Fellowship of the Royal Society is open to scientists, engineers and technologists from the United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations, on the basis of having made "a substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science and medical science".[1]
While there were no formal prohibition of women as Fellows of the Royal Society in its original charters and statutes, election to the Fellowships of the Society was for much of the Society's history de facto closed to women. As a result of the dissolution of nunneries under Dissolution of the Monasteries by Henry VIII, and their exclusion from schools and universities, education of girls and women was effectively non-existent throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. Women slowly gained admittance to learned societies in the United Kingdom starting in the 19th century, with the founding of the Zoological Society of London in 1829 and Royal Entomological Society in 1833.[2]
The first recorded question of women being admitted to the Royal Society occurred in 1900 when Marian Farquharson sent a letter to the Council of the Royal Society petitioning that "duly qualified women should have the advantage of full fellowship". In its reply, the Council stated that the question of women Fellows "must depend on the interpretation to be placed upon the Royal Charters under which the Society has been governed for more than three hundred years".[2] When Hertha Ayrton was nominated for Fellowship in 1902, her candidature was turned down on the basis that as a married woman she had no standing in law.[3] While the Society acknowledged the provision of section 1 of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 in 1925, in reply to a question originally put to them by the Women's Engineering Society three years prior, it was not until 1943 that another woman was nominated for Fellowship. Kathleen Lonsdale and Marjory Stephenson were duly elected in 1945 after a postal vote amending the Society's statutes to explicitly allow women Fellows.[2][4]
As of 2012 a total of 117 women have been elected Fellows. Two women have been elected under the Society's former Statute 12 regulation and one Honorary Fellow for their service to the cause of science. Another four women, from the British Royal Family, have been either Royal Fellows or Patrons of the Society.
Fellows
Foreign Members
Honorary and Statute 12 Fellows
Between 1903 and 1996, Statute 12 of the Society permitted the Council to elect someone who would not otherwise qualify for election under the normal criteria for "conspicuous service to the cause of science, or are such that their election would be of signal benefit to the Society". Statute 12 Fellows were replaced by the introduction of Honorary Fellows in 1997.[168]
Year of election | Image | Fellow | Field(s) | Notes | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1983 | ![]() |
Margaret Thatcher | Politics | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1979–90 | [169] |
1988 | Margaret Gowing | History of science | Wilkins Lecture 1976 | [170] | |
2007 | Onora O'Neill | Philosophy, politics | [171] |
Royal Fellows and Patrons
Year of election | Image | Fellow / Patron | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1838 | ![]() |
Queen Victoria | Never elected as a Royal Fellow, instead served as Patron of the Society after her reign began as Queen of the United Kingdom and later Empress of India. |
1947 | ![]() |
Queen Elizabeth II | Patron 1952; Queen of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth realms |
1956 | ![]() |
Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother | Queen consort of George VI |
1987 | ![]() |
Princess Anne | Princess Royal |
See also
References
- General
- "List of Fellows of the Royal Society 1660–2007" (pdf). The Royal Society. July 2007. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- "Living female Fellows and Foreign Members of the Royal Society" (pdf). The Royal Society. 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- "New Fellows 2012". The Royal Society. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- Specific
- ^ "Election to the Fellowship of the Royal Society". The Royal Society. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
- ^ a b c Mason, J. (1 January 1995). "The Women Fellows' Jubilee". Notes and Records of the Royal Society. pp. 125–140. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1995.0009.
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