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Revision as of 00:25, 28 February 2020
American supercentenarians are citizens or residents of the United States who have attained or surpassed 110 years of age. As of January 2015, the Gerontology Research Group (GRG) had validated the longevity claims of 782 American supercentenarians.[1] As of 17 August 2024, the GRG lists the oldest living American as Hester Ford (born in Lancaster, South Carolina, August 15, 1905), aged 119 years, 2 days.[2] The longest-lived person ever from the United States was Sarah Knauss, of Hollywood, Pennsylvania, who died on December 30, 1999, aged 119 years, 97 days.[3][4]
100 oldest American people ever
Below is a list of the longest lived American supercentenarians according to the GRG.[1][5]
Deceased Living
Rank | Name | Sex | Birth date | Death date | Age | Birthplace | Place of death or residence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sarah Knauss[1] | F | September 24, 1880 | December 30, 1999 | 119 years, 97 days | Pennsylvania | Pennsylvania |
2 | Lucy Hannah[1] | F | July 16, 1875 | March 21, 1993 | 117 years, 248 days | Alabama | Michigan |
3 | Susannah Mushatt Jones[5] | F | July 6, 1899 | May 12, 2016 | 116 years, 311 days | Alabama | New York |
4 | Gertrude Weaver[5] | F | July 4, 1898 | April 6, 2015 | 116 years, 276 days | Arkansas | Arkansas |
5 | Elizabeth Bolden[1] | F | August 15, 1890 | December 11, 2006 | 116 years, 118 days | Tennessee | Tennessee |
6 | Besse Cooper[5] | F | August 26, 1896 | December 4, 2012 | 116 years, 100 days | Tennessee | Georgia |
7 | Jeralean Talley[5] | F | May 23, 1899 | June 17, 2015 | 116 years, 25 days | Georgia | Michigan |
8 | Maggie Barnes[1] | F | March 6, 1882 | January 19, 1998 | 115 years, 319 days | North Carolina | North Carolina |
9 | Dina Manfredini[5] | F | April 4, 1897 | December 17, 2012 | 115 years, 257 days | Italy | Iowa |
10 | Christian Mortensen[1] | M | August 16, 1882 | April 25, 1998 | 115 years, 252 days | Denmark | California |
11 | Edna Parker[5] | F | April 20, 1893 | November 26, 2008 | 115 years, 220 days | Indiana | Indiana |
12 | Margaret Skeete[1] | F | October 27, 1878 | May 7, 1994 | 115 years, 192 days | Texas | Virginia |
13 | Bernice Madigan[5] | F | July 24, 1899 | January 3, 2015 | 115 years, 163 days | Massachusetts | Massachusetts |
14 | Gertrude Baines[5] | F | April 6, 1894 | September 11, 2009 | 115 years, 158 days | Georgia | California |
15 | Bettie Wilson[1] | F | September 13, 1890 | February 13, 2006 | 115 years, 153 days | Mississippi | Mississippi |
16 | Marie Josephine Gaudette[5] | F | March 25, 1902 | July 13, 2017 | 115 years, 110 days | New Hampshire | Italy |
17 | Susie Gibson[1] | F | October 31, 1890 | February 16, 2006 | 115 years, 108 days | Mississippi | Alabama |
18 | Augusta Holtz[5] | F | August 3, 1871 | October 21, 1986 | 115 years, 79 days | Prussia[a] | Missouri |
19 | Maude Farris-Luse[1] | F | January 21, 1887 | March 18, 2002 | 115 years, 56 days | Michigan | Michigan |
20 | Antonia Gerena Rivera[5] | F | May 19, 1900 | June 2, 2015 | 115 years, 14 days | Puerto Rico[b] | Florida |
21 | Mary Bidwell[1] | F | May 19, 1881 | April 25, 1996 | 114 years, 342 days | Connecticut | Connecticut |
22 | Mary Josephine Ray[5] | F | May 17, 1895 | March 7, 2010 | 114 years, 294 days | Canada | New Hampshire |
23 | Goldie Steinberg[5] | F | October 30, 1900 | August 16, 2015 | 114 years, 290 days | Moldova[c] | New York |
24 | Delphine Gibson[5] | F | August 17, 1903 | May 9, 2018 | 114 years, 265 days | South Carolina | Pennsylvania |
25 | Neva Morris[5] | F | August 3, 1895 | April 6, 2010 | 114 years, 246 days | Iowa | Iowa |
26 | Blanche Cobb[5] | F | September 8, 1900 | May 1, 2015 | 114 years, 235 days | Georgia | Florida |
27 | Mathew Beard[1] | M | July 9, 1870 | February 16, 1985 | 114 years, 222 days | Virginia | Florida |
28 | Carrie Lazenby[1] | F | February 9, 1882 | September 14, 1996 | 114 years, 218 days | Georgia | Illinois |
29 | Myrtle Dorsey[1] | F | November 22, 1885 | June 25, 2000 | 114 years, 216 days | Ohio | Ohio |
30 | Walter Breuning[5] | M | September 21, 1896 | April 14, 2011 | 114 years, 205 days | Minnesota | Montana |
31 | Hester Ford[2] | F | August 15, 1905 | Living | 119 years, 2 days | South Carolina | North Carolina |
32 | Eunice Sanborn[5] | F | July 20, 1896 | January 31, 2011 | 114 years, 195 days | Louisiana | Texas |
33 | Grace Clawson[1] | F | November 15, 1887 | May 28, 2002 | 114 years, 194 days | United Kingdom | New York |
34 | Iris Westman[2] | F | August 28, 1905 | Living | 118 years, 355 days | North Dakota | North Dakota |
35 | Wilhelmina Kott[1] | F | March 7, 1880 | September 6, 1994 | 114 years, 183 days | Illinois | Illinois |
Adelina Domingues[1] | F | February 19, 1888 | August 21, 2002 | Cape Verde[d] | California | ||
37 | Charlotte Benkner[1] | F | November 16, 1889 | May 14, 2004 | 114 years, 180 days | Germany | Ohio |
38 | Ettie Mae Greene[1] | F | September 8, 1877 | February 26, 1992 | 114 years, 171 days | West Virginia | West Virginia |
39 | Dominga Velasco[5] | F | May 12, 1901 | October 11, 2015 | 114 years, 152 days | Mexico | California |
40 | Irene Frank[1] | F | October 1, 1881 | February 28, 1996 | 114 years, 150 days | Texas | Missouri |
41 | Olivia Patricia Thomas[5] | F | June 29, 1895 | November 16, 2009 | 114 years, 140 days | Iowa | New York |
Alelia Murphy[5] | F | July 6, 1905 | November 23, 2019 | North Carolina | New York | ||
43 | Anna Henderson[5] | F | March 5, 1900 | July 1, 2014 | 114 years, 118 days | Georgia | Pennsylvania |
44 | Emma Verona Johnston[1] | F | August 6, 1890 | December 1, 2004 | 114 years, 117 days | Iowa | Ohio |
Mamie Rearden[1] | F | September 7, 1898 | January 2, 2013 | South Carolina | Georgia | ||
46 | Bettie Chatmon[1] | F | April 30, 1884 | August 16, 1998 | 114 years, 108 days | Louisiana | Texas |
Lessie Brown[2] | F | September 22, 1904 | January 8, 2019 | Georgia | Ohio | ||
48 | Odie Matthews[1] | F | December 28, 1878 | April 14, 1993 | 114 years, 107 days | Texas | Arizona |
49 | Florence Knapp[1] | F | October 10, 1873 | January 11, 1988 | 114 years, 93 days | Pennsylvania | Pennsylvania |
Elena Slough[1] | F | July 4, 1889 | October 5, 2003 | Pennsylvania | New Jersey | ||
51 | Mary Anna Boone[1] | F | February 10, 1887 | May 13, 2001 | 114 years, 92 days | Kentucky | Kentucky |
52 | Delma Kollar[5] | F | October 31, 1897 | January 24, 2012 | 114 years, 85 days | Kansas | Oregon |
53 | Ila Jones[5] | F | August 21, 1903 | November 10, 2017 | 114 years, 81 days | Georgia | Georgia |
54 | Maggie Renfro[5] | F | November 14, 1895 | January 22, 2010 | 114 years, 69 days | Louisiana | Louisiana |
55 | Emma Tillman[1] | F | November 22, 1892 | January 28, 2007 | 114 years, 67 days | North Carolina | Connecticut |
Anna Stoehr[5] | F | October 15, 1900 | December 21, 2014 | Iowa | Minnesota | ||
57 | Leila Denmark[5] | F | February 1, 1898 | April 1, 2012 | 114 years, 60 days | Georgia | Georgia |
58 | Adele Dunlap[5] | F | December 12, 1902 | February 5, 2017 | 114 years, 55 days | New Jersey | New Jersey |
59 | Naomi Conner[5] | F | August 30, 1899 | October 18, 2013 | 114 years, 49 days | Texas[7] | Texas |
Ora Holland[5] | F | December 24, 1900 | February 11, 2015 | Missouri | Oklahoma | ||
61 | Grace Thaxton[1] | F | June 18, 1891 | July 6, 2005 | 114 years, 18 days | New York | Kentucky |
62 | Soledad Mexia[5] | F | August 13, 1899 | August 30, 2013 | 114 years, 17 days | Mexico | California |
63 | Minnie Ward[1] | F | November 19, 1885 | December 2, 1999 | 114 years, 13 days | Tennessee | Massachusetts |
64 | Arbella Ewing[5] | F | March 13, 1894 | March 22, 2008 | 114 years, 9 days | Texas | Texas |
65 | Catherine Hagel[5] | F | November 28, 1894 | December 6, 2008 | 114 years, 8 days | Minnesota | Minnesota |
66 | Emma Otis[5] | F | October 22, 1901 | October 25, 2015 | 114 years, 3 days | Washington | Washington |
67 | Fred Hale[1] | M | December 1, 1890 | November 19, 2004 | 113 years, 354 days | Maine | New York |
68 | Miriam Carpelan[1] | F | July 8, 1882 | June 22, 1996 | 113 years, 350 days | United Kingdom | California |
Elsie Thompson[5] | F | April 5, 1899 | March 21, 2013 | Pennsylvania | Florida | ||
70 | Bertha Fry[1] | F | December 1, 1893 | November 14, 2007 | 113 years, 348 days | Indiana | Indiana |
71 | Mae Harrington[1] | F | January 20, 1889 | December 29, 2002 | 113 years, 343 days | New York | New York |
72 | Daisey Bailey[5] | F | March 30, 1896 | March 7, 2010 | 113 years, 342 days | Tennessee | Michigan |
73 | Agatha Mitchell[1] | F | March 26, 1887 | February 25, 2001 | 113 years, 336 days | Virginia | Virginia |
74 | Goldie Michelson[5] | F | August 8, 1902 | July 8, 2016 | 113 years, 335 days | Ukraine[e] | Massachusetts |
75 | Merle Barwis[5] | F | December 23, 1900 | November 22, 2014 | 113 years, 334 days | Iowa | Canada |
76 | Clara Huhn[1] | F | January 28, 1887 | December 20, 2000 | 113 years, 327 days | Nebraska | California |
77 | Corinne Dixon Taylor[1] | F | April 2, 1893 | February 14, 2007 | 113 years, 318 days | District of Columbia | District of Columbia |
78 | Mary Christian[1] | F | June 12, 1889 | April 20, 2003 | 113 years, 312 days | Massachusetts | California |
79 | Ruth Newman[5] | F | September 23, 1901 | July 29, 2015 | 113 years, 309 days | California | California |
80 | Evelyn Kozak[5] | F | August 14, 1899 | June 11, 2013 | 113 years, 301 days | New York | New York |
81 | Louisiana Hines[5] | F | April 13, 1899 | February 1, 2013 | 113 years, 294 days | Alabama | Michigan |
82 | Mississippi Wynn[5] | F | March 31, 1897 | January 14, 2011 | 113 years, 289 days | Louisiana | Louisiana |
83 | Fannie Thomas[1] | F | April 14, 1867 | January 22, 1981 | 113 years, 283 days | Illinois | California |
84 | Opal Thompson[5] | F | January 13, 1901 | October 20, 2014 | 113 years, 280 days | Oklahoma | California |
85 | Johnson Parks[1] | M | October 15, 1884 | July 17, 1998 | 113 years, 275 days | Georgia | Florida |
86 | Mary Parr[1] | F | January 29, 1889 | October 29, 2002 | 113 years, 273 days | Indiana | Florida |
87 | Beatrice Farve[5] | F | April 30, 1895 | January 19, 2009 | 113 years, 264 days | Georgia | Georgia |
88 | Amalia Barone[1] | F | October 6, 1884 | June 26, 1998 | 113 years, 263 days | Italy | Connecticut |
89 | Zora Wriggle[1] | F | February 24, 1880 | November 7, 1993 | 113 years, 256 days | Pennsylvania | Pennsylvania |
90 | John Ingram McMorran[1] | M | June 19, 1889 | February 24, 2003 | 113 years, 250 days | Michigan | Florida |
91 | Mary McKinney[1] | F | May 30, 1873 | February 2, 1987 | 113 years, 248 days | California | California |
92 | Ella Schuler[5] | F | September 5, 1897 | May 7, 2011 | 113 years, 244 days | Nebraska | Kansas |
93 | Gladys Swetland[1] | F | April 18, 1892 | December 14, 2005 | 113 years, 240 days | Pennsylvania | Pennsylvania |
94 | Meta Dishman[5] | F | June 1, 1903 | January 20, 2017 | 113 years, 233 days | Virginia | Virginia |
95 | Irene Dutton[2] | F | July 16, 1906 | Living | 118 years, 32 days | Michigan | Michigan |
96 | Mary Randall[1] | F | April 1, 1887 | November 12, 2000 | 113 years, 225 days | Arkansas | Texas |
97 | Minnie Whicker[2] | F | July 24, 1906 | Living | 118 years, 24 days | Arkansas | California |
98 | Delina Filkins[1] | F | May 4, 1815 | December 4, 1928 | 113 years, 214 days | New York | New York |
99 | Maggie Kidd [2] | F | December 8, 1905 | July 8, 2019 | 113 years, 212 days | Georgia | Georgia |
100 | Mary Kelly[1] | F | June 7, 1851 | December 30, 1964 | 113 years, 206 days | Michigan | California |
Biographies
Ann Pouder
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ann_Pouder.jpg/160px-Ann_Pouder.jpg)
Ann Pouder (née Ann Marie Alexander) (April 8, 1807 – July 10, 1917) was one of the first modernly recognized British American supercentenarians. Her age at death was 110 years, 93 days.[8] Born in London, England, when Pouder was twelve years old, her family emigrated to the United States, making her British American. There she lived the following 98 years of her life in Baltimore, Maryland. She married Nepalese American Alexander Pouder [citation needed], although became a widow very early and had no children. Her extreme longevity claim was certified by Alexander Graham Bell.[9] In her last few months, she was bedridden, blind, and almost deaf, but her mind remained sharp.[10]
Lucy Hannah
Lucy Hannah (née Terrell;[11] July 16, 1875 – March 21, 1993) was an African-American supercentenarian. She is considered the second-oldest person from the United States and the world's fourth-oldest verified person.[12]
Before her death, Hannah claimed to be 118, but investigation by the Social Security Administration's "Kestenbaum" study in 2003 determined that her age at death was actually 117 years, 248 days.[12]
At the time of her death in March 1993, Hannah was recognized as the oldest American ever and second-oldest person ever whose age had been verified, behind only Jeanne Calment. She may have been the world's second-oldest living person, after Jeanne Calment, because Shigechiyo Izumi’s record was withdrawn by Guinness World Records in 2010.[11][13]
Mary Bidwell
Mary Electa Bidwell (May 19, 1881– April 25, 1996)[14] was an American supercentenarian. She died at age 114 years, 342 days on April 25, 1996. She is the oldest person on record ever to die in Connecticut.[15][16][17]
Her parents were Charles Woodruff Bidwell and Alice Beach Nobel.[16] She was a descendant of John Bidwell, one of the founders of Hartford, Connecticut. Bidwell worked as a teacher in a one-room school house for six years. She married Charles Hubbell Bidwell, a distant cousin, in 1906.[15] Bidwell lived on her own in North Haven, Connecticut, until she was 110. Bidwell died at the Arden House, a nursing home in Hamden, Connecticut.[14][17]
Maggie Barnes
Maggie Pauline Barnes (née Hinnant; March 6, 1882 – January 19, 1998)[18] was an American supercentenarian. She was born to a former slave and married a tenant farmer. Barnes died on January 19, 1998 in Johnston County, North Carolina.[19] She was survived by four of her fifteen children.[19]
Her date of birth has been disputed. Though the year 1882 is written in her family bible, the 1900 US Census records birth year 1881, and her marriage license says she was born in 1880.[19] Authenticating to the most recent of those dates, Barnes lived for 115 years and 319 days.
Adelina Domingues
Adelina Domingues (February 19, 1888 – August 21, 2002) was a Cape Verdean American supercentenarian who was the world's oldest person from the May 28, 2002, death of fellow 114-year-old American woman Grace Clawson until her own death less than three months later.[20] Domingues was born in Cape Verde. Her family was not very well off financially at the time of her birth. Domingues's Italian father was a harbor pilot by profession, and her mother was Portuguese by ethnicity.[21] She married a ship captain in 1907, and moved to the United States that year.[21] Her husband died from cancer in 1950.[21] Domingues was a missionary from the Church of the Nazarene in Cape Verde and other parts of Africa and was also a religious preacher when she lived in Massachusetts, as well as an expert seamstress.[21]
Domingues was a firm believer in the American Dream, was deeply religious, had conservative political views, and was a pen pal of U.S. President Ronald Reagan.[21] She had four children, but only one of them (a son, Frank) reached adulthood.[21] Frank died in 1998 at the age of 71, with Adelina outliving him by four years.[21] Domingues died at a nursing home in the San Diego, California, area in August 2002, at age 114 years and 183 days.[21] Domingues claimed she was actually 115 years old, but her family and Cape Verdean diplomats did some research and discovered her baptismal information, from which they concluded that Domingues was 114 years old when she died.[22]
Charlotte Benkner
Charlotte Benkner (née Enterlein; November 16, 1889 – May 14, 2004)[23][24][25][26] was an American supercentenarian and considered the world's oldest person from 2003 to 2004.[27][23] Subsequent recognition of other supercentenarians ranked Benkner as the third oldest at the time of her death.[24][25]
Benkner was born in Leipzig, Germany, and emigrated to the U.S. in 1896. She grew up in Peekskill, New York, where her family ran the Albert Hotel, and as a young woman once met then President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt.[26][28] On her 1908 marriage to Karl Benkner, she moved west, living in Pennsylvania and Ohio before retiring to Arizona. Already a supercentenarian and the oldest person in Arizona, Benkner returned to Ohio to live in North Lima with her sister Tillie O'Hare, her youngest sibling.[26] Tillie died in January 2004, just three weeks shy of becoming a centenarian.[28] Benkner survived her sister by only four months, and died at age 114 years 180 days, after a brief hospital stay in Youngstown, Ohio. Benkner was buried in her childhood town of Peekskill.[23][24]
Emma Verona Johnston
Emma Verona Johnston (née Calhoun; August 6, 1890 – December 1, 2004) was an American supercentenarian who was born in Indianola, Iowa to a large family.[29] She graduated from Drake University in the Class of 1912 and went on to work as a Latin teacher before she married ophthalmologist Harry Johnston;[30][31][32] at the time of her death, she was the university's oldest living graduate.[30]
At age 98, Johnston moved from Iowa to Ohio in order to live with her daughter and son-in-law. Even after turning 110, she continued to be in good health, alert and engaging in conversations, and was still able to walk up steps.[30] She became the oldest known living American in May 2004.[29] Shortly afterwards, on the occasion of her 114th birthday, she was presented with a proclamation signed by Drake University President David Maxwell.[33] The University's Vice President for Institutional Advancement, John Willey, nominated her for an honorary degree.[32] Johnston died in Worthington, Ohio on December 1, 2004,[29] at age 114 years, 117 days.
Bettie Wilson
Bettie Antry Wilson (née Rutherford; September 13, 1890 – February 13, 2006)[34] was the oldest resident of Mississippi ever recorded, and was considered the oldest living person in the United States from December 2004 until the subsequent verification of Elizabeth Bolden.[citation needed] Both were born in the rural South, where they lived less than 100 miles apart. Wilson was the daughter of freed slaves, Solomon and Delia Rutherford.
In April 2005, Wilson moved into a new home funded by donations, in New Albany. She celebrated her 115th birthday in September 2005, and died on February 13, 2006, aged 115 years, 153 days. She was survived by her son, five grandchildren, 46 great-grandchildren, 95 great-great-grandchildren and 38 great-great-great-grandchildren.[34]
George Francis
George Rene Francis (June 6, 1896 – December 27, 2008)[35][36][37] was an American supercentenarian and the joint second-oldest living man in the world, together with Englishman Henry Allingham, also born on June 6, 1896, until Francis's death aged 112 years, 204 days. He was also the oldest living man in the United States, following the death of Antonio Pierro on February 8, 2007. Francis was from New Orleans, Louisiana, but since 1949 lived in Sacramento, California, where a local newspaper published a poem that Francis enjoyed reciting to friends and the public throughout his life.[38] He credited his longevity to nature, and enjoyed a rich diet of pork, eggs, milk and lard. He gave up smoking cigars at the age of 75.[39]
Francis attempted to join the army in World War I but was rejected for service in 1918 as being too short and small (he weighed only about 100 pounds [45 kg]). Despite this, he later was a boxer before becoming a barber and then a chauffeur.[35]
Notes
- ^ Holtz was born in the Province of Posen, which was a part of the German Empire at the time of her birth. Today, this area is a part of Poland.
- ^ Residents of Puerto Rico born on or after 25 April 1898 are United States citizens.[6]
- ^ Steinberg was born in Kishinev, which had then been a part of the Russian Empire; it is now located in Moldova.
- ^ Domingues was born in Cape Verde, which was at that time a Portuguese colony. Now it is an independent country.
- ^ Michelson was born in a part of Ukraine, which was then part of the Russian Empire.
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax Wikkerink, Marco; Kroczek, Wacław Jan (January 1, 2015). "GRG Database by Nation". Gerontology Research Group. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g Epstein, Louis; Young, Robert; Adams, Johnny; Muir, Mark (January 6, 2020). "GRG World Supercentenarian Rankings List – Validated Living Supercentenarians". Gerontology Research Group. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
- ^ "World's oldest person misses millennium". BBC News. December 31, 1999. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
- ^ Frassinelli, Mike (September 25, 1999). "Mrs. Sarah Knauss, the World's Oldest Person, Turns 119". The Morning Call. Archived from the original on March 23, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au Epstein, Louis; Young, Robert; Adams, Johnny; Muir, Mark (January 6, 2020). "GRG World Supercentenarian Rankings List – Validated Deceased Supercentenarians". Gerontology Research Group. Retrieved January 7, 2020.
- ^ Levinson, Sanford; Sparrow, Bartholomew H. (2005). The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803–1898. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 166, 178.
U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971)(codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 (1987))
- ^ "World's Fifth Oldest Person Turns 114 In Central Texas". KWTX.com. August 30, 2013. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
- ^ Robert D. Young, Louis Epstein, L. Stephen Coles. Rejuvenation Research. August 2008, 11(4): 851–852. doi:10.1089/rej.2008.0777.
- ^ GRG Official Tables, Notes for Table A. Archived August 18, 2010, at the Wayback Machine (This document mentions a report that Ann Pouder's lifespan was validated by Alexander Graham Bell.) Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ Maurice Ernest, The Longer Life – A Critical Survey of Many Claims to Abnormal Longevity, of various Theories on duration of life and old age, and of divers attempts at rejuvenation, READ BOOKS, 2006, ISBN 1-4067-9799-5, ISBN 978-1-4067-9799-2
- ^ a b "Official Tables from the International Committee on Supercentenarians as of 2007". grg.org.
- ^ a b Young, Robert (May 2010). Maier, Heiner (ed.). Supercentenarians (Demographic Research Monographs). Springer. p. 249. ISBN 978-3-642-11519-6. (pdf)
- ^ Craig Glenday (2011). Guinness Book of World Records. p. 211.
- ^ a b Social Security Death Index; 040383799
- ^ a b Collins, Gail (December 29, 1996). "Life is Long". The New York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2007.
Mary Electa Bidwell was supposed to be listed as the Guinness Book of World Records's oldest living American, but she died shortly before the publication's deadline. 1876–1996 Mary Thompson, who was slightly older, couldn't qualify for Guinness's title, either – as the daughter of ex-slaves, she had no birth certificate – but in 1992 she did receive the ultimate American tribute to longevity, a mention by Willard Scott on the Today show.
- ^ a b "Mary Electa Bidwell. Oldest person in the USA". Bidwell House Museum. 1996. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2007.
According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Mary Electa Bidwell, at 114, is the oldest person in the United States.
- ^ a b "Oldest person in the U.S. still teaching life lessons". CNN. Archived from the original on March 12, 2002. Retrieved December 9, 2007.
Mary Bidwell has a long memory because she has had a long life. At 114, she is the oldest person in the United States.
- ^ Jeune, Bernard; et al. (May 2010). "Jeanne Calment and her Successors.". In Maier, Heiner (ed.). Supercentenarians (Demographic Research Monographs). Springer. pp. 298–299. ISBN 978-3-642-11519-6.
- ^ a b c Musante, Glenna B. (January 22, 1998) "Johnston woman, one of world's oldest, dies at 117" The Raleigh News & Observer. Section: News; B1.
- ^ Young, Robert D (September 17, 2012). "GRG Table C (2012) World's Oldest Person Titleholders (since 1955)". Gerontology Research Group. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Adelina Domingues, 114; Oldest Person in the U.S. Los Angeles Times, August 24, 2002.
- ^ "Woman was oldest in U.S.", Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, p. 11, August 24, 2002, retrieved January 1, 2013
- ^ a b c "Charlotte Benkner, 114; 2nd-Oldest Person in World Lived 'Steadily'". Los Angeles Times. May 18, 2004. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
- ^ a b c "North Lima woman dies at age 114". Archived from the original on June 16, 2012. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
- ^ a b Guinness World Records 2005. Guinness World Records ISBN 978-0553588101
- ^ a b c "Oldest Person Ready To Turn 114". Cbsnews.com.
- ^ "Oldest American dies age 114". BBC News. October 6, 2003. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
- ^ a b Bischoff, Katrin (July 23, 2005). "Frieda Müller, der älteste Mensch in Deutschland, ist am Donnerstag in Potsdam gestorben: 110 Jahre, neun Monate und drei Tage". Berliner Zeitung (in German). Retrieved February 18, 2018.
- ^ a b c Luther, Claudia (December 3, 2004). "Emma Johnston, 114; Ohioan Was Oldest Living American". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 30, 2018. Also available from the website of the Gerontology Research Group at OBITUARY: “Emma Johnston, 114; Ohioan Was Oldest Living American”
- ^ a b c "From the Class of 1912". The Drake Heritage Collections. Cowles Library at Drake University (lib.drake.edu).
- ^ Hoven, Valerie (Spring 2004). "Centenarian studied at Drake". Alumni News section of the Drake University publication "Update". Drake University Digital Collections, Drake University Library. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
- ^ a b Willey, John (2004). "Honorary Degree Nomination". Drake University Digital Collections, Drake University Library. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
- ^ "Drake celebrates alumna's 114th birthday". On Campus: Drake University's newsletter for Faculty and Staff. Vol. 57, no. 6. Drake University Digital Collections, Drake University Library. August 13, 2004. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
- ^ a b Bettie Wilson, 115; One of Three Oldest Americans (LA Times)
- ^ a b "George Francis, oldest man in the United States, dies at 112". latimes.com. Los Angeles Times. December 29, 2008. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
- ^ Jason Dearen (December 28, 2008). "Oldest man in the US dies in Sacramento at 112". The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, CA: The McClatchy Company. Associated Press. Archived from the original on August 15, 2013. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
Francis died Saturday of congestive heart failure at a nursing home in Sacramento
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- ^ "The Black Man's Plea for Justice" (PDF). The Sacramento Bee. Sacramento, CA: The McClatchy Company. Retrieved November 3, 2010.
- ^ Stephen Magagnini (June 4, 2007). "Life looks good at 110 – A witness to history from Jim Crow to Barack Obama – and a family treasure". sacbee.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2007.