Kazakh Khanate Қазақ хандығы Kazak Hanlığı | |||||||||
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1456–1847 | |||||||||
Alleged flag of the Kazakh Khanate | |||||||||
Motto: Alash! | |||||||||
Capital | Hazrat-e Turkestan | ||||||||
Common languages | Kazakh | ||||||||
Religion | Islam | ||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
Khan | |||||||||
• 1465–1480 | Janybek Khan and Kerey Khan (first) | ||||||||
History | |||||||||
• Established | 1456 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1847 | ||||||||
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History of Kazakhstan |
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Kazakh Khanate ([Қазақ хандығы, Qazaq xandığı] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help); [Казахское ханство, Kazakhskoye khanstvo] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help); Turkish: Kazak Hanlığı) was a Kazakh state that existed in 1456–1847, located roughly on the territory of present-day Republic of Kazakhstan. At its height the khanate have ruled from eastern Cumania ( modern day West Kazakhstan ) to most of Uzbekistan, Karakalpakstan and Syr Darya rivers with military confrontation as far as Astrakhan and modern day Iran city of Khorasan Province. Slaves were also captured by Kazakhs frequent raid on territory of Russia,[1] Central Asia to Western Siberia ( Bashkortostan ) during the Kazakh Khanate.[2][3][4] The Khanate were later weakened by a series of Kalmyk/Oirats invasions, devastating raids and war to the Kazakh Khanate and gradually losing it's control and autonomy to the Russians.
From the sixteenth through the early nineteenth century, the most powerful nomadic peoples were the Kazakhs and the Oyrats.[5]
History
The Kazakh Khanate was founded in 1456-1465 by Janybek Khan and Kerey Khan, on the banks of Jetysu ("seven rivers") in the southeastern part of the present-day Republic of Kazakhstan. The founding of the Kazakh Khanate is considered the ethnogenesis of the Kazakh nation. The formation of the independent Kazakh Khanate began when several tribes under the rule of sultans Janybek and Kerey departed from the Khanate of Abul Khair Khan. The sultans led their people toward Mogolistan, eventually settleing and founding an independenent state. The new Khanate soon became a buffer state between the Mongolians and the Khanate of Abdul Khair.
Janybek Khan and Kerey Khan (1465–1480)
Although both Janybek Khan and Karai Khan were considered the founding rulers of the Kazakh Khanate, it was Karai Khan who initially wielded the most power. Upon the death of Karai Khan in 1470, Janybek Khan became the sole rule. The early years of the Kazakh Khanate were marked by struggles for control of the steppe against the Uzbek leader Muhammad Shaybani. In 1470, the Kazakhs defeated Muhammad Shaybani at Turkestan (City), forcing the Uzbeks to retreat south to Samarkand and Bukhara.
Baranduk Khan (1480–1511)
In 1480 Karai Khan's son Baranduk became khan. During his reign the Kazakhs were able to muster an army of 50,000 men and to repeatedly defeat the forces of Muhammad Shaybani along the Syr Darya river.
Kasym Khan (1511–1518)
In the manuscript of "Tarikh-Safavi," written in the ancient Persian, Persian historians styled king of Kasim Khan Dasht-i-Kipchak . State steppe, headed by Kazakh Khan, was a real storm for all the neighbors. The manuscript is telling us about how the Kazakh squad of soldiers helped Bukhara Khan Sheibani annex the Iranian city of Khorasan. Kasim Khan committed squad of eight thousand dzhigits and Khorasan was taken.[6]
Extend of Kazakh Khanate
During the reign of Kasym Khan, the territories of the Kazakh Khanate expanded considerably. As Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat later wrote in his Tarikh-i-Rashidi, "Kasym Khan now brought the Dasht-i-Kipchak under his absolute control, in a manner that no one, with the exception of Jochi, had ever done before. His army exceeded a thousand thousand". Kasym Khan instituted the first Kazakh code of laws in 1520, called "Қасым ханның қасқа жолы" (transliterated, "Qasım xannıñ qazqa jolı" — "Bright Road of Kasym Khan"). Kasym Khan also ratified his alliance with the Timurid leader Babur, particularly after the fall of the Shaybanids, and was thus praised by the Mughals and a the populace of Samarqand.
Mumash Khan (1518–1523)
Tahir Khan (1523–1529)
Buidash Khan (1529–1533)
Togym Khan (1533–1538)
Khak-Nazar Khan (1537–1580)
Under Khak-Nazar Khan also known as Haq-Nazar Khan[7] or Ak Nazar Khan,[8] the Kazakh Khanate faced competition from several directions: the Nogai Horde in the west, the Khanate of Sibir in the north, Moghulistan in the east and the Khanate of Bukhara in the south. Initially, Khak-Nazar Khan led the Kazakhs into two major battles against Khanate of Bukhara at Tashkent, then against the Chagatai leader Abdur-Rashid Khan. In 1568, the Kazakhs successfully defeated the Nogai Horde at Emba River and reached Astrakhan, but were repelled by Russian forces. [9] [10] [11]
Shygai Khan (1580–1582)
Tauekel Khan (1582–1598)
Tauekel Khan expanded the control of the Kazakh Khanate over Tashkent, Fergana, Andijan and Samarkand. In 1598, Kazakh forces approached Bukhara and sieged it for 12 days, but afterwards the Bukharian leader Pir-Muhammad and reinforcements under the command of his brother Baki-Muhammad pushed back the Kazakhs. In that battle, Tauekel Khan was wounded, and died during the retreat back to Tashkent.
Esim Khan (1598–1628)
Esim Khan established peace with the Khanate of Bukhara and returned to them control of Samarkand. However, Bukhara was still bitter about the loss of Tashkent, and that led to additional conflicts. Starting with 1607, Khanate of Bukhara engaged in several battles and eventually obtained control of Tashkent.
Salqam-Jangir Khan (1629–1680)
During Salqam-Jangir Khan's reign, a new powerful rival for the Kazakhs appeared in the east, known as the Dzungar Khanate. The Dzungar had recently converted to Mahayana Buddhism and their Erdeni Batur believed he could re establish the 13th century empire of Genghis Khan. However much had changed since the days of Mongol Empire and the Kazakhs like the Kirghiz and the Tatars had almost entirely converted to Islam under the authority Emir Timur, who also reestablished new centers of power such as Samarqand and Bukhara, that had greatly influenced founding of the Kazakh Khanate.
In 1652, the Dzungar leader Erdeni Batur attempted to eliminate the Kazakh Khanate and its inhabitants, he dispatched more than 50,000 Dzungar warriors against the Kazakh Khanate, which refused to submit their liberty to Erdeni Batur. The early stages of their ferocious conflict took place in the Altai Mountains and later battles were fought in the vast steppes. Unable to halt the advance of the Dzungar's the Kazakh Ghazis and their leader Salqam-Jangir Khan's forces were defeated. Unfortunately in the year 1680, Salqam-Jangir Khan died in a battle, protecting his people against the Dzungars.
Tauke Khan (1680–1718)
Tauke Khan was elected as the leader of the Kazakh Khanate, immediately after the death of Salqam-Jangir Khan and he lead the battered Kazakh warriors across the steppes to resist the advancement of the Dzungars. Unfortunately the already weakened Kazakhs were once again faced with defeat at Sayram and soon lost many major cities to the Dzungars.
Tauke Khan, soon sought alliances with the Kirghiz in the south-east who were also facing a Dzungar invasion in their Issyk-Kul Lake region and even the Uyghurs of the Tarim Basin. In 1687, Dzungars besieged Hazrat-e Turkestan and were forced to retreat after the arrival of the Uzbeks led by Subhan Quli Khan.
In 1697, Tsewang Rabtan became the leader of the Dzungar Khanate, and he dispatched several of his commanders to subjugate Tauke Khan and many major wars between the Dzungars and the Kazakh Khanate continued into the years: (1709, 1711—1712, 1714 and 1718). The Kazakh Khanate had indeed been weakened by the confrontation and nearly one-third of their population had been decimated by the ensuing conflict. With Tauke Khan's death in 1718, the Kazakh Khanate splintered into three Jüz — the Great jüz, the Middle jüz and the Little jüz. Each Jüz had its own Khan from this time onward.
Tauke Khan is also known for refining the Kazakh code of laws, and reissuing it under the title "Жеті Жарғы" (transliterated, "Jeti Jarği" —"Seven Charters").
Incidents during the Kazakh Khanate
In 1730, Kazakhs frequent raids and into Russian lands were a constant irritant and resulted in the enslavement of many Tsars subject who were sold to the Kazakh steppe.[12]
1736, urged on by Kirilov, the Kazakhs of the Lesser and Middle Hordes launched raids into the Bashkir lands, killing or capturing many Bashkirs in the Siberian and Nogay districts. [13]
In 1755 Nepliev tried to enlist Kazakh support by ending the reprisal raids and promising that the Kazakhs could keep the Bashkir women and children.[14] and organised the massacre of 10,000 Bashkirs by the Kazakhs during the Bashkir rising.[15]
Darrel P. Kaiser wrote, "Kazakh-Kirghiz tribesmen kidnapped 1573 German settlers in Russia. In 1774 alone and only half were successfully ransomed. The rest were killed or enslaved. "[16]
Ablai Khan (1771–1781)
Ablai Khan was a khan of the Middle jüz who managed to extend his control over the other two jüzes to include all of the Kazakhs. Before he became khan, Ablai participated in the wars against the Dzungars and proved himself a talented organizer and commander. During his actual reign, Ablai Khan did his best to keep Kazakhstan as independent as possible from the encroaching Russian Empire and the Chinese Qing Dynasty. He employed multi-vector foreign policy to protect the tribes from Chinese, Tatar and Zhongar aggressors.
Kenesary Khan (1841–1847)
Kenesary Khan was proclaimed khan of the Kazakhs when the Russian Empire was already fully in control of Kazakhstan, and in fact the Kazakhs were prohibited (by Russian law) from selecting their leader after 1822. Kenesary Khan's popular rise was in defiance of Russian control of Kazakhstan, and his time as khan was spent on continuous fighting with the Russian imperial forces until his death in 1847. Widely regarded as a freedom fighter and popular as a leading voice against the increasingly aggressive and forceful policies of the Russian Empire, Kenesary was ruthless in his actions and unpredictable as a military strategist. By 1846, however, his resistance movement had lost momentum as some of his rich associates had defected to the Russian Empire, having been promised great riches. Betrayed, Kenesary Khan grew increasingly suspicious of the remaining members of the Resistance, possibly further alienating them. In 1847, the Khan of the Kazakhs met his death in Kyrgyz lands during his assault on northern Kyrgyz tribes. He was executed by Ormon Khan, the sarybagysh tribe leader who was subsequently rewarded by the Russians with a larger estate and an official administrative role, but was still widely regarded as a traitor by most nomadic tribes. Kenesary Khan's head was cut off and sent to the Russians.
During the last decade, Kenesary Khan has become increasingly regarded as a hero in Kazakh literature and media. This, however, is a relatively recent trend since more outspoken views were not possible until Kazakhstan was no longer part of the USSR. Today, a monument to Kenesary Khan can be seen on the shore of the river Esil in the capital of Kazakhstan, Astana.
Abolished of slavery
The Russian administration liberated the slaves of the Kazakhs in 1859.[17]At major markets in Bukhara, Samarkand, Karakul, Karshi and Charju, slaves consisted mainly of Iranians and Russians, and some Kalmuks; they were brought there by Turkmen, Kazakh and Kyrgyz[18]. Kazakhs sold Russian children, merchants, into slavery in the Khivan markets. A notorious slave market for captured Russian and Persian slaves was centred in the Khanate of Khiva from the 17th to the 19th century.[19] During the first half of the 19th century alone, some one million Persians, as well as an unknown number of Russians, were enslaved and transported to Central Asian khanates.[20][21] When the Russian troops took Khiva in 1898 there were 29,300 Persian slaves, captured by Turkoman raiders. According of Josef Wolff (Report of 1843–1845) the population of the Khanate of Bukhara was 1,200,000, of whom 200,000 were Persian slaves.[22] At the beginning of the 21st century Chechens and Ingush kept Russian captives as slaves or in slave-like conditions in the mountains of the northern Caucasus.[23]
Slavery remained a real prospect for tens of thousands of Russians annually. Crimean Tatars, Nogais, Kalmyks, and Kazakhs raided Russia annually with the aim of enslaving as many Russians as they could carry away. [24]
See also
References
- ^ Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific By G. Patrick March[1]
- ^ The Kazakhs By Martha Brill Olcott[2]
- ^ Studies in History, Volume 4[3]
- ^ Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making Of A Colonial Empire, 1500-1800 By Michael Khodarkovsky[4]
- ^ Middle East, western Asia, and northern Africa. By Ali Aldosari[5]
- ^ In the Persian manuscript of the "Tarikh-Safavi" revealed new information about the "king of Dasht-i-Kipchak" Kazakh Khan Kasymov [6]
- ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/254780/Haqq-Nazar
- ^ A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia: The Tarikh-i-Rashidi
- ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/254780/Haqq-Nazar
- ^ A History of the Moghuls of Central Asi: The Tarikh-i-Rashidi By Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlt, N. Elias, Sir E Denison Ross page 121
- ^ http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=1pkeWqq7pdgC&pg=PA121&dq=sultan+Abdul+rashid+khan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=poyNUMidMZKZhQen54DoCA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Ak%20nazar%20khan&f=false
- ^ Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific By G. Patrick March[7]
- ^ Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making Of A Colonial Empire, 1500-1800 By Michael Khodarkovsky[8]
- ^ The Kazakhs By Martha Brill Olcott[9]
- ^ Studies in History, Volume 4[10]
- ^ Darrel P. Kaiser (2006). Origin & Ancestors Families Karle & Kaiser Of the German-Russian Volga Colonies. Darrel P. Kaiser. ISBN 978-1-4116-9894-9. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
- ^ "Traditional Institutions in Modern Kazakhstan". Src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ Vol. VI: Towards Contemporary Civilization: From the Mid-Nineteenth Century ... edited by Chahryar Adle, Madhavan K.. Palat, Anara Tabyshalieva[11]
- ^ "Adventure in the East – TIME". Time. 6 April 1959. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ Ichan-Kala, Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Mayhew, Bradley. "Fabled Cities of Central Asia: Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva: Robin Magowan, Vadim E. Gippenreiter". Amazon.com. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ Report of Josef Wolff 1843–1845
- ^ "Slave of the Caucasus". BBC News. 15 March 2002. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5qp_3aL76isC&pg=PA283&dq=Crimean+Tatars,+Nogais,+Kalmyks,+and+Kazakhs+raided+Russia+annually+with+the+aim+of+enslaving+as+many+Russians+as+they+could+carry+away.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VSTyUMDUK8fvsgb9iYCwAw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Crimean%20Tatars%2C%20Nogais%2C%20Kalmyks%2C%20and%20Kazakhs%20raided%20Russia%20annually%20with%20the%20aim%20of%20enslaving%20as%20many%20Russians%20as%20they%20could%20carry%20away.&f=false[ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5qp_3aL76isC&pg=PA283&dq=Crimean+Tatars,+Nogais,+Kalmyks,+and+Kazakhs+raided+Russia+annually+with+the+aim+of+enslaving+as+many+Russians+as+they+could+carry+away.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VSTyUMDUK8fvsgb9iYCwAw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Crimean%20Tatars%2C%20Nogais%2C%20Kalmyks%2C%20and%20Kazakhs%20raided%20Russia%20annually%20with%20the%20aim%20of%20enslaving%20as%20many%20Russians%20as%20they%20could%20carry%20away.&f=false]
Kazakh Khanate is described in historical texts such as the Tarikh-i-Rashidi (1541–1545) by Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, and Zhamigi-at-Tavarikh (1598–1599) by Kadyrgali Kosynuli Zhalayir.