Acar, 2002</ref> |
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[[File:Iğdırdan Ağrı Dağı.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Mount Ararat]] as seen from Iğdır.]] |
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== |
==Culture== |
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Iğdır's culture is part of the larger [[culture of Turkey]]. The rising agricultural production and the opening of a border gate with [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]] in 1992 have enabled the town to be livelier and wealthier than its neighbours in the generally impoverished eastern Turkey. There are many cafes and restaurants. The best-known dish is a meat stew called ''bozbaş''.<ref>"Sürmeli Çukurda Iğdır", Ziya Zakir Acar, 2002</ref> |
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Iğdır has 12 local daily and weekly newspapers.<ref>Her Yönüyle Iğdır", Ziya Zakir Acar, 2004</ref>{{Page needed|date=August 2011}} The most prominent of these is ''Yeşil Iğdır'' which has been published since 1 September 1955. |
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[[File:Iğdırdan Ağrı Dağı.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Mount Ararat]] as seen from Iğdır]] |
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==Economy== |
==Economy== |
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The main economic activities in Iğdır are the commerce of agricultural and animal products.<ref name=islamans/> |
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The city of Iğdır is located between [[Kars Province|Kars]] and [[Ağrı province|Ağrı]]. Despite the fact that it has three strategically important neighbours, the border gate to Armenia is closed and there is no direct access to Iran, therefore this situation diminishes economic possibilities. |
The city of Iğdır is located between [[Kars Province|Kars]] and [[Ağrı province|Ağrı]]. Despite the fact that it has three strategically important neighbours, the border gate to Armenia is closed and there is no direct access to Iran, therefore this situation diminishes economic possibilities. |
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==Demographics== |
==Demographics== |
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{{ |
{{Further|Demographics of Turkey}} |
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According to the [[Russian Empire Census]] in 1897 Iğdır had a population of 4,680, of which 3,934 (84%) were [[Armenians]], and 559 (12%) were [[Russians]].<ref>{{ |
According to the Russian family lists accounts from 1886, of the total 71,066 inhabitants of the districts 34,351 were Azerbaijanis (48.3%, mentioned as 'Tatars' in the source), 22,096 Armenians (31.1%) and 14,619 Kurds (20.6%).<ref name="Ethnokavkaz"/> According to the [[Russian Empire Census]] in 1897 Iğdır had a population of 4,680, of which 3,934 (84%) were [[Armenians]], and 559 (12%) were [[Russians]].<ref>{{in lang|ru}} ''Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи, 1897 г.'' (Erivanskaya Guberniya), N. A. Troynitskii, Saint Petersburg, 1904, p. 144.</ref> The province is populated by [[Azerbaijanis]] and [[Kurds]].<ref>{{in lang|tr}} Yilmaer, Esat. [http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/2002/08/05/162199.asp Sevilen valiyle ‘savaş’ MHP'ye kaybettirmiş]." ''[[Hürriyet]]''. August 5, 2002.</ref> |
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[[File:Ağrı Dağı'ndan Iğdır Şehri.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Iğdır as seen from [[Mount Ararat]]]] |
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Today, Iğdır has a mixed population of [[Azerbaijanis]] (who form the majority)<ref>{{cite news|title=Azerbaijanis Flock to Turkish Town|url=https://iwpr.net/global-voices/azerbaijanis-flock-turkish-town|agency=[[Institute for War and Peace Reporting]]|publisher=[[Institute for War and Peace Reporting]]|date=9 November 2007|quote=A majority of Igdir’s 60,000 inhabitants are now Azerbaijani.}}</ref><ref>Population policy in Turkey, Erhard Franz,page 293</ref>—[[Kurds]] and [[Turkish people|Turks]].<ref>{{tr icon}} Yilmaer, Esat. [http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/2002/08/05/162199.asp Sevilen valiyle ‘savaş’ MHP'ye kaybettirmiş]." ''[[Hürriyet]]''. August 5, 2002.</ref> The spring festival [[Nowruz]] is widely celebrated in Iğdır. |
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{{Historical populations |
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[[File:Ağrı Dağı'ndan Iğdır Şehri.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Iğdır as seen from [[Mount Ararat]].]] |
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|align = none |
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{| class="wikitable" width=200 |
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|cols=2 |
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! colspan=4 |Iğdır centrum population |
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|percentages = pagr |
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|- |
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|source = Population censuses (1970-1997)<ref name="TÜİK1970">{{Cite web | url = https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0015363.pdf | title = 1970 General Census | date = 1970 | publisher = [[Turkish Statistical Institute]] | language = Turkish | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220810121207/https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0015363.pdf | archive-date = 10 August 2022 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="TÜİK1975">{{Cite web | url = https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0015628.pdf | title = 1975 General Census | date = 1975 | publisher = [[Turkish Statistical Institute]] | language = Turkish | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220810123238/https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0015628.pdf | archive-date = 10 August 2022 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="TÜİK1980">{{Cite web | url = https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0015840.pdf | title = 1980 General Census | date = 1980 | publisher = [[Turkish Statistical Institute]] | language = Turkish | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220617101828/https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0015840.pdf | archive-date = 17 June 2022 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="TÜİK1985">{{Cite web | url = https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0013062.pdf | title = 1985 General Census | date = 1986 | publisher = [[Turkish Statistical Institute]] | language = Turkish | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210522110755/https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0013062.pdf | archive-date = 22 May 2021 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="TÜİK1990">{{Cite web | url = https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0013349.pdf | title = 1990 General Census | date = 1991 | publisher = [[Turkish Statistical Institute]] | language = Turkish | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210831205734/https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0013349.pdf | archive-date = 31 August 2021 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="TÜİK1997">{{Cite web | url = https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0014235.pdf | title = 1997 Population Count | date = 1999 | publisher = [[Turkish Statistical Institute]] | language = Turkish | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221030113057/https://kutuphane.tuik.gov.tr/pdf/0014235.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2022 | url-status = live }}</ref> and TÜIK (2007-2022)<ref name=tuik>{{cite web|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |title=Population Of Municipalities, Villages And Quarters|publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute|TÜIK]] |access-date=24 March 2023}}</ref> |
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| align="left" | 2007 |
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|1970|21420 |
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| align="right" | 75,927 |
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|1975|29542 |
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|- |
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|1980|24352 |
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| align="left" | 2000 |
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|1985|29460 |
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| align="right" | 59,880 |
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|1990|35858 |
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|- |
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|1997|45941 |
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| align="left" | 1997 |
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|2007|75927 |
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| align="right" | 44,334 |
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|2012|82656 |
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|- |
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|2017|91261 |
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| align="left" | 1990 |
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|2022|101700 |
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| align="right" | 35,858 |
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}} |
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|- |
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| align="left" | 1985 |
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| align="right" | 29,460 |
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|- |
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| align="left" | 1980 |
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| align="right" | 24,352 |
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|- |
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| align="left" | 1975 |
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| align="right" | 29,542 |
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|- |
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| align="left" | 1970 |
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| align="right" | 21,420 |
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|} |
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== Transport == |
== Transport == |
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Transport to Iğdır is via roads or air. [[Iğdır Airport]], opened in 2012, serves the city with internal flights to [[Istanbul]] and [[Ankara]]. Regular bus services connect the city to major national and regional centres. There is, as of 2016, no rail transport to Iğdır, but it will be a stop on the |
Transport to Iğdır is via roads or air. [[Turkish State Highway System|Turkish state route]] [[State road D.080 (Turkey)|D.080]] and [[European route E99]] pass through Iğdır. <br>[[Iğdır Airport]], opened in 2012, serves the city with internal flights to [[Istanbul]] and [[Ankara]]. <br>Regular bus services connect the city to major national and regional centres. <br>There is, as of 2016, no rail transport to Iğdır, but it will be a stop on the Nakhchivan-Kars railway when it is completed.<ref name="serka">{{cite web|title=Iğdır'ın Sosyoekonomik Durumu|url=http://www.serka.gov.tr/store/file/common/9fec328c4f394bb5e9987f31ff05853a.pdf|publisher=Turkish Agency on the Development of Border Areas|access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref> |
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==Notable people== |
==Notable people== |
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* [[Avetis Aharonian]], Armenian politician |
* [[Avetis Aharonian]], Armenian politician |
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* [[Servet Çetin]], Turkey national football team player of [[Azerbaijani people|Azerbaijani]] descent |
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* [[Drastamat Kanayan]], an Armenian military commander |
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* [[Eduard Isabekyan]], Armenian painter |
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* [[Mehmet Ali Ağca]], a Turkish<ref>[[Robert Freedman (political scientist)|Freedman, Robert Owen]], ''The Middle East from the Iran-Contra affair to the Intifada'', (Syracuse University Press, 1991), 396; "''Demirag was known as an admirer of Mehmet Ali Agca, the Turk that shot and wounded Pope John Paul II in 1981.''"</ref><ref>Weigel, George, ''Witness to Hope: The Biography of Pope John Paul II'', (HarperCollins Publisher, 1999), 397.</ref> [[assassination|assassin]] and [[Grey Wolves (organization)|Grey Wolves]] member<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups|page=111|url=https://books.google.fi/books?redir_esc=y&id=b8k4rEPvq_8C&q=111#v=snippet&q=111&f=false}}</ref> |
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* [[Drastamat Kanayan]], Armenian military commander |
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* [[Servet Çetin]], a Turkish national football team player of [[Azerbaijani people|Azerbaijani]] descent |
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* [[Sinan Oğan]], |
* [[Sinan Oğan]], Turkish [[politician]];<ref>[http://www.news.az/articles/38287 Head of Turkey-Azerbaijan association becomes deputy of Turkish parliament] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027073414/http://www.news.az/articles/38287 |date=2014-10-27 }}</ref> [[2011 Turkish general election|won a seat]] in the Turkish parliament in 2011 with the [[right-wing]] [[Nationalist Movement Party]]<ref>[http://news.day.az/politics/272936.html Azeri Elected to Turkish Parliament]. ''Day.az''. 13 June 2011.</ref> |
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* [[Şahin Yakut]], |
* [[Şahin Yakut]], Turkish kickboxer and MMA fighter |
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==International relations== |
==International relations== |
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{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey}} |
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey}} |
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{{See also|List of diplomatic missions in Turkey}} |
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===Diplomatic missions=== |
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===Twin towns — Sister cities=== |
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{{flag|Azerbaijan}} maintains a consular mission in Iğdır. |
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===Twin towns — sister cities=== |
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Iğdır is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with: |
Iğdır is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with: |
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* [[File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|20px]] [[Sharur]], [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic]] [[Azerbaijan]] |
* [[File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|20px]] [[Sharur]], [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic]], [[Azerbaijan]] |
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* [[File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|20px]] [[Shamakhi]], [[Azerbaijan]] |
* [[File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|20px]] [[Shamakhi]], [[Azerbaijan]] |
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== Sport In Iğdır == |
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* [[Igdirspor|Iğdırspor]] |
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* [[Iğdır FK]] |
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== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
{{Reflist|2}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Commons category|Iğdır}} |
{{Commons category|Iğdır}} |
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* [http://www.igdir.bel.tr/eng_index.asp Official website of the Iğdır Municipality] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070505063154/http://www.igdir.bel.tr/eng_index.asp Official website of the Iğdır Municipality] |
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* {{ |
* {{in lang|tr}} [http://www.igdir.gov.tr Official website of the Iğdır Province] |
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* {{ |
* {{in lang|tr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20080511132220/http://www.igdirhaber.net/ Iğdır's news website] |
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{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Iğdır}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{Iğdir Central District}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Igdir}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Igdir}} |
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[[Category:Iğdır| ]] |
[[Category:Iğdır| ]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Provincial municipalities in Turkey]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Populated places in Iğdır District]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Erivan Governorate]] |
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[[Category:Kurdish settlements in Turkey]] |
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[[Category:Former Armenian communities in Iğdır Province]] |
Latest revision as of 00:23, 26 May 2024
Iğdır | |
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Coordinates: 39°55′15″N 44°02′40″E / 39.92083°N 44.04444°E | |
Country | Turkey |
Province | Iğdır |
District | Iğdır |
Government | |
• Mayor | Yaşar Akkuş (deposed) (HDP) |
Elevation | 850 m (2,790 ft) |
Population (2022)[1] | 101,700 |
Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
Postal code | 76000 |
Area code | 0476 |
Website | www |
Iğdır (Turkish [ˈɯːdɯɾ] ; Armenian: Իգդիր, romanized: Igdir, also Ցոլակերտ Tsʿolakert; Azerbaijani: İğdır; Kurdish: Îdir or Reşqelas[2]) is a city in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. It is the seat of Iğdır Province and Iğdır District.[3] Its population is 101,700 (2022).[1]
History
Iğdır went by the Armenian name of Tsolakert during the Middle Ages.[4] When the Spanish traveler Ruy González de Clavijo passed through this region in the early 15th century, he stayed a night in a castle he called Egida, located at the foot of Mount Ararat. Clavijo describes it as being built upon a rock and ruled by a woman, the widow of a brigand that Timur had put to death.[5] Because modern Iğdır has no such rock, and is a considerable distance from the Ararat foothills, it is believed that medieval Iğdır was located at a different site, at a place also known as Tsolakert, now called Taşburun. Russian excavations there at the end of the 19th century discovered the ruins of houses and what was identified as a church, as well as traces of fortifications. The settlement may have been abandoned after an earthquake in 1664.[6] In 1555 the town became a part of the Safavid Empire, remaining under Persian rule (with brief military occupations by the Ottomans in 1514, between 1534–35, 1548–49, 1554–55, 1578–1605, 1635–36 and 1722–46) until it fell into the hands of the Russian Empire after the Russo-Persian War of 1826-1828.[4]
Modern history
Iğdır, or Igdir, was taken by the Russian Empire from Persia after the latter's defeat in the Russo-Persian War of 1826-1828. It was organized as part of the Armenian Oblast in 1828 and made a part of the Georgia-Imeretia Governorate in 1840, and then the Surmalu Uyezd of the Erivan Governorate in 1850. According to the Russian family lists accounts from 1886, of the total 30,647 inhabitants of the district 11,868 were Tatars (38.7%, later known as Azerbaijanis), 15,204 Armenians (49.6%) and 3,575 Kurds (11.7%).[7] An 1894 publication counted 2,912 Armenians living in the town.[8] Under Russian rule, two primary schools, one for boys and the other for girls, and three churches were opened and 100 Armenian families were allowed to move to Igdir. The town's population rose to 10,000 in 1914 and largely busied itself with agriculture and commerce.[4]
Following the Russian Revolution of October 1917, the area came under the control of a temporary administrative committee created by the three main ethnic groups in the Caucasus. Though it attempted to negotiate a truce with the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman forces launched an eastward offensive and took Igdir on May 20, 1918. They occupied it until the signing of the Armistice of Mudros in November 1918. The Republic of Armenia then assumed control over Igdir. The Armenian population suffered heavily during the grueling winter of 1918–19, as famine, disease and the cold killed many.[9][10] In May 1919, its status was elevated to that of a city.[11]
Based on the boundaries drawn by U.S. State Department in November 1920, Igdir was envisaged to become a part of the Republic of Armenia. However, in September 1920 the government of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey led by Mustafa Kemal launched a war to eliminate the republic and overran Igdir.[12] Turkish General Kâzım Karabekir commanded the armies but his forces were initially unable to take Igdir due to strong Armenian resistance.[13] However, within a few days, on October 20, 1920, the Turkish Army managed to drive the Armenian forces out of the city and went on to capture Gyumri.[14] According to official Turkish documents, after their defeat in the Shahtahti area, Armenian forces abandoned Iğdır. They burned the Markara Bridge which spanned the Aras river and retreated to the northern bank on November 13, 1920. Turkey annexed the region of Iğdır after the conclusion of several peace treaties, and its territorial gains were mainly formalized under the 1921 Treaty of Kars.
In the early years of the Republic of Turkey, Igdir, now Iğdır, was a district of the province of Bayazıt. It was made a part of the Kars Province in 1934 and remained part of it until it became the seat of the newly formed Iğdır Province on 27 May 1992.[15]
Government
In the municipal elections of March 2019, Yaşar Akkuş from the Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) was elected mayor.[16] He was dismissed due to terror related investigations on 15 May 2020,[17] and Enver Ünlü, the Governor of the province,[18] was appointed as a trustee for the municipality on the same day.[17]
Geography
The city of Iğdır sits on a plain at a lower altitude than most of Turkey's eastern provinces. This allows agricultural production including apples, tomatoes, cucumbers, peaches, pears, sugar beet, watermelons and melons. However, the most famous produce of Iğdır are cotton and apricots.
Climate
Iğdır has a continental semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSk, Trewartha: BS) with hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. Iğdır is the driest city in Turkey, averaging 261 mm (10.3 in) of precipitation per year.
Climate data for Iğdır (1991–2020, extremes 1941–2020) | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 18.3 (64.9) |
22.2 (72.0) |
29.5 (85.1) |
33.4 (92.1) |
35.0 (95.0) |
39.2 (102.6) |
41.5 (106.7) |
42.0 (107.6) |
38.4 (101.1) |
33.0 (91.4) |
26.2 (79.2) |
22.2 (72.0) |
42.0 (107.6) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.4 (36.3) |
6.5 (43.7) |
14.0 (57.2) |
20.0 (68.0) |
24.7 (76.5) |
30.2 (86.4) |
33.8 (92.8) |
33.7 (92.7) |
29.1 (84.4) |
21.8 (71.2) |
12.9 (55.2) |
4.6 (40.3) |
19.5 (67.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.7 (27.1) |
0.7 (33.3) |
7.6 (45.7) |
13.4 (56.1) |
17.9 (64.2) |
22.9 (73.2) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.2 (79.2) |
21.1 (70.0) |
14.0 (57.2) |
6.0 (42.8) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
12.8 (55.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.7 (19.9) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
1.8 (35.2) |
7.2 (45.0) |
11.6 (52.9) |
15.9 (60.6) |
19.5 (67.1) |
19.0 (66.2) |
13.9 (57.0) |
7.7 (45.9) |
0.7 (33.3) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
6.9 (44.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −28.4 (−19.1) |
−28.0 (−18.4) |
−22.2 (−8.0) |
−7.6 (18.3) |
0.1 (32.2) |
2.4 (36.3) |
8.0 (46.4) |
7.2 (45.0) |
1.6 (34.9) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−15.6 (3.9) |
−30.3 (−22.5) |
−30.3 (−22.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 13.3 (0.52) |
14.7 (0.58) |
21.4 (0.84) |
42.0 (1.65) |
50.1 (1.97) |
30.0 (1.18) |
14.9 (0.59) |
9.4 (0.37) |
12.1 (0.48) |
24.1 (0.95) |
19.5 (0.77) |
14.3 (0.56) |
265.8 (10.46) |
Average precipitation days | 4.73 | 5.77 | 7.97 | 13.40 | 17.10 | 11.53 | 6.73 | 5.27 | 5.30 | 8.57 | 6.37 | 6.77 | 99.5 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 75 | 71 | 54 | 52 | 59 | 52 | 48 | 48 | 55 | 61 | 68 | 74 | 60 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 83.7 | 124.3 | 170.5 | 180.0 | 229.4 | 282.0 | 306.9 | 291.4 | 252.0 | 180.0 | 136.4 | 77.5 | 2,314.1 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 2.7 | 4.4 | 5.5 | 6.0 | 7.4 | 9.4 | 9.9 | 9.4 | 8.4 | 6.0 | 4.4 | 2.5 | 6.3 |
Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service[19] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weatherbase [20] |
Health
Air pollution is a chronic problem here, mainly due to the burning of coal.[21]
In 2021, Iğdır became the Europe’s most polluted city.[22]
According to MPs and specialists, another health risk arises from the Armenian Nuclear Power Plant in Metsamor, which is a border town in Armenia near Iğdır. Recent researches show that the nuclear power plant causes cancer cases increases in the region.[23][24][25]
Architecture
On a peninsula close to the closed border with Armenia, and currently within a military zone, near the village of Sürmeli , stands the ruins of the medieval city of Surmari, with a citadel whose surviving walls date from 1224. A restored 13th century Armenian caravanserai known as the Caravanserai of Zor is another historical structure near Iğdır.[26]
Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum
The Iğdır Genocide Memorial and Museum, is a memorial-museum complex which promotes Armenian-genocide denial. Construction on the memorial began in August 1997, and was opened to the public on October 5, 1999 by the Turkish Minister of State Ramazan Mirzaoğlu.[27]
The stated aim of the memorial is to "commemorate massacres and persecution committed by Armenians in Iğdır Province" during World War I and the Turkish–Armenian War.[28] The memorial was built to further Armenian-genocide denial and the disproven narrative that, during World War I, it was Armenians who killed Turks rather than vice versa.[29]
Culture
Iğdır's culture is part of the larger culture of Turkey. The rising agricultural production and the opening of a border gate with Nakhchivan in 1992 have enabled the town to be livelier and wealthier than its neighbours in the generally impoverished eastern Turkey. There are many cafes and restaurants. The best-known dish is a meat stew called bozbaş.[30]
Economy
The main economic activities in Iğdır are the commerce of agricultural and animal products.[15]
The city of Iğdır is located between Kars and Ağrı. Despite the fact that it has three strategically important neighbours, the border gate to Armenia is closed and there is no direct access to Iran, therefore this situation diminishes economic possibilities.
About 70% percent of Mount Ararat's area lies within Iğdır's borders, however the investments for developing tourism in Mt. Ararat is paid to Ağrı Municipality.
Demographics
According to the Russian family lists accounts from 1886, of the total 71,066 inhabitants of the districts 34,351 were Azerbaijanis (48.3%, mentioned as 'Tatars' in the source), 22,096 Armenians (31.1%) and 14,619 Kurds (20.6%).[7] According to the Russian Empire Census in 1897 Iğdır had a population of 4,680, of which 3,934 (84%) were Armenians, and 559 (12%) were Russians.[31] The province is populated by Azerbaijanis and Kurds.[32]
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Source: Population censuses (1970-1997)[33][34][35][36][37][38] and TÜIK (2007-2022)[1] |
Transport
Transport to Iğdır is via roads or air. Turkish state route D.080 and European route E99 pass through Iğdır.
Iğdır Airport, opened in 2012, serves the city with internal flights to Istanbul and Ankara.
Regular bus services connect the city to major national and regional centres.
There is, as of 2016, no rail transport to Iğdır, but it will be a stop on the Nakhchivan-Kars railway when it is completed.[39]
Notable people
- Avetis Aharonian, Armenian politician
- Servet Çetin, Turkey national football team player of Azerbaijani descent
- Eduard Isabekyan, Armenian painter
- Drastamat Kanayan, Armenian military commander
- Sinan Oğan, Turkish politician;[40] won a seat in the Turkish parliament in 2011 with the right-wing Nationalist Movement Party[41]
- Şahin Yakut, Turkish kickboxer and MMA fighter
International relations
Diplomatic missions
Azerbaijan maintains a consular mission in Iğdır.
Twin towns — sister cities
Iğdır is twinned with:
Sport In Iğdır
References
- ^ a b c "Population Of Municipalities, Villages And Quarters". TÜIK. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
- ^ İbrahim Sediyani (2009). Adını arayan coğrafya. Özedönüş Yayınları. p. 187. ISBN 9786054296002.
- ^ İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
- ^ a b c (in Armenian) s.v. "Igdir," Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, 1978, vol. 4, p. 309.
- ^ Ruy González de Clavijo. The Broadway Travellers: Embassy to Tamerlane: 1403-1406. Trans. Guy le Strange. London: Routledge, 2004, p. 76.
- ^ Sinclair, Thomas A. Eastern Turkey: An Architectural and Archaeological Survey, vol. 1. London: Pindar Press, 1987, pp. 406-409.
- ^ a b (in Russian) Свод статистических данных о населении Закавказского края, ИГДЫРСКИЙ УЧАСТОК (1886 г.). Tiflis, 1893.
- ^ "ЭСБЕ/Игдырь — Викитека". ru.wikisource.org. Retrieved 2020-04-27.
- ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971). The Republic of Armenia: Vol. 1: The First Year, 1918-1919. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 128–129. ISBN 0-520-01984-9.
- ^ Chater, Melville. "The Land Of The Stalking Death: a Journey Through Starving Armenia on an American Relief Train." National Geographic 36 (November 1919). Retrieved July 24, 2009.
- ^ Hovannisian. Republic of Armenia, p. 449, note 3.
- ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1996). The Republic of Armenia: Vol. 4: Between Crescent and Sickle, Partition and Sovietization. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 249–250, 284. ISBN 0-520-08804-2.
- ^ (in Turkish) Genelkurmay Askerî Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı Yayınları, Türk İstiklâl Harbi IIIncü Cilt: Doğu Cephesi (1919-1921). Ankara: Genelkurmay Basım Evi, 1995, p. 221.
- ^ British Documents on Foreign Affairs--Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: From the First to the Second World War. The Soviet Union, 1917-1939, Volume 4, p. 388.
- ^ a b "Iğdır". İslam Ansiklopedisi. Vol. 19. Türk Diyanet Vakfı. 1999. pp. 81–82.
- ^ "Iğdır Seçim Sonuçları - 31 Mart 2019 Yerel Seçimleri". www.sabah.com.tr. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
- ^ a b admin (2020-05-15). "A trustee has been appointed to 6 municipalities with HDP!". News1 English. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
- ^ "Enver Ünlü". www.igdir.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 2020-06-02. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
- ^ "Igdir, Turkey Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase.
- ^ Kara Rapor 2020: Hava Kirliliği ve Sağlık Etkileri [Black Report 2020: Air Pollution and Heath Effects] (Report) (in Turkish). Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey. August 2020.
- ^ "2021 Dünya Hava Kirliliği Raporu: Avrupa bölgesinde havası en kirli kent Iğdır". BBC News Türkçe.
- ^ "HDP, Ermenistan'daki nükleer santral için uyardı: Önlem alın".
- ^ "Iğdır'da kanser vakalarında artış: Nedeni Ermenistan'daki Metsamor Nükleer Santrali mi?". 4 December 2020.
- ^ "Armenia's nuclear power plant is dangerous. Time to close it". 5 March 2021.
- ^ Caravansarai of Zor. VirtualAni.org.
- ^ "Igdir Genocide Monument and Museum."
- ^ "IĞDIR SOYKIRIM ANITI - Iğdır". Türkiye Kültür Portalı. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
- ^ Özbek, Egemen (2018). "The Destruction of the Monument to Humanity: Historical Conflict and Monumentalization". International Public History. 1 (2). doi:10.1515/iph-2018-0011. S2CID 166208121.
the Iğdır Memorial and Museum of Martyred Turks Massacred by Armenians was built to support the Turkish narrative of genocide denial, arguing that it was the Armenians who massacred Turks and Muslims, not the other way around.
- ^ "Sürmeli Çukurda Iğdır", Ziya Zakir Acar, 2002
- ^ (in Russian) Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи, 1897 г. (Erivanskaya Guberniya), N. A. Troynitskii, Saint Petersburg, 1904, p. 144.
- ^ (in Turkish) Yilmaer, Esat. Sevilen valiyle ‘savaş’ MHP'ye kaybettirmiş." Hürriyet. August 5, 2002.
- ^ "1970 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1970. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2022.
- ^ "1975 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1975. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2022.
- ^ "1980 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1980. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2022.
- ^ "1985 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1986. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2021.
- ^ "1990 General Census" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1991. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021.
- ^ "1997 Population Count" (PDF) (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute. 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2022.
- ^ "Iğdır'ın Sosyoekonomik Durumu" (PDF). Turkish Agency on the Development of Border Areas. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
- ^ Head of Turkey-Azerbaijan association becomes deputy of Turkish parliament Archived 2014-10-27 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Azeri Elected to Turkish Parliament. Day.az. 13 June 2011.
External links
- Official website of the Iğdır Municipality
- (in Turkish) Official website of the Iğdır Province
- (in Turkish) Iğdır's news website