75.118.57.139 (talk) |
Iowaindiangirl (talk | contribs) revived some earlier-version material, subsequently lost, whose loss has hurt intelligibility for laymen readers, & some spacing |
||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
'''North American archaeological periods ''' divides the history of [[pre-Columbian]] North America into a number of named successive eras or periods, from the earliest |
'''North American archaeological periods ''' divides the history of [[pre-Columbian]] North America into a number of named, successive eras or periods, from the earliest-known human habitation through to the early Colonial period which followed the [[European colonization of the Americas]]. |
||
==Stage classification== |
==Stage classification== |
||
One of the most enduring classifications of archaeological periods & cultures was established in [[Gordon Willey]] and [[Philip Phillips (archaeologist)|Philip Phillips]]' 1958 book ''Method and Theory in American Archaeology |
One of the most enduring classifications of archaeological periods & cultures was established in [[Gordon Willey]] and [[Philip Phillips (archaeologist)|Philip Phillips]]' 1958 book ''Method and Theory in American Archaeology''. They divided the archaeological record in the Americas into 5 phases, only three of which applied to North America.<ref>{{cite book | author=Gordon R. Willey and Philip Phillips | title=Method and Theory in American Archaeology | publisher= University of Chicago Press| year=1957 | isbn=978-0-226-89888-9}}</ref> The use of these divisions has diminished in most of North America owing to the development of local classifications with a more elaborate time breakdown.<ref>{{cite book|title=Archaeology of prehistoric native America: an encyclopedia|first1=Guy E|last1=Gibbon|first2=Kenneth M |last2=Ames|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|pages=638–639|isbn=0-8153-0725-X}}</ref> |
||
:1. The [[Paleo-Indians|Paleo-Indians stage]] and/or [[Lithic stage]] |
:1. The [[Paleo-Indians|Paleo-Indians stage]] and/or [[Lithic stage]] |
||
:2. The [[Archaic stage]] |
:2. The [[Archaic stage]] |
||
:3. [[Post-archaic stage]] - At this point the North |
:3. [[Post-archaic stage]] - At this point, the North American classifications system differs from the rest of the Americas. |
||
For more |
For more details on the five major stages, which are still in use in Mesoamerican archaeology, see [[Mesoamerican chronology]] and [[Archaeology of the Americas]]. |
||
== Table of archaeological periods North America == |
== Table of archaeological periods North America == |
||
Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
| rowspan="5" colspan="2"|'''[[Paleo Indians]] ([[Lithic stage]])''' <br /> (18,000 |
| rowspan="5" colspan="2"|'''[[Paleo Indians]] ([[Lithic stage]])''' <br /> (18,000 BC - 8000 BC) |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Clovis culture]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Clovis culture]] |
||
| c. 13,500 |
| c. 13,500 BC - 11,000 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Western Fluted Point Tradition]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Western Fluted Point Tradition]] |
||
| c. 11,200 |
| c. 11,200 BC - 9000 BC, California |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Post Pattern]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Post Pattern]] |
||
| c. 11,000 |
| c. 11,000 BC - 7000 BC, NW California |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Folsom tradition]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Folsom tradition]] |
||
| c. 9000 |
| c. 9000 BC - 8000 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Dalton Tradition]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Dalton Tradition]] |
||
| c. 8500 |
| c. 8500 BC - 7900 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="28"|'''[[Archaic period in the Americas|Archaic period]], ([[Archaic stage]])''' <br /> (8000 |
| rowspan="28"|'''[[Archaic period in the Americas|Archaic period]], ([[Archaic stage]])''' <br /> (8000 BC - 1000 BC) |
||
| rowspan="9"|by Time Period |
| rowspan="9"|by Time Period |
||
| rowspan="4"| [[Early Archaic]]<br />8000 |
| rowspan="4"| [[Early Archaic]]<br />8000 BC - 6000 BC |
||
| [[Plano cultures]] |
| [[Plano cultures]] |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Paleo-Arctic Tradition]] |
| [[Paleo-Arctic Tradition]] |
||
| 8000 |
| 8000 BC - 5000 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Maritime Archaic]] |
| [[Maritime Archaic]] |
||
Line 47: | Line 47: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="2"| [[Middle Archaic]]<br />6000 |
| rowspan="2"| [[Middle Archaic]]<br />6000 BC - 3000 BC |
||
| [[Chihuahua tradition]] |
| [[Chihuahua tradition]] |
||
| c. 6000 |
| c. 6000 BC - c. AD 250 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Watson Brake]] and Lower Mississippi Valley sites |
| [[Watson Brake]] and Lower Mississippi Valley sites |
||
| c. 3500 |
| c. 3500 BC - 2800 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="3"| [[Late Archaic]]<br />3000 |
| rowspan="3"| [[Late Archaic]]<br />3000 BC - 1000 BC |
||
| [[Arctic Small Tool tradition]] |
| [[Arctic Small Tool tradition]] |
||
| 2500 |
| 2500 BC - 800 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Aleutian tradition]] |
| [[Aleutian tradition]] |
||
| 2500 |
| 2500 BC - 1800 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Poverty Point culture]] |
| [[Poverty Point culture]] |
||
| 2200 |
| 2200 BC - 700 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="19"|by Location |
| rowspan="19"|by Location |
||
Line 77: | Line 77: | ||
| rowspan="1"| [[Great Lakes]] |
| rowspan="1"| [[Great Lakes]] |
||
| [[Old Copper Complex]] |
| [[Old Copper Complex]] |
||
| c. 4000 |
| c. 4000 BC - c. 1000 BC |
||
| [[Red Ochre people]] |
| [[Red Ochre people]] |
||
| c. 1000 |
| c. 1000 BC - 100 BC |
||
| [[Glacial kame culture]] |
| [[Glacial kame culture]] |
||
| c. 8000 |
| c. 8000 BC - 1000 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1"| [[Mesoamerica]] |
| rowspan="1"| [[Mesoamerica]] |
||
Line 89: | Line 89: | ||
| rowspan="5"| [[Southwest United States|Southwest]]: [[Southwestern Archaic Traditions]] |
| rowspan="5"| [[Southwest United States|Southwest]]: [[Southwestern Archaic Traditions]] |
||
| [[Archaic – Early Basketmaker Era]] |
| [[Archaic – Early Basketmaker Era]] |
||
| c. 7000 |
| c. 7000 BC - c. 1500 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[San Dieguito-Pinto tradition]] |
| [[San Dieguito-Pinto tradition]] |
||
| c. 6500 |
| c. 6500 BC - c. AD 200 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Chihuahua tradition|Chihuahua (Southeastern) Tradition]] |
| [[Chihuahua tradition|Chihuahua (Southeastern) Tradition]] |
||
| c. 6000 |
| c. 6000 BC - c. AD 250 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Oshara Tradition|Oshara (Northern) Tradition]] |
| [[Oshara Tradition|Oshara (Northern) Tradition]] |
||
| c. 5500 |
| c. 5500 BC - c. AD 600 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Cochise Tradition]] |
| [[Cochise Tradition]] |
||
| 5000 |
| 5000 BC - 200 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="2"| [[California]] |
| rowspan="2"| [[California]] |
||
| [[Millingstone Horizon]] (or [[Encinitas Tradition]]) |
| [[Millingstone Horizon]] (or [[Encinitas Tradition]]) |
||
| c. 5500 |
| c. 5500 BC - 1500 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Intermediate Horizon]] (or [[Campbell Tradition]]) |
| [[Intermediate Horizon]] (or [[Campbell Tradition]]) |
||
| c. 1500 |
| c. 1500 BC - AD 1000 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="7"| [[Southeastern United States|Southeast]] |
| rowspan="7"| [[Southeastern United States|Southeast]] |
||
| [[Elliott's Point complex]] |
| [[Elliott's Point complex]] |
||
| 2000 |
| 2000 BC - 700 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Mount Royal culture]] |
| [[Mount Royal culture]] |
||
| 5000 |
| 5000 BC - 2000 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Norwood culture]] |
| [[Norwood culture]] |
||
| 2000 |
| 2000 BC - 500 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Orange culture]] |
| [[Orange culture]] |
||
| 2000 |
| 2000 BC - 500 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Poverty Point culture]] |
| [[Poverty Point culture]] |
||
| 2200 |
| 2200 BC - 700 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Stallings Island|Stallings Island (St. Simons) culture]] |
| [[Stallings Island|Stallings Island (St. Simons) culture]] |
||
| 2500 |
| 2500 BC - 1000 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Thoms Creek culture]] |
| [[Thoms Creek culture]] |
||
| 2500 |
| 2500 BC - 1000 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="53"|'''[[Post-archaic period]], (incorporating [[Formative stage|Formative]], [[Classic stage|Classic]] and [[Post-Classic stage|post-Classic]] stages)''' <br /> (1000 |
| rowspan="53"|'''[[Post-archaic period]], (incorporating [[Formative stage|Formative]], [[Classic stage|Classic]] and [[Post-Classic stage|post-Classic]] stages)''' <br /> (1000 BC - present) |
||
| rowspan="5"|in North |
| rowspan="5"|in North |
||
| rowspan="3"| [[Norton tradition]] |
| rowspan="3"| [[Norton tradition]] |
||
| [[Choris Stage]] |
| [[Choris Stage]] |
||
| c. 1000 |
| c. 1000 BC - 500 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Norton tradition|Norton]] |
| [[Norton tradition|Norton]] |
||
| 500 |
| 500 BC - AD 800 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Ipiutak Stage]] |
| [[Ipiutak Stage]] |
||
| 1 |
| AD 1 - AD 800 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Dorset culture]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Dorset culture]] |
||
| 500 |
| 500 BC - AD 1500 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Thule people]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Thule people]] |
||
| 1000 |
| AD 1000 - AD 1600 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="8"|in Southwest<br />and by [[Pecos Classification]] |
| rowspan="8"|in Southwest<br />and by [[Pecos Classification]] |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Early Basketmaker II Era]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Early Basketmaker II Era]] |
||
| 1200 |
| 1200 BC - AD 50 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Late Basketmaker II Era]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Late Basketmaker II Era]] |
||
| 50 |
| AD 50 - AD 500 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Basketmaker III Era]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Basketmaker III Era]] |
||
| 500 |
| AD 500 - AD 750 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Pueblo I Era]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Pueblo I Era]] |
||
| 750 |
| AD 750 - AD 900 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Pueblo II Era]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Pueblo II Era]] |
||
| 900 |
| AD 900 - AD 1150 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Pueblo III Era]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Pueblo III Era]] |
||
| 1150 |
| AD 1150 - AD 1350 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Pueblo IV Era]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Pueblo IV Era]] |
||
| 1350 |
| AD 1350 - AD 1600 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Pueblo V Era]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Pueblo V Era]] |
||
| 1600 |
| AD 1600 - present |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="5"|in Southwest<br />and by peoples |
| rowspan="5"|in Southwest<br />and by peoples |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Ancient Pueblo Peoples]] (Anasazi) |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Ancient Pueblo Peoples]] (Anasazi) |
||
| 1 |
| AD 1 - AD 1300 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Hohokam]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Hohokam]] |
||
| 200 |
| AD 200 - AD 1450 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Fremont culture|Fremont]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Fremont culture|Fremont]] |
||
| 400 |
| AD 400 - AD 1350 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Patayan]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Patayan]] |
||
| 700 |
| AD 700 - AD 1550 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Mogollon culture|Mogollon]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Mogollon culture|Mogollon]] |
||
| 700 |
| AD 700 - AD 1400 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="19"|in East<br />and by peoples |
| rowspan="19"|in East<br />and by peoples |
||
| rowspan="3"| [[Woodland period#Early Woodland period ( |
| rowspan="3"| [[Woodland period#Early Woodland period (1000 BC – 1 BC)|Early Woodland Period]]<br />1000 BC - AD 1 |
||
| [[Adena culture]] |
| [[Adena culture]] |
||
| 1000 |
| 1000 BC - 100 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Deptford culture]] - Atlantic region |
| [[Deptford culture]] - Atlantic region |
||
| 800 |
| 800 BC - AD 700 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Deptford culture - Gulf region |
| Deptford culture - Gulf region |
||
| 500 |
| 500 BC - AD 200 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="8"| [[Woodland period#Middle Woodland Period (1 to 500 |
| rowspan="8"| [[Woodland period#Middle Woodland Period (AD 1 to AD 500 )|Middle Woodland Period]]<br />1 - 500 |
||
| [[Hopewell culture]] |
| [[Hopewell culture]] |
||
| 200 |
| 200 BC - AD 400 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Havana Hopewell culture]] (a Hopewellian culture) |
| [[Havana Hopewell culture]] (a Hopewellian culture) |
||
| 200 |
| 200 BC - AD 400 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Kansas City Hopewell]] (a Hopewellian culture) |
| [[Kansas City Hopewell]] (a Hopewellian culture) |
||
| 100 |
| 100 BC – AD 700 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Swift Creek culture]] (a Hopewellian culture) |
| [[Swift Creek culture]] (a Hopewellian culture) |
||
| AD 100 – AD 500 |
|||
| 100–500 CE |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture]] (a Hopewellian culture) |
| [[Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture]] (a Hopewellian culture) |
||
| AD 100 – AD 300 |
|||
| 100–300 CE |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Marksville culture]] (a Hopewellian culture) |
| [[Marksville culture]] (a Hopewellian culture) |
||
| 1 - 400 |
| AD 1 - AD 400 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Fourche Maline culture]] |
| [[Fourche Maline culture]] |
||
| 300 |
| 300 BC - AD 800 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Copena culture]] (a Hopewellian culture) |
| [[Copena culture]] (a Hopewellian culture) |
||
| 1 - 500 |
| AD 1 - 500 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="4"| [[Woodland period#Late Woodland Period (500 to 1000 |
| rowspan="4"| [[Woodland period#Late Woodland Period (AD 500 to AD 1000 )|Late Woodland Period]]<br />500–1000 |
||
| [[Baytown culture]] |
| [[Baytown culture]] |
||
| 300–700 |
| AD 300–700 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Plum Bayou culture]] |
| [[Plum Bayou culture]] |
||
| 400–900 |
| AD 400–900 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Troyville culture]] |
| [[Troyville culture]] |
||
| 300–700 |
| AD 300–700 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Coles Creek culture]] |
| [[Coles Creek culture]] |
||
| 700–1100 |
| AD 700–1100 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="3"| [[Mississippian culture]]<br />900–1500<br />(ending with European contact) |
| rowspan="3"| [[Mississippian culture]]<br />900–1500<br />(ending with European contact) |
||
| [[Early Mississippian culture]] |
| [[Early Mississippian culture]] |
||
| 1000 - 1200 |
| AD 1000 - 1200 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Middle Mississippian culture]] |
| [[Middle Mississippian culture]] |
||
| 1200–1400 |
| AD 1200–1400 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Late Mississippian culture]] |
| [[Late Mississippian culture]] |
||
| 1400–1500 |
| AD 1400–1500 <br />(or European contact) |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Fort Ancient]] (a non-Mississippian culture) |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Fort Ancient]] (a non-Mississippian culture) |
||
| 1000 - 1550 |
| AD 1000 - 1550 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="16" | in Florida and adjacent parts of Alabama and Georgia, by culture |
| rowspan="16" | in Florida and adjacent parts of Alabama and Georgia, by culture |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|[[Belle Glade culture]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|[[Belle Glade culture]] |
||
| 1050 |
| 1050 BC - European contact |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|[[Glades culture]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|[[Glades culture]] |
||
| 550 |
| 550 BC - European contact |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|[[Manasota culture]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|[[Manasota culture]] |
||
| 550 |
| 550 BC - AD 800 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|[[St. Johns culture]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|[[St. Johns culture]] |
||
| 550 |
| 550 BC - European contact |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|[[Caloosahatchee culture]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|[[Caloosahatchee culture]] |
||
| 500 |
| 500 BC - European contact |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="6" colspan="1"| [[Weeden Island culture]]<br />100–1000 |
| rowspan="6" colspan="1"| [[Weeden Island culture]]<br />AD 100–1000 |
||
| [[Weeden Island culture|Weeden Island I]], including |
| [[Weeden Island culture|Weeden Island I]], including |
||
| AD 100 – AD 750 |
|||
| 100–750 CE |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="1"| - [[Cades Pond culture]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="1"| - [[Cades Pond culture]] |
||
| AD 100 – AD 600 |
|||
| 100–600 CE |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="1"| - [[Kolomoki Mounds Historic Park|Kolomaki culture]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="1"| - [[Kolomoki Mounds Historic Park|Kolomaki culture]] |
||
| AD 350 – AD 750 |
|||
| 350–750 CE |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="1"| - [[McKeithen Weeden Island culture]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="1"| - [[McKeithen Weeden Island culture]] |
||
| AD 200 – AD 750 |
|||
| 200–750 CE |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="1"|[[Weeden Island culture|Weeden Island II]], including |
| rowspan="1" colspan="1"|[[Weeden Island culture|Weeden Island II]], including |
||
| AD 750 – AD 1000 |
|||
| 750–1000 CE |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="1"| - [[Wakulla culture]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="1"| - [[Wakulla culture]] |
||
| AD 750 – AD 1000 |
|||
| 750–1000 CE |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Alachua culture]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Alachua culture]] |
||
| 600 - European contact |
| AD 600 - European contact |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Suwannee Valley culture]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Suwannee Valley culture]] |
||
| 750 - European contact |
| AD 750 - European contact |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Safety Harbor culture]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"| [[Safety Harbor culture]] |
||
| 800 - European contact |
| AD 800 - European contact |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|[[Fort Walton Culture|Fort Walton culture]] a Mississippian culture |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|[[Fort Walton Culture|Fort Walton culture]] a Mississippian culture |
||
| 1000 - European contact |
| AD 1000 - European contact |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|[[Pensacola culture]] |
| rowspan="1" colspan="2"|[[Pensacola culture]] |
||
| 1250 - European contact |
| AD 1250 - European contact |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|} |
|} |
||
Line 313: | Line 313: | ||
| rowspan="1"| Historic |
| rowspan="1"| Historic |
||
| [[Russell Phase|Russell]] |
| [[Russell Phase|Russell]] |
||
| 1650–1750 |
| 1650–AD 1750 |
||
| [[Tensas Phase|Tensas]] / [[Natchez Phase|Natchez]] |
| [[Tensas Phase|Tensas]] / [[Natchez Phase|Natchez]] |
||
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"| Vacant<br>Quarter |
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"| Vacant<br>Quarter |
||
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"| |
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"| AD 1350 <br>[[European colonization of the Americas|European Contact]] |
||
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"| [[Jackson Phase|Jackson]] |
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"| [[Jackson Phase|Jackson]] |
||
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"| 1500-1650 |
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"| AD 1500 - 1650 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|rowspan=3| [[Plaquemine Mississippian culture]]<br>''Late Plaquemine/Mississippian''<br>''Middle Plaquemine/Mississippian''<br>''Early Plaquemine/Mississippian'' |
|rowspan=3| [[Plaquemine Mississippian culture]]<br>''Late Plaquemine/Mississippian''<br>''Middle Plaquemine/Mississippian''<br>''Early Plaquemine/Mississippian'' |
||
| [[Wasp Lake Phase|Wasp Lake]] |
| [[Wasp Lake Phase|Wasp Lake]] |
||
| 1400-1650 |
| AD 1400 - 1650 |
||
| [[Transylvania Phase|Transylvania]] / [[Emerald Phase|Emerald]] |
| [[Transylvania Phase|Transylvania]] / [[Emerald Phase|Emerald]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Lake George Phase|Lake George]] |
| [[Lake George Phase|Lake George]] |
||
| 1300-1400 |
| AD 1300 - 1400 |
||
| [[Fitzhugh Phase|Fitzhugh]] / [[Foster Phase|Foster]] |
| [[Fitzhugh Phase|Fitzhugh]] / [[Foster Phase|Foster]] |
||
| [[Sand Prairie Phase|Sand Prairie]] |
| [[Sand Prairie Phase|Sand Prairie]] |
||
| 1275-1350 |
| AD 1275 - 1350 |
||
| [[Medley Phase]] |
| [[Medley Phase]] |
||
| 1300-1500 |
| AD 1300 - 1500 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Winterville Site|Winterville]] |
| [[Winterville Site|Winterville]] |
||
| 1200-1300 |
| AD 1200 - 1300 |
||
| [[Routh Phase|Routh]] / [[Anna Phase|Anna]] |
| [[Routh Phase|Routh]] / [[Anna Phase|Anna]] |
||
| [[Moorehead Phase (Cahokia)|Moorehead]] |
| [[Moorehead Phase (Cahokia)|Moorehead]] |
||
| 1200-1275 |
| AD 1200 - 1275 |
||
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"|[[Dorena Phase|Dorena]] |
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"|[[Dorena Phase|Dorena]] |
||
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"|1100-1300 |
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"|AD 1100 - 1300 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1"| Transitional Coles Creek |
| rowspan="1"| Transitional Coles Creek |
||
| [[Crippen Point Phase|Crippen Point]] |
| [[Crippen Point Phase|Crippen Point]] |
||
| 1050-1200 |
| AD 1050 - 1200 |
||
| [[Preston Phase|Preston]] / [[Gordon Phase|Gordon]] |
| [[Preston Phase|Preston]] / [[Gordon Phase|Gordon]] |
||
| [[Lohmann Phase|Lohmann]] <br> [[Sterling Phase|Sterling]] |
| [[Lohmann Phase|Lohmann]] <br> [[Sterling Phase|Sterling]] |
||
| 1050-1200 |
| AD 1050 - 1200 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|rowspan=3| [[Coles Creek culture]]<br>''Late Coles Creek''<br>''Middle Coles Creek''<br>''Early Coles Creek'' |
|rowspan=3| [[Coles Creek culture]]<br>''Late Coles Creek''<br>''Middle Coles Creek''<br>''Early Coles Creek'' |
||
| [[Kings Crossing Phase|Kings Crossing]] |
| [[Kings Crossing Phase|Kings Crossing]] |
||
| 950-1050 |
| AD 950 - 1050 |
||
| [[Balmoral Phase|Balmoral]] |
| [[Balmoral Phase|Balmoral]] |
||
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"|Terminal Late<br>Woodland |
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"|Terminal Late<br>Woodland |
||
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"|900–1050 |
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"|900–AD 1050 |
||
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"|[[James Bayou Phase|James Bayou]] |
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"|[[James Bayou Phase|James Bayou]] |
||
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"|900-1100 |
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"|AD 900 - 1100 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Aden Phase|Aden]] |
| [[Aden Phase|Aden]] |
||
| 800-950 |
| AD 800 - 950 |
||
| [[Ballina Phase|Ballina]] |
| [[Ballina Phase|Ballina]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Bayland Phase|Bayland]] |
| [[Bayland Phase|Bayland]] |
||
| 600-800 |
| AD 600 - 800 |
||
| [[Sundown Phase|Sundown]] |
| [[Sundown Phase|Sundown]] |
||
| rowspan="3" colspan="1"|Late<br>Woodland |
| rowspan="3" colspan="1"|Late<br>Woodland |
||
| rowspan="3" colspan="1"|400–900 |
| rowspan="3" colspan="1"|400–AD 900 |
||
| rowspan="3" colspan="1"|[[Cane Hills Phase|Cane Hills]]<br>[[Berkley Phase|Berkley]] |
| rowspan="3" colspan="1"|[[Cane Hills Phase|Cane Hills]]<br>[[Berkley Phase|Berkley]] |
||
| rowspan="3" colspan="1"|600–900 |
| rowspan="3" colspan="1"|600–AD 900 <br>400–AD 600 |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="2"| [[Baytown culture|Baytown]]/[[Troyville culture|Troyville]] <br> ''Baytown 2'' <br> ''Baytown 1'' |
| rowspan="2"| [[Baytown culture|Baytown]]/[[Troyville culture|Troyville]] <br> ''Baytown 2'' <br> ''Baytown 1'' |
||
| [[Deasonville Phase|Deasonville]] |
| [[Deasonville Phase|Deasonville]] |
||
| 500-600 |
| AD 500 - 600 |
||
| [[Marsden Phase|Marsden]] |
| [[Marsden Phase|Marsden]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Little Sunflower Phase|Little Sunflower]] |
| [[Little Sunflower Phase|Little Sunflower]] |
||
| 400-500 |
| AD 400 - 500 |
||
| [[Indian Bayou Phase|Indian Bayou]] |
| [[Indian Bayou Phase|Indian Bayou]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="2"| [[Marksville culture]] <br> ''Late Marksville'' <br> ''Early Marksville'' |
| rowspan="2"| [[Marksville culture]] <br> ''Late Marksville'' <br> ''Early Marksville'' |
||
| [[Issaquena Phase|Issaquena]] |
| [[Issaquena Phase|Issaquena]] |
||
| 200-400 |
| AD 200 - 400 |
||
| Issaquena |
| Issaquena |
||
| rowspan="3" colspan="1"|Middle<br>Woodland |
| rowspan="3" colspan="1"|Middle<br>Woodland |
||
| rowspan="3" colspan="1"|200 |
| rowspan="3" colspan="1"|200 BC - AD 400 |
||
| rowspan="3" colspan="1"|La Plant<br>Burkett |
| rowspan="3" colspan="1"|La Plant<br>Burkett |
||
| rowspan="3" colspan="1"|100 |
| rowspan="3" colspan="1"|100 BC - AD 400 <br>550 BC - 100 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| Anderson<br> Landing |
| Anderson<br> Landing |
||
| |
| AD 1 - AD 200 |
||
| [[Point Lake Phase|Point Lake]]/<br>[[grand Gulf Phase|Grand Gulf]] |
| [[Point Lake Phase|Point Lake]]/<br>[[grand Gulf Phase|Grand Gulf]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan="1"| [[Tchefuncte site#Tchefuncte culture|Tchefuncte culture]] |
| rowspan="1"| [[Tchefuncte site#Tchefuncte culture|Tchefuncte culture]] |
||
| [[Tuscola Phase|Tuscola]] |
| [[Tuscola Phase|Tuscola]] |
||
| 400 |
| 400 BC - AD 1 |
||
| [[Panther Lake Phase|Panther Lake]] |
| [[Panther Lake Phase|Panther Lake]] |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| [[Jaketown Phase|Jaketown]] |
| [[Jaketown Phase|Jaketown]] |
||
| rowspan="2" colspan="1" align="center"| [[Poverty Point culture|Poverty Point]] |
| rowspan="2" colspan="1" align="center"| [[Poverty Point culture|Poverty Point]] |
||
| 700- 400 |
| 700 BC - 400 BC |
||
| [[Frasier Phase|Frasier]] |
| [[Frasier Phase|Frasier]] |
||
| Early Woodland |
| Early Woodland |
||
| 700-200 |
| 700 BC - 200 BC |
||
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"|O'Bryan Ridge |
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"|O'Bryan Ridge |
||
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"|700-550 |
| rowspan="2" colspan="1"|700 BC - 550 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| - <!-- column 2+3 occupied by cell [[Poverty Point culture|Poverty Point]] --> |
| - <!-- column 2+3 occupied by cell [[Poverty Point culture|Poverty Point]] --> |
||
| 1000-700 |
| 1000 BC - 700 BC |
||
| - |
| - |
||
| Late Archaic |
| Late Archaic |
||
| 1000 - 200 |
| 1000 BC - 200 BC |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|} |
|} |
Revision as of 21:18, 16 April 2014
North American archaeological periods divides the history of pre-Columbian North America into a number of named, successive eras or periods, from the earliest-known human habitation through to the early Colonial period which followed the European colonization of the Americas.
Stage classification
One of the most enduring classifications of archaeological periods & cultures was established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology. They divided the archaeological record in the Americas into 5 phases, only three of which applied to North America.[1] The use of these divisions has diminished in most of North America owing to the development of local classifications with a more elaborate time breakdown.[2]
- 1. The Paleo-Indians stage and/or Lithic stage
- 2. The Archaic stage
- 3. Post-archaic stage - At this point, the North American classifications system differs from the rest of the Americas.
For more details on the five major stages, which are still in use in Mesoamerican archaeology, see Mesoamerican chronology and Archaeology of the Americas.
Table of archaeological periods North America
Paleo Indians (Lithic stage) (18,000 BC - 8000 BC) |
Clovis culture | c. 13,500 BC - 11,000 BC | ||||
Western Fluted Point Tradition | c. 11,200 BC - 9000 BC, California | |||||
Post Pattern | c. 11,000 BC - 7000 BC, NW California | |||||
Folsom tradition | c. 9000 BC - 8000 BC | |||||
Dalton Tradition | c. 8500 BC - 7900 BC | |||||
Archaic period, (Archaic stage) (8000 BC - 1000 BC) |
by Time Period | Early Archaic 8000 BC - 6000 BC |
Plano cultures | |||
Paleo-Arctic Tradition | 8000 BC - 5000 BC | |||||
Maritime Archaic | ||||||
Red Paint People | ||||||
Middle Archaic 6000 BC - 3000 BC |
Chihuahua tradition | c. 6000 BC - c. AD 250 | ||||
Watson Brake and Lower Mississippi Valley sites | c. 3500 BC - 2800 BC | |||||
Late Archaic 3000 BC - 1000 BC |
Arctic Small Tool tradition | 2500 BC - 800 BC | ||||
Aleutian tradition | 2500 BC - 1800 BC | |||||
Poverty Point culture | 2200 BC - 700 BC | |||||
by Location | Great Basin | Desert Archaic | ||||
Middle Archaic | ||||||
Late Archaic | ||||||
Great Lakes | Old Copper Complex | c. 4000 BC - c. 1000 BC | Red Ochre people | c. 1000 BC - 100 BC | Glacial kame culture | c. 8000 BC - 1000 BC |
Mesoamerica | Mexican Archaic | |||||
Southwest: Southwestern Archaic Traditions | Archaic – Early Basketmaker Era | c. 7000 BC - c. 1500 BC | ||||
San Dieguito-Pinto tradition | c. 6500 BC - c. AD 200 | |||||
Chihuahua (Southeastern) Tradition | c. 6000 BC - c. AD 250 | |||||
Oshara (Northern) Tradition | c. 5500 BC - c. AD 600 | |||||
Cochise Tradition | 5000 BC - 200 BC | |||||
California | Millingstone Horizon (or Encinitas Tradition) | c. 5500 BC - 1500 BC | ||||
Intermediate Horizon (or Campbell Tradition) | c. 1500 BC - AD 1000 | |||||
Southeast | Elliott's Point complex | 2000 BC - 700 BC | ||||
Mount Royal culture | 5000 BC - 2000 BC | |||||
Norwood culture | 2000 BC - 500 BC | |||||
Orange culture | 2000 BC - 500 BC | |||||
Poverty Point culture | 2200 BC - 700 BC | |||||
Stallings Island (St. Simons) culture | 2500 BC - 1000 BC | |||||
Thoms Creek culture | 2500 BC - 1000 BC | |||||
Post-archaic period, (incorporating Formative, Classic and post-Classic stages) (1000 BC - present) |
in North | Norton tradition | Choris Stage | c. 1000 BC - 500 BC | ||
Norton | 500 BC - AD 800 | |||||
Ipiutak Stage | AD 1 - AD 800 | |||||
Dorset culture | 500 BC - AD 1500 | |||||
Thule people | AD 1000 - AD 1600 | |||||
in Southwest and by Pecos Classification |
Early Basketmaker II Era | 1200 BC - AD 50 | ||||
Late Basketmaker II Era | AD 50 - AD 500 | |||||
Basketmaker III Era | AD 500 - AD 750 | |||||
Pueblo I Era | AD 750 - AD 900 | |||||
Pueblo II Era | AD 900 - AD 1150 | |||||
Pueblo III Era | AD 1150 - AD 1350 | |||||
Pueblo IV Era | AD 1350 - AD 1600 | |||||
Pueblo V Era | AD 1600 - present | |||||
in Southwest and by peoples |
Ancient Pueblo Peoples (Anasazi) | AD 1 - AD 1300 | ||||
Hohokam | AD 200 - AD 1450 | |||||
Fremont | AD 400 - AD 1350 | |||||
Patayan | AD 700 - AD 1550 | |||||
Mogollon | AD 700 - AD 1400 | |||||
in East and by peoples |
Early Woodland Period 1000 BC - AD 1 |
Adena culture | 1000 BC - 100 BC | |||
Deptford culture - Atlantic region | 800 BC - AD 700 | |||||
Deptford culture - Gulf region | 500 BC - AD 200 | |||||
Middle Woodland Period 1 - 500 |
Hopewell culture | 200 BC - AD 400 | ||||
Havana Hopewell culture (a Hopewellian culture) | 200 BC - AD 400 | |||||
Kansas City Hopewell (a Hopewellian culture) | 100 BC – AD 700 | |||||
Swift Creek culture (a Hopewellian culture) | AD 100 – AD 500 | |||||
Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture (a Hopewellian culture) | AD 100 – AD 300 | |||||
Marksville culture (a Hopewellian culture) | AD 1 - AD 400 | |||||
Fourche Maline culture | 300 BC - AD 800 | |||||
Copena culture (a Hopewellian culture) | AD 1 - 500 | |||||
Late Woodland Period 500–1000 |
Baytown culture | AD 300–700 | ||||
Plum Bayou culture | AD 400–900 | |||||
Troyville culture | AD 300–700 | |||||
Coles Creek culture | AD 700–1100 | |||||
Mississippian culture 900–1500 (ending with European contact) |
Early Mississippian culture | AD 1000 - 1200 | ||||
Middle Mississippian culture | AD 1200–1400 | |||||
Late Mississippian culture | AD 1400–1500 (or European contact) | |||||
Fort Ancient (a non-Mississippian culture) | AD 1000 - 1550 | |||||
in Florida and adjacent parts of Alabama and Georgia, by culture | Belle Glade culture | 1050 BC - European contact | ||||
Glades culture | 550 BC - European contact | |||||
Manasota culture | 550 BC - AD 800 | |||||
St. Johns culture | 550 BC - European contact | |||||
Caloosahatchee culture | 500 BC - European contact | |||||
Weeden Island culture AD 100–1000 |
Weeden Island I, including | AD 100 – AD 750 | ||||
- Cades Pond culture | AD 100 – AD 600 | |||||
- Kolomaki culture | AD 350 – AD 750 | |||||
- McKeithen Weeden Island culture | AD 200 – AD 750 | |||||
Weeden Island II, including | AD 750 – AD 1000 | |||||
- Wakulla culture | AD 750 – AD 1000 | |||||
Alachua culture | AD 600 - European contact | |||||
Suwannee Valley culture | AD 750 - European contact | |||||
Safety Harbor culture | AD 800 - European contact | |||||
Fort Walton culture a Mississippian culture | AD 1000 - European contact | |||||
Pensacola culture | AD 1250 - European contact |
Culture, phase, and chronological table for the Mississippi Valley
Lower Mississippi Periods | Lower Yazoo Phases | Lower Yazoo Dates |
Tensas/Natchez Phases | Cahokia Phases | Cahokia Dates | Ohio/Miss. River Confluence Phases |
Ohio/Miss. Dates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Historic | Russell | 1650–AD 1750 | Tensas / Natchez | Vacant Quarter |
AD 1350 European Contact |
Jackson | AD 1500 - 1650 |
Plaquemine Mississippian culture Late Plaquemine/Mississippian Middle Plaquemine/Mississippian Early Plaquemine/Mississippian |
Wasp Lake | AD 1400 - 1650 | Transylvania / Emerald | ||||
Lake George | AD 1300 - 1400 | Fitzhugh / Foster | Sand Prairie | AD 1275 - 1350 | Medley Phase | AD 1300 - 1500 | |
Winterville | AD 1200 - 1300 | Routh / Anna | Moorehead | AD 1200 - 1275 | Dorena | AD 1100 - 1300 | |
Transitional Coles Creek | Crippen Point | AD 1050 - 1200 | Preston / Gordon | Lohmann Sterling |
AD 1050 - 1200 | ||
Coles Creek culture Late Coles Creek Middle Coles Creek Early Coles Creek |
Kings Crossing | AD 950 - 1050 | Balmoral | Terminal Late Woodland |
900–AD 1050 | James Bayou | AD 900 - 1100 |
Aden | AD 800 - 950 | Ballina | |||||
Bayland | AD 600 - 800 | Sundown | Late Woodland |
400–AD 900 | Cane Hills Berkley |
600–AD 900 400–AD 600 | |
Baytown/Troyville Baytown 2 Baytown 1 |
Deasonville | AD 500 - 600 | Marsden | ||||
Little Sunflower | AD 400 - 500 | Indian Bayou | |||||
Marksville culture Late Marksville Early Marksville |
Issaquena | AD 200 - 400 | Issaquena | Middle Woodland |
200 BC - AD 400 | La Plant Burkett |
100 BC - AD 400 550 BC - 100 BC |
Anderson Landing |
AD 1 - AD 200 | Point Lake/ Grand Gulf | |||||
Tchefuncte culture | Tuscola | 400 BC - AD 1 | Panther Lake | ||||
Jaketown | Poverty Point | 700 BC - 400 BC | Frasier | Early Woodland | 700 BC - 200 BC | O'Bryan Ridge | 700 BC - 550 BC |
- | 1000 BC - 700 BC | - | Late Archaic | 1000 BC - 200 BC |
See also
- Archaeogenetics
- Archaeological culture
- Archaeology of the Americas
- List of archaeological periods
- Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Notes
- Lower Mississippi, Lower Yazoo, and Tensas/Natchez table taken from "Emerging Patterns of Plum Bayou Culture:Preliminary Investigations of the Toltec Mounds Research Project", by Martha Ann Rolingson, 1982, Pg-66.[3]
- Cahokia phases and dates taken from "Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians", by Pauketat, Timothy R., 2004, Pp-6.[4]
- Ohio and Mississippi River Confluence Phases and dates taken from "Kentucky Archaeology", edited by R. Barry Lewis, 1996, Pg - 16.[5]
References
- ^ Gordon R. Willey and Philip Phillips (1957). Method and Theory in American Archaeology. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-89888-9.
- ^ Gibbon, Guy E; Ames, Kenneth M (1998). Archaeology of prehistoric native America: an encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 638–639. ISBN 0-8153-0725-X.
- ^ Rolingson, Martha Ann (1982). Emerging Patterns of Plum Bayou Culture:Preliminary Investigations of the Toltec Mounds Research Project. Arkansas Archaeological Survey. p. 66. ISBN 1-56349-042-0.
- ^ Pauketat, Timothy R. (2004). Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians. Cambridge University Press. p. 6. ISBN 0-521-52066-5.
- ^ Lewis, R. Barry (1996). Kentucky Archaeology. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1907-3.
Bibliography
- Milanich, Jerald T. (1995). Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. Gainesville, Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-1360-2.
- Milanich, Jerald T. (1990). "State of Florida Office of Cultural and Historical Programs. Florida Historical Contexts" (PDF). Florida Historical Contexts. Retrieved 2006-03-28.
- Milanich, Jerald T. & Claudine Payne (ed.) (September 27, 1993). "State of Florida Office of Cultural and Historical Programs. Historic Contexts (in full)" (DOC). Florida Historical Contexts. Retrieved 2006-03-27.
{{cite web}}
:|author=
has generic name (help) - Milanich, Jerald T. (1998) Florida's Indians from Ancient Times to the Present. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1599-5
- Milanich, Jerald T. (1994) Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1273-2
- "National Park Service Southeast Archaeological Center - The Woodland Period (ca. 2000 B.C.- A.D. 1000)". Outline of Prehistory and History. Retrieved 2006-04-03.
- Philip Phillips (1970). Archaeological Survey In The Lower Yazoo Basin, Mississippi, 1949-1955(Part One). Published by the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 77-80028.