→Transitional: fmt |
→Semi-presidential systems: Western Sahara has no governement. It is a territory (not a country) that is administrated by Morocco |
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*[[Ukraine]] |
*[[Ukraine]] |
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*[[Uzbekistan]] |
*[[Uzbekistan]] |
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*[[Western Sahara]] <ref name="WS">The [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] (SADR) is a [[government in exile]], located in [[Tindouf]], Algeria. [[Southern Provinces|Most of the territory]] of Western Sahara is under [[military occupation]] by [[Morocco]]; [[Free Zone (region)|the rest]] is administered by the SADR.</ref> |
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*[[Yemen]] |
*[[Yemen]] |
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Revision as of 19:06, 21 August 2007
This is a list of countries categorized by system of government.
Alphabetical list of countries
Name | Constitutional basis | Head of state | Basis of executive legitimacy |
---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Albania | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Algeria | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Andorra | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Angola | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Antigua and Barbuda | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Argentina | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Armenia | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Australia | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Austria | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Azerbaijan | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Bahamas | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Bahrain | Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power |
Bangladesh | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Barbados | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Belarus | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Belgium | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Belize | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Benin | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Bhutan | Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch |
Bolivia | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Botswana | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Brazil | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Brunei | Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch |
Bulgaria | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Burkina Faso | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Burundi | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Cambodia | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Cameroon | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Canada | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Cape Verde | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Central African Republic | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Chad | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Chile | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
China, People's Republic of | Republic | Executive | Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party |
China, Republic of | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Colombia | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Comoros | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Congo, Republic of the | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Costa Rica | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Côte d'Ivoire | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Croatia | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Cuba | Republic | Executive | Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party |
Cyprus | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Czech Republic | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Denmark | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Djibouti | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Dominica | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Dominican Republic | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
East Timor | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Ecuador | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Egypt | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
El Salvador | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Equatorial Guinea | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Eritrea | Republic | Executive | Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party |
Estonia | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Ethiopia | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Fiji | Provisional | N/A | No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime |
Finland | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
France | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Gabon | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Gambia | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Georgia | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Germany | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Ghana | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Greece | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Grenada | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Guatemala | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Guinea | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Guinea-Bissau | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Guyana | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Haiti | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Honduras | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Hungary | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Iceland | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
India | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Indonesia | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Iran | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Iraq | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Ireland | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Israel | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Italy | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Jamaica | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Japan | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Jordan | Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power |
Kazakhstan | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Kenya | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Kiribati | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Korea, North | Republic | Executive | Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party |
Korea, South | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Kuwait | Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power |
Kyrgyzstan | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Laos | Republic | Executive | Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party |
Latvia | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Lebanon | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Lesotho | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Liberia | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Libya | Republic | Executive | Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party |
Liechtenstein | Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power |
Lithuania | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Luxembourg | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Macedonia | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Madagascar | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Malawi | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Malaysia | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Maldives | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Mali | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Malta | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Marshall Islands | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Mauritania | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Mauritius | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Mexico | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Micronesia | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Moldova | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Monaco | Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power |
Mongolia | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Montenegro | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Morocco | Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power |
Mozambique | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Myanmar | Provisional | N/A | No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime |
Namibia | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Nauru | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Nepal | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Netherlands | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
New Zealand | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Nicaragua | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Niger | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Nigeria | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Norway | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Oman | Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch |
Pakistan | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Palau | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Panama | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Papua New Guinea | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Paraguay | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Peru | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Philippines | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Poland | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Portugal | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Qatar | Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch |
Romania | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Russia | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Rwanda | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Saint Lucia | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Samoa | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
San Marino | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
São Tomé and Príncipe | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Saudi Arabia | Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch |
Senegal | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Serbia | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Seychelles | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Sierra Leone | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Singapore | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Slovakia | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Slovenia | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Solomon Islands | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Somalia | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
South Africa | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Spain | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Sri Lanka | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
Sudan | Republic | Executive | Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party |
Suriname | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Swaziland | Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch |
Sweden | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Switzerland | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Syria | Republic | Executive | Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party |
Tajikistan | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Tanzania | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Thailand | Constitutional monarchy | No constitutional basis to current regime | |
Togo | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Tonga | Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power |
Trinidad and Tobago | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Tunisia | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Turkey | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Turkmenistan | Republic | Executive | Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party |
Tuvalu | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Uganda | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Ukraine | Republic | Executive | President is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature |
United Arab Emirates | Constitutional monarchy | Executive | Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power |
United Kingdom | Constitutional monarchy | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
United States | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Uruguay | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Uzbekistan | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Vanuatu | Republic | Ceremonial | Head of government is elected by and is accountable to the legislature |
Vatican City | Absolute monarchy | Executive | All authority vested in absolute monarch |
Venezuela | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Vietnam | Republic | Executive | Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party |
Yemen | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Zambia | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Zimbabwe | Republic | Executive | Head of state is the head of government and is independent of legislature |
Systems of Governance
Presidential / Separated republics
These are systems in which a president is the active head of the executive branch of government and is elected and remains in office independently of the legislature. The following list includes democratic and non-democratic states:
Full presidential systems
In full presidential systems, the president is both head of state and head of government. There is no prime minister.
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Semi-presidential systems
In semi-presidential systems, there is usually both a president and a prime minister. In such systems, the President has genuine executive authority, unlike in a parliamentary republic, but some of the role of a head of government is exercised by the prime minister, who is also head of the legislature.
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Parliamentary republics
A parliamentary republic is a system in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. The president's degree of executive power may range from being reasonably significant (eg. Poland) to little or none at all (eg. Ireland). Where the president holds little executive power, their function is primarily that of a symbolic figurehead.
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Mixed republican systems
Prime minister is also head of state and given title of president
Constitutional monarchies
Systems in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. The head of state is a constitutional monarch who only exercises his or her powers with the consent of the government, the people or their representatives.
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Commonwealth realms
Constitutional monarchies, in which Queen Elizabeth II serves as head of state over an independent government. In each Realm, she acts as the monarch of that state, and is usually titled accordingly - for example, Queen of Australia. The Queen appoints a Governor-General to each country other than the United Kingdom to act as her representative. The prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature.
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Semi-constitutional monarchies
The prime minister (or equivalent) is the nation's active executive, but the monarch still has considerable political powers that can be used at his/her own independent discretion.
Absolute monarchies
Monarchies in which the monarch is the active head of the executive branch and exercises all powers.
Theocracies
States based on a state religion where the head of state is selected by some form of religious hierarchy.
- Iran [1] (to some degree)
- the Holy See (Vatican City)
One-party states
States in which political power is concentrated within a single political party whose operations are largely fused with the government hierarchy. However, some do have elected governments.
Military junta states
The nation's armed forces control the organs of government and all high-ranking political executives are also members of the military hierarchy.
Transitional
States which have a system of government which is in transition or turmoil and cannot be accurately classified. (with current direction of change)
- Somalia (semi-presidential republic)
- Sudan (bipartisan Government of National Unity)
- Thailand (constitutional monarchy)
- Nepal (constitutional monarchy or parliamentary republic)
- Iraq (parliamentary republic)
- Eritrea (presidential republic)
Systems of Internal Governance
Federal
States in which the federal government shares power with semi-independent regional governments. In many cases, the central government is (in theory) a creation of the regional governments; a prime example is the United States.
Devolved
States in which the central government has delegated some of its powers to self-governing subsidiary governments, creating a de facto federation.
- Spain (17 autonomous communities and the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla)
- United Kingdom (Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales; England remains under full control of the central government)
Regionalized unitary
States in which the central government has delegated some of its powers to regional governments.
- Chile (13 regions, each one divided into smaller provinces, which are sub-divided into several municipalities).
- Italy (20 regions, five granted 'autonomous' status)
- New Zealand (12 regions, 4 unitary authorities)
- People's Republic of China (22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities, and 2 Special Administrative Regions: Hong Kong and Macau)
- Philippines (79 provinces grouped into 17 regions, one granted 'autonomous' status)
Federacy
A federacy is a country in which some substates function like states in a federation and others like states in a unitary state.
- Denmark with 2 autonomous regions and 5 regions;
- Finland with 1 autonomous province and 19 regions;
- Kingdom of the Netherlands with 2 states and 12 provinces.
- France with 1 sui generis collectivity and 26 régions, 4 collectivités d'outre-mer, 1 territoire d'outre-mer
- Serbia, significant autonomy granted to Vojvodina; Kosovo-Metohija under UN protectorate, future status being negotiated.
- Ukraine, 24 oblasts, 2 special-status cities, and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea
- Tanzania, 21 mainland regions, 5 regions under autonomous government of Zanzibar
Unitary
see Unitary state
Notes
- ^ a b Iran combines the forms of a presidential republic, with a president elected by universal suffrage; and a theocracy, with a Supreme Leader who is ultimately responsible for state policy, chosen by the elected Assembly of Experts. Candidates for both the Assembly of Experts and the presidency are vetted by the appointed Guardian Council.
- ^ While the office of Prime Minister exists, the President is both the Head of State and Head of Government.
- ^ While the office of Prime Minister exists, the President is both the Head of State and Head of Government.
- ^ Collective (3 member) presidency.
- ^ While the office of Prime Minister exists, the President is both the Head of State and Head of Government.
- ^ While the office of Prime Minister exists, the President is both the Head of State and Head of Government.
- ^ In Bangladesh, a Caretaker government takes over for three months during parliamentary elections. The Caretaker government is headed by a Chief advisor (the last Chief Justice to retire), and a group of neutral, non-partisan advisors chosen from the civil society. During this time, the president has jurisdiction over the Ministry of defense and the Ministry of foreign affairs.
- ^ Combines aspects of an executive presidency with a parliamentary system. President is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister. The President is both head of state and government.
- ^ Combines aspects of an executive presidency with a parliamentary system. President is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister. The President is both head of state and government.
- ^ There is neither a prime minister nor a president of Switzerland. The President of the Swiss Confederation is merely primus inter pares in the Swiss Federal Council, the seven-member executive council which constitutes the government as well as the head of state of Switzerland.
- ^ Collective presidency (two captains-regents). Captains-regents are both Head of State and Government simultaneously.
- ^ Bishop of Urgell and President of France serve as ex-officio co-princes
- ^ The King of Nepal gave himself absolute authority for three years in 2005; he has given up absolute power on April 21, 2006, but constitutional government has not yet resumed
- ^ Bhutan is in the process of democratization by request of the king.
- ^ UAE is a federation of absolute monarchies, with the federal president drawn from hereditary emirs
- ^ The President of Fiji is the actual leader who on 4 December 2006 dissolved the parliament without the prime minister's consent, thereby setting the stage for a coup by the military commander.
See also
- List of forms of government
- List of countries by date of transition to republican system of government
External links
- Global Scan- Election Tracker
- Countries categorized by system of government in 20th century at Historical Atlas of 20th Century
- [1] A Chronology of political history based on Government form