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{{Unreferenced|date=July 2007}} |
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{{Sahara conflict}} |
{{Sahara conflict}} |
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'''[[Western Sahara]]''', formerly the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colony]] of [[Spanish Sahara]], is a disputed territory claimed by the [[Morocco|Kingdom of Morocco]] and the [[Polisario Front]]. Its '''legal status''' remains unresolved. |
'''[[Western Sahara]]''', formerly the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colony]] of [[Spanish Sahara]], is a disputed territory claimed by the [[Morocco|Kingdom of Morocco]] and the [[Polisario Front]]. Its '''legal status''' remains unresolved. |
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===African Union=== |
===African Union=== |
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The '''[[African Union]]''' (formerly the [[Organization of African Unity]]) has given the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic full recognition,<ref name = "African Union"> {{cite web | url = http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/memberstates/map.htm | title = A. U. Member States | accessdate = 2006-08-20 | author = African Union | format = Flash animation | publisher = African Union | language = English, [[French language|French]]}}</ref> and accepted it as a member (which has led Morocco to leave the union,<ref name = "UNPoliticalAlliances"> {{cite web | url = http://www.eyeontheun.org/view.asp?l=11&p=55 | title = Political Alliances Within the UN | work = Eye on the UN | accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> becoming the only [[Africa]]n [[state]] outside of it.) |
The '''[[African Union]]''' (formerly the [[Organization of African Unity]]) has given the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic full recognition,<ref name = "African Union"> {{cite web | url = http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/memberstates/map.htm | title = A. U. Member States | accessdate = 2006-08-20 | author = African Union | format = Flash animation | publisher = African Union | language = English, [[French language|French]]}}</ref> and accepted it as a member (which has led Morocco to leave the union,<ref name = "UNPoliticalAlliances"> {{cite web | url = http://www.eyeontheun.org/view.asp?l=11&p=55 | title = Political Alliances Within the UN | work = Eye on the UN | accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> becoming the only [[Africa]]n [[state]] outside of it.) |
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{{disputed}} |
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==Recognition== |
==Recognition== |
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The SADR is [[diplomatic recognition|recognized]] by '''[[#States recognizing the SADR|45 states]]'''. '''Non-recognition''' of the Sahrawi republic does not necessarily imply non-recognition of the Polisario Front: several governments consider Polisario as the legitimate representative of the Sahrawi people, but not its exile government as a state.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} Several states have withdrawn their recognition of the SADR. Although Morocco claims that no recognition is required, Moroccan sovereignty over the territory is explicitly supported by the [[Arab League]]<ref name = "Arab League" >{{cite news | url = http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/981217/1998121758.html | title = Arab League withdraws inaccurate Moroccan maps | accessdate = 2006-07-15 | author = Arabicnews.com | date = 1998-12-17 | publisher = Arabicnews.com | language = English}}</ref><ref name = "Arab League 2">{{cite news | url = http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/990108/1999010849.html | title = Arab League supports Morocco's territorial integrity | accessdate = 2006-07-15 | author = Arabicnews.com | date = 1999-01-08| publisher = Arabicnews.com | language = English}}</ref> and by '''[[#List of countries supporting Moroccan claims on Western Sahara|25 states]]'''. |
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[[Image:SADR relations.png|thumb|right|550px|Countries maintaining diplomatic relations with the SADR (map not fully updated) |
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{{legend|#000000|area claimed by the SADR}} |
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{{legend|#007f00|diplomatic relations and Sahrawi [[embassy]]}} |
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{{legend|#00ff00|diplomatic relations}} |
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{{legend|#ff0000|diplomatic relations canceled or suspended}}]] |
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The SADR is [[diplomatic recognition|recognized]] by '''[[#States recognizing the SADR|46 states]]'''. '''Non-recognition''' of the Sahrawi republic does not necessarily imply non-recognition of the Polisario Front: several governments consider Polisario as the legitimate representative of the Sahrawi people, but not its exile government as a state.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} Several states have withdrawn their recognition of the SADR. Although Morocco claims that no recognition is required, Moroccan sovereignty over the territory is explicitly supported by the [[Arab League]]<ref name = "Arab League" >{{cite news | url = http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/981217/1998121758.html | title = Arab League withdraws inaccurate Moroccan maps | accessdate = 2006-07-15 | author = Arabicnews.com | date = 1998-12-17 | publisher = Arabicnews.com | language = English}}</ref><ref name = "Arab League 2">{{cite news | url = http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/990108/1999010849.html | title = Arab League supports Morocco's territorial integrity | accessdate = 2006-07-15 | author = Arabicnews.com | date = 1999-01-08| publisher = Arabicnews.com | language = English}}</ref> and by '''[[#List of countries supporting Moroccan claims on Western Sahara|25 states]]'''. |
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==States recognizing the SADR== |
==States recognizing the SADR== |
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{{disputed}} |
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The following is a list of state [[government]]s that have formally recognized Western Sahara as a sovereign nation, with the exiled Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as its legitimate government. The vast majority of recognitions took place during the [[Cold War]]. Since the 1990s, many states have retracted their recognitions, or suspended recognition pending the outcome of the referendum on self-determination. |
The following is a list of state [[government]]s that have formally recognized Western Sahara as a sovereign nation, with the exiled Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as its legitimate government. The vast majority of recognitions took place during the [[Cold War]]. Since the 1990s, many states have retracted their recognitions, or suspended recognition pending the outcome of the referendum on self-determination. |
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*'''Forty-six''' recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Thirteen of them are home to Sahrawi embassies. |
*'''Forty-six''' recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Thirteen of them are home to Sahrawi embassies{{fact}}. |
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*''' |
*'''Thirty-seven''' have recognized the SADR, then ''suspended'' relations or ''withdrawn'' recognition {{fact}}. |
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*'''Twenty-three''' have recognized the SADR but then ''withdrawn'' recognition. |
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{{clear}} |
{{clear}} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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! bgcolor="#FFEBAD"|Notes |
! bgcolor="#FFEBAD"|Notes |
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|- align=center bgcolor=#ffeb80 |
|- align=center bgcolor=#ffeb80 |
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| rowspan= |
| rowspan=15 | Africa |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Algeria]] |
| [[Algeria]] |
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| March 6, 1976 |
| March 6, 1976{{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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| Embassy.<ref name = "Algeria |
| Embassy.<ref name = "Algeria">{{cite web | url = http://www.ambrasd.org/ | title = Embassy of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic in Algeria | accessdate = 2006-08-20 | author = Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | publisher = Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | language = [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]]}}</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Angola]] |
| [[Angola]] |
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| March 11, 1976 |
| March 11, 1976{{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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| Embassy. {{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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| Embassy.<ref name = "Angola">Pazzanita, p. 376</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Botswana]] |
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| May 14, 1980<ref name = "Botswana">Pazzanita, p. 376</ref> |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Cape Verde]] |
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| July 4, 1979<ref name = "Cape Verde">Pazzanita, p. 376</ref> |
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| |
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|- |
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| [[Chad]] |
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| July 4, 1980 |
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| Withdrawn May 9, 1997 (Apparently re-started and then cancelled again March 18, 2006)<ref name = "Chad">{{cite news | url = http://www.moroccotimes.com/News/article.asp?id=13562 | title = Chad withdraws recognition of Sahrawi Republic | date = [[2006-03-17]] | publisher = MoroccoTimes.com | accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> and re-started again on July 17, 2007. <ref name = "Chad2">{{cite news | url = http://www.spsrasd.info/fr/infos/2007/07/sps-170707-2.html | title = Chad recognizes the Sahrawi Republic | date = [[2007-07-17]] | publisher = Sahara Press Service | language=French | accessdate = 2007-08-13}}</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Ethiopia]] |
| [[Ethiopia]] |
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| February 24, 1979 |
| February 24, 1979{{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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| Embassy<ref name = "Ethiopia |
| Embassy<ref name = "Ethiopia">{{cite web | url = http://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/embassies/lists/embassies.htm | title = Embassies of Ethiopia | accessdate = 2006-08-20 | author = Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia | date = 2005-07-04 | publisher = Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia | language = English}}</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Guinea-Bissau]] |
| [[Guinea-Bissau]] |
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| March 15, 1976 |
| March 15, 1976{{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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| Relations suspended April 2, 1997; Relations resumed and embassy re-opened September 26, 2000. |
| Relations suspended April 2, 1997; Relations resumed and embassy re-opened September 26, 2000.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Lesotho]] |
| [[Lesotho]] |
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| October 9, 1979<ref name = "Lesotho">{{cite news | url = http://www.un.org/webcast/ga/56/statements/011115lesothoE.htm | title = Statement by the Honourable Motsoahae Thomas Thabane Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Lesotho at the 56th Session of the United Nations General Assembly | date = [[2001-11-15]] | accessdate = 2005-07-15 }}</ref><ref name = "Lesotho2">{{cite web | url = http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e080704.html#2 | title = Africa works "seriously for the decolonisation of Western Sahara", declares Mohlabi Kenneth Tsekoa | date = [[2004-07-08]] | publisher = Sahara |
| October 9, 1979<ref name = "Lesotho">{{cite news | url = http://www.un.org/webcast/ga/56/statements/011115lesothoE.htm | title = Statement by the Honourable Motsoahae Thomas Thabane Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Lesotho at the 56th Session of the United Nations General Assembly | date = [[2001-11-15]] | accessdate = 2005-07-15 }}</ref><ref name = "Lesotho2">{{cite web | url = http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e080704.html#2 | title = Africa works "seriously for the decolonisation of Western Sahara", declares Mohlabi Kenneth Tsekoa | date = [[2004-07-08]] | publisher = Sahara Presse Service | accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Libya]] |
| [[Libya]] |
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| April 15, 1980<ref name = "Libya">{{cite web | url = http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-8231.html | title = Maghrib Relations | work = Country-data.com | date = 1987 | accessdate = 2006-07-15}}</ref> |
| April 15, 1980<ref name = "Libya">{{cite web | url = http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-8231.html | title = Maghrib Relations | work = Country-data.com | date = 1987 | accessdate = 2006-07-15}}</ref> [http://www.amigosdelsahara.net/Embajadas.htm] |
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| |
| |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Mali]] |
| [[Mali]] |
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| July 4, 1980 |
| July 4, 1980{{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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|- |
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|- |
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| [[Namibia]] |
| [[Namibia]] |
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| June 2, 1990 |
| June 2, 1990[http://www.mfa.gov.na/frames/consularframe.htm][http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e080704.html] |
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|- |
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| [[Mauritius]] |
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| July 1, 1982<ref name = "Mauritius">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Nigeria]] |
| [[Nigeria]] |
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| November 12, 1984 |
| November 12, 1984{{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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| Embassy.<ref name = "Nigeria |
| Embassy.<ref name = "Nigeria">{{cite news | url = http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e300105.html | title = Arrival of the President of the Republic to Abuja to take part to the African Union's Summit | date = [[2005-01-30]] | publisher = Sahara Presse Service | accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref>[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=16090][http://www.arso.org/01-e01-13.htm] |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Mozambique]] |
| [[Mozambique]] |
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| March 13, 1976 |
| March 13, 1976{{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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| Embassy. |
| Embassy. {{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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|- |
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| [[Rwanda]] |
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| April 1, 1976<ref name = "Rwanda">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
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| [[Seychelles]] |
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| October 25, 1977<ref name = "Seychelles">Pazzanita, p. 378</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[South Africa]] |
| [[South Africa]] |
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| September 15, 2004 |
| September 15, 2004{{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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| Embassy.<ref name = "South Africa |
| Embassy.<ref name = "South Africa">{{cite news | url = http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/040929/2004092915.html | title = The Guardian : South Africa's recognition of 'SADR' harms own interests | date = [[2004-09-24]] | publisher = Arabicnews.com | accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref>[http://www.arso.org/SA.RASD2004.htm] |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Tanzania]] |
| [[Tanzania]] |
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| November 9, 1978 |
| November 9, 1978{{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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| Embassy established June, 2005.<ref name = "Tanzania |
| Embassy established June, 2005.<ref name = "Tanzania">{{cite press release | title = Tanzania satisfied about the future establishment of the Saharawi Republic’s Embassy in Dar Es Salam | publisher = [[Sahara Press Service]] | date = 2005-06-28 | url = http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e280605.html | accessdate = 2006-08-20}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Uganda]] |
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| September 6, 1979<ref name = "Uganda">Pazzanita, p. 378</ref> |
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| [[Zambia]] |
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| October 12, 1979<ref name = "Zambia">Pazzanita, p. 378</ref> |
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| [[Zimbabwe]] |
| [[Zimbabwe]] |
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| July 3, 1980[http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:Mwh4ZjLPTgcJ:www.zimfa.gov.zw/missions/8.htm+tanzania+embassy+sadr&hl=sv] |
| July 3, 1980[http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:Mwh4ZjLPTgcJ:www.zimfa.gov.zw/missions/8.htm+tanzania+embassy+sadr&hl=sv] |
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|- align=center bgcolor=#80ff80 |
|- align=center bgcolor=#80ff80 |
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| rowspan= |
| rowspan=8 | North<br/>America |
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|- |
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| [[Antigua and Barbuda]] |
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| February 27, 1987<ref name = "Antigua and Barbuda">Pazzanita, p. 376</ref> |
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| [[Barbados]] |
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| February 27, 1988<ref name = "Barbados">Pazzanita, p. 376</ref> |
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| [[Belize]] |
| [[Belize]] |
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| [[Cuba]] |
| [[Cuba]] |
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| January 20, 1980 |
| January 20, 1980{{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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| Embassy.<ref name = "Venezuela" /> |
| Embassy.<ref name = "Venezuela" /> |
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|- |
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| [[Grenada]] |
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| August 20, 1979<ref name = "Grenada">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
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| [[Haiti]] |
| [[Haiti]] |
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| November 23, 2006 |
| November 23, 2006{{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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| Embassy.[http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e231106.html][http://www.lenouvelliste.com/article.php?PubID=1&ArticleID=36872&PubDate=2006-11-24] |
| Embassy.[http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e231106.html][http://www.lenouvelliste.com/article.php?PubID=1&ArticleID=36872&PubDate=2006-11-24] |
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|- |
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| [[Jamaica]] |
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| September 4, 1979<ref name = "Jamaica">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
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| [[Mexico]] |
| [[Mexico]] |
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| [[Nicaragua]] |
| [[Nicaragua]] |
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| September 6, 1979 |
| September 6, 1979{{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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| Suspended July 21, 2000,[http://www.mincom.gov.ma/french/reg_vil/regions/sahara/actualite/archive/2000/220700.htm] but re-established January 12, 2007[http://www.spsrasd.info/en/infos/2007/01/sps-e120107.html] |
| Suspended July 21, 2000,[http://www.mincom.gov.ma/french/reg_vil/regions/sahara/actualite/archive/2000/220700.htm] but re-established January 12, 2007[http://www.spsrasd.info/en/infos/2007/01/sps-e120107.html] |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Panama]] |
| [[Panama]] |
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| June 23, 1978 |
| June 23, 1978{{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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| Embassy<ref name = "Panama |
| Embassy<ref name = "Panama">{{cite web | url = http://es.geocities.com/websahocc/index.html | title = Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic embassy in Panama | accessdate = 2006-08-20 | author = Haddi Larosi | publisher = Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | language = English, Spanish}}</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] |
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| February 25, 1987<ref name = "Saint Kitts and Nevis">Pazzanita, p. 378</ref> |
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| [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] |
| [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] |
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| February 14, 2002<ref name = "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">{{cite web | url = http://www.arso.org/SvGren.140202.htm | title = Western Sahara - Sahara Occidental Joint Statement | date = [[2002-02-15]] | accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> |
| February 14, 2002<ref name = "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">{{cite web | url = http://www.arso.org/SvGren.140202.htm | title = Western Sahara - Sahara Occidental Joint Statement | date = [[2002-02-15]] | accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Trinidad and Tobago]] |
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| November 1, 1986<ref name = "Trinidad and Tobago">Pazzanita, p. 378</ref> |
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|- align=center bgcolor=#80b880 |
|- align=center bgcolor=#80b880 |
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| rowspan= |
| rowspan=4 | South<br/>America |
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|- |
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| [[Bolivia]] |
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| December 14, 1982<ref name = "Bolivia">Pazzanita, p. 376</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Ecuador]] |
| [[Ecuador]] |
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| November 14, 1983 |
| November 14, 1983{{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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| Withdrawn June 19, 2004; |
| Withdrawn June 19, 2004; Relations resumed February 8, 2006.<ref name = "Ecuador">{{cite news | url = http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e080206.html#4 | title = Ecuador and the Saharawi Republic declare the re-establishment of diplomatic relations | date = [[2006-02-08]] | publisher = Sahara Presse Service | accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> [http://www.eluniverso.com/2005/10/04/8/ed9184d8a4784813a2aced300a35a0a0.html?EUID=] |
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|- |
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| [[Guyana]] |
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| September 1, 1979<ref name = "Guyana">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Suriname]] |
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| August 11, 1982<ref name = "Suriname">Pazzanita, p. 378</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Uruguay]] |
| [[Uruguay]] |
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| December 28, 2005<ref name = "Uruguay">{{cite news | title = The Oriental Republic of Uruguay announces its official recognition of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic | date = [[2005-12-26]] | url = http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e261205.html#2 | accessdate = 2006-07-15 | publisher = Sahara |
| December 28, 2005<ref name = "Uruguay">{{cite news | title = The Oriental Republic of Uruguay announces its official recognition of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic | date = [[2005-12-26]] | url = http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e261205.html#2 | accessdate = 2006-07-15 | publisher = Sahara Presse Service }}</ref><ref name = "Uruguay2">{{cite news | url = http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/912B0A5C-4383-44DB-B878-FFD7D8D6C7B7.htm |
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| title = Uruguay recognises Western Sahara | date = [[2005-12-29]] | publisher = [[Al Jazeera]] |
| title = Uruguay recognises Western Sahara | date = [[2005-12-29]] | publisher = [[Al Jazeera]] |
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| accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> |
| accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Venezuela]] |
| [[Venezuela]] |
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| August 3, 1982 |
| August 3, 1982{{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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| Embassy.<ref name = "Venezuela" /> |
| Embassy.<ref name = "Venezuela" /> |
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|- align=center bgcolor=#ff9d80 |
|- align=center bgcolor=#ff9d80 |
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| rowspan= |
| rowspan=2 | Asia |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Iran]] |
| [[Iran]] |
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| February 27, 1980[http://www.arso.org/01-e05-0102.htm]<ref name = "Iran">{{cite news | url = http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e170206.html | title = Iran recognises "the Saharawi Republic and see the solution within the UN framework", Declares Iran’s Ambassador to Algiers | date = [[2006-02-17]] | publisher = Sahara |
| February 27, 1980[http://www.arso.org/01-e05-0102.htm]<ref name = "Iran">{{cite news | url = http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e170206.html | title = Iran recognises "the Saharawi Republic and see the solution within the UN framework", Declares Iran’s Ambassador to Algiers | date = [[2006-02-17]] | publisher = Sahara Presse Service | accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> |
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| [[Laos]] |
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| May 9, 1979<ref name = "Laos">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[North Korea]] |
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| March 16, 1976<ref name = "North Korea">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
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|- |
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| [[Vietnam]] |
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| March 2, 1979<ref name = "Viet Nam">Pazzanita, p. 378</ref> |
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|- align=center bgcolor=#df7abd |
|- align=center bgcolor=#df7abd |
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| rowspan= |
| rowspan=2 | Oceania |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[East Timor]] |
| [[East Timor]] |
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| May 20, 2002[http://www.arso.org/timor200502.htm] |
| May 20, 2002[http://www.arso.org/timor200502.htm] |
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| First country to establish relations with East Timor. |
| First country to establish relations with East Timor. |
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|- |
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| [[Papua New Guinea]] |
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| August 12, 1981<ref name = "Papua New Guinea">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
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| |
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|} |
|} |
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==States that have suspended or |
==States that have suspended or cancelled their recognition to the SADR== |
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The recognitions of the SADR are subject to continuous fluctuation, depending on different factors and the diplomatic activity of [[Morocco]], and the [[Polisario Front]]. |
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The recognitions of the SADR are subject to continuous fluctuation, depending on different factors and the diplomatic activity of [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]] and [[Polisario]]. |
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A number of states that once recognized the SADR have either suspended or definitely canceled their recognition. The table below provides an overview on the list of these states. |
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A number of states that once recognized the SADR have either suspended or definitely cancelled their recognition. For an overview on the list of these states click here: [[Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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! bgcolor="#FFEBAD"|State |
|||
! bgcolor="#FFEBAD"|Date of recognition |
|||
! bgcolor="#FFEBAD"|Notes |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Afghanistan]] |
|||
| May 23, 1979 |
|||
| Withdrawn July 12, 2002<ref name = "Afghanistan">Pazzanita, p. 376</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Albania]] |
|||
| December 29, 1987<ref name = "ICEconflict" /> |
|||
| Withdrawn November 9, 2004<ref name = "Albania">Pazzanita, p. 376</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Benin]] |
|||
| March 11, 1976 |
|||
| Recognition withdrawn March 21, 1997<ref name = "Benin">Pazzanita, p. 376</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Burkina Faso]] |
|||
| March 4, 1984 |
|||
| Withdrawn June 5, 1996<ref name = "Burkina Faso">Pazzanita, p. 376</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Burundi]] |
|||
| March 1, 1976 |
|||
| Suspended recognition May 5, 2006<ref name = "Burundi">{{cite news | author = [[Maghreb Arabe Presse]] |url = http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/politics/burundi_freezes_reco/view | title = Burundi freezes recognition of so-called Sahrawi republic |publisher = Maghreb Arabe Presse | date = 2006-05-10 | accessdate = 2006-08-10 | language = English}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Cambodia]] |
|||
| April 10, 1979 |
|||
| Withdrawn August 14, 2006<ref name = "Cambodia">{{cite news | author = Morocco Times | url = http://www.moroccotimes.com/paper/article.asp?idr=2&id=16569 | title = Cambodia withdraws recognition of Sahrawi Republic | publisher = Morocco Times | date = 2006-08-14 | accessdate = 2006-08-20 | language = English}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Colombia]] |
|||
| February 27, 1985 |
|||
| Suspended December, 2000.<ref name = "Colombia">Pazzanita, p. 376</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Republic of the Congo]] |
|||
| June 3, 1978 |
|||
| Withdrawn September 13, 1996<ref name = "Republic of the Congo">Pazzanita, p. 376</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Costa Rica]] |
|||
| October 30, 1980 |
|||
| Suspended April 2000<ref name = "Costa Rica">Pazzanita, p. 376</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Dominica]] |
|||
| September 1, 1979 |
|||
| Suspended<ref name = "Dominica">Pazzanita, p. 376</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Dominican Republic]] |
|||
| June 24, 1986 |
|||
| Suspended on May 23, 2002<ref name = "Dominican Republic">Pazzanita, p. 376</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[El Salvador]] |
|||
| July 31, 1989 |
|||
| Withdrawn April, 1997<ref name = "El Salvador">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Equatorial Guinea]] |
|||
| November 3, 1978 |
|||
| Withdrawn May 1980<ref name = "Equatorial Guinea">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Ghana]] |
|||
| August 24, 1979 |
|||
| Suspended May 2001<ref name = "Ghana">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Guatemala]] |
|||
| April 10, 1986 |
|||
| Suspended April, 1998. In 2002, denied ever recognizing SADR.<ref name = "Guatemala">{{cite news | title = Guatemala denies recognition of so-called Sahrawi republic | date = [[2002-07-30]] | publisher = Arabicnews.com | url = http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/020730/2002073036.html | accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Honduras]] |
|||
| November 8, 1989 |
|||
| Suspended January 2000<ref name = "Honduras">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[India]] |
|||
| October 1, 1985<ref name = "India2">{{cite web | url = http://www.tourisminindia.com/contactinfo/emabsy.htm | title = Foreign Consulates in India | work = Ministry of Tourism, Government of India | accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> |
|||
| Withdrawn June 26, 2000<ref name = "India">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Kenya]] |
|||
| June 25, 2005<ref name = "Kenya">{{cite news | title = Rabat deplores Kenya's recognition of 'Sahrawi Republic', recalls its ambassador in Nairobi | date = [[2005-06-27]] | url = http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/050627/2005062726.html | publisher = Arabicnews.com | accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> |
|||
| Embassy.<ref name = "Kenya2">{{cite web | title = Kenya-W Sahara ties anger Rabat | date = [[2005-06-25]]| url = http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/A82EB768-637D-489B-BF2A-FDF9BA3B6CA6.htm | publisher = [[Al Jazeera]] | accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> Recognition suspended October 20, 2006<ref name="Kenya suspension">{{cite web | title=Kenya severs diplomatic ties with Sahrawi Republic | url=http://www.timesnews.co.ke/21oct06/nwsstory/news4.html | date=2006-10-22 | publisher=Kenya Times}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Kiribati]] |
|||
| August 12, 1981 |
|||
| Withdrawn September 15, 2000<ref name = "Kiribati">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Liberia]] |
|||
| July 31, 1985 |
|||
| Withdrawn September, 1997<ref name = "Liberia">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Madagascar]] |
|||
| February 28, 1976 |
|||
| Froze recognition June 4, 2005<ref name = "Madagascar">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Malawi]] |
|||
| November 16, 1994 |
|||
| Withdrawn June 2001<ref name = "Malawi">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Nauru]] |
|||
| August 12, 1981 |
|||
| Withdrawn September 15, 2000<ref name = "Nauru">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Paraguay]] |
|||
| February 9, 2000 |
|||
| Suspended June 25, 2000<ref name = "Paraguay">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Peru]] |
|||
| August 16, 1984 |
|||
| Suspended relations, October, 1996<ref name = "Peru">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Saint Lucia]] |
|||
| September 1, 1979 |
|||
| Withdrawn March 1989<ref name = "Saint Lucia">Pazzanita, p. 378</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] |
|||
| June 22, 1978 |
|||
| Withdrawn October 23, 1996<ref name = "São Tomé and Príncipe">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Sierra Leone]] |
|||
| March 27, 1980 |
|||
| Suspended c. 2002-2003<ref name = "Sierra Leone">Pazzanita, p. 378</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Solomon Islands]] |
|||
| August 12, 1981 |
|||
| Withdrawn January, 1989<ref name = "Solomon Islands">Pazzanita, p. 378</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[South Yemen]] ([[People's Democratic Republic of Yemen|PDRY]] and [[People's Republic of South Yemen|PRSY]]) |
|||
| February 2, 1977 <ref name = "South Yemen">Pazzanita, p. 378</ref> |
|||
| Diplomatic recognition withdrawn by the government of the unified [[Yemen|Republic of Yemen]].<ref name = "Yemen">{{cite news | author = Africast.com |
|||
| url = http://news.africast.com/article.php?newsID=19280 | title = Yemen supports Morocco's efforts to protect territorial integrity | publisher = Africast.com | date = 2000-07-12 | accessdate = 2006-08-20 | language = English}}</ref> including its "[[#List of countries supporting Moroccan claims on Western Sahara|southern provinces]]." |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Swaziland]] |
|||
| April 28, 1980<ref name = "Swaziland">Pazzanita, p. 378</ref> |
|||
| Withdrawn June 1997 |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Syria]] |
|||
| April 15, 1980<ref name = "Syria">Pazzanita, p. 378</ref> |
|||
| Cancelled in 2001 <ref name="Syria2">{{cite web | url = http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/011124/2001112422.html | title = http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/011124/2001112422.html | work = Arabic News | date = 2001 | accessdate = 2006-10-26}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Togo]] |
|||
| March 17, 1976 |
|||
| Withdrawn June, 1997<ref name = "Togo">{{cite news | author = African News Dimension | url = https://www.andnetwork.com/index?service=page/BuySubscription | title = Togo confirms withdrawal of recognition of SADR | publisher = African News Dimension | date = 2006-06-30 | accessdate = 2006-08-20 | language = English}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Tuvalu]] |
|||
| August 12, 1981 |
|||
| Withdrawn September 15, 2000<ref name = "Tuvalu">Pazzanita, p. 378</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Vanuatu]] |
|||
| November 27, 1980 |
|||
| Withdrawn November 2000<ref name = "Vanuatu">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
| [[Yugoslavia]] ([[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|SFRY]]) |
|||
| November 28, 1984<ref name = "ICEconflict">{{cite web | url = http://www.american.edu/ted/ice/sahara.htm | title = Case study # 24 | work = Inventory of Conflict & Environment (ICE) | date = December 1997 | accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> |
|||
| Withdrawn by [[Serbia and Montenegro]], October 28, 2004.<ref name = Yugoslavia">Pazzanita, p. 377</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|} |
|||
==List of states supporting Moroccan claims on Western Sahara== |
==List of states supporting Moroccan claims on Western Sahara== |
||
Line 408: | Line 169: | ||
:"The Security Council would not be able to invite parties to negotiate about Western Saharan [[autonomy]] under Moroccan sovereignty, for such wording would imply recognition of Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara, which was out of the question as long as no States Member of the United Nations had recognized that sovereignty".<ref name = "Moroccan sovereignty">{{cite web | format = PDF | date = [[2006-04-19]]| title = Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara |
:"The Security Council would not be able to invite parties to negotiate about Western Saharan [[autonomy]] under Moroccan sovereignty, for such wording would imply recognition of Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara, which was out of the question as long as no States Member of the United Nations had recognized that sovereignty".<ref name = "Moroccan sovereignty">{{cite web | format = PDF | date = [[2006-04-19]]| title = Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara |
||
| url = http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/wsahara/2006/0419sgreport.pdf |
| url = http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/wsahara/2006/0419sgreport.pdf |
||
| accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> Morocco is considered as the administrative power,<ref name = "Morocco as administrative power">{{cite web | format = PDF | date = [[2002-02-19]] | title = Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara | url = http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/255/42/IMG/N0225542.pdf?OpenElement }}</ref> and except for the [[free trade agreement]] with the US, all international treaties with Morocco apply also to Western Sahara.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} |
|||
| accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> |
|||
Some UN member states have expressed explicit support of "Morocco's [[territorial integrity]]", in reference to Western Sahara as Moroccan provinces. |
|||
Morocco is considered the administrative power in Western Sahara.<ref name = "Morocco as administrative power">{{cite web | format = PDF | date = [[2002-02-19]] | title = Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara | url = http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/255/42/IMG/N0225542.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
Line 420: | Line 181: | ||
| rowspan=15 | Africa |
| rowspan=15 | Africa |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Botswana]]<ref name = "Botswana |
|[[Botswana]]<ref name = "Botswana">{{cite news | title = Morocco, Botswana establish diplomatic relations |
||
| url = http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/050628/2005062825.html |
| url = http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/050628/2005062825.html |
||
| date = [[2005-06-28]] | publisher = Arabicnews.com | accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> |
| date = [[2005-06-28]] | publisher = Arabicnews.com | accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> |
||
Line 448: | Line 209: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Equatorial Guinea]]<ref name = "Equatorial Guinea |
|[[Equatorial Guinea]]<ref name = "Equatorial Guinea">{{cite news | date = [[2002-05-14]] | publisher = Arabicnews.com |
||
| title = Equatorial Guinea renews backing to Morocco's territorial integrity |
| title = Equatorial Guinea renews backing to Morocco's territorial integrity |
||
| url = http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/020514/2002051437.html |
| url = http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/020514/2002051437.html |
||
Line 473: | Line 234: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Madagascar]]<ref name = "Madagascar |
|[[Madagascar]]<ref name = "Madagascar">{{cite news | date = [[2005-04-07]] | publisher = Arabicnews.com |
||
| title = Madagascar freezes recognition of so-called Sahrawi Republic | accessdate = 2006-07-15 |
| title = Madagascar freezes recognition of so-called Sahrawi Republic | accessdate = 2006-07-15 |
||
| url = http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/050407/2005040718.html }}</ref> |
| url = http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/050407/2005040718.html }}</ref> |
||
Line 507: | Line 268: | ||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Colombia]]<ref name = "Colombia |
|[[Colombia]]<ref name = "Colombia">{{cite news | url = http://www.moroccotimes.com/news/article.asp?idr=2&id=5011 |
||
| title = Columbian Senate reaffirms support to Morocco territorial integrity | date = [[2005-03-23]] |
| title = Columbian Senate reaffirms support to Morocco territorial integrity | date = [[2005-03-23]] |
||
| publisher = MoroccoTimes.com | accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> |
| publisher = MoroccoTimes.com | accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> |
||
Line 517: | Line 278: | ||
| title = Chile reiterates its position in favour of Moroccan territorial integrity }}</ref>[http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/politics/chile_s_senate_speak/view] |
| title = Chile reiterates its position in favour of Moroccan territorial integrity }}</ref>[http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/politics/chile_s_senate_speak/view] |
||
| |
| |
||
| Chile has given contradictory comments regarding the Sahara. Chile's Senate speaker [[Sergio Romero]] has said that Chile does not recognize Western Sahara's independence [http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/politics/chile_s_senate_speak/view], but Chile's Ministry of Foreign Relations website includes Western Sahara as an independent country with which Chile has no diplomatic relations. |
| Chile has given contradictory comments regarding the Sahara. Chile's Senate speaker [[Sergio Romero]] has said that Chile does not recognize Western Sahara's independence [http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/politics/chile_s_senate_speak/view],<ref name = "Chile" /> but Chile's Ministry of Foreign Relations website includes Western Sahara as an independent country with which Chile has no diplomatic relations. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Peru]]<ref name = "Peru |
|[[Peru]]<ref name = "Peru">{{cite news | url = http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/031002/2003100226.html |
||
| title = Peru fully supports Morocco's territorial integrity | date = [[2003-10-02]] |
| title = Peru fully supports Morocco's territorial integrity | date = [[2003-10-02]] |
||
| accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> |
| accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> |
||
Line 566: | Line 327: | ||
| rowspan=2 | Oceania |
| rowspan=2 | Oceania |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|[[Vanuatu]]<ref name = "Vanuatu |
|[[Vanuatu]]<ref name = "Vanuatu">{{cite news | url = http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/001215/2000121519.html | title = Morocco and Vanuatu to start diplomatic relations | date = [[2000-12-15]] |
||
| publisher = Arabicnews.com | accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> |
| publisher = Arabicnews.com | accessdate = 2006-07-15 }}</ref> |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 573: | Line 334: | ||
==Other states== |
==Other states== |
||
*[[United States]] - In a 2004 free trade agreement with [[Morocco]], [[Office of the United States Trade Representative|US Trade Representative]] [[Robert Zoellick]] stated, "the United States and many other countries do not |
*[[United States]] - In a 2004 free trade agreement with [[Morocco]], [[Office of the United States Trade Representative|US Trade Representative]] [[Robert Zoellick]] stated, "the United States and many other countries do not recognise Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara and have consistently urged the parties to work with the United Nations to resolve the conflict by peaceful means. The Free Trade Agreement will not include Western Sahara."<ref name = "Qantara" /> |
||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
* [[Foreign relations of Morocco#Western Sahara|Foreign relations of Morocco]] |
* [[Foreign relations of Morocco#Western Sahara|Foreign relations of Morocco]] |
||
* [[Polisario]] |
|||
== |
==Notes== |
||
<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags--> |
|||
*Hodges, Tony. ''Western Sahara: Roots of a Desert War'', Lawrence Hill & Company, 1983, ISBN 0882081527 , p. 308 |
|||
*Pazzanita, Anthony. ''Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara'', 3 ed., Scarecrow Press, 2006, ISBN 0810855402 , pp. 376-378. |
|||
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> |
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> |
||
<references /></div> |
<references /></div> |
||
==References== |
|||
*Hodges, Tony. ''Western Sahara: Roots of a Desert War'', Lawrence Hill & Company, 1983, ISBN 0882081527 , p. 308 |
|||
*Hodges, Tony, and Pazzanita, Anthony. ''Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara'', 2 ed., Scarecrow Press, 1994, ISBN 0810826615 , pp. 378-379. |
|||
==External links== |
==External links== |
Revision as of 09:33, 18 August 2007
Part of a series on the |
Western Sahara conflict |
---|
![]() |
Background |
Regions |
Politics |
Clashes |
Issues |
Peace process |
Western Sahara, formerly the Spanish colony of Spanish Sahara, is a disputed territory claimed by the Kingdom of Morocco and the Polisario Front. Its legal status remains unresolved.
The territory is mostly administered by Morocco since Spain handed over the territory to Morocco and Mauritania after the Madrid Accords in 1975-76. Part of the territory is controlled by the Polisario Front as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. A UN-administered cease-fire has been in effect since September, 1991.
In order to resolve the sovereignty issue, the United Nations (UN) has attempted to hold a referendum through the mission United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), and is holding direct talks between the kingdom of Morocco and the Polisario Front.
Positions of the parties
Kingdom of Morocco
The position of the Kingdom of Morocco is that all of Western Sahara is an integral part of the Kingdom. The Moroccan government refers to Western Sahara only as the "Sahara," "Moroccan Sahara," "Saharan provinces," or the "Southern Provinces". Western Sahara is the historical birthplace of one of the most glorious Moroccan ruling dynasties, the Almoravids. In 1958, the Moroccan Liberation Army of the South fought Spanish colonizers and almost liberated what was then Spanish Sahara. Among the veterans of the Moroccan Southern Army are fathers of many of the Polisario leaders, like the father of Mohammed Abdelaziz, the Polisario leader. Morocco is supported in this view by a number of former Polisario founders and leaders. The Polisario Front is considered by Morocco to be a Moroccan separatist movement, referring to the Moroccan origins of most of its founding members, and its self-proclaimed SADR to be a puppet state used by Algeria to fight a proxy war against Morocco.
Polisario Front
The position of the Polisario Front is that Western Sahara is an occupied territory, the rightful government of which is the exiled Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).[1] The Polisario Front calls for the right of self-determination of the people of Western Sahara to be decided through a referendum. Although the SADR is not recognised as a state by the UN, Polisario is considered as a direct party in the conflict. The SADR is a member of the African Union.
Algeria
Algeria has been supporting the independence of Western Sahara diplomatically since 1975. In 1976, Algeria got involved directly in the conflict, but after a military confrontation at Amgala against the Moroccan Army, the Algerian role became that of an indirectly involved party through political and military support to the Polisario front. Morocco argues that the Algerian position is due to the Sand War of 1963.
United Nations
Western Sahara was first placed, by Moroccan demand, on the UN list of territories to be decolonized in the 1960s when it was still a Spanish colony. It has retained that status since then due to the persistence of the conflict.[2] The UN has been involved since 1988 to find a solution to the conflict through self-determination. In 1988, the kingdom of Morocco and the Polisario Front agreed to settle the dispute through a referendum under the auspices of the UN, that would allow the people of Western Sahara to chose between independence or integration with Morocco. In 1991, a ceasefire was agreed between the parties, contingent on the referendum being held the following year. Due to disputes over voter qualification, the vote has still not been held, and Morocco has made it clear in 2000 that henceforth it will not consider any option leading to the independence of the territory,[citation needed] and instead, is now proposing autonomy within Morocco.[citation needed] Lately, the UN has argued for negotiations between the parties to overcome the deadlock.[citation needed]
African Union
The African Union (formerly the Organization of African Unity) has given the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic full recognition,[3] and accepted it as a member (which has led Morocco to leave the union,[4] becoming the only African state outside of it.)
Recognition
The SADR is recognized by 45 states. Non-recognition of the Sahrawi republic does not necessarily imply non-recognition of the Polisario Front: several governments consider Polisario as the legitimate representative of the Sahrawi people, but not its exile government as a state.[citation needed] Several states have withdrawn their recognition of the SADR. Although Morocco claims that no recognition is required, Moroccan sovereignty over the territory is explicitly supported by the Arab League[5][6] and by 25 states.
States recognizing the SADR
The following is a list of state governments that have formally recognized Western Sahara as a sovereign nation, with the exiled Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as its legitimate government. The vast majority of recognitions took place during the Cold War. Since the 1990s, many states have retracted their recognitions, or suspended recognition pending the outcome of the referendum on self-determination.
- Forty-six recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Thirteen of them are home to Sahrawi embassies[citation needed].
- Thirty-seven have recognized the SADR, then suspended relations or withdrawn recognition [citation needed].
Continent | State | Date of recognition | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Africa | |||
Algeria | March 6, 1976[citation needed] | Embassy.[7] | |
Angola | March 11, 1976[citation needed] | Embassy. [citation needed] | |
Ethiopia | February 24, 1979[citation needed] | Embassy[8] | |
Guinea-Bissau | March 15, 1976[citation needed] | Relations suspended April 2, 1997; Relations resumed and embassy re-opened September 26, 2000.[citation needed] | |
Lesotho | October 9, 1979[9][10] | ||
Libya | April 15, 1980[11] [1] | ||
Mali | July 4, 1980[citation needed] | ||
Mauritania | February 27, 1984[12] | ||
Namibia | June 2, 1990[2][3] | ||
Nigeria | November 12, 1984[citation needed] | Embassy.[13][4][5] | |
Mozambique | March 13, 1976[citation needed] | Embassy. [citation needed] | |
South Africa | September 15, 2004[citation needed] | Embassy.[14][6] | |
Tanzania | November 9, 1978[citation needed] | Embassy established June, 2005.[15] | |
Zimbabwe | July 3, 1980[7] | ||
North America | |||
Belize | November 18, 1986[8] | ||
Cuba | January 20, 1980[citation needed] | Embassy.[16] | |
Haiti | November 23, 2006[citation needed] | Embassy.[9][10] | |
Mexico | September 8, 1979[17] | Embassy.[16] | |
Nicaragua | September 6, 1979[citation needed] | Suspended July 21, 2000,[11] but re-established January 12, 2007[12] | |
Panama | June 23, 1978[citation needed] | Embassy[18] | |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | February 14, 2002[19] | ||
South America | |||
Ecuador | November 14, 1983[citation needed] | Withdrawn June 19, 2004; Relations resumed February 8, 2006.[20] [13] | |
Uruguay | December 28, 2005[21][22] | ||
Venezuela | August 3, 1982[citation needed] | Embassy.[16] | |
Asia | |||
Iran | February 27, 1980[14][23] | ||
Oceania | |||
East Timor | May 20, 2002[15] | First country to establish relations with East Timor. |
States that have suspended or cancelled their recognition to the SADR
The recognitions of the SADR are subject to continuous fluctuation, depending on different factors and the diplomatic activity of Morocco, Algeria and Polisario.
A number of states that once recognized the SADR have either suspended or definitely cancelled their recognition. For an overview on the list of these states click here: Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
List of states supporting Moroccan claims on Western Sahara
No state has recognized the sovereignty of Morocco over Western Sahara, which the United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan also stressed in his last report on Western Sahara to the Security Council:
- "The Security Council would not be able to invite parties to negotiate about Western Saharan autonomy under Moroccan sovereignty, for such wording would imply recognition of Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara, which was out of the question as long as no States Member of the United Nations had recognized that sovereignty".[24] Morocco is considered as the administrative power,[25] and except for the free trade agreement with the US, all international treaties with Morocco apply also to Western Sahara.[citation needed]
Some UN member states have expressed explicit support of "Morocco's territorial integrity", in reference to Western Sahara as Moroccan provinces.
Continent | State | Date of support | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Africa | |||
Botswana[26] | |||
Cameroon[27] | |||
Central Africa Republic[28][16] | |||
Côte d'Ivoire[29] | |||
Egypt[30] | |||
Equatorial Guinea[31] | |||
Gabon[32] | |||
Guinea[33] | |||
Libya[34] | |||
Madagascar[35] | |||
Malawi[17] | |||
Senegal[36] | |||
Swaziland[18] | |||
Sudan[37] | |||
South America | |||
Argentina[38] | |||
Colombia[39] | |||
Chile[40][19] | Chile has given contradictory comments regarding the Sahara. Chile's Senate speaker Sergio Romero has said that Chile does not recognize Western Sahara's independence [20],[40] but Chile's Ministry of Foreign Relations website includes Western Sahara as an independent country with which Chile has no diplomatic relations. | ||
Peru[41] | |||
Asia | |||
People's Republic of China[42] | |||
Indonesia[43] | |||
Iraq[44] | |||
Kuwait[45] | |||
Yemen[46] | |||
Europe | |||
Serbia[47] | |||
Oceania | |||
Vanuatu[48] |
Other states
- United States - In a 2004 free trade agreement with Morocco, US Trade Representative Robert Zoellick stated, "the United States and many other countries do not recognise Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara and have consistently urged the parties to work with the United Nations to resolve the conflict by peaceful means. The Free Trade Agreement will not include Western Sahara."[1]
See also
Notes
- ^ a b Saeed Taji Farouky (2006-03-21). "The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: Deserted in Western Sahara" (in English and German). Qantara.de. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ United Nations Fourth Committee (2002). "Non-Self-Governing Territories listed by GA in 2002" (in English). United Nations. Retrieved 2006-08-20.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ African Union. "A. U. Member States" (Flash animation) (in English and French). African Union. Retrieved 2006-08-20.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Political Alliances Within the UN". Eye on the UN. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
- ^ Arabicnews.com (1998-12-17). "Arab League withdraws inaccurate Moroccan maps". Arabicnews.com. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
- ^ Arabicnews.com (1999-01-08). "Arab League supports Morocco's territorial integrity". Arabicnews.com. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
- ^ Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. "Embassy of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic in Algeria" (in Arabic and Spanish). Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Retrieved 2006-08-20.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (2005-07-04). "Embassies of Ethiopia". Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Retrieved 2006-08-20.
- ^ "Statement by the Honourable Motsoahae Thomas Thabane Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Lesotho at the 56th Session of the United Nations General Assembly". 2001-11-15. Retrieved 2005-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Africa works "seriously for the decolonisation of Western Sahara", declares Mohlabi Kenneth Tsekoa". Sahara Presse Service. 2004-07-08. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Maghrib Relations". Country-data.com. 1987. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
- ^ "The Haidalla Regime". Retrieved 2006-07-15.
- ^ "Arrival of the President of the Republic to Abuja to take part to the African Union's Summit". Sahara Presse Service. 2005-01-30. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "The Guardian : South Africa's recognition of 'SADR' harms own interests". Arabicnews.com. 2004-09-24. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Tanzania satisfied about the future establishment of the Saharawi Republic's Embassy in Dar Es Salam" (Press release). Sahara Press Service. 2005-06-28. Retrieved 2006-08-20.
- ^ a b c Haddi Larosi. "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic embassy in Venezuela" (in Spanish). Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Retrieved 2006-08-20.
- ^ United Mexican States. "Conflicto en el Sahara Occidental" (PDF) (in Spanish). United Mexican States. Retrieved 2006-08-20.
- ^ Haddi Larosi. "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic embassy in Panama" (in English and Spanish). Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Retrieved 2006-08-20.
- ^ "Western Sahara - Sahara Occidental Joint Statement". 2002-02-15. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Ecuador and the Saharawi Republic declare the re-establishment of diplomatic relations". Sahara Presse Service. 2006-02-08. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "The Oriental Republic of Uruguay announces its official recognition of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic". Sahara Presse Service. 2005-12-26. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Uruguay recognises Western Sahara". Al Jazeera. 2005-12-29. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Iran recognises "the Saharawi Republic and see the solution within the UN framework", Declares Iran's Ambassador to Algiers". Sahara Presse Service. 2006-02-17. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara" (PDF). 2006-04-19. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara" (PDF). 2002-02-19.
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(help) - ^ "Morocco, Botswana establish diplomatic relations". Arabicnews.com. 2005-06-28. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "King Visit to Cameroon, a major event, ambassador". Arabicnews.com. 2004-06-17. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Central Africa backs Morocco's sovereignty over Sahara". Arabicnews.com. 2000-02-29. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Ivory Coast reiterates firm support to political solution to Sahara dispute, Minister". Arabicnews.com. 2004-03-16. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Egypt renews backing to Morocco's territorial integrity". Arabicnews.com. 1999-03-15. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Equatorial Guinea renews backing to Morocco's territorial integrity". Arabicnews.com. 2002-05-14. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Gabon renews support to Morocco's territorial integrity". Africast.com. 2000-09-13. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Bilateral cooperation: Guinea reaffirms support to Moroccan territorial integrity". MoroccoTimes.com. 2005-07-21. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Sahara historically established as Moroccan territory, Libyan senior official". Arabicnews.com. 1999-06-30. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Madagascar freezes recognition of so-called Sahrawi Republic". Arabicnews.com. 2005-04-07. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Senegal renews firm support to Moroccan territorial integrity". Africast.com. 2000-05-29. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Sudan supports Moroccan sovereignty over Southern Provinces". MoroccoTimes.com. 2005-12-26. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Argentina renews backing to Morocco's territorial integrity". Arabicnews.com. 2003-04-15. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Columbian Senate reaffirms support to Morocco territorial integrity". MoroccoTimes.com. 2005-03-23. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ a b "Chile reiterates its position in favour of Moroccan territorial integrity". MoroccoTimes.com. 2005-06-02. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Peru fully supports Morocco's territorial integrity". 2003-10-02. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "China renews backing to Morocco's territorial integrity". Arabicnews.com. 2000-11-08. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Indonesian MP delegation holds intensive talks with Moroccan officials". Arabicnews.com. 2001-01-25. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Morocco-Iraqi agreements on oil supply upheld, ambassador". 2005-06-09. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Kuwait reiterates support to Morocco's territorial integrity". Arabicnews.com. 2002-05-25. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Yemen
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Serbia-Montenegro withdraws recognition of Sahara Republic". 2004-10-28. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help) - ^ "Morocco and Vanuatu to start diplomatic relations". Arabicnews.com. 2000-12-15. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
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(help)
References
- Hodges, Tony. Western Sahara: Roots of a Desert War, Lawrence Hill & Company, 1983, ISBN 0882081527 , p. 308
- Hodges, Tony, and Pazzanita, Anthony. Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara, 2 ed., Scarecrow Press, 1994, ISBN 0810826615 , pp. 378-379.
External links
Tables of states recognizing the SADR
- World Statesmen
- Western Sahara On-line
- The SADR Template:Es
- Lasonet.com Template:Es
- Friends of the Sahara Template:Es
- The Association for a Free and Fair Referendum in Western Sahara