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{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005}} |
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[[Image:jp_ii.jpg|thumb|165px|Official papal image of John Paul II]] |
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{{Redirect-several|John Paul II|Pope John Paul II|Saint John Paul II|JP2|Karol Wojtyla}} |
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{{pp-move}} |
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{{pp|small=yes}} |
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{{EngvarB|date=January 2017}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}} |
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{{Infobox Christian leader |
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| type = Pope |
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| honorific-prefix = [[Pope Saint]] |
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| name = John Paul II |
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| title = [[Bishop of Rome]] |
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| native_name = |
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| native_name_lang = pl |
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| image = ADAMELLO - PAPA - Giovanni Paolo II - panoramio (cropped).jpg |
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| alt = |
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| caption = John Paul II in 1988 |
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| church = [[Catholic Church]] |
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| term_start = 16 October 1978 |
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| term_end = 2 April 2005 |
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| predecessor = [[John Paul I]] |
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| successor = [[Benedict XVI]] |
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| previous_post = {{indented plainlist| |
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* Auxiliary [[Bishop of Kraków]] (1958{{nbnd}}1964) |
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* Titular Bishop of [[Ombi]] (1958{{nbnd}}1964) |
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* [[Archbishop of Kraków]] (1964{{nbnd}}1978) |
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* Cardinal Priest of [[San Cesareo in Palatio]] (1967{{nbnd}}1978) |
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}} |
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<!--- Orders ---> |
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<!----------The Orders section may be omitted in favour of Template:Ordination for those |
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clergy claiming Apostolic succession, such as Catholics, Orthodox and Anglicans. ----------> |
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| ordination = 1 November 1946 |
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| ordained_by = [[Adam Stefan Sapieha]] |
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| consecration = 28 September 1958 |
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| consecrated_by = [[Eugeniusz Baziak]] |
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| cardinal = 26 June 1967 |
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| created_cardinal_by = [[Paul VI]] |
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| rank = [[Cardinal priest]] (1967{{nbnd}}1978) |
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<!--- Personal details ---> |
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| birth_name = Karol Józef Wojtyła |
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| birth_date = {{Birth date|1920|05|18|df=yes}} |
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| birth_place = [[Wadowice]], Second Polish Republic |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|2005|04|02|1920|05|18|df=yes}} |
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| death_place = [[Apostolic Palace]], Vatican City |
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| religion = [[Catholic]] |
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| motto = {{langnf|la|[[Totus tuus]]|Totally yours|break=yes}} |
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| signature = Signature of John Paul II.svg |
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| coat_of_arms = John paul 2 coa.svg |
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| feast_day = 22 October |
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| venerated = Catholic Church |
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| beatified_date = 1 May 2011 |
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| beatified_place = [[St. Peter's Square]], Vatican City |
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| beatified_by = Benedict XVI |
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| canonized_date = 27 April 2014 |
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| canonized_place = St. Peter's Square, Vatican City |
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| canonized_by = [[Pope Francis|Francis]] |
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| attributes = {{plainlist| |
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* [[Papal ferula]] |
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* Papal vestments |
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}} |
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| patronage = {{indented plainlist| |
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* [[Poland]] |
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* [[Archdiocese of Kraków]] |
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* [[World Youth Day]] (co-Patron) |
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* [[World Meeting of Families]] 2015 (co-patron) |
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* Young Catholics |
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* Families<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=pl&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fkanonizacja.niedziela.pl%2Fartykul%2F229%2FJan-Pawel-II-patronem-rodzin |title=St. John Paul II, the patron saint of families |date=27 April 2014 |access-date= 2 May 2014}}</ref> |
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* [[Świdnica]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=pl&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fum.swidnica.pl%2Fpages%2Fposts%2Fjan-pawel-ii-ogloszony-patronem-swidnicy-323.php |title=John Paul II proclaimed the patron saint of Świdnica |date=9 May 2012 |access-date=2 May 2014}}</ref> |
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* [[Trecastelli]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centropagina.it/senigallia/trecastelli-celebra-suo-patrono-ricordando-giovanni-paolo-ii/|title=Trecastelli celebra il suo patron ricordando Giovanni Paolo II|date=21 October 2017|publisher=Centro Pagina|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref> |
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* Borgo Mantovano<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tuttitalia.it/lombardia/91-borgo-mantovano/|title=Comune di Borgo Mantovano (MN)|publisher=Tuttitalia|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref> |
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* [[Rivignano Teor]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://messaggeroveneto.gelocal.it/udine/cronaca/2015/04/11/news/il-santo-patrono-del-nuovo-comune-e-giovanni-paolo-ii-1.11219806|title=Il santo patrono del nuovo commune è Giovanni Paolo II|publisher=Messaggero Veneto|date=11 April 2015|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref> |
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* Paradahan, Tanza, Cavite (Major Patron)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.philmass.com/Asia/Philippines/Cavite/Tanza/Roman-Catholic-Churches/St.-John-Paul-II-Parish/mass-schedule.html|title= Mass Schedule for St. John Paul II Parish|date=3 February 2020|access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref> |
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}} |
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| module = {{Infobox philosopher |
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| embed = yes |
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| notable_works = {{indented plainlist| |
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* ''[[Love and Responsibility]]'' |
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* ''[[Theology of the Body]]'' |
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* ''[[1983 Code of Canon Law]]'' (promulgated) |
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* ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'' (promulgated) |
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* ''[[Fides et ratio]]'' |
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* ''[[Memory and Identity]]'' |
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}} |
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| notable_ideas = {{indented plainlist| |
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* [[Culture of life]] and [[culture of death]] |
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* [[Mysteries of light]]{{efn|The luminous mysteries seem to have their origin (although in a slightly different form) in the writings of [[Saint George Preca]]}} |
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* [[Social mortgage]] |
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}} |
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| era = [[20th-century philosophy]] |
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| region = [[Western philosophy]] |
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| school_tradition = {{plainlist| |
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* [[Personalism]] |
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* [[Phenomenological Thomism]] |
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}} |
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}} |
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| education = {{indented plainlist| |
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* [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]] ([[Licentiate of Sacred Theology|STL]], PhD) |
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* [[Jagiellonian University]] ([[Doctor of Sacred Theology|PhD]]) |
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}} |
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| module2 = {{Ordination |
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|denomination = Roman Catholicism |
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|embed = yes |
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|ordained deacon by = Adam Stefan Sapieha (Kraków) |
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|date of diaconal ordination = 20 October 1946 |
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|place of diaconal ordination = |
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|date of priestly ordination = 1 November 1946 |
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|ordained priest by = Adam Stefan Sapieha (Kraków) |
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| place of priestly ordination = Chapel of the Kraków Archbishop's residence |
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| consecrated by = Eugeniusz Baziak (Kraków [[Apostolic Administrator|AA]]) |
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| co-consecrators = {{plainlist| |
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* Franciszek Jop ([[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sandomierz|Sandomierz]] [[Auxiliary bishop|aux]]) |
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* [[Bolesław Kominek]] |
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}} |
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| date of consecration = 28 September 1958 |
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| place of consecration = [[Wawel Cathedral]], Kraków |
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| elevated by = [[Pope Paul VI]] |
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| date of elevation = 26 June 1967 |
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|sources = <ref>{{cite book|title=Booklet for the Celebration of the Canonization of Blesseds John XXIII and John Paul II|date=27 April 2014|publisher=Holy See|chapter-url=https://www.vatican.va/special/canonizzazione-27042014/documents/biografia_gpii_canonizzazione_en.html|access-date=2 September 2017|chapter=Biographical Profile: John Paul II}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Lonely Cold War of Pope Pius XII: The Roman Catholic Church and the Division of Europe|author=Peter C. Kent|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2002|page=128}}</ref> |
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}} |
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}} |
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{{Infobox pope styles |
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| image = John paul 2 coa.svg |
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| image_size = |
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| dipstyle = [[His Holiness]] |
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| offstyle = Your Holiness |
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| relstyle = |
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| deathstyle = [[Pope Saint]] |
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}} |
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'''Pope <!--See [[WT:WikiProject Catholicism/Archive 2013#Papal article consistency]], re use of "Pope" in the lead sentence--> John Paul II''' ({{lang-la|Ioannes Paulus II}}; {{lang-pl|Jan Paweł II}}; {{lang-it|Giovanni Paolo II}}; born '''Karol Józef Wojtyła''', {{IPA-pol|ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛv vɔjˈtɨwa|lang|}};{{efn|In isolation, ''Józef'' is pronounced {{IPAc-pl|'|j|ó|z|e|f}}.}} 18 May 1920{{spnd}}2 April 2005) was head of the [[Catholic Church]] and sovereign of the [[Vatican City State]] from 1978 until [[Death and funeral of Pope John Paul II|his death in 2005]]. |
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'''John Paul II''', born '''Karol Józef Wojtyła''' (born [[May 18]], [[1920]] in [[Wadowice]], [[Poland]]), is the current [[pope]] — the [[bishop of Rome]] and head of the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. He was elected in [[1978]], becoming the first non-[[Italy|Italian]] pope in 455 years and the first pope ever of [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] origin. As the pope, he is formally styled ''[[His Holiness]]'' by supporters and in diplomatic situations. |
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In his youth, Wojtyła dabbled in stage acting. He graduated with excellent grades from an [[All-boys school|all-boys]] high school in [[Wadowice]], Poland, in 1938, soon after which [[World War II]] broke out. During the war, to avoid being kidnapped and sent off to a [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|German forced labour camp]], he signed up for work in harsh conditions in a quarry. Wojtyła eventually took up acting and developed a love for the profession and participated at a local theatre. The linguistically skilled Wojtyła wanted to study [[Polish language|Polish]] at university. Encouraged by a conversation with [[Adam Stefan Sapieha]], he decided to study theology and become a priest. Eventually, Wojtyła rose to the position of [[Archbishop of Kraków]] and then a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]], both positions held by his mentor. Wojtyła was elected pope on the third day of the [[second papal conclave of 1978]], and became one of the youngest popes in history. The conclave was called after the death of [[John Paul I]], who served only 33 days as pope. John Paul I had been elected in an [[August 1978 papal conclave|August papal conclave]] to succeed [[Pope Paul VI]]. Wojtyła adopted the name of his predecessor in tribute to him.<ref>{{cite web|title=John Paul the Great Catholic University|url=http://www.jpcatholic.com|publisher=John Paul the Great Catholic University|access-date=28 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122052707/http://www.jpcatholic.com/|archive-date=22 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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His crusades against political oppression have been praised, but his [[social conservativism|conservative social]] positions been more controversial. His trips abroad — 100 by the year [[2003]] — have attracted enormous crowds (some of the largest ever assembled). With these trips, John Paul has covered a distance far greater than that traveled by all other popes combined. They have been an outward sign of the efforts at global bridge-building between nations and between religions that have been central to his pontificate. |
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John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope since [[Adrian VI]] in the 16th century, as well as the third-[[longest-serving pope]] in history after [[Pius IX]] and [[St. Peter]]. John Paul II attempted to improve the Catholic Church's relations with [[Judaism]], [[Islam]], and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] in the spirit of [[ecumenism]], holding [[atheism]] as the greatest threat. He maintained the Church's previous positions on such matters as abortion, [[artificial contraception]], the [[ordination of women]], and a celibate clergy, and although he supported the reforms of the [[Second Vatican Council]], he was seen as generally conservative in their interpretation.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.cbsnews.com/news/john-pauls-conservative-legacy/|title=John Paul's Conservative Legacy|work = CBS News|date = 3 April 2005|access-date=1 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beliefnet.com/faiths/2000/02/the-riddle-of-john-paul-ii.aspx|title=The Riddle of John Paul II|website= Beliefnet |access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> He put emphasis on family and identity, while questioning consumerism, hedonism and the pursuit of wealth. He was one of the most travelled world leaders in history, visiting 129 countries during his [[pontificate]]. As part of his special emphasis on the [[universal call to holiness]], John Paul II [[List of people beatified by Pope John Paul II|beatified 1,344 people]],<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_list_blesseds-jp-ii_en.html |title = Beatifications By Pope John Paul II, 1979–2000|publisher= Office of Papal Liturgical Celebrations|access-date=1 January 2023}}</ref> and [[List of saints canonized by Pope John Paul II|canonised 483 saints]], more than the combined tally of his predecessors during the preceding five centuries. By the time of his death, he had named most of the [[College of Cardinals]], consecrated or co-consecrated many of the world's bishops, and ordained many priests.<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|bishop|bwojtyla|Pope John Paul II (St. Karol Józef Wojtyła)|31 October 2014}}</ref> |
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Pope John Paul II has [[beatification|beatified]] and [[canonisation|canonised]] far more persons than any other previous pope in history. It is reported that as of [[October 2004]], he has beatified 1,340 people. Whether he has canonised more [[saint]]s than all his predecessors put together, as is sometimes claimed, is difficult to prove, as the records of many early canonisations are incomplete or missing. |
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He has been credited with fighting against dictatorships for democracy and with helping to end [[communist rule]] in his native Poland and the rest of Europe.<ref>Lenczowski, John (2002). "Public Diplomacy and the Lessons of the Soviet Collapse". [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26925348 JSTOR review].</ref> Under John Paul II, the Catholic Church greatly expanded its influence in Africa and Latin America and retained its influence in Europe and the rest of the world. On 19 December 2009 John Paul II was proclaimed [[venerable]] by his successor, [[Benedict XVI]], and on 1 May 2011 ([[Divine Mercy Sunday]]) he was [[beatified]]. On 27 April 2014 he was canonised together with [[Pope John XXIII|John XXIII]].<ref name="BBC 2013">{{cite news |title=Report: Pope Francis Says John Paul II to Be Canonized April 27 |date=3 September 2013 |url=http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/report-pope-francis-says-john-paul-ii-to-be-canonized-april-27/ |work=National Catholic Register |access-date=6 September 2013 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220855/http://www.ncregister.com/daily-news/report-pope-francis-says-john-paul-ii-to-be-canonized-april-27/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has been criticised for allegedly, as archbishop, having been insufficiently harsh in acting against the sexual abuse of children by priests in Poland,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lepiarz |first=Jacek |date=March 15, 2023 |title=Poland: John Paul II abuse cover-up claims divide a nation |url=https://www.dw.com/en/poland-john-paul-ii-abuse-cover-up-claims-divide-a-nation/a-64995045 |access-date=March 16, 2023 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en}}</ref> though the allegations themselves have been criticised.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |work=Polsat News |title=Kontrowersje wokół Jana Pawła II. "Znawcy życia i dorobku" papieża komentują |url=https://www.polsatnews.pl/wiadomosc/2023-03-11/kontrowersje-wokol-jana-pawla-ii-swiadome-wprowadzanie-w-blad/ |access-date=2023-04-25 |date=11 March 2023 |language=pl}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Kłamstwa w reportażu o Janie Pawle II. Czego nie powiedziano w dokumencie - Wiadomości - polskieradio24.pl |url=https://polskieradio24.pl/5/1222/artykul/3131739,klamstwa-w-reportazu-o-janie-pawle-ii-czego-nie-powiedziano-w-dokumencie |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=polskieradio24.pl |language=pl-PL}}</ref> Posthumously he has been referred to by some Catholics as '''Pope St. John Paul the Great''', though that title has no official recognition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpcatholic.com/about/about.php|title=John Paul the Great Catholic University|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205184931/http://www.jpcatholic.com/about/about.php|archive-date=5 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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On [[14 March]] [[2004]] his pontificate overtook [[Leo XIII]]'s as the [[List of 10 longest-reigning Popes|longest]] in the history of the Papacy other than [[Pope Pius IX|Pius IX]] and [[Saint Peter|St. Peter]]. In February 2010, if still the Pope, he will overtake Pius IX as having the longest papal reign ever. The length of his term is in extreme contrast with that of his predecessor [[John Paul I]], who died suddenly after only 33 days in office (and in whose memory John Paul II named himself). |
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Under John Paul II, the two most important constitutions of the contemporary Catholic Church were drafted and put in force: the [[1983 Code of Canon Law]], which, among many things, began an effort to curb [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|sexual abuse in the Catholic Church]]; and the ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'', which among other things clarified the Church's position on [[homosexuality]]. |
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At the height of his Pontificate, John Paul II went to the [[Holocaust]] memorial [[Yad Vashem]] in [[Israel]] and touched the holiest shrine of the [[Jew]]ish people, the [[Western Wall]] in [[Jerusalem]], in March [[2000]], promoting [[Christian]]-[[Jew]]ish reconciliation. |
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== |
== Early life == |
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{{Main|Early life of Pope John Paul II}} |
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[[File:Emilia and Karol Wojtyla wedding portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|The wedding portrait of John Paul II's parents, Emilia and Karol Wojtyła Sr.]] |
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Karol Józef Wojtyła was born in the Polish town of [[Wadowice]].<ref name="A&E" /><ref name="ShortBio" /> He was the youngest of three children born to [[Karol Wojtyła (senior)|Karol Wojtyła]] (1879–1941), an [[ethnic Pole]], and [[Emilia Kaczorowska]] (1884–1929), who was of distant Lithuanian heritage.<ref name="CNN6" /> Emilia, who was a schoolteacher, died from a heart attack and kidney failure in 1929<ref name="CBN" /> when Wojtyła was eight years old.{{sfn|Stourton|2006|p=11}} His elder sister Olga had died before his birth, but he was close to his brother Edmund, nicknamed Mundek, who was 13 years his senior. Edmund's work as a physician eventually led to his death from [[scarlet fever]], a loss that affected Wojtyła deeply.<ref name="CNN6" />{{sfn|Stourton|2006|p=11}} |
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Karol Józef Wojtyła (pronounced: voy-TEE-wah) was born in [[Wadowice]], Southern [[Poland]], a son of a former officer in the [[Habsburg]] army. His youth is marked by intensive contacts with the then-thriving Jewish community of [[Kraków]], and the experience of [[Nazi]] occupation, during which he worked in a quarry and a chemical factory. An athlete, actor, and [[playwright]] in his youth, Karol Wojtyła was [[ordination|ordained]] a [[priest]] on [[November 1]], [[1946]]. He taught ethics at the [[Jagiellonian University]] in [[Kraków]] and subsequently at the [[Catholic University of Lublin]]. In [[1958]] he was named [[auxiliary bishop|auxiliary]] [[bishop of Kraków]] and four years later he assumed leadership of the diocese with the title of ''vicar capitular''. |
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Wojtyła was [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church#Baptism|baptized]] a month after his birth, made his [[First Communion]] at the age of 9, and was [[Confirmation in the Catholic Church|confirmed]] at the age of 18.<ref>{{cite web |title=St. Pope John Paul II |url=https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=6996 |website=Saints & Angels |publisher=Catholic Online |access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> As a boy, Wojtyła was athletic, often playing [[association football]] as [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]].{{sfn|Stourton|2006|p=25}} During his childhood, Wojtyła had contact with the large Jewish community of [[Wadowice]].<ref name="Svidercoschi">{{cite news | url = https://www.vatican.va/jubilee_2000/magazine/documents/ju_mag_01111997_p-46_en.html | title = The Jewish "Roots" of Karol Wojtyła | access-date = 3 July 2013 | last = Svidercoschi | first = Gian Franco | publisher = Vatican.va}}</ref> School football games were often organised between teams of Jews and Catholics, and Wojtyła often played on the Jewish side.<ref name="CNN6" />{{sfn|Stourton|2006|p=25}} In 2005, he recalled: "I remember that at least a third of my classmates at elementary school in Wadowice were Jews. At secondary school there were fewer. With some I was on very friendly terms. And what struck me about some of them was their Polish patriotism."{{sfn|Pope John Paul II|2005|p=99}} It was around this time that the young Karol had his first serious relationship with a girl. He became close to a girl called Ginka Beer, described as "a Jewish beauty, with stupendous eyes and jet black hair, slender, a superb actress."{{sfn|Stourton|2006|p=32}} |
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On [[December 30]], [[1963]], he was named [[Archbishop]] of Kraków by [[Pope Paul VI]]. As both bishop and archbishop, Wojtyła participated in the [[Second Vatican Council]], making contributions to the documents that would become the ''Decree on Religious Freedom'' (''[[Dignitatis Humanae]]'') and the ''Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World'' (''[[Gaudium et Spes]]''), two of the most historic and influential products of the council. |
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In mid-1938, Wojtyła and his father left Wadowice and moved to [[Kraków]], where he enrolled at the [[Jagiellonian University]]. While studying such topics as [[philology]] and various languages, he worked as a volunteer librarian and though required to participate in [[compulsory military training]] in the [[36th Infantry Regiment (Poland)|Academic Legion]], he refused to fire a weapon. He performed with various theatrical groups and worked as a playwright.<ref name="Kuhiwczak" /> During this time, his talent for language blossomed, and he learned as many as 15 languages — Polish, [[Latin]], Italian, English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, [[Luxembourgish]], Dutch, Ukrainian, [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], and [[Esperanto]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Grosjean |first=François |title=Life With Two Languages |url=https://archive.org/details/lifewithtwolangu0000gros |url-access=registration |access-date=6 July 2013 |year=1982 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=United States |isbn=978-0-674-53092-8 |edition=8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lifewithtwolangu0000gros/page/286 286]}}</ref> nine of which he used extensively as pope. |
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In [[1967]] [[Pope Paul VI]] elevated him to [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]]. In [[August]] [[1978]], following Paul's death, he participated in the [[Papal election|Papal Conclave]] that elected Albino Luciani, the Cardinal [[Patriarch of Venice]], as [[Pope John Paul I]]. At 65, Luciani was a young man by Papal standards. While Wojtyła at 58 could have expected to participate in another Papal conclave before reaching the age of eighty (the upper age limit for cardinal electors), he could hardly have expected that his second conclave would come so soon, for on [[28 September]] [[1978]], after only 33 days in the papacy, Pope John Paul I died, in circumstances that still remain mysterious. In October 1978 Wojtyła returned to [[Vatican City]] to participate in the second conclave in less than two months. |
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In 1939, after invading Poland, [[Nazi Germany]]'s [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|occupation forces]] closed the university.<ref name="A&E" /> Able-bodied males were required to work, so from 1940 to 1944 Wojtyła variously worked as a messenger for a restaurant, a manual labourer in a limestone quarry and for the [[Solvay (company)|Solvay]] chemical factory, in order to avoid deportation to Germany.<ref name="ShortBio" /><ref name="Kuhiwczak" /> In February 1940, he met [[Jan Tyranowski]] who introduced him to the [[Carmelite]] spirituality and the "[[Living Rosary]]" youth groups.<ref>Weigel, George. Witness to Hope: The Biography of Pope John Paul II (p. 44). HarperCollins. Kindle Edition.</ref> In that same year he had two major accidents, suffering a fractured skull after being struck by a tram and sustaining injuries which left him with one shoulder higher than the other and a permanent stoop after being hit by a lorry in a quarry.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/apr/01/catholicism.religion3 The Guardian, "History of the Pope's health problems", 1 April 2005]. Retrieved 26 March 2015.</ref> His father, a former [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] [[non-commissioned officer]] and later officer in the [[Polish Army]], died of a heart attack in 1941,<ref name="Ancestry">{{cite web |url= http://www.catholic.org/pope/jp2/genealogy.php |title=Family Genealogy of Blessed Pope John Paul II |publisher=Catholic Online |year=2012 |quote=Family Genealogy of Blessed Pope John Paul II |access-date=3 February 2012}}</ref> leaving the young adult Wojtyła an orphan and the immediate family's only surviving member.<ref name="CNN6" /><ref name="CBN" />{{sfn|Stourton|2006|p=60}} Reflecting on these times of his life, nearly forty years later he said: "I was not at my mother's death, I was not at my brother's death, I was not at my father's death. At twenty, I had already lost all the people I loved."{{sfn|Stourton|2006|p=60}} |
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==The second Conclave of 1978== |
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[[Image:JP2CoA.JPG|thumb|120px|'''John Paul II's Coat of Arms'''<br><small>The Letter M is for [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Mary]], the mother of Jesus, to whom he holds strong devotion</small>]] |
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[[File:Baudienst, Kraków, Karol Wojtyła.jpg|thumb|left|Wojtyła (second from right) in a [[Baudienst]] forced labour work crew during the [[occupation of Poland (1939–1945)]], circa 1941]] |
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The conclave itself was divided between two particularly strong candidates: [[Giuseppe Cardinal Siri|Giuseppe Siri]], the conservative [[Archbishop of Genoa]], and [[Giovanni Cardinal Benelli|Giovanni Benelli]], the liberal [[Archbishop of Florence]] and close associate of Pope John Paul I. In early ballots Benelli came within nine votes of victory. Wojtyła however secured election as the compromise candidate, in part through the support of liberal cardinals like [[Franz Cardinal König|Franz König]] and conservatives who had previously supported Siri. On election, the first non-Italian pope for nearly half a millennium was referred to by many simply as the ''man from a far country''. In terms of his age, his nationality, and his rugged health, the former athlete and playwright broke all the papal rules. He was to become, arguably, the dominant twentieth-century pope of the Catholic Church, eclipsing [[Pope Paul VI]] in travels, and, to some, eclipsing [[Pope Pius XII]] in intellectual vigour, and [[Pope John XXIII]] in charisma. |
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After his father's death, he started thinking seriously about the priesthood.{{sfn|Stourton|2006|p=63}} In October 1942, while [[World War II]] continued, he knocked on the door of the [[Bishop's Palace, Kraków]], and asked to study for the priesthood.{{sfn|Stourton|2006|p=63}} Soon after, he began courses in the [[Education in Poland during World War II|clandestine underground seminary]] run by the [[Archbishop of Kraków]], the future Cardinal [[Adam Stefan Sapieha]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Social memory and history: anthropological perspectives |date=2002 |publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=978-0-7591-0177-7 |editor-last=Climo |editor-first=Jacob |location=Walnut Creek, CA |pages=280 |editor-last2=Cattell |editor-first2=Maria G.}}</ref> On 29 February 1944, Wojtyła was hit by a German truck. German [[Wehrmacht]] [[Officer (armed forces)|officers]] tended to him and sent him to a hospital. He spent two weeks there recovering from a severe [[concussion]] and a shoulder injury. It seemed to him that this accident and his survival was a confirmation of his vocation. On 6 August 1944, a day known as "Black Sunday",{{sfn|Weigel|2001b|p=71}} the [[Gestapo]] rounded up young men in Kraków to curtail [[Kraków Uprising (1944)|the uprising there]],{{sfn|Weigel|2001b|p=71}} similar to the recent [[Warsaw Uprising|uprising in Warsaw]].{{sfn|Davies|2004|pp=253–254}}{{sfn|Weigel|2001b|pp=71–21}} Wojtyła escaped by hiding in the basement of his uncle's house at 10 Tyniecka Street, while the German troops searched above.{{sfn|Stourton|2006|p=63}}{{sfn|Davies|2004|pp=253–254}}{{sfn|Weigel|2001b|pp=71–21}} More than eight thousand men and boys were taken that day, while Wojtyła escaped to the Archbishop's residence,{{sfn|Stourton|2006|p=63}}{{sfn|Weigel|2001b|p=71}}{{sfn|Davies|2004|pp=253–254}} where he remained until after the Germans had left.<ref name="CNN6" />{{sfn|Stourton|2006|p=63}}{{sfn|Davies|2004|pp=253–254}} |
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==The first Polish playwright-Pope== |
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On the night of 17 January 1945, the [[Vistula–Oder Offensive|Germans fled the city]], and the students reclaimed the ruined [[seminary]]. Wojtyła and another seminarian volunteered for the task of clearing away piles of frozen excrement from the toilets.{{sfn|Weigel|2001b|p=75}} Wojtyła also helped a 14-year-old Jewish refugee girl named Edith Zierer,<ref name="EdithZ" /> who had escaped from a Nazi [[labour camp]] in [[Częstochowa]].<ref name="EdithZ" /> Edith had collapsed on a railway platform, so Wojtyła carried her to a train and stayed with her throughout the journey to Kraków. She later credited Wojtyła with saving her life that day.<ref name="CNNLive" /><ref name="archive" /><ref name="IHT" /> [[B'nai B'rith]] and other authorities have said that Wojtyła helped protect many other [[History of the Jews in Poland|Polish Jews]] from the Nazis. During the [[Nazi occupation of Poland]], a Jewish family sent their son, Stanley Berger, to be hidden by a [[Gentile]] Polish family. Berger's biological Jewish parents were killed in [[the Holocaust]], and after the war Berger's new Christian parents asked Karol Wojtyła to baptise the boy. Wojtyła refused, saying that the child should be raised in the Jewish faith of his birth parents and nation, not as a Catholic.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ekai.pl/wydarzenia/x9122/jan-pawel-ii-sprawiedliwym-wsrod-narodow-swiata/ |title=Jan Paweł II Sprawiedliwym wśród Narodów Świata? |language=pl |trans-title=John Paul II Righteous Among the Nations? |publisher=Ekai.pl |date=5 April 2005 |access-date=22 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222053631/http://ekai.pl/wydarzenia/x9122/jan-pawel-ii-sprawiedliwym-wsrod-narodow-swiata/ |archive-date=22 December 2014 }}</ref> He did everything he could to ensure that Berger leave Poland to be raised by his Jewish relatives in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kosciol.pl/article.php?story=20030926144011902 |title=Papież sprawiedliwym wśród narodów świata |language=pl |trans-title=Pope righteous among the nations of the world |publisher=Kosciol.pl |date=26 September 2003 |access-date=22 October 2014 |archive-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701052401/http://www.kosciol.pl/article.php?story=20030926144011902 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In April 2005, shortly after John Paul II's death, the Israeli government created a commission to honour the legacy of John Paul II. One of the honorifics proposed by a head of Italy's Jewish community, Emmanuele Pacifici was the medal of the [[Righteous Among the Nations]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.onet.pl/wiadomosci/swiat,m7r7s |title=Papież otrzyma honorowy tytuł "Sprawiedliwy wśród Narodów Świata"? |language=pl |trans-title=The Pope will receive the honorary title of "Righteous Among the Nations"? |publisher=Onet.pl |date=4 April 2005 |access-date=22 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023061706/http://m.onet.pl/wiadomosci/swiat%2Cm7r7s |archive-date=23 October 2014 }}</ref> In Wojtyła's last book, ''[[Memory and Identity]]'', he described the 12 years of the Nazi régime as "[[wikt:bestiality|bestiality]]",{{sfn|Pope John Paul II|2005|p=16}} quoting from the Polish theologian and philosopher [[Konstanty Michalski]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Między Heroizmem a Beatialstwem |trans-title=Between Heroism and Bestiality |publisher=Częstochowa |year=1984}}</ref> |
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On [[October 16]], [[1978]], at age 58, he succeeded [[Pope John Paul I]], fulfilling a prophecy made to him decades earlier by [[Padre Pio]] that he would one day be pope. There was also another part to the prediction. The monk also predicted that Wojtyła's reign would be short and end in blood, a prophecy that almost came true when on [[May 13]], [[1981]], he was shot and nearly killed by [[Mehmet Ali Agca]], a [[Turkey|Turkish]] gunman, as he entered [[St. Peter's Square]] to address a general audience. But far from having a short reign, John Paul II became one of the longest reigning popes in history. |
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== Priesthood == |
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There was, unsurprisingly, unproven speculation that the [[assassination]] was ordered by the [[Soviet Union]]. The source of this speculation is one of the case studies in ''[[Manufacturing Consent]]'' by [[Edward S. Herman]] and [[Noam Chomsky]]. The [[Vasili Mitrokhin|Mitrokhin Archive]] reveals that the [[KGB]] was as surprised as the rest of the world by the attempted murder; the KGB's archivist never came across a document that suggested the KGB was involved. Two days after [[Christmas]] in [[1983]], John Paul went to the prison and met with his would-be assassin. The two spoke privately for a time, and the conversation between the two men remains secret to this day. |
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[[File:Karol Wojtyla image (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Wojtyła in 1958]] |
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After finishing his studies at the seminary in Kraków, Wojtyła was [[ordained]] as a priest on [[All Saints' Day]], 1 November 1946,<ref name="CBN" /> by the Archbishop of Kraków, Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha.<ref name="ShortBio" />{{sfn|Stourton|2006|p=71}}<ref name="Vatican2" /> Sapieha sent Wojtyła to Rome's Pontifical International Athenaeum ''Angelicum'', the future [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]], to study under the French [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] friar [[Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange]] beginning on 26 November 1946. He resided in the [[Belgian Pontifical College]] during this time, under rectorship of [[Maximilien de Furstenberg]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://vaticancity.diplomatie.belgium.be/nl/belgen-in-rome| title=Belgen in Rome| date=4 April 2016| access-date=30 March 2017| archive-date=31 March 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331025239/http://vaticancity.diplomatie.belgium.be/nl/belgen-in-rome| url-status=dead}}</ref> Wojtyła earned a [[Licentiate of Sacred Theology|licence]] in July 1947, passed his doctoral exam on 14 June 1948, and successfully defended his doctoral thesis titled ''Doctrina de fide apud S. Ioannem a Cruce'' (The Doctrine of Faith in St. [[John of the Cross]]) in philosophy on 19 June 1948.<ref>{{cite news |title= His Holiness John Paul II, Biography, Pre-Pontificate| url = https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_prepontificato_en.html#1948 |access-date=6 October 2012}} Even though his doctoral work was unanimously approved in June 1948, he was denied the degree because he could not afford to print the text of his dissertation in accordance with the ''Angelicum'' rules. In December 1948 a revised text of his dissertation was approved by the theological faculty of [[Jagiellonian University]] in Kraków, and Wojtyła was finally awarded his doctoral degree.</ref> The ''Angelicum'' preserves the original copy of Wojtyła's typewritten thesis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pust.it/index.php?start=5&lang=en|title=Karol Wojtyla: A Pope Who Hails from the Angelicum (Città Nuova, Roma 2009)|publisher=Pust.it|access-date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407161736/http://www.pust.it/index.php?start=5&lang=en|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Among other courses at the ''Angelicum'', Wojtyła studied Hebrew with the Dutch Dominican Peter G. Duncker, author of the ''Compendium grammaticae linguae hebraicae biblicae''.<ref>"30Giorni" 11 December 2002, http://www.30giorni.it/in_breve_id_numero_14_id_arg_32125_l1.htm Accessed 19 February 2013</ref> |
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[[File:Facade of the main entrance of the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum) (19May07).jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)|Pontifical International Athenaeum ''Angelicum'']] in Rome, Italy]] |
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Like his predecessor, John Paul II opted to simplify his office to make it a less regal institution. He chose not to use the [[Pluralis Majestatis|Royal Plural]], referring to himself as "I" instead of "We". John Paul also opted for a simple inauguration ceremony instead of the formal [[Papal Coronation|papal coronation]]. And he has not worn the [[Papal Tiara]] during his term in office. This was done to emphasize the servant role that is expressed in the title [[Servus Servorum Dei]] (Servant of the Servants of God). |
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According to Wojtyła's fellow student, the future Austrian cardinal [[Alfons Stickler]], in 1947 during his sojourn at the ''Angelicum'', Wojtyła visited [[Padre Pio]], who heard his confession and told him that one day he would ascend to "the highest post in the Church".<ref name="kwitny">{{cite book| last=Kwitny | first=Jonathan | title=Man of the Century: The Life and Times of Pope John Paul II | publisher=Henry Holt and Company | date=March 1997 | location=New York City | page=768 | isbn=978-0-8050-2688-7 | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780805026887 | url-access=limited }}</ref> Stickler added that Wojtyła believed that the prophecy was fulfilled when he became a cardinal.<ref name="cnn">{{cite news | last=Zahn | first=Paula | author-link=Paula Zahn | title=Padre Pio Granted Sainthood | work=CNN | date=17 June 2002 | url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0206/17/ltm.04.html | access-date=19 January 2008 }}</ref> |
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==Travels== |
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[[image:Jp2synogogue.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Pope John Paul II visiting a synagogue in Rome in April 1983]] |
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Wojtyła returned to Poland in the summer of 1948 for his first [[pastoral]] assignment in the village of [[Niegowić]], {{convert|15|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} from Kraków, at the Church of the Assumption. He arrived at [[Niegowić]] at harvest time, where his first action was to kneel and kiss the ground.{{sfn|Maxwell-Stuart|2006|p=233}} He repeated this gesture, which he adopted from [[John Vianney]],{{sfn|Maxwell-Stuart|2006|p=233}} throughout his papacy. |
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During his reign, Pope John Paul II has made more foreign trips than all previous popes put together. While some of his trips (to the [[United States]] and the [[Holy Land]]) were to places previously visited by Pope Paul VI ("The Pilgrim Pope"), many others were to places that no pope had ever visited before. He became the first reigning pope to travel to the United Kingdom, where he met Queen [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]], the [[Supreme Governor of the Church of England|Supreme Governor]] of the [[Church of England]]. In a dramatic symbolic gesture, he knelt in prayer in [[Canterbury Cathedral]], founded by [[Augustine of Canterbury]] and the See of the [[Church of England]], alongside the then [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], [[Archbishop Robert Runcie of Canterbury|Robert Runcie]]. Throughout his trips, he stressed his devotion to the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] through visits to various [[shrines to the Virgin Mary]], notably [[Knock]] in the [[Republic of Ireland]], [[Fatima]] in [[Portugal]] and [[Lourdes]] in [[France]]. His public visits were centered around large [[Papal Mass]]es; one million people, one quarter of the population of the island of Ireland, attended his [[Mass]] in [[Phoenix Park]] in [[1979]]. |
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In March 1949, Wojtyła was transferred to the parish of [[Saint Florian]] in [[Kraków]]. He taught ethics at Jagiellonian University and subsequently at the [[John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin|Catholic University of Lublin]]. While teaching, he gathered a group of about 20 young people, who began to call themselves ''Rodzinka'', the "little family". They met for prayer, philosophical discussion, and to help the blind and the sick. The group eventually grew to approximately 200 participants, and their activities expanded to include annual [[skiing]] and [[kayak]]ing trips.<ref name="USCCB_Bio" /> |
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There was a plot to assassinate the Pope during his visit to [[Manila]] in [[January]] [[1995]], as part of [[Operation Bojinka]], a mass terrorist attack that was developed by [[Al-Qaida]] members [[Ramzi Yousef]] and [[Khalid Sheik Mohammed]]. A [[suicide bomber]] would dress up as a [[priest]]. He would then use the disguise to get closer to the [[Pope]]'s motorcade so that he could kill the Pope by detonating himself. Before [[January 15]], the day on which the men were to attack the Pope during his Philippine visit, an apartment fire brought investigators led by [[Aida Fariscal]] to Yousef's laptop computer, which had terrorist plans on it, as well as clothes and items that suggested an assassination plot. Yousef would be arrested in [[Pakistan]] about a month later, but Khalid Sheik Mohammed was not arrested until [[2003]]. |
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In 1953, Wojtyła's habilitation thesis was accepted by the Faculty of Theology at the Jagiellonian University. In 1954, he earned a [[Doctor of Sacred Theology|Doctorate in Sacred Theology]],{{sfn|Stourton|2006|p=97}} writing a dissertation titled "Reevaluation of the possibility of founding a Catholic ethic on the ethical system of Max Scheler"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_prepontificato_en.html#1948 |title=Highlights on the life of Karol Wojtiła |publisher=Holy See Press Office |access-date=23 June 2013}}</ref> ({{lang-pl|Ocena możliwości zbudowania etyki chrześcijańskiej przy założeniach systemu Maksa Schelera}}).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2QunKUmsM4kC&q=Ocena+&pg=PA153 |title=Destined for Liberty: The Human Person in the Philosophy of Karol Wojtyla/John Paul II |publisher=CUA Press |access-date=23 June 2013 |isbn=978-0-8132-0985-2 |year=2000}}</ref> Scheler was a German philosopher who founded a broad [[philosophical movement]] that emphasised the study of conscious experience. The [[Polish Communist]] authorities abolished the Faculty of Theology at the Jagiellonian University, thereby preventing him from receiving the degree until 1957.<ref name="Vatican2" /> Wojtyła developed a theological approach, called [[phenomenological Thomism]], that combined traditional Catholic [[Thomism]] with the ideas of [[personalism]], a philosophical approach deriving from phenomenology, which was popular among Catholic intellectuals in Kraków during Wojtyła's intellectual development. He translated Scheler's ''Formalism and the Ethics of Substantive Values''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Walsh |first=Michael |title=John Paul II: A Biography |year=1994 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=London |isbn=978-0-00-215993-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/johnpaulii0000wals/page/20 20–21] |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpaulii0000wals/page/20 }}</ref> In 1961, he coined "Thomistic Personalism" to describe Aquinas's philosophy.<ref>Wojtyla, Karol. "Thomistic Personalism." In ''Person and Community.'' Translated by Theresa Sandok, OSM. Pages 165–175. New York: Peter Lang, 1993. Originally published 1961 in Polish</ref> |
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==Relations with the Jewish people== |
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[[Image:jp_ii_wailing_wall.jpg|thumb|100px|left|At the [[Western Wall]]]] |
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[[File:Karol Wojtyla-splyw.jpg|thumb|upright|Wojtyła pictured during a [[kayaking]] trip to the countryside with a group of students, circa 1960]] |
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John Paul II has written and delivered a number of speeches on the subject of the Church's relationship with [[Jew]]s, and has often paid homage to the victims of the [[Holocaust]] in many nations. One of the few popes to have grown up in a climate of flourishing Jewish culture, one of the key components of pre-war Kraków, his interest in Jewish life dates from early youth. His visit to the [[Synagogue of Rome]] was the first by a pope since the founding of the Catholic Church. |
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During this period, Wojtyła wrote a series of articles in Kraków's Catholic newspaper, ''[[Tygodnik Powszechny]]'' (''Universal Weekly''), dealing with contemporary church issues.<ref name="Zenit5" /> He focused on creating original [[literary work]] during his first dozen years as a priest. War, life in the [[Polish People's Republic]], and his pastoral responsibilities all fed his poetry and plays. Wojtyła published his work under two pseudonyms, ''Andrzej Jawień'' and ''Stanisław Andrzej Gruda'',<ref name="Kuhiwczak" /><ref name="Zenit5" /> to distinguish his literary from his religious writings (issued under his own name), and also so that his literary works would be considered on their own merits.<ref name="Kuhiwczak" /><ref name="Zenit5" /> In 1960, Wojtyła published the influential theological book ''[[Love and Responsibility]]'', a defence of traditional church teachings on marriage from a new philosophical standpoint.<ref name="Kuhiwczak" />{{sfn|Wojtyła|1981}} |
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The [[Anti-Defamation League]] recently stated, "The Anti-Defamation League congratulates Pope John Paul II on the 25th anniversary of his papacy. His deep commitment to reconciliation between the Catholic Church and the Jewish people has been fundamental to his papacy. Jews throughout the world are deeply grateful to the Pope. He has defended the Jewish people at all times, as a priest in his native Poland and during his pontificate....We pray that he remains healthy for many years to come, that he achieves much success in his holy work and that Catholic-Jewish relations continue to flourish." [http://www.adl.org/PresRele/VaticanJewish_96/4371_96.htm] |
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The aforementioned students regularly joined Wojtyła for hiking, skiing, bicycling, camping and kayaking, accompanied by prayer, outdoor Masses and theological discussions. In Stalinist-era Poland, it was not permitted for priests to travel with groups of students. Wojtyła asked his younger companions to call him "Wujek" (Polish for "Uncle") to prevent outsiders from deducing he was a priest. The nickname gained popularity among his followers. In 1958, when Wojtyła was named [[auxiliary bishop]] of Kraków, his acquaintances expressed concern that this would cause him to change. Wojtyła responded to his friends, "Wujek will remain Wujek," and he continued to live a simple life, shunning the trappings that came with his position as bishop. This beloved nickname stayed with Wojtyła for his entire life and continues to be affectionately used, particularly by the Polish people.<ref>Witness to Hope; The Biography of Pope John Paul II, by George Weigel. New York: Cliff Street Books/Harper Collins, 1999. p. 992.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=They Call Him "Wujek". |newspaper=St Louis Post-Dispatch |date=24 January 1999 |last=Rice |first=Patricia}}</ref> |
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==Social and political stances== |
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== Episcopate and cardinalate == |
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He is considered a conservative on [[doctrine]] and issues relating to reproduction and the [[ordination]] of women, and has been critical of [[Liberation Theology]] and those who regard themselves Catholics while questioning the church's teachings on faith and morals. In the [[1995]] encyclical ''[[Evangelium Vitae]]'' (''The Gospel of Life'') he reasserted the church's condemnation of [[abortion]], [[euthanasia]], and [[capital punishment]], calling them all a part of the "culture of death" that is pervasive in the modern world. His stands on capital punishment, world debt forgiveness, and poverty issues are considered politically liberal, showing that 'conservative' and 'liberal' labels are not easily assigned to religious leaders. |
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In [[2003]], John Paul II also became a prominent critic of the [[2003 Invasion of Iraq|2003 US invasion of Iraq]]. He sent his Peace Minister, [[Pío Cardinal Laghi]], to talk with [[George W. Bush]] to express opposition to the war. The Catholic Church says that it is up to the [[United Nations]] to solve the international conflict through diplomacy and that a unilateral aggression is a crime against peace and a violation of [[international law]]. |
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=== Call to the episcopate === |
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==Serious health problems== |
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[[File:Krakow - 06.jpg|thumb|left|19 Kanonicza Street in [[Kraków]], Poland, where John Paul II lived as a priest and bishop (now an [[Archdiocesal Museum in Kraków|Archdiocese Museum]])]] |
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On 4 July 1958,<ref name="Vatican2" /> while Wojtyła was on a kayaking holiday in the lakes region of northern Poland, [[Pope Pius XII]] appointed him as an [[auxiliary bishop]] of Kraków. He was consequently summoned to Warsaw to meet the [[Primate (bishop)|Primate]] of Poland, Cardinal [[Stefan Wyszyński]], who informed him of his appointment.<ref name="Rise" />{{sfn|Stourton|2006|p=103}} Wojtyła accepted the appointment as auxiliary bishop to Kraków's Archbishop [[Eugeniusz Baziak]], and he received episcopal consecration (as titular bishop of [[Ombi]]) on 28 September 1958, with Baziak as the principal consecrator and as co-consecrators Bishop [[Bolesław Kominek]] (titular bishop of [[Sophene]]), auxiliary of the Catholic [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Wrocław|Archdiocese of Wrocław]], and Franciszek Jop, [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Sandomierz|Auxiliary Bishop of Sandomierz]] (Titular Bishop of [[Daulia]]). Kominek was to become Cardinal Arch[[bishop of Wrocław]] and Jop was later Auxiliary Bishop of Wrocław and then Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Opole|Opole]].<ref name="Vatican2" /> At the age of 38, Wojtyła became the youngest bishop in Poland. |
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As the youngest pope elected since [[Pope Pius IX]] in 1846, John Paul entered the papacy as an exceptionally healthy, relatively young man who, unlike previous popes, swam and skied. However, after over twenty-five years on the papal throne, two serious assassination attempts, the first of which injured him, and a number of [[cancer]] scares, John Paul's physical health has declined. In [[May]] [[2003]], the Vatican confirmed that, as international observers had suspected, Pope John Paul is suffering from [[Parkinson's disease]]. He has difficulty speaking more than a few sentences at a time and also has difficulty hearing. He also has severe [[arthritis]] in his right knee, which he developed following a hip replacement and no longer walks. Nevertheless, he has continued to tour the world. Despite speculation that he may resign, he appears determined to remain in office until his death or until he becomes irrevocably mentally impaired. Those who have met him say that, though physically in poor shape, he remains mentally in full health. |
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In 1959, Wojtyła began an annual tradition of saying a [[Midnight Mass]] on Christmas Day in an open field at [[Nowa Huta]], the so-called model workers' town outside Kraków that was without a church building.<ref>Weigel, George. Witness to Hope: The Biography of Pope John Paul II (p. 151). HarperCollins. Kindle Edition.</ref> Baziak died in June 1962 and on 16 July, Wojtyła was selected as ''Vicar Capitular'' ''(temporary administrator)'' of the Archdiocese until an [[archbishop]] could be appointed.<ref name="A&E" /><ref name="ShortBio" /> |
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[[image:Jp2lutheran_3.jpg|thumb|300px|Pope John Paul II becomes the first pope ever to preach in a [[Lutheran]] church; Rome, December 1983]] |
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In 2000, he publicly endorsed the Jubilee 2000 campaign on African debt relief fronted by Irish rock stars [[Bob Geldof]] and [[Bono]]. Indeed, the nature of the relationship between the pope and Bono was revealed when someone working at the Dublin recording studio for Bono's band [[U2 (band)|U2]] stated that a recording session was interrupted on at least one occasion by a phone call from the pope, who wanted to talk to Bono about the campaign. |
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=== Participation in Vatican II and subsequent events === |
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==Other== |
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From October 1962, Wojtyła took part in the [[Second Vatican Council]] (1962–1965),<ref name="A&E" /><ref name="Vatican2" /> where he made contributions to two of its most historic and influential products, the ''Decree on Religious Freedom'' (in Latin, ''[[Dignitatis humanae]]'') and the ''Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World'' (''[[Gaudium et spes]]'').<ref name="Vatican2" /> Wojtyła and the Polish bishops contributed a draft text to the Council for ''Gaudium et spes''. According to the [[Jesuit]] historian [[John W. O'Malley]], the draft text ''Gaudium et spes'' that Wojtyła and the Polish delegation sent "had some influence on the version that was sent to the council fathers that summer but was not accepted as the base text".<ref>{{cite book|last=O'Malley |first=John W. |title=What Happened at Vatican II |year=2008 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-674-03169-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/whathappenedatva00omal/page/204 204–205] |url=https://archive.org/details/whathappenedatva00omal/page/204 }}</ref> According to John F. Crosby, as pope, John Paul II used the words of ''Gaudium et spes'' later to introduce his own views on the nature of the human person in relation to God: man is "the only creature on earth that God has wanted for its own sake", but man "can fully discover his true self only in a sincere giving of himself".<ref>{{cite book |last=Crosby |first=John F. |year=2000 |chapter=John Paul II's Vision of Sexuality and Marriage: The Mystery of "Fair Love" |title=The Legacy of Pope John Paul II: His Contribution to Catholic Thought |page=54 |publisher=Crossroad |isbn=978-0-8245-1831-8 |editor-last=Gneuhs |editor-first=Geoffrey}}</ref> |
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He also participated in the assemblies of the [[Synod]] of Bishops.<ref name="A&E" /><ref name="ShortBio" /> On 13 January 1964, [[Pope Paul VI]] appointed him [[Archbishop of Kraków]].<ref name="VaticanNewsService" /> On 26 June 1967, Paul VI announced Wojtyła's promotion to the [[College of Cardinals]].<ref name="Vatican2" /><ref name="VaticanNewsService" /> Wojtyła was named [[cardinal priest]] of the [[titular church]] of [[San Cesareo in Palatio]]. |
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[[Archbishop]] [[Stanislaw Dziwisz|Stanisław Dziwisz]] is the pope's private secretary. |
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In 1967, he was instrumental in formulating the [[encyclical]] ''[[Humanae vitae]]'', which dealt with the same issues that forbid abortion and [[birth control|artificial birth control]].<ref name="Vatican2" /><ref name="Memory" /><ref name="HV" /> |
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According to a [[New York Post]] article of [[February 19]], [[2002]], John Paul II has personally performed three [[exorcism]]s during his tenure as pope. The first exorcism was performed on a woman in [[1982]] who writhed on the ground. His second was in September [[2000]] when he performed the rite on a nineteen-year-old woman who had become enraged in [[St. Peter's Square]]. A year later, in September [[2001]], he performed an exorcism on a twenty-year-old woman. |
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According to a contemporary witness, Wojtyła was against the distribution of a letter around Kraków in 1970, stating that the Polish Episcopate was preparing for the 50th anniversary of the [[Polish–Soviet War]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Graczyk |first= Roman |date=2011 |title=Cena przetrwania: SB wobec Tygodnika Powszechnego |trans-title= |language=pl |location=Warsaw |publisher=Wydawnictwo Czerwone i Czarne | page =204 |isbn=978-83-7700-015-1}}</ref> |
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==Antipopes== |
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In 1973, Wojtyła met philosopher [[Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka]], the wife of [[Hendrik S. Houthakker]], professor of economics at [[Stanford University]] and [[Harvard University]], and member of President [[Richard Nixon]]'s [[Council of Economic Advisers]]<ref name="Stourton">{{Cite news|last=Stourton|first=Ed|title = The secret letters of Pope John Paul II – BBC News|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35552997|website = BBC News|access-date = 15 February 2016|date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Guardian-letters">{{cite news|last1=Kirchgaessner|first1=Stephanie|title=Pope John Paul II letters reveal 32-year relationship with woman|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/15/pope-john-paul-ii-letters-reveal-32-year-relationship-with-woman|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=16 February 2016|date=15 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph 2016" /> Tymieniecka collaborated with Wojtyła on a number of projects including an English translation of Wojtyła's book [[Pope John Paul II bibliography|''Osoba i czyn'']] (''Person and Act''). ''Person and Act'', one of John Paul II's foremost literary works, was initially written in Polish.<ref name="Guardian-letters" /> Tymieniecka produced the English-language version.<ref name="Guardian-letters" /> They corresponded over the years, and grew to be good friends.<ref name="Guardian-letters" /><ref name="Panarama" /> When Wojtyła visited New England in the summer of 1976, Tymieniecka put him up as a guest in her family home.<ref name="Guardian-letters" /><ref name="Panarama" /> Wojtyła enjoyed his holiday in [[Pomfret, Vermont]], kayaking and enjoying the outdoors, as he had done in his beloved Poland.<ref name="Guardian-letters" />{{sfn|Stourton|2006|p=103}} |
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For [[antipope]]s during his papacy, see |
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* [[Clemente Domínguez y Gómez]] alias Gregory XVII (Spain) |
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* Reverend Father [[Lucian Pulvermacher]], OFM Cap. alias Pius XIII (United States) |
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During 1974–1975, Wojtyła served [[Pope Paul VI]] as consultor to the [[Pontifical Council for the Laity]], as recording secretary for the 1974 synod on evangelism and by participating extensively in the original drafting of the 1975 [[apostolic exhortation]], ''[[Evangelii nuntiandi]]''.<ref>Moreira Neves, Lucas Cardinal. "EVANGELII NUNTIANDI: PAUL VI'S PASTORAL TESTAMENT TO THE CHURCH". Eternal Word Television Network.</ref> |
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== Encyclicals of Pope John Paul II == |
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[[image:Eurovatican.jpg|thumb|240px|Pope John Paul II on the Vatican's [[Euro|€1]] coin]] |
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==Papacy== |
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The Pope has written fourteen encyclicals in his papacy: |
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#"[[Redemptor Hominis]]" ("The Redeemer of Man") - [[March 4]], [[1979]] |
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#"[[Dives in Misericordia]]" - The Father of mercies and God of all comfort [[November 30]], [[1980]] |
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#"[[Laborem Exercens]]" - On Human Work on the 90th anniversary of [[Pope Leo XIII]]'s encyclical "[[Rerum Novarum]]" [[September 14]], [[1981]] |
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#"[[Slavorum Apostoli]]" ("The Apostles of the Slavs") - In commemoration of Saints Cyril and Methodius [[June 2]], [[1985]] |
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#"[[Dominum et Vivificantem]]" ("The Lord and Giver of Life") - [[May 18]], [[1986]] |
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#"[[Redemptoris Mater]]" ("Mother of the Redeemer") - [[March 25]], [[1987]] |
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#"[[Sollicitudo Rei Socialis]]" - On Social Concerns [[December 30]], [[1987]] |
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#"[[Redemptoris Missio]]" - On the Permanent Validity of the Church's Missionary Mandate [[December 7]], [[1990]] |
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#"[[Centesimus Annus]]" ("The Hundredth Year") - On the 100th anniversary of "[[Rerum Novarum]];" on Capitol and Labor; on Catholic social teaching [[May 1]], [[1991]] |
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#"[[Veritatis Splendor]]" ("The Splendor of Truth") - Regarding Certain Fundamental Question of the Church's Moral Teaching [[August 6]], [[1993]] |
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#"[[Evangelium Vitae]]" ("The Gospel of Life") - [[March 25]], [[1995]] |
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#"[[Ut Unum Sint]]" ("That They May Be One") - On Commitment to [[Ecumenism]] [[May 25]], [[1995]] |
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#"[[Fides et Ratio]]" ("Faith and Reason") - condemned both [[atheism]] and faith unsupported by reason and affirmed the place of reason and [[philosophy]] in religion [[September 14]], [[1998]] |
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#"[[Ecclesia de Eucharistia]]" ("The Church of the Eucharist") - [[April 17]], [[2003]] |
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=== Election === |
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== Pastoral visits outside Italy == |
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{{Main|October 1978 papal conclave}} |
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[[image:Jp2baptize.jpg|thumb|170px|Pope John Paul II in old age]] |
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[[File:Habemus papam Ioannes Paulus II.jpg|thumb|left|First appearance of Pope John Paul II following his election on 16 October 1978]] |
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In August 1978, following the death of Pope Paul VI, Wojtyła voted in [[August 1978 papal conclave|the papal conclave]], which elected [[Pope John Paul I|John Paul I]]. John Paul I died after only 33 days as pope, triggering another [[papal conclave|conclave]].<ref name="ShortBio" /><ref name="Vatican2" /><ref name="Time1978" /> |
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# [[January 25]] - [[February 1]] [[1979]] - [[Dominican Republic]], [[Mexico]], the [[Bahamas]] |
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# [[June 2]] - [[June 10]] [[1979]] - [[Poland]] |
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The second conclave of 1978 started on 14 October, ten days after the funeral. It was split between two strong [[Papabile|candidates for the papacy]]: Cardinal [[Giuseppe Siri]], the conservative [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Genoa|Archbishop of Genoa]], and Cardinal [[Giovanni Benelli]], the liberal [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Florence|Archbishop of Florence]] and a close friend of John Paul I.<ref name="Time1978b" /> |
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# [[September 29]] - [[October 8]] [[1979]] - [[Republic of Ireland]] and the [[United States]] |
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# [[November 28]] - [[November 30]] [[1979]] - [[Turkey]] |
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[[File:John paul 2 coa.svg|thumb|upright|The [[coat of arms]] of John Paul II displaying the ''[[Marian Cross]]'' with the letter M signifying the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]], the mother of Jesus]] |
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# [[May 2]] - [[May 12]] [[1980]] - [[Zaire]], [[Republic of the Congo|Congo]], [[Kenya]], [[Ghana]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Côte d'Ivoire]] |
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# [[May 30]] - [[June 2]] [[1980]] - [[France]] |
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Supporters of Benelli were confident that he would be elected, and in early [[ballot]]s, Benelli came within nine votes of success.<ref name="Time1978b" /> However, both men faced sufficient opposition for neither to be likely to prevail. [[Giovanni Colombo]], the Archbishop of Milan, was considered as a compromise candidate among the Italian cardinal-electors, but when he started to receive votes, he announced that, if elected, he would decline to accept the papacy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Inside the Vatican: The Politics and Organization of the Catholic Church |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FYMKOgA5lSAC |first=Thomas J. |last=Reese |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-674-93261-6 |pages=91, 99}}</ref> Cardinal [[Franz König]], [[Archbishop of Vienna]], suggested Wojtyła as another compromise candidate to his fellow electors.<ref name="Time1978b" /> Wojtyła won on the eighth ballot on the third day (16 October). |
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# [[June 30]] - [[July 12]] [[1980]] - [[Brazil]] |
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# [[November 15]] - [[November 19]] [[1980]] - [[Germany]] |
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Among those cardinals who rallied behind Wojtyła were supporters of Giuseppe Siri, [[Stefan Wyszyński]], most of the American cardinals (led by [[John Krol]]), and other moderate cardinals. He accepted his election with the words: "With obedience in faith to Christ, my Lord, and with trust in the Mother of Christ and the Church, in spite of great difficulties, I accept".{{sfn|Stourton|2006|p=171}}<ref name="NewPope" /> The pope, in tribute to his immediate predecessor, then took the [[regnal name]] of ''John Paul II'',<ref name="Vatican2" /><ref name="Time1978b" /> also in honour of the late Popes Paul VI and John XXIII, and the traditional white smoke informed the crowd gathered in [[St. Peter's Square]] that a pope had been chosen. There had been rumours that the new pope wished to be known as ''Pope Stanislaus'' in honour of [[Stanislaus of Szczepanów|the Polish saint of the name]], but was convinced by the cardinals that it was not a Roman name.<ref name="Time1978" /> When the new pontiff appeared on the balcony, he broke tradition by addressing the gathered crowd:{{sfn|Stourton|2006|p=171}} |
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# [[February 16]] - [[February 27]] [[1981]] - [[Pakistan]], the [[Philippines]], [[Guam]] ([[United States|USA]]), [[Japan]], [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]] ([[United States|USA]]) |
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# [[February 12]] - [[February 19]] [[1982]] - [[Nigeria]], [[Benin]], [[Gabon]], [[Equatorial Guinea]] |
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<blockquote>"Dear brothers and sisters, we are saddened at the death of our beloved Pope John Paul I, and so the cardinals have called for a new bishop of Rome. They called him from a faraway land—far and yet always close because of our communion in faith and Christian traditions. I was afraid to accept that responsibility, yet I do so in a spirit of obedience to the Lord and total faithfulness to Mary, our most Holy Mother. I am speaking to you in your—no, our Italian language. If I make a mistake, please {{sic|''corrict''}}{{efn|In his speech, John Paul deliberately chose to mispronounce the Italian word for 'correct'.}} <!-- ATTENTION! Please leave this word as 'corrict'. This is how it is written in the source --> me."{{sfn|Stourton|2006|p=171}}<ref>Agasso, Renzo. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jUkrNOuindcC&pg=PA23 ''Caro Karol'']. Effata Editrice IT, 2011. p. 23.</ref><ref name="Bottum" /><ref>[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1978/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19781016_primo-saluto_it.html First Greetings and First Blessing to the Faithful: Address of John Paul II, Monday, October 16, 1978] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018234821/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1978/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19781016_primo-saluto_it.html |date=18 October 2013 }}. [[Holy See|Vatican]]. ''Vatican.va''.</ref></blockquote> |
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# [[May 12]] - [[May 15]] [[1982]] - [[Portugal]] |
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# [[May 28]] - [[June 2]] [[1982]] - [[United Kingdom]] |
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Wojtyła became the 264th pope according to the chronological [[list of popes]], the first non-Italian in 455 years.<ref name="upi" /> At only 58 years of age, he was the youngest pope since [[Pope Pius IX]] in 1846, who was 54.<ref name="Vatican2" /> Like his predecessor, John Paul II dispensed with the traditional [[papal coronation]] and instead received ecclesiastical [[investiture]] with a simplified [[papal inauguration]] on 22 October 1978. During his inauguration, when the cardinals were to kneel before him to take their vows and kiss his ring, he stood up as the Polish prelate, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński knelt down, stopped him from kissing the ring, and simply embraced him.<ref name="Vatican-bio-en" /> |
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# [[June 10]] - [[June 13]] [[1982]] - [[Rio de Janeiro]] ([[Brazil]]), [[Argentina]] |
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# [[June 15]] [[1982]] - [[Geneva]] ([[Switzerland]]) |
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=== Pastoral journeys === |
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# [[August 29]] [[1982]] - [[San Marino]] |
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{{Main|List of pastoral visits of Pope John Paul II outside Italy}} |
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# [[October 31]] - [[November 9]] [[1982]] - [[Spain]] |
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[[File:Papież Jan Paweł II i kardynał Stefan kardynał Wyszyński w drodze na plac Zwycięstwa w dniu 2 czerwca 1979.jpg|thumb|John Paul's first papal trip to Poland in June 1979]] |
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# [[March 2]] - [[March 10]] [[1983]] - [[Lisbon]] ([[Portugal]]), [[Costa Rica]], [[Nicaragua]], <!--Honduras?-->[[Panama]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], [[Belize]], [[Haiti]] |
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# [[June 16]] - [[June 23]] [[1983]] - [[Poland]] |
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During his pontificate, John Paul II made journeys to 129 countries,{{sfn|Maxwell-Stuart|2006|p=234}} travelling more than {{convert|1100000|km}} while doing so. He consistently attracted large crowds, some among the largest ever assembled in [[human history]], such as the Manila [[World Youth Day 1995]], which gathered up to four million people, the largest papal gathering ever, according to the Vatican.<ref name=BaltimoreSun>{{cite news |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1995-01-16/news/1995016078_1_pope-philippines-papal |title=Biggest Papal Gathering | Millions Flock to Papal Mass in Manila, Gathering is Called the Largest the Pope Has Seen at a Service |agency=The New York Times News Service |work=The Baltimore Sun |year=2012 |access-date=29 January 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924125252/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1995-01-16/news/1995016078_1_pope-philippines-papal |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="AsiaNews" /> John Paul II's earliest official visits were to the Dominican Republic and Mexico in January 1979.<ref name="CBN2" /> While some of his journeys (such as to the United States and the [[Holy Land]]) were to places previously visited by Pope Paul VI, John Paul II became the first pope to visit the [[White House]] in October 1979, where he was [[List of meetings between the pope and the president of the United States|greeted warmly]] by President [[Jimmy Carter]]. He was the first pope ever to visit several countries in one year, starting in 1979 with Mexico<ref name="Mexico" /> and [[Pope John Paul II's visit to Ireland|Ireland]].<ref name="Ireland" /> He was the first reigning pope to [[Pope John Paul II's visit to the United Kingdom|travel to the United Kingdom]], in 1982, where he met Queen [[Elizabeth II]], the [[Supreme Governor of the Church of England]]. While in Britain he also visited [[Canterbury Cathedral]] and knelt in prayer with [[Robert Runcie]], the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], at the spot where [[Thomas Becket]] had been killed,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/29/newsid_4171000/4171657.stm |title=BBC on This Day | 29 | 1982: Pope makes historic visit to Canterbury |work=BBC News |date= 29 May 1982 |access-date=23 June 2013}}</ref> as well as holding several large-scale open air masses, including one at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]], which was attended by some 80,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thepapalvisit.org.uk/Visit-Background/A-Retrospective-of-the-1982-Visit|title=A Retrospective of the 1982 Visit / Visit Background / Home – The Visit|last=Systems|first=eZ|website=www.thepapalvisit.org.uk|access-date=16 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012084655/http://www.thepapalvisit.org.uk/Visit-Background/A-Retrospective-of-the-1982-Visit|archive-date=12 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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# [[August 14]] - [[August 15]] [[1983]] - [[Lourdes]] ([[France]]) |
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# [[September 10]] - [[September 13]] [[1983]] - [[Austria]] |
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[[File:Sandro Pertini e Giovanni Paolo II insieme sulle cime dell' Adamello 21.jpg|thumb|left|John Paul II with the president of Italy [[Sandro Pertini]] in 1984]] |
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# [[May 2]] - [[May 12]] [[1984]] - [[Fairbanks]] ([[United States|USA]]), [[Republic of Korea]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[Thailand]] |
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# [[June 12]] - [[June 17]] [[1984]] - [[Switzerland]] |
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He travelled to Haiti in 1983, where he spoke in [[Haitian Creole|Creole]] to thousands of impoverished Catholics gathered to greet him at the airport. His message, "things must change in Haiti," referring to the disparity between the wealthy and the poor, was met with thunderous applause.<ref name="Haiti: The Duvalier Years" /> In 2000, he was the first modern pope to visit Egypt,<ref name="PopeEgypt" /> where he met with the [[Coptic Orthodox Church|Coptic pope]], [[Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria|Pope Shenouda III]]<ref name="PopeEgypt" /> and the [[List of Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria|Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria]].<ref name="PopeEgypt" /> He was the first Catholic pope to visit and pray in an Islamic mosque, in [[Damascus]], Syria, in 2001. He visited the [[Umayyad Mosque]], a former Christian church where [[John the Baptist]] is believed to be interred,<ref name="Mosque" /> where he made a speech calling for Muslims, Christians and Jews to live together.<ref name="Mosque" /> |
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# [[September 9]] - [[September 21]] [[1984]] - [[Canada]] |
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# [[October 10]] - [[October 13]] [[1984]] - [[Zaragoza]] ([[Spain]]), [[Santo Domingo]] ([[Dominican Republic]]), [[San Juan]] ([[Puerto Rico]]) |
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On 15 January 1995, during the X World Youth Day, he offered [[Catholic Mass|Mass]] to an estimated crowd of between five and seven million in [[Rizal Park|Luneta Park]],<ref name="AsiaNews" /> [[Manila]], Philippines, which was considered to be the largest single gathering in [[History of Christianity|Christian history]].<ref name="AsiaNews" /> In March 2000, while visiting [[Jerusalem]], John Paul became the first pope in history to visit and pray at the [[Western Wall]].<ref name="BBCIsrael" /><ref name="ADL2006" /> In September 2001, amid post-[[11 September attacks|11 September]] concerns, he travelled to Kazakhstan, with an audience largely consisting of Muslims, and to Armenia, to participate in the celebration of 1,700 years of [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Christianity]].<ref name="NewYorkTimes3" /> |
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# [[January 26]] - [[February 6]] [[1985]] - [[Peru]], [[Ecuador]], [[Venezuela]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]] |
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# [[May 11]] - [[May 21]] [[1985]] - the [[Netherlands]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Belgium]] |
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In June 1979, John Paul II travelled to Poland, where ecstatic crowds constantly surrounded him.<ref name="OnThisDay" /> This first papal trip to Poland uplifted the nation's spirit and sparked the formation of the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] movement in 1980, which later brought freedom and human rights to his troubled homeland.<ref name="Memory" /> Leaders of the [[Polish United Workers' Party]] intended to use the pope's visit to show the people that although the pope was Polish, it did not alter their capacity to govern, oppress, and distribute the goods of society. They also hoped that if the pope abided by the rules they set, the Polish people would see his example and follow them as well. If the pope's visit inspired a riot, the Communist leaders of Poland were prepared to crush the uprising and blame the suffering on the pope.<ref name="Angelo M. Codevilla 2008">Angelo M. Codevilla, "Political Warfare: A Set of Means for Achieving Political Ends", in Waller, ed., ''Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda and Political Warfare'' (IWP Press, 2008.)</ref> |
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# [[August 8]] - [[August 19]] [[1985]] - [[Togo]], [[Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Cameroon]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Zaire]], [[Kenya]], [[Morocco]] |
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# [[September 8]] [[1985]] - [[Kloten]] ([[Switzerland]]), [[Liechtenstein]] |
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{{blockquote|"The pope won that struggle by transcending politics. His was what [[Joseph Nye]] calls '[[soft power]]' — the power of attraction and repulsion. He began with an enormous advantage, and exploited it to the utmost: He headed the one institution that stood for the polar opposite of the Communist way of life that the Polish people hated. He was a Pole, but beyond the regime's reach. By identifying with him, Poles would have the chance to cleanse themselves of the compromises they had to make to live under the regime. And so they came to him by the millions. They listened. He told them to be good, not to compromise themselves, to stick by one another, to be fearless, and that God is the only source of goodness, the only standard of conduct. 'Be not afraid,' he said. Millions shouted in response, 'We want God! We want God! We want God!' The regime cowered. Had the Pope chosen to turn his soft power into the hard variety, the regime might have been drowned in blood. Instead, the Pope simply led the Polish people to desert their rulers by affirming solidarity with one another. The Communists managed to [[Martial law in Poland|hold on as despots]] a decade longer. But as political leaders, they were finished. Visiting his native Poland in 1979, Pope John Paul II struck what turned out to be a mortal blow to its Communist regime, to the Soviet Empire, [and] ultimately to Communism."<ref name="Angelo M. Codevilla 2008" /> |
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# [[January 31]] - [[February 11]] [[1986]] - [[India]] |
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}} |
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# [[July 1]] - [[July 8]] [[1986]] - [[St. Lucia]], [[Colombia]] |
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# [[October 4]] - [[October 7]] [[1986]] - [[France]] |
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<blockquote>"When Pope John Paul II kissed the ground at the Warsaw airport he began the process by which Communism in Poland — and ultimately elsewhere in Europe — would come to an end."<ref>[[John Lewis Gaddis]], ''The Cold War: A New History'', p. 193, Penguin Books (2006), {{ISBN|978-0-14-303827-6}}</ref></blockquote> |
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# [[November 18]] - [[December 1]] [[1986]] - [[Bangladesh]], [[Singapore]], [[Fiji]], [[New Zealand]], [[Australia]], the [[Seychelles]] |
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# [[March 31]] - [[April 13]] [[1987]] - [[Chile]], [[Uruguay]], [[Argentina]] |
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On later trips to Poland, he gave tacit support to the Solidarity organisation.<ref name="Memory" /> These visits reinforced this message and contributed to the collapse of East European Communism that took place between 1989 and 1990 with the reintroduction of democracy in Poland, and which then spread through Eastern Europe (1990–1991) and South-Eastern Europe (1990–1992).<ref name="Bottum" />{{sfn|Maxwell-Stuart|2006|p=234}}<ref name="OnThisDay" /><ref name="CBCNews" /><ref name="Gorbachev" /> |
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# [[April 30]] - [[May 4]] [[1987]] - [[Germany]] |
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# [[June 8]] - [[June 14]] [[1987]] - [[Poland]] |
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===World Youth Days=== |
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# [[September 10]] - [[September 21]] [[1987]] - [[United States]] (including [[New Orleans]] and [[Detroit]]), [[Fort Simpson]] ([[Canada]]) |
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[[File:JohnPaulIICardinalSin1995WYD.jpg|thumb|Pope John Paul II (right) with Manila Archbishop Cardinal [[Jaime Sin]] (left) addressing the crowd attending the closing mass of the tenth [[World Youth Day 1995|World Youth Day]] at [[Rizal Park|Luneta Park]], 1995]] |
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# [[May 7]] - [[May 18]] [[1988]] - [[Uruguay]], [[Bolivia]], [[Lima, Peru|Lima]] ([[Peru]]), [[Paraguay]], [[Curacao]] |
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# [[June 23]] - [[June 27]] [[1988]] - [[Austria]] |
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As an extension of his successful work with youth as a young priest, John Paul II pioneered the international [[World Youth Day]]s. John Paul II presided over nine of them: [[Rome]] (1985 and 2000), [[Buenos Aires]] (1987), [[Santiago de Compostela]] (1989), [[Częstochowa]] (1991), [[Denver]] (1993), [[Manila]] (1995), [[Paris]] (1997), and [[Toronto]] (2002). Total attendance at these signature events of the pontificate was in the tens of millions.<ref name="ReferenceA">Weigel, George. The End and the Beginning: Pope John Paul II – The Victory of Freedom, the Last Years, the Legacy. The Crown Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.</ref> |
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# [[September 10]] - [[September 19]] [[1988]] - [[Zimbabwe]], [[Botswana]], [[Lesotho]], [[Swaziland]], [[Mozambique]] |
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# [[October 8]] - [[October 11]] [[1988]] - [[France]] |
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===Dedicated Years=== |
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# [[April 28]] - [[May 6]] [[1989]] - [[Madagascar]], [[Réunion]], [[Zambia]], [[Malawi]] |
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# [[June 1]] - [[June 10]] [[1989]] - [[Norway]], [[Iceland]], [[Finland]], [[Denmark]], [[Sweden]] |
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Keenly aware of the rhythms of time and the importance of anniversaries in the Catholic Church's life, John Paul II led nine "dedicated years" during the twenty-six and a half years of his pontificate: the Holy Year of the Redemption in 1983–84, the [[Marian Year]] in 1987–88, the Year of the Family in 1993–94, the three Trinitarian years of preparation for the [[Great Jubilee]] of 2000, the Great Jubilee itself, the Year of the Rosary in 2002–3, and the [[Year of the Eucharist]], which began on 17 October 2004, and concluded six months after the Pope's death.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |
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# [[August 19]] - [[August 21]] [[1989]] - [[Santiago de Compostela]] and [[Asturias]] (both [[Spain]]) |
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# [[October 6]] - [[October 16]] [[1989]] - [[Seoul]] ([[Republic of Korea]]), [[Indonesia]] ([[East Timor]]), [[Mauritius]] |
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===Great Jubilee of 2000=== |
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# [[January 25]] - [[February 1]] [[1990]] - [[Cape Verde]], [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Mali]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Chad]] |
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The [[Great Jubilee]] of 2000 was a call to the church to become more aware and to embrace her missionary task for the work of [[New evangelization|evangelization]]. |
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# [[April 21]] - [[April 22]] [[1990]] - [[Czechoslovakia]] |
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# [[May 6]] - [[May 14]] [[1990]] - [[Mexico]], [[Curacao]] |
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<blockquote>"From the beginning of my Pontificate, my thoughts had been on this Holy Year 2000 as an important appointment. I thought of its celebration as a providential opportunity during which the Church, thirty-five years after the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, would examine how far she had renewed herself, in order to be able to take up her evangelising mission with fresh enthusiasm."<ref>Novo Millenio Inuente §2</ref></blockquote> |
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# [[May 25]] - [[May 27]] [[1990]] - [[Malta]] |
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# [[September 1]] - [[September 10]] [[1990]] - [[Luqa]] ([[Malta]]), [[Tanzania]], [[Burundi]], [[Rwanda]], [[Yamoussoukro]] ([[Côte d'Ivoire]]) |
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John Paul II also made a pilgrimage to the [[Holy Land]] for the Great Jubilee of 2000.<ref name=Vatican3 /> During his visit to the Holy Land, John Paul II visited many sites of the [[Rosary]], including the following locations: [[Al-Maghtas|Bethany Beyond the Jordan (Al-Maghtas)]], at the [[Jordan River]], where [[John the Baptist]] baptized Jesus; [[Manger Square]] and the [[Church of the Nativity]] in the town of [[Bethlehem]], the location of Jesus' birth; and the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in [[Jerusalem]], the site of Jesus' burial and resurrection.<ref name=Vatican5 /><ref name=Vatican6 /><ref name=Vatican7 /> |
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# [[May 5]] - [[May 13]] [[1991]] - [[Portugal]] |
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# [[June 1]] - [[June 9]] [[1991]] - [[Poland]] |
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== Teachings == |
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# [[August 13]] - [[August 20]] [[1991]] - [[Czestochowa]] ([[Poland]]), [[Hungary]] |
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{{Catholic philosophy |expanded=all}} |
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# [[October 12]] - [[October 21]] [[1991]] - [[Brazil]] |
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As pope, John Paul II wrote [[List of encyclicals of Pope John Paul II|14 papal encyclicals]] and taught about sexuality in what is referred as the "[[Theology of the Body]]". Some key elements of his strategy to "reposition the Catholic Church" were encyclicals such as ''[[Ecclesia de Eucharistia]]'', ''[[Reconciliatio et paenitentia]]'' and ''[[Redemptoris Mater]]''. In his ''At the beginning of the new millennium'' (''[[Novo Millennio Ineunte]]''), he emphasised the importance of "starting afresh from Christ": "No, we shall not be saved by a formula but by a Person." In ''The Splendour of the Truth'' (''[[Veritatis Splendor]]''), he emphasised the dependence of man on God and His Law ("Without the Creator, the creature disappears") and the "dependence of freedom on the truth". He warned that man "giving himself over to relativism and scepticism, goes off in search of an illusory freedom apart from truth itself". In ''[[Fides et Ratio]]'' (''On the Relationship between Faith and Reason'') John Paul promoted a renewed interest in philosophy and an autonomous pursuit of truth in theological matters. Drawing on many different sources (such as Thomism), he described the mutually supporting relationship between [[faith and rationality|faith and reason]], and emphasised that theologians should focus on that relationship. John Paul II wrote extensively about workers and the [[Catholic social teaching|social doctrine]] of the church, which he discussed in three encyclicals: ''[[Laborem exercens]]'', ''[[Sollicitudo rei socialis]]'', and ''[[Centesimus annus]]''. Through his encyclicals and many [[General epistles|Apostolic Letters]] and Exhortations, John Paul II talked about the [[dignity]] and the equality of women.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pope John Paul II|title=Mulieris Dignitatem: Apostolic Letter on the Dignity and Vocation of Women|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|year=1988|url=http://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/1988/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_19880815_mulieris-dignitatem.html}}</ref> He argued for the importance of the family for the future of humanity.<ref name="Memory" /> |
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# [[February 19]] - [[February 26]] [[1992]] - [[Senegal]], [[The Gambia|Gambia]], [[Guinea]] |
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# [[June 4]] - [[June 10]] [[1992]] - [[Angola]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] |
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Other encyclicals include ''The Gospel of Life'' (''[[Evangelium Vitae]]'') and ''[[Ut unum sint]]'' (''That They May Be One''). Though critics accused him of inflexibility in explicitly re-asserting Catholic moral teachings against abortion and [[euthanasia]] that have been in place for well over a thousand years, he urged a more nuanced view of [[Catholic Church and capital punishment|capital punishment]].<ref name="Memory" /> In his second encyclical ''[[Dives in misericordia]]'' he stressed that [[divine mercy]] is the greatest feature of God, needed especially in modern times. |
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# [[October 9]] - [[October 14]] [[1992]] - [[Dominican Republic]]<!--# [[1993]] - [[El Salvador]] - February (not confirmed)--> |
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# [[February 3]] - [[February 10]] [[1993]] - [[Benin]], [[Uganda]], [[Khartoum]] ([[Sudan]]) |
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=== Social and political stances === |
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# [[April 25]] [[1993]] - [[Albania]] |
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{{Main|Social and political stances of Pope John Paul II}} |
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# [[June 12]] - [[June 17]] [[1993]] - [[Spain]] |
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John Paul II was considered a conservative on [[doctrine]] and issues relating to human [[sexual reproduction]] and the ordination of women.<ref name="Spiegel2" /> While he was visiting the United States in 1977, the year before becoming pope, Wojtyła said: "All human life, from the moments of conception and through all subsequent stages, is sacred."<ref name="Pope John Paul II Visits the US, 1977 Year in Review" /> |
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# [[August 9]] - [[August 16]] [[1993]] - [[Jamaica]], [[Merida]] ([[Mexico]]), [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]] ([[United States|USA]]) |
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# [[September 4]] - [[September 10]] [[1993]] - [[Lithuania]], [[Latvia]], [[Estonia]] |
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A series of 129 lectures given by John Paul II during his Wednesday audiences in Rome between September 1979 and November 1984 were later compiled and published as a single work titled ''[[Theology of the Body]]'', an extended meditation on [[human sexuality]]. He extended it to the condemnation of abortion, euthanasia, and virtually all capital punishment,<ref name="pbs" /> calling them all a part of a struggle between a "[[culture of life]]" and a "culture of death".<ref>John Paul II. (1995). Evangelium Vitae. Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, §95</ref> He campaigned for world debt forgiveness and [[social justice]].<ref name="Memory" /><ref name="Spiegel2" /> He coined the term "[[social mortgage]]", which related that all private property had a social dimension, namely that "the goods of this are originally meant for all."<ref>article 42, Solicitudo Rei Socialis</ref> In 2000, he publicly endorsed the [[Jubilee 2000]] campaign on African [[debt relief]] fronted by Irish rock stars [[Bob Geldof]] and [[Bono]], once famously interrupting a [[U2]] recording session by telephoning the studio and asking to speak to Bono.<ref name="Pope phones Bono" /> |
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# [[September 10]] - [[September 11]] [[1994]] - [[Zagreb]] ([[Croatia]]) |
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# [[January 11]] - [[January 21]] [[1995]] - [[Manila]] ([[Philippines]]), [[Port Moresby]] ([[Papua New Guinea]]), [[Sydney]] ([[Australia]]), [[Colombo]] ([[Sri Lanka]]) |
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John Paul II, who was present and very influential at the 1962–65 [[Second Vatican Council]], affirmed the teachings of that Council and did much to implement them. Nevertheless, his critics often wished that he would embrace what has been called a progressive agenda that some hoped would evolve as a result of the Council. In fact, the Council did not advocate progressive changes in these areas; for example, they still condemned abortion as an unspeakable crime. John Paul II continued to declare that contraception, abortion, and homosexual acts were gravely sinful, and, along with Joseph Ratzinger (future [[Pope Benedict XVI]]), opposed [[liberation theology]]. |
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# [[May 20]] - [[May 22]] [[1995]] - [[Czech Republic]], [[Poland]] |
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# [[June 3]] - [[June 4]] [[1995]] - [[Belgium]] |
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Following the church's exaltation of the marital act of sexual intercourse between a baptised man and woman within sacramental marriage as proper and exclusive to the [[sacrament]] of marriage, John Paul II believed that it was, in every instance, profaned by contraception, abortion, divorce followed by a 'second' marriage, and by homosexual acts. In 1994, John Paul II asserted the church's lack of authority to ordain women to the priesthood, stating that without such authority ordination is not legitimately compatible with fidelity to Christ. This was also deemed a repudiation of calls to break with the constant tradition of the church by ordaining women to the priesthood.<ref name="VaticanOrdinatio" /> In addition, John Paul II chose not to end the discipline of mandatory priestly celibacy, although in a small number of unusual circumstances, he did allow certain married clergymen of other Christian traditions who later became Catholic to be ordained as Catholic priests. |
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# [[June 30]] - [[July 3]] [[1995]] - [[Slovakia]] |
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# [[September 14]] - [[September 20]] [[1995]] - [[Yaoundé]] ([[Cameroon]]), [[Johannesburg]] ([[Republic of South Africa]]), [[Nairobi]] ([[Kenya]]) |
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=== Apartheid in South Africa === |
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# [[October 4]] - [[October 9]] [[1995]] - [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[East Rutherford, New Jersey|East Rutherford]], [[New York]], [[United Nations]], [[Yonkers]], [[Baltimore]] (all [[United States|USA]]) |
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John Paul II was an outspoken opponent of [[apartheid in South Africa]]. In 1985, while visiting the Netherlands, he gave an impassioned speech condemning apartheid at the [[International Court of Justice]], proclaiming that "No system of apartheid or separate development will ever be acceptable as a model for the relations between peoples or races."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130309014419/http://articles.latimes.com/1985-05-13/news/mn-9935_1_afrikaners "Pope Attacks Apartheid in Speech at U.N. Court"] ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 13 May 1985</ref> In September 1988, John Paul II made a pilgrimage to ten Southern African countries, including those bordering South Africa, while demonstratively avoiding South Africa. During his visit to [[Zimbabwe]], John Paul II called for economic sanctions against South Africa's government.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/17/world/pope-s-south-africa-visit-honors-2-vows.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm Pope's "South Africa Visit Honors 2 Vows"] ''[[The New York Times]]'', 13 May 1995</ref> After John Paul II's death, both [[Nelson Mandela]] and Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]] praised the pope for defending human rights and condemning economic injustice.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060718134841/http://www.southafrica.info/mandela/pope-050405.htm#.UHIDqMr4IsA Mandela 'deeply inspired' by Pope] [South Africa Info], 5 April 2005</ref> |
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# [[February 5]] - [[February 12]] [[1996]] - [[Guatemala]], [[Nicaragua]], [[El Salvador]], [[Venezuela]] |
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# [[April 14]] [[1996]] - [[Tunisia]] |
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=== Capital punishment === |
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# [[May 17]] - [[May 19]] [[1996]] - [[Slovenia]] |
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John Paul II was an outspoken opponent of the death penalty, although previous popes had accepted the practice. At a papal mass in [[St. Louis, Missouri]], in the United States he said: |
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# [[June 21]] - [[June 23]] [[1996]] - [[Germany]] |
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# [[September 6]] - [[September 7]] [[1996]] - [[Hungary]] |
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<blockquote>"A sign of hope is the increasing recognition that the dignity of human life must never be taken away, even in the case of someone who has done great evil. Modern society has the means of protecting itself, without definitively denying criminals the chance to reform. I renew the appeal I made most recently at Christmas for a consensus to end the death penalty, which is both cruel and unnecessary."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/node/1403 |title=Religious Views: Pope John Paul II's Statements on the Death Penalty |publisher=Death Penalty Information Center |access-date=3 November 2013}}</ref></blockquote> |
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# [[September 19]] - [[September 22]] [[1996]] - [[France]] |
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# [[April 12]] - [[April 13]] [[1997]] - [[Sarajevo]] ([[Bosnia-Herzegovina]]) |
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During that visit, John Paul II convinced the then [[Governor (United States)|governor]] of Missouri, [[Mel Carnahan]], to reduce the death sentence of convicted murderer Darrell J. Mease to life imprisonment without parole.<ref>Trigilio Jr., Rev. John, Rev. Kenneth Brighenti and Rev. Jonathan Toborowsky. ''John Paul II for Dummies'', p. 140, John Wiley & Sons, 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-471-77382-5}}</ref> John Paul II's other attempts to reduce the sentence of [[death-row]] inmates were unsuccessful. In 1983, John Paul II visited [[Guatemala]] and unsuccessfully asked the country's president, [[Efraín Ríos Montt]], to reduce the sentence for six left-wing guerrillas sentenced to death.<ref>Virginia Garrard-Burnett. ''Terror in the Land of the Holy Spirit: Guatemala Under General Efrain Rios Montt, 1982–1983'', pp. 20–21, John Wiley & Sons, 2010 {{ISBN|978-0-19-537964-8}}</ref> |
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# [[April 25]] - [[April 27]] [[1997]] - [[Czech Republic]] |
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# [[May 10]] - [[May 11]] [[1997]] - [[Beirut]] ([[Lebanon]]) |
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In 2002, John Paul II again travelled to Guatemala. At that time, Guatemala was one of only two countries in Latin America (the other being Cuba) to apply capital punishment. John Paul II asked the Guatemalan president, [[Alfonso Portillo]], for a moratorium on executions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0802/p07s02-woam.html/(page)/3 |title=With Papal Prodding, Guatemala May End Executions |newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=24 May 2013 |access-date=3 November 2013}}</ref> |
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# [[May 31]] - [[June 10]] [[1997]] - [[Poland]] |
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# [[August 21]] - [[August 24]] [[1997]] - [[Paris]] ([[France]]) |
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===Environment and ecology=== |
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# [[October 2]] - [[October 6]] [[1997]] - [[Rio de Janeiro]] ([[Brazil]]) |
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[[File:Sandro Pertini e Giovanni Paolo II insieme sulle cime dell' Adamello 12.jpg|thumb|Pope John Paul II on the peak of [[Mount Adamello]] in the [[Adamello-Presanella Alps]]]] |
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# [[January 21]] - [[January 26]] [[1998]] - [[Cuba]] |
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# [[March 21]] - [[March 23]] [[1998]] - [[Nigeria]] |
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John Paul II taught on the environmental health of Earth that "humanity has disappointed God's expectations ... degrading that 'flowerbed' which is the earth, our dwelling-place".<ref name=aud20010117 /> His phrase and exhortation, "ecological conversion", which was used in a general audience in The Vatican in 2001,<ref name=aud20010117>John Paul II, [https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/audiences/2001/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_20010117.html General Audience, Wednesday 17 January 2001: "God made man the steward of creation"], accessed 3 September 2023</ref> has been widely adopted, for example in the Mandate for [[Catholic Earthcare Australia]],<ref>Catholic Earthcare Australia, [https://archive.today/20120803220513/http://www.catholicearthcare.org.au/mandate.html Mandate for Catholic Earthcare Australia], published May 2002, archived 3 August 2012, accessed 3 September 2023</ref> and in the writings of Pope Francis.<ref>Pope Francis, [https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html Laudato Si'], Chapter 6, section 3, published 24 May 2015, accessed 3 September 2023</ref> |
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# [[June 19]] - [[June 21]] [[1998]] - [[Austria]] |
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# [[October 2]] - [[October 4]] [[1998]] - [[Croatia]] |
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=== European Union === |
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# [[January 22]] - [[January 28]] [[1999]] - [[St. Louis]] ([[United States|USA]]), [[Mexico]] |
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John Paul II pushed for a reference to Europe's Christian cultural roots in the draft of the [[European Constitution]]. In his 2003 [[apostolic exhortation]] ''[[Ecclesia in Europa]]'', John Paul II wrote that he "fully (respected) the secular nature of (European) institutions". However, he wanted the constitution to enshrine religious rights, including acknowledging the rights of religious groups to organise freely, recognise the specific identity of each denomination and allow for a "structured dialogue" between each religious community and the [[European Union]] (EU), and extend across the EU the legal status enjoyed by religious institutions in individual member states. John Paul II said: "I wish once more to appeal to those drawing up the future European Constitutional Treaty so that it will include a reference to the religion and in particular to the Christian heritage of Europe." The pope's desire for a reference to Europe's Christian identity in the EU Constitution was supported by non-Catholic representatives of the [[Church of England]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]] from Russia, Romania, and Greece.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.eubusiness.com/topics/european-council/aggregator/113730 |title=Pope says EU constitution should cite Christian heritage |publisher=EU Business |date=28 June 2003 |access-date=14 November 2013}}</ref> John Paul II's demand to include a reference to Europe's Christian roots in the European Constitution was supported by some non-Christians, such as [[Joseph Weiler]], a practising [[Orthodox Jew]] and renowned constitutional lawyer, who said that the EU Constitution's lack of a reference to Christianity was not a "demonstration of neutrality" but rather "a [[Jacobin]] attitude".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/jewish-professor-defends-mention-of-christianity-in-euro-text |title=Jewish Professor Defends Mention of Christianity in Euro Text |publisher=[[Zenit News Agency]] |date=17 September 2003 |access-date=14 November 2013}}</ref> |
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# [[May 7]] - [[May 9]] [[1999]] - [[Romania]] |
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# [[June 5]] - [[June 17]] [[1999]] - [[Poland]] |
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At the same time, John Paul II was an enthusiastic supporter of [[European integration]]; in particular, he supported his native Poland's entry into the bloc. On 19 May 2003, three weeks before a [[2003 Polish European Union membership referendum|referendum was held in Poland on EU membership]], the Polish pope addressed his compatriots and urged them to vote for Poland's EU membership at St. Peter's Square in Vatican City State. While some conservative, Catholic politicians in Poland opposed EU membership, John Paul II said: |
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# [[September 19]] [[1999]] - [[Slovenia]] |
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# [[October 5]] - [[October 9]] [[1999]] - [[New Delhi]] ([[India]]), [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] |
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<blockquote>"I know that there are many in opposition to integration. I appreciate their concern about maintaining the cultural and religious identity of our nation. However, I must emphasise that Poland has always been an important part of Europe. Europe needs Poland. The Church in Europe needs the Poles' testimony of faith. Poland needs Europe."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://euobserver.com/enlargement/11309 |title=Pope paves the way to Polish "Yes" vote |author=Marcin Frydrych |publisher=[[EUObserver.com]] |date=21 May 2003 |access-date=14 November 2013}}</ref></blockquote> |
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# [[February 24]] - [[February 26]] [[2000]] - [[Mount Sinai]] ([[Egypt]]) |
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# [[March 20]] - [[March 26]] [[2000]] - [[Jordan]], the [[West Bank]], [[Israel]] |
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The Polish pope compared Poland's entry into the EU to the [[Union of Lublin]], which was signed in 1569 and united the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]] and the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] into one nation and created an elective monarchy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www2.tygodnik.com.pl/tp/2811/main01.php |title=Od Unii Lubelskiej do Unii Europejskiej |language=pl |trans-title=From the Union of Lublin to the European Union |author=Rev. Adam Boniecki |publisher=[[Tygodnik Powszechny]] |date=25 May 2003 |access-date=14 November 2013}}</ref> |
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# [[May 12]] - [[May 13]] [[2000]] - [[Fatima]] ([[Portugal]]) |
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# [[May 5]] - [[May 9]] [[2001]] - [[Malta]], [[Greece]], [[Syria]] |
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=== Evolution === |
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# [[June 23]] - [[June 27]] [[2001]] - [[Ukraine]], including [[Babi Yar]], where many Jews were massacred in the Holocaust |
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On 22 October 1996, in a speech to the [[Pontifical Academy of Sciences]] [[wikt:plenary session|plenary session]] at the Vatican, John Paul II said of [[evolution]] that "this theory has been progressively accepted by researchers, following a series of discoveries in various fields of knowledge. The convergence, neither sought nor fabricated, of the results of work that was conducted independently is in itself a significant argument in favour of this theory." John Paul II's embrace of evolution was enthusiastically praised by American [[Paleontology|palaeontologist]] and evolutionary biologist [[Stephen Jay Gould]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/vaticanview.html|title=The Vatican's View of Evolution: Pope Paul II and Pope Pius|author=Doug Linder}}</ref> with whom he had an audience in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.com/archive/stephen-jay-gould-vol-25-no-22/ |first =Michelle|last = Green|title = Stephen Jay Gould: Driven By a Hunger to Learn and to Write|date= 1986|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110110195417/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20093775,00.html|archive-date= 10 January 2011}}</ref> |
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# [[September 22]] - [[September 27]] [[2001]] - [[Kazakhstan]], [[Armenia]] |
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# [[May 22]] - [[May 26]] [[2002]] - [[Azerbaijan]], [[Bulgaria]] |
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Although generally accepting the theory of evolution, John Paul II made one major exception—the [[Soul (spirit)|human soul]], saying: "If the human body has its origin in living material which pre-exists it, the spiritual soul is immediately created by God."<ref name="Evolution" /><ref name="NCSE" /><ref name="Tagliabue" /> |
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# [[July 23]] - [[August 2]] [[2002]] - [[Canada]], [[Guatemala]] (including [[Antigua Guatemala]]), [[Mexico]] |
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# [[August 18]] - [[August 19]] [[2002]] - [[Poland]] |
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=== Iraq War === |
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# [[May 3]] - [[May 4]] [[2003]] - [[Spain]] |
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In 2003 John Paul II criticised the 2003 United States-led [[invasion of Iraq]], saying in his State of the World address "No to war! War is not always inevitable. It is always a defeat for humanity."<ref>John Paul II, "[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2003/january/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20030113_diplomatic-corps_en.html Address to the Diplomatic Corps]", Vatican, 13 January 2003 (Retrieved 7 February 2007).</ref> He sent Cardinal [[Pio Laghi]], the former [[Nunciature of the Holy See in Washington DC|Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to the United States]], to talk with [[George W. Bush]], the US president, to express opposition to the war. John Paul II said that it was up to the United Nations to solve the international conflict through diplomacy and that a unilateral aggression is a [[crime against peace]] and a violation of [[international law]]. The pope's opposition to the [[Iraq War]] led to him being a candidate to win the 2003 [[Nobel Peace Prize]], which was ultimately awarded to Iranian attorney/judge and noted human rights advocate [[Nobel Peace Prize in 2003|Shirin Ebadi]].<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/10/09/1065601953306.html Pope Mooted for Nobel Peace Prize] ''[[The Age]]'', 9 October 2003</ref><ref>[http://www.deseretnews.com/article/515037715/Pope-John-Paul-II-is-the-favorite-to-win-Nobel-Peace-Prize.html?pg=all Pope John Paul II is the Favorite to Win Nobel Peace Prize] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106041001/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/515037715/Pope-John-Paul-II-is-the-favorite-to-win-Nobel-Peace-Prize.html?pg=all |date=6 November 2013 }} ''[[Deseret News]]'', 10 October 2003</ref> |
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# [[June 5]] - [[June 9]] [[2003]] - [[Croatia]] |
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# [[June 22]] [[2003]] - [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |
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=== Liberation theology === |
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# [[September 11]] - [[September 14]] [[2003]] - [[Slovakia]] |
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In 1984 and 1986, through Cardinal Ratzinger (future [[Pope Benedict XVI]]) as [[Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]], John Paul II officially condemned aspects of [[liberation theology]], which had many followers in Latin America.<ref name="Miami" /> |
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# [[June 5]] [[2004]] - - [[Switzerland]] |
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# [[August 14]] - [[August 15]] [[2004]] - [[Lourdes]] ([[France]]) |
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Visiting Europe, Salvadoran Archbishop [[Óscar Romero]] unsuccessfully advocated for the Vatican to condemn the right-wing military regime of [[El Salvador]], for violations of human rights during the [[Salvadoran Civil War]] and the support of [[death squads]]. Though Romero expressed his frustration at working with clergy who cooperated with the government, John Paul II encouraged him to maintain episcopal unity as a top priority.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Beatification of Óscar Romero |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-beatification-of-oscar-romero |magazine=The New Yorker |date=19 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=What Óscar Romero's Canonization Says About Pope Francis |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/11/the-martyr-and-the-pope/570835/ |work=The Atlantic |date=November 2018}}</ref> |
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In his travel to [[Managua]], Nicaragua in 1983, John Paul II harshly condemned what he dubbed the "popular Church",<ref name="Miami" /> referencing the [[basic ecclesial community|ecclesial base communities]] supported by the [[Latin American Episcopal Conference]], and the Nicaraguan clergy's tendencies to support the leftist [[Sandinista National Liberation Front|Sandinistas]], reminding the clergy of their duties of obedience to the [[Holy See]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pope says taking sides in Nicaragua is peril to church |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/03/05/world/pope-says-taking-sides-in-nicaragua-is-peril-to-church.html |work=The New York Times |date=5 March 1983}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Their Will Be Done |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/1983/07/their-will-be-done/ |work=Mother Jones |date=1983}}</ref><ref name="Miami" /> During that visit [[Ernesto Cardenal]], a priest and minister in the Sandinista government, knelt to kiss his hand. John Paul withdrew it, wagged his finger in Cardenal's face, and told him, "You must straighten out your position with the church."<ref name="Religion: Berating Marxism's False Hopes" /> |
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=== Organised crime === |
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John Paul II was the first pontiff to denounce [[Organized crime in Italy|Mafia]] violence in [[Southern Italy]]. In 1993, during a pilgrimage to [[Agrigento]], Sicily, he appealed to the Mafiosi: "I say to those responsible: 'Convert! One day, the judgement of God will arrive!'" In 1994, John Paul II visited [[Catania]] and told victims of Mafia violence to "rise up and cloak yourself in light and justice!"<ref>{{cite web |author=Filip Mazurczak |url=http://www.firstthings.com/onthesquare/2013/05/the-priest-who-stood-up-to-mafia |title=The Priest Who Stood Up to the Mafia |publisher=[[First Things]] |date=24 May 2013 |access-date=2 November 2013}}</ref> |
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In 1995, the Mafia bombed two historical churches in Rome. Some believed that this was the mob's [[Feud|vendetta]] against the pope for his denunciations of organised crime.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.spokesman.com/stories/1995/mar/05/the-mafia-vs-pope-john-paul-ii/ |title=The Mafia Vs. Pope John Paul II |newspaper=The Spokesman-Review |date=24 May 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013}}</ref> |
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=== Persian Gulf War === |
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Between 1990 and 1991, a 34-nation coalition led by the United States waged a war against [[Saddam Hussein]]'s [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]], which had invaded and annexed [[Kuwait]]. John Paul II was a staunch opponent of the [[Gulf War]]. Throughout the conflict, he appealed to the international community to stop the war, and after it was over led diplomatic initiatives to negotiate peace in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Times Wire Services |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1991-04-01/news/mn-1253_1_gulf-war |title=Pontiff's Message Condemns Destruction of Gulf War |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=1 April 1991 |access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref> In his 1991 encyclical [[Centesimus annus]], John Paul II harshly condemned the conflict: |
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<blockquote>"No, never again war, which destroys the lives of innocent people, teaches how to kill, throws into upheaval even the lives of those who do the killing and leaves behind a trail of resentment and hatred, thus making it all the more difficult to find a just solution of the very problems which provoked the war."<ref>{{cite news |author=Drew Christiansen, SJ |url=http://americamagazine.org/issue/398/article/hawks-doves-and-pope-john-paul-ii |title=Hawks, Doves, and Pope John Paul II |work=[[America (Jesuit magazine)|America]] |date=12 August 2002 |access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref></blockquote> |
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In April 1991, during his ''[[Urbi et Orbi]]'' Sunday message at [[St. Peter's Basilica]], John Paul II called for the international community to "lend an ear" to "the long-ignored aspirations of oppressed peoples". He specifically named the [[Kurds]], a people who were fighting a civil war against Saddam Hussein's troops in Iraq, as one such people, and referred to the war as a "darkness menacing the earth". During this time, the Vatican had expressed its frustration with the international ignoring of the pope's calls for peace in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite news |author=Clyde Haberman |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/01/world/pope-denounces-the-gulf-war-as-darkness.html |title=Pope Denounces Gulf War As 'Darkness' |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1 April 1991 |access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref> |
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=== Rwandan genocide === |
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{{further|Rwandan genocide}} |
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In 1990, during the [[Rwandan Civil War|civil war]] between [[Tutsis]] and [[Hutus]] in the mostly Catholic country of Rwanda, John Paul II called for a ceasefire and condemned the persecution of the Tutsis.<ref>{{cite news|author=Dariusz Rosiak |url=http://tygodnik.onet.pl/wiara/arcybiskup-i-maczety/l2w2l |title=Arcybiskup i maczety |language=pl |trans-title=Archbishop and machetes |publisher=[[Tygodnik Powszechny]] |date=21 July 2013 |access-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109104402/http://tygodnik.onet.pl/wiara/arcybiskup-i-maczety/l2w2l |archive-date=9 November 2013 }}</ref> In 1994, he was the first world leader to condemn the massacre of the Tutsis as a [[genocide]]. In 1995, during his third visit to [[Kenya]] before an audience of 300,000, John Paul II pleaded for an end to the violence in [[Rwanda]] and [[Burundi]], urging forgiveness and reconciliation as a solution to the genocide. He told Rwandan and Burundian refugees that he "was close to them and shared their immense pain". He said: |
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<blockquote>"What is happening in your countries is a terrible tragedy that must end. During the African Synod, we, the pastors of the church, felt the duty to express our consternation and to launch an appeal for forgiveness and reconciliation. This is the only way to dissipate the threats of ethnocentrism that are hovering over Africa these days and that have so brutally touched Rwanda and [[1993 ethnic violence in Burundi|Burundi]]."<ref>{{cite news |author=Donatella Lorch |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/20/world/pope-calls-for-end-to-killings-in-rwanda.html |title=Pope Calls for End to Killings in Rwanda |newspaper=The New York Times |date=20 September 1995 |access-date=9 November 2013}}</ref></blockquote> |
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=== Views on sexuality === |
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{{Main|Theology of the Body}} |
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While taking a traditional position on human [[Human sexuality|sexuality]], maintaining the Catholic Church's moral opposition to homosexual acts, John Paul II asserted that people with homosexual inclinations possess the same inherent dignity and rights as others.<ref name="Smith2010" /> In his book ''Memory and Identity'', he referred to the "strong pressures" by the [[European Parliament]] to recognise homosexual unions as an alternative type of family, with the right to adopt children. In the book, as quoted by [[Reuters]], he wrote: "It is legitimate and necessary to ask oneself if this is not perhaps part of a new ideology of evil, more subtle and hidden, perhaps, intent upon exploiting human rights themselves against man and against the family."<ref name="Memory" />{{sfn|Pope John Paul II|2005|p=12}} |
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In 1986, the Pope approved the release of a document from the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] regarding ''Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons''. While not neglecting to comment on homosexuality and moral order, the letter issued multiple affirmations of the dignity of homosexual persons.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19861001_homosexual-persons_en.html| title = Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons Paragraphs 7, 10, 11, 13}}</ref> |
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A 1997 study determined that of all the pope's public statements, only 3% addressed the issue of sexual morality.<ref name="The Truth of Catholicism" /> |
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== Reform of canon law == |
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{{Main|Canon law (Catholic Church)}} |
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John Paul II completed a full-scale reform of the Catholic Church's legal system, Latin and Eastern, and a reform of the Roman Curia. |
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On 18 October 1990, when promulgating the ''[[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]]'', John Paul II stated |
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{{blockquote|By the publication of this Code, the canonical ordering of the whole Church is thus at length completed, following as it does...the "[[Pastor Bonus|''Apostolic Constitution on the Roman Curia'']]" of 1988, which is added to both Codes as the primary instrument of the Roman Pontiff for 'the communion that binds together, as it were, the whole Church'<ref>Ap. Const. ''Sacri Canones''. Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, Latin-English Edition, New English Translation (Canon Law Society of America, 2001), page xxv. Cf. ''[[Pastor Bonus]]'' n. 2</ref>}} |
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In 1998, John Paul II issued the [[motu proprio]] ''[[Ad tuendam fidem]]'', which amended two canons (750 and 1371) of the 1983 Code of Canon Law and two canons (598 and 1436) of the 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches. |
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=== 1983 ''Code of Canon Law'' === |
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{{Main|1983 Code of Canon Law}} |
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On 25 January 1983, with the Apostolic Constitution ''[[Sacrae disciplinae leges]]'' John Paul II promulgated the current code of canon law for all members of the Catholic Church who belonged to the [[Latin Church]]. It entered into force the first Sunday of the following [[Advent]],<ref name=sacrae>Ap. Const. ''Sacræ Disciplineæ Leges''</ref> which was 27 November 1983.<ref>NYTimes.com, "[https://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/27/us/new-canon-law-code-in-effect-for-catholics.html New Canon Law Code in Effect for Catholics]", 27 November 1983, accessed June-25-2013</ref> John Paul II described the new code as "the last document of Vatican II".<ref name=sacrae /> [[Edward N. Peters]] has referred to the 1983 ''Code'' as the "Johanno-Pauline Code"<ref>[http://www.canonlaw.info/masterpage1983.htm Master Page on the Johanno-Pauline Code of 1983], CanonLaw.info, accessed 17 March 2016</ref> (''Johannes Paulus'' is [[Latin]] for "John Paul"), parallelling the [[1917 Code of Canon Law|"Pio-Benedictine" 1917 code]] that it replaced. |
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=== ''Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches'' === |
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{{Main|Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches}} |
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John Paul II promulgated the ''[[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches]]'' (CCEO) on 18 October 1990, by the document ''Sacri Canones''.<ref>''AAS''82 (1990) pp. 1033–1063</ref> The CCEO came into force of law on 1 October 1991.<ref>Thomas Kuzhinapurath, ''Salvific Law: Salvific Character of CCEO, An Historical Overview'', Malankara Seminary Publications, Trivandrum, 2008, p.79</ref> It is the [[Codification (law)|codification]] of the common portions of the [[Canon law of the Catholic Church|canon law]] for the 23 of the 24 ''[[sui iuris]]'' churches in the [[Catholic Church]] that are the [[Eastern Catholic Churches]]. It is divided into 30 titles and has a total of 1540 [[Canon (canon law)|canons]].<ref>Pete Vere & Michael Trueman, "Surprised by Canon Law, Vol. 2" (Cincinnati, Ohio: Servant Books, 2007); pg. 123</ref> |
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=== ''Pastor bonus'' === |
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{{Main|Pastor bonus}} |
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John Paul II promulgated the [[apostolic constitution]] ''[[Pastor bonus]]'' on 28 June 1988. It instituted a number of reforms in the process of running the [[Roman Curia]]. ''Pastor bonus'' laid out in considerable detail the organisation of the Roman Curia, specifying precisely the names and composition of each dicastery, and enumerating the competencies of each [[dicastery]]. It replaced the previous special law, ''Regimini Ecclesiæ universæ'', which was promulgated by Paul VI in 1967.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncregister.com/blog/jimmy-akin/is-pope-francis-about-to-rip-up-the-vatican-constitution-12-things-to-know/ |title=Akin, Jimmy. "Is Pope Francis about to "rip up" the Vatican constitution? 12 things to know and share", ''National Catholic Register'', 2 October 2013 |access-date=18 March 2016 |archive-date=8 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408222800/http://www.ncregister.com/blog/jimmy-akin/is-pope-francis-about-to-rip-up-the-vatican-constitution-12-things-to-know/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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== ''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' == |
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{{unreferenced section|date=October 2022}} |
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{{Main|Catechism of the Catholic Church}} |
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On 11 October 1992, in his [[apostolic constitution]] ''[[Fidei depositum]]'' (''The Deposit of Faith''), John Paul ordered the publication of the ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]''. |
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He declared the publication to be "a sure norm for teaching the faith … a sure and authentic reference text for teaching Catholic doctrine and particularly for preparing local catechisms". It was "meant to encourage and assist in the writing of new local catechisms [both applicable and faithful]" rather than replacing them. |
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== South American and Caribbean Dictatorships == |
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According to [[Joaquín Navarro-Valls]], John Paul II's press secretary: |
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<blockquote>"The single fact of John Paul II's election in 1978 changed everything. In [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]], everything began. Not in [[East Germany]] or [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]]. Then the whole thing spread. Why in 1980 did they lead the way in [[Gdansk]]? Why did they decide, now or never? Only because there was a Polish pope. He was in Chile and [[Augusto Pincohet|Pinochet]] was out. He was in Haiti and [[Jean-Claude Duvalier|Duvalier]] was out. He was in the Philippines and [[Ferdinand Marcos|Marcos]] was out. On many of those occasions, people would come here to the Vatican thanking the Holy Father for changing things."<ref>Jonathan Kwitny, ''Man of the Century: The Life and Times of Pope John Paul II'', p. 592, Henry Holt and Co. (1997), {{ISBN|978-0-8050-2688-7}}</ref></blockquote> |
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=== Chile === |
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Before John Paul II's pilgrimage to Latin America, during a meeting with reporters, he criticised [[Augusto Pinochet]]'s regime as "dictatorial". In the words of ''[[The New York Times]]'', he used "unusually strong language" to criticise Pinochet and asserted to journalists that the [[Catholic Church in Chile]] must not only pray, but actively fight for the restoration of democracy in Chile.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/01/world/pope-on-latin-trip-attacks-pinochet-regime.html?pagewanted=1 Pope, on Latin Trip, Attacks Pinochet Regime] ''The New York Times'', 1 April 1987</ref> |
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During his visit to Chile in 1987, John Paul II asked Chile's 31 Catholic bishops to campaign for free elections in the country.<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-1314763.html Pope Tells Chile's Bishops To Press for Free Elections; Pontiff Joins Pinochet on Palace Balcony] ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 3 April 1987 {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> According to [[George Weigel]] and Cardinal [[Stanisław Dziwisz]], he encouraged Pinochet to accept a democratic opening of the regime, and may even have called for his resignation.<ref>{{cite book|author=George Weigel |title=Biografía de Juan Pablo II—Testigo de Esperanza |language=es |trans-title=Biography of John Paul II—Witness to Hope |publisher=Editorial Plaza & Janés |year=2003 |isbn=978-84-01-01304-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/biografadejuanpa00geor |author-link=George Weigel }}; {{cite book|author=Heraldo Muñoz |title=The Dictator's Shadow: Life under Augusto Pinochet |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictatorsshadowl00muno_0/page/183 183] |publisher=Basic Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-465-00250-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/dictatorsshadowl00muno_0/page/183 |author-link=Heraldo Muñoz }}</ref> According to Monsignor [[Sławomir Oder]], the [[postulator]] of John Paul II's [[beatification]] cause, John Paul's words to Pinochet had a profound impact on the Chilean dictator. The pope confided to a friend: "I received a letter from Pinochet in which he told me that as a Catholic he had listened to my words, he had accepted them, and he had decided to begin the process to change the leadership of his country."<ref>Slawomir Oder, ''Why He Is a Saint: The Life and Faith of Pope John Paul II and the Case for Canonisation'', p. 107–108, Rizzoli International Publications (2010), {{ISBN|978-0-8478-3631-4}}</ref> |
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During his visit to Chile, John Paul II supported the [[Vicariate of Solidarity]], the church-led pro-democracy, anti-Pinochet organisation. John Paul II visited the Vicariate of Solidarity's offices, spoke with its workers, and "called upon them to continue their work, emphasizing that the Gospel consistently urges respect for human rights".<ref>Timmerman, Jacobo ''Chile: Death in the South'', p. 114, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1987 {{ISBN|978-0-517-02902-2}}</ref> While in Chile, John Paul II made gestures of public support of Chile's anti-Pinochet democratic opposition. For instance, he hugged and kissed [[Carmen Gloria Quintana]], a young student who had been nearly burned to death by Chilean police and told her that "We must pray for peace and justice in Chile."<ref>[http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1987-04-04/news/8701250770_1_chile-marxist-president-salvador-allende-water-cannons Papal Mass In Chile Erupts In Violence] ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', 4 April 1987</ref> Later, he met with several opposition groups, including those that had been declared illegal by Pinochet's government. The opposition praised John Paul II for denouncing Pinochet as a dictator, for many members of Chile's opposition were persecuted for much milder statements. Bishop [[Carlos Camus]], one of the harshest critics of Pinochet's dictatorship within the Chilean Church, praised John Paul II's stance during the papal visit, saying: "I am quite moved, because our pastor supports us totally. Never again will anyone be able to say that we are interfering in politics when we defend human dignity." He added: "No country the Pope has visited has remained the same after his departure. The Pope's visit is a mission, an extraordinary social catechism, and his stay here will be a watershed in Chilean history."<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/03/world/pinochet-foes-cheered-by-the-pope-s-presence.html?src=pm Pionchet's Foes Cheered by the Pope's Presence] ''The New York Times'', 3 April 1987</ref> |
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Some have erroneously accused John Paul II of affirming Pinochet's regime by appearing with the Chilean ruler in public. Cardinal [[Roberto Tucci]], the organiser of John Paul II's visits, revealed that Pinochet tricked the pontiff by telling him he would take him to his living room, while in reality he took him to his balcony. Tucci says that the pontiff was "furious".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,7396637,Dlaczego_Jan_Pawel_II_wyszedl_z_Pinochetem_na_balkon.html |title=Dlaczego Jan Paweł II wyszedł z Pinochetem na balkon |language=pl |trans-title=Why John Paul II went to the balcony of Pinochet |newspaper=[[Gazeta Wyborcza]] |date=24 December 2009 |access-date=22 October 2014 |archive-date=23 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023063249/http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,7396637,Dlaczego_Jan_Pawel_II_wyszedl_z_Pinochetem_na_balkon.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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=== Haiti === |
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John Paul II visited [[Haiti]] on 9 March 1983, when the country was ruled by [[Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier]]. He bluntly criticised the poverty of the country, directly addressing Baby Doc and his wife, [[Michèle Bennett]] in front of a large crowd of Haitians: |
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<blockquote>"Yours is a beautiful country, rich in human resources, but Christians cannot be unaware of the injustice, the excessive inequality, the degradation of the quality of life, the misery, the hunger, the fear suffered by the majority of the people."<ref>Riccardo Orizio, ''Talk of the Devil: Encounters with Seven Dictators'', p. 131, Walker & Company (2003), {{ISBN|978-0-8027-1416-9}}</ref></blockquote> |
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John Paul II spoke in French and occasionally in [[Haitian Creole|Creole]], and in the homily outlined the basic human rights that most Haitians lacked: "the opportunity to eat enough, to be cared for when ill, to find housing, to study, to overcome illiteracy, to find worthwhile and properly paid work; all that provides a truly human life for men and women, for young and old." Following John Paul II's pilgrimage, the Haitian opposition to Duvalier frequently reproduced and quoted the pope's message. Shortly before leaving Haiti, John Paul II called for social change in Haiti by saying: "Lift up your heads, be conscious of your dignity of men created in God's image...."<ref>James Ferguson, ''Papa Doc, Baby Doc: Haiti and the Duvaliers'', p. 75-77, Basil Blackwell (1987), {{ISBN|978-0-631-16579-8}}</ref> |
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John Paul II's visit inspired massive protests against the Duvalier dictatorship. In response to the visit, 860 Catholic priests and church workers signed a statement committing the church to work on behalf of the poor.<ref>Douglas Bond, Christopher Kruegler, Roger S. Powers, and William B. Vogele, ''Protest, Power, and Change: An Encyclopedia of Nonviolent Action from ACT-UP to Women's Suffrage'', p. 227, Routledge (1997), {{ISBN|978-0-8153-0913-0}}</ref> In 1986, Duvalier was deposed in an uprising. |
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=== Paraguay === |
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The collapse of the dictatorship of General [[Alfredo Stroessner]] of Paraguay was linked, among other things, to John Paul II's visit to the South American country in May 1988.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/19/world/pope-ending-trip-urges-justice-in-paraguay.html|title = Pope, Ending Trip, Urges Justice in Paraguay|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 19 May 1988|last1 = Suro|first1 = Roberto}}</ref> Since Stroessner's taking power through a [[1954 Paraguayan coup d'état|coup d'état in 1954]], Paraguay's bishops increasingly criticised the regime for human rights abuses, rigged elections, and the country's feudal economy. During his private meeting with Stroessner, John Paul II told the dictator: |
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<blockquote>"Politics has a fundamental ethical dimension because it is first and foremost a service to man. The Church can and must remind men—and in particular those who govern—of their ethical duties for the good of the whole of society. The Church cannot be isolated inside its temples just as men's consciences cannot be isolated from God."<ref name="Willey">[[David Willey (journalist)|David Willey]], ''God's Politician: Pope John Paul II, the Catholic Church, and the New World Order'', p. 227, St. Martin's Press (1992), {{ISBN|978-0-312-08798-2}}</ref></blockquote> |
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Later, during a Mass, John Paul II criticised the regime for impoverishing the peasants and the unemployed, saying that the government must give people greater access to the land. Although Stroessner tried to prevent him from doing so, John Paul II met opposition leaders in the one-party state.<ref name="Willey" /> |
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== Role in the fall of Communism == |
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{{Main|Holy See–Soviet Union relations}} |
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[[File:President Ronald Reagan and Pope John Paul II.jpg|thumb|US President [[Ronald Reagan]] meeting with Pope John Paul II during a visit to the [[Vatican City]], 1982]] |
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===Role as spiritual inspiration and catalyst=== |
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By the late 1970s, the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] had been predicted by some observers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/80804.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502123923/http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/80804.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 May 2006|title=bailey83221: Anticipations of the Failure of Communism (Scholarly list of those who predicted fall|date=2 May 2006|access-date=24 February 2019}}</ref><ref>Daniel Patrick Moynihan, "Will Russia blow up?" Newsweek (19 November 1979): 144,147.</ref> John Paul II has been credited with being instrumental in bringing down Communism in Central and Eastern Europe,<ref name="Memory" /><ref name="Bottum" />{{sfn|Maxwell-Stuart|2006|p=234}}<ref name="CBCNews" /><ref name="Gorbachev" />{{sfn|Domínguez|2005}} by being the spiritual inspiration behind its downfall and catalyst for "a peaceful revolution" in Poland. [[Lech Wałęsa]], the founder of [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] and the first [[post-Communist]] [[President of Poland]], credited John Paul II with giving Poles the courage to demand change.<ref name="Memory" /> According to Wałęsa, "Before his pontificate, the world was divided into blocs. Nobody knew how to get rid of Communism. In [[Warsaw]], in 1979, he simply said: 'Do not be afraid', and later prayed: 'Let your Spirit descend and change the image of the land ... this land'."{{sfn|Domínguez|2005}} It has also been widely alleged that the [[Vatican Bank]] covertly funded Solidarity.<ref name="NYTimes" /><ref name="Salinger2005" /> |
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In 1984, the [[foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration]] saw opened diplomatic relations with the Vatican [[Holy See–United States relations|for the first time since 1870]]. In sharp contrast to the long history of strong domestic opposition, this time there was very little opposition from Congress, the courts, and Protestant groups.<ref>Andrew M. Essig, and Jennifer L. Moore. "US-Holy See Diplomacy: The Establishment of Formal Relations, 1984." ''Catholic Historical Review'' (2009) 95#4, pp. 741-764741-764. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27745671 online]</ref> Relations between Reagan and John Paul II were close, especially because of their shared [[anti-communism]] and keen interest in forcing the Soviets out of Poland.<ref>Gayte, Marie (2011). "The Vatican and the Reagan Administration: A Cold War Alliance?" ''Catholic Historical Review''. '''97''' (4): 713–736. {{JSTOR|23053064}}.</ref> Reagan's correspondence with the pope reveals "a continuous scurrying to shore up Vatican support for U.S. policies. Perhaps most surprisingly, the papers show that, as late as 1984, the pope did not believe the Communist Polish government could be changed."<ref name="nationalreview"/> |
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<blockquote>"No one can prove conclusively that he was a primary cause of the end of communism. However, the major figures on all sides—not just Lech Wałęsa, the Polish Solidarity leader, but also Solidarity's arch-opponent, General [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]]; not just the former American president [[George Bush Senior]] but also the former Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev—now agree that he was. I would argue the historical case in three steps: without the Polish Pope, no Solidarity revolution in Poland in 1980; without Solidarity, no dramatic change in Soviet policy towards eastern Europe under Gorbachev; without that change, no velvet revolutions in 1989."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/apr/04/catholicism.religion13?INTCMP=SRCH |title=The first world leader |newspaper=The Guardian |date=4 April 2005 |access-date=4 November 2013}}</ref></blockquote> |
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In December 1989, John Paul II met with the Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] at the Vatican and each expressed his respect and admiration for the other. Gorbachev once said: "The collapse of the [[Iron Curtain]] would have been impossible without John Paul II."<ref name="Bottum"/><ref name="CBCNews" /> On John Paul II's death, Gorbachev said: "Pope John Paul II's devotion to his followers is a remarkable example to all of us."<ref name="Gorbachev" />{{sfn|Domínguez|2005}} |
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On 4 June 2004, U.S. president [[George W. Bush]] presented the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], the United States' highest civilian honour, to John Paul II during a ceremony at the [[Apostolic Palace]]. The president read the citation that accompanied the medal, which recognised "this son of Poland" whose "principled stand for peace and freedom has inspired millions and helped to topple communism and tyranny".<ref name="Associated Press">{{cite news |url=http://www.cjonline.com/stories/101303/pag_pope.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040404041319/http://www.cjonline.com/stories/101303/pag_pope.shtml |archive-date=4 April 2004 |title=Poles worried, proud of Pope John Paul II 10/13/03 |agency=Associated Press |work=The Topeka Capital-Journal |date=3 April 2012 |access-date=28 January 2012}}</ref> |
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After receiving the award, John Paul II said, "May the desire for freedom, peace, a more humane world symbolised by this medal inspire men and women of goodwill in every time and place."<ref name="vatican1" /> |
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=== Communist attempt to compromise John Paul II === |
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[[File:Grafiti rijeka 1208.jpg|thumb|Graffiti showing John Paul II with quote "Do not be afraid" in [[Rijeka]], [[Croatia]]]] |
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In 1983, Poland's Communist government unsuccessfully tried to humiliate John Paul II by falsely saying he had fathered an illegitimate child. Section D of [[Służba Bezpieczeństwa]] (SB), the security service, had an action named "Triangolo" to carry out criminal operations against the [[Catholic Church in Poland]]; the operation encompassed all Polish hostile actions against the pope.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.canadafreepress.com/2006/axis101306.htm |title=Polish secret services played key part in criminal plot to kill John Paul II |newspaper=Canada Free Press |date=13 October 2006 |access-date=23 October 2014}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2019}} Captain Grzegorz Piotrowski, one of the murderers of beatified [[Jerzy Popiełuszko]], was the leader of section D. They drugged Irena Kinaszewska, the secretary of the Kraków-based weekly Catholic magazine ''[[Tygodnik Powszechny]]'' where Wojtyła had worked, and unsuccessfully attempted to make her admit to having had sexual relations with him.<ref name=sbd>{{cite news |url=http://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/historia/aktualnosci/artykuly/439582,prowokacja-sluzby-bezpieczenstwa-plotki-o-dziecku-papieza.html |title=Nieślubne dziecko Jana Pawła II. Kulisy esbeckiej prowokacji |language=pl |trans-title=Illegitimate Child of John Paul II. A behind-the-scenes SB provocation |newspaper=[[Dziennik]] |date=4 October 2013 |access-date=23 October 2014}}</ref> |
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The SB then attempted to compromise Kraków priest Andrzej Bardecki, an editor of ''Tygodnik Powszechny'' and one of the closest friends of Cardinal Wojtyła before he became pope, by planting false memoirs in his dwelling; Piotrowski was exposed and the forgeries were found and destroyed before the SB could say to have discovered them.<ref name=sbd /> |
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== Relations with other Christian denominations == |
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John Paul II travelled extensively and met with believers from many divergent faiths. At the World [[Day of Prayer]] for Peace, held in [[Assisi]] on 27 October 1986, more than 120 representatives of different religions and [[Christian denomination|denominations]] spent a day of fasting and prayer.<ref name="Pace preventiva" /> |
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===Churches of the East=== |
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{{unreferenced section|date=October 2022}} |
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Although the contact between the [[Holy See]] and many Christians of the East had never totally ceased, communion had been interrupted since ancient times. Again, the history of conflict in Central Europe was a complex part of John Paul II's personal cultural heritage which made him all the more determined to react so as to attempt to overcome abiding difficulties, given that relatively speaking the [[Holy See]] and the non-Catholic Eastern Churches are close in many points of faith. |
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==== Eastern Orthodox Church ==== |
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{{Main|Pope John Paul II's relations with the Eastern Orthodox Church}} |
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In May 1999, John Paul II visited Romania on the invitation from Patriarch [[Teoctist Arăpaşu]] of the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]]. This was the first time a pope had visited a predominantly Eastern Orthodox country since the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] in 1054.<ref name="Teoctist" /> On his arrival, the Patriarch and the [[President of Romania]], [[Emil Constantinescu]], greeted the pope.<ref name="Teoctist" /> The Patriarch stated, "The second millennium of Christian history began with a painful wounding of the unity of the Church; the end of this millennium has seen a real commitment to restoring Christian unity."<ref name="Teoctist" /> |
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On 23–27 June 2001, John Paul II visited Ukraine, another heavily Orthodox nation, at the invitation of the [[President of Ukraine]] and bishops of the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]].<ref name="Ukraine" /> The Pope spoke to leaders of the [[All-Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organizations]], pleading for "open, tolerant and honest dialogue".<ref name="Ukraine" /> About 200 thousand people attended the liturgies celebrated by the Pope in [[Kyiv]], and the liturgy in [[Lviv]] gathered nearly one and a half million faithful.<ref name="Ukraine" /> John Paul II said that an end to the [[East-West Schism|Great Schism]] was one of his fondest wishes.<ref name="Ukraine" /> Healing divisions between the Catholic and [[Eastern Orthodox Churches]] regarding Latin and [[Byzantine]] traditions was clearly of great personal interest. For many years, John Paul II sought to facilitate dialogue and unity stating as early as 1988 in ''Euntes in mundum'', "Europe has two lungs, it will never breathe easily until it uses both of them."{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} |
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During his 2001 travels, John Paul II became the first pope to visit Greece in 1291 years.<ref name="Macedonian" /><ref name="Associated" /> In [[Athens]], the pope met with Archbishop [[Christodoulos of Athens]], the head of the [[Church of Greece]].<ref name="Macedonian" /> After a private 30-minute meeting, the two spoke publicly. Christodoulos read a list of "13 offences" of the Catholic Church against the Eastern Orthodox Church since the Great Schism,<ref name="Macedonian" /> including the [[sack of Constantinople]] by the [[Fourth Crusade]] in 1204, and bemoaned the lack of apology from the Catholic Church, saying "Until now, there has not been heard a single request for pardon" for the "maniacal crusaders of the 13th century".<ref name="Macedonian" /> |
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The pope responded by saying "For the occasions past and present, when sons and daughters of the Catholic Church have sinned by action or omission against their Orthodox brothers and sisters, may the Lord grant us forgiveness", to which Christodoulos immediately applauded. John Paul II said that the sacking of Constantinople was a source of "profound regret" for Catholics.<ref name="Macedonian" /> Later John Paul II and Christodoulos met on a spot where [[Paul of Tarsus]] had once preached to Athenian Christians. They issued a common declaration saying, "We shall do everything in our power, so that the Christian roots of Europe and its Christian soul may be preserved.... We condemn all recourse to violence, [[proselytism]] and [[fanaticism]], in the name of religion."<ref name="Macedonian" /> The two leaders then said the [[Lord's Prayer]] together, breaking an Orthodox taboo against praying with Catholics.<ref name="Macedonian" /> |
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The pope had said throughout his pontificate that one of his greatest dreams was to visit Russia,<ref>{{cite news |title=The Distance Between the First and Third Rome |url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-distance-between-the-first-and-third-rome?barrier=accesspaylog |work=[[Project Syndicate]] |date=12 January 2001}}</ref> but this never occurred. He attempted to solve the problems that had arisen over centuries between the Catholic and [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox]] churches, and in 2004 gave them a 1730 copy of the lost icon of [[Our Lady of Kazan]].{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} |
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==== Armenian Apostolic Church ==== |
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John Paul II was determined to maintain good relations with the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]], whose separation from the [[Holy See]] dated to Christian antiquity. In 1996, he brought the Catholic Church and the Armenian Apostolic Church closer by agreeing with Armenian Archbishop [[Karekin II]] on Christ's nature.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1999/apr/24/local/me-30550 |title=Pope to Make First Visit to Armenia |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=24 April 1999 |access-date=6 December 2014|agency=Associated Press }}</ref> During an audience in 2000, John Paul II and Karekin II, by then the [[Catholicos of All Armenians]], issued a joint statement condemning the [[Armenian genocide]]. Meanwhile, the pope gave Karekin the relics of St. [[Gregory the Illuminator]], the first head of the Armenian Church that had been kept in [[Naples]], Italy, for 500 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atour.com/~aahgn/news/20001111b.html |title=Pope John Paul II Recognises Armenian Genocide |publisher=Atour.com |date=10 November 2000 |access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> In September 2001, John Paul II went on a three-day pilgrimage to [[Armenia]] to take part in an ecumenical celebration with Karekin II in the newly consecrated [[Saint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral, Yerevan]]. The two Church leaders signed a declaration remembering the victims of the Armenian genocide.<ref>George Weigel, ''The End and the Beginning: Pope John Paul II – The Victory of Freedom, the Last Years, the Legacy'', p. 283, Doubleday Religion (2010), {{ISBN|978-0-385-52480-3}}</ref> |
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===Protestantism=== |
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Like his successors after him, John Paul II took a large number of initiatives to promote friendly relations, practical humanitarian cooperation and theological dialogue with a range of [[Protestant]] bodies. Of these the first in importance had to be with [[Lutheran]]ism, given that the contention with [[Martin Luther]] and his followers was the most significant historical split in Western Christianity.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} |
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==== Lutheranism ==== |
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{{More citations needed section|date=October 2022}} |
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From 15 to 19 November 1980, John Paul II visited [[West Germany]]<ref name="Travels – Federal Republic of Germany 1980 – John Paul II – The Holy Father – The Holy See" /> on his first trip to a country with a large [[Lutheran]] [[Protestant]] population. In [[Mainz]], he met with leaders of the [[Protestant Church in Germany]], and with representatives of other Christian denominations.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} |
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On 11 December 1983, John Paul II participated in an ecumenical service in the [[Christuskirche, Rome|Evangelical Lutheran Church in Rome]],<ref name="Ökumenisches Treffen mit der evangelisch-lutherischen Gemeinde von Rom" /> the first papal visit ever to a Lutheran church. The visit took place 500 years after the birth of the German [[Martin Luther]], who was first an [[Order of Saint Augustine|Augustinian]] friar and subsequently a leading Protestant [[Reformation|Reformer]].{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} |
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In his apostolic pilgrimage to Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Sweden of June 1989,<ref name="vatican" /> John Paul II became the first pope to visit countries with Lutheran majorities. In addition to celebrating Mass with Catholic believers, he participated in ecumenical services at places that had been Catholic shrines before the Reformation: [[Nidaros Cathedral]] in Norway; near St. Olav's Church at [[Þingvellir|Thingvellir]] in Iceland; [[Turku Cathedral]] in Finland; [[Roskilde Cathedral]] in Denmark; and [[Uppsala Cathedral]] in Sweden.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} |
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On 31 October 1999, (the 482nd anniversary of [[Reformation Day]], Martin Luther's posting of the [[Ninety-five Theses]]), representatives of the [[Catholic Church]]'s [[Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity]] and the [[Lutheran World Federation]] signed a [[Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification]], as a gesture of unity. The signing was a fruit of a theological dialogue that had been going on between the Lutheran World Federation and the [[Holy See]] since 1965.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} |
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==== Anglicanism ==== |
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John Paul II had good relations with the [[Church of England]], as also with other parts of the [[Anglican Communion]]. He was the first reigning pope to travel to the United Kingdom, in 1982, where he met Queen [[Elizabeth II]], the [[Supreme Governor of the Church of England]]. He preached in [[Canterbury Cathedral]] and received [[Robert Runcie]], the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]. He said that he was disappointed by the Church of England's decision to [[Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion|ordain women]] and saw it as a step away from unity between the Anglican Communion and the Catholic Church.<ref name="Kirby" /> |
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In 1980, John Paul II issued a [[Pastoral Provision]] allowing married former Episcopal priests to become Catholic priests, and for the acceptance of former [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] parishes into the Catholic Church. He allowed the creation of a form of the [[Roman Rite]], known informally by some as the [[Anglican Use]], which incorporates selected elements of the Anglican [[Book of Common Prayer]] that are compatible with Catholic doctrine. He permitted Archbishop [[Patrick Flores]] of [[San Antonio]], Texas, to establish [[Our Lady of the Atonement Catholic Church]], together as the inaugural parish for the use of this hybrid liturgy.<ref name="Atonement" /> |
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== Relations with Judaism == |
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{{Main|Pope John Paul II and Judaism}} |
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[[Relations between Catholicism and Judaism]] improved dramatically during the pontificate of John Paul II.<ref name="Memory" /><ref name="ADL2006" /> He spoke frequently about the Catholic Church's relationship with the Jewish faith.<ref name="Memory" /> It is likely that his attitude was shaped in part by his own experience of the terrible fate of the Jews in Poland and the rest of Central Europe in the 1930s and 1940s. |
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In 1979, John Paul II visited the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]] in Poland, where many of his compatriots (mostly [[History of the Jews in Poland|Jews]]) had perished during the German occupation there in World War II, the first pope to do so. In 1998, he issued ''We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah'', which outlined his thinking on [[the Holocaust]].<ref name="Cassidy" /> He became the first pope known to have made an official papal visit to a synagogue, when he visited the [[Great Synagogue of Rome]] on 13 April 1986.<ref name="AIJAC" /><ref name="www" /> |
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On 30 December 1993, John Paul II established formal diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the [[State of Israel]], acknowledging its centrality in Jewish life and faith.<ref name="AIJAC" /> |
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On 7 April 1994, he hosted the ''[[Papal Concert to Commemorate the Shoah|Papal Concert to Commemorate the Holocaust]]''. It was the first-ever Vatican event dedicated to the memory of the six million Jews murdered in World War II. This concert, which was conceived and conducted by US conductor [[Gilbert Levine]], was attended by the Chief Rabbi of Rome [[Elio Toaff]], the President of Italy [[Oscar Luigi Scalfaro]], and survivors of the Holocaust from around the world. The [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]], actor [[Richard Dreyfuss]] and cellist [[Lynn Harrell]] performed on this occasion under Levine's direction.<ref name="Shoah Speech" /><ref name="Timeline" /> On the morning of the concert, the pope received the attending members of survivor community in a special audience in the [[Apostolic Palace]]. |
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In March 2000, John Paul II visited [[Yad Vashem]], the national Holocaust memorial in Israel, and later made history by touching one of the holiest sites in Judaism, the [[Western Wall]] in Jerusalem,<ref name="ADL2006" /> placing a letter inside it (in which he prayed for forgiveness for the actions against Jews).<ref name="BBCIsrael" /><ref name="ADL2006" /><ref name="AIJAC" /> In part of his address he said: "I assure the Jewish people the Catholic Church ... is deeply saddened by the hatred, acts of persecution and displays of [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitism]] directed against the Jews by Christians at any time and in any place." He added that there were "no words strong enough to deplore the terrible tragedy of the Holocaust."<ref name="BBCIsrael" /><ref name="ADL2006" /> He added: "We are deeply saddened by the behaviour of those who in the course of history have caused these children of yours to suffer, and asking your forgiveness we wish to commit ourselves to genuine brotherhood with the people of the Covenant."<ref name="Online News" /> [[Israeli cabinet]] minister Rabbi [[Michael Melchior]], who hosted the pope's visit, said he was "very moved" by the pope's gesture.<ref name="BBCIsrael" /><ref name="ADL2006" /> He said: "It was beyond history, beyond memory."<ref name="BBCIsrael" /> |
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In October 2003, the [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) issued a statement congratulating John Paul II on entering the 25th year of his papacy. In January 2005, John Paul II became the first pope known to receive a [[priestly blessing]] from a rabbi, when Rabbis [[Benjamin Blech]], Barry Dov Schwartz, and Jack Bemporad visited the Pontiff at [[Clementine Hall]] in the Apostolic Palace.<ref name="PTWF" /> |
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Immediately after John Paul II's death, the Anti-Defamation League said in a statement that he had revolutionised Catholic-Jewish relations, saying that "more change for the better took place in his 27-year Papacy than in the nearly 2,000 years before."<ref name="ADL2" /> In another statement issued by the [[AIJAC|Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council]], Director Colin Rubenstein said, "The Pope will be remembered for his inspiring spiritual leadership in the cause of freedom and humanity. He achieved far more in terms of [[Christian–Jewish reconciliation|transforming relations]] with both the Jewish people and the State of Israel than any other figure in the history of the Catholic Church."<ref name="AIJAC" /> In April 1986, John Paul II said: "With Judaism, therefore, we have a relationship which we do not have with any other religion. You are our dearly beloved brothers, and in a certain way, it could be said that you are our ''elder'' brothers."<ref name="Quotes" /> |
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In an interview with the [[Polish Press Agency]], [[Michael Schudrich]], chief rabbi of Poland, said that never in history did anyone do as much for Christian-Jewish dialogue as John Paul II, adding that many Jews had a greater respect for the late pope than for some rabbis. Schudrich praised John Paul II for condemning anti-Semitism as a sin, which no previous pope had done.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.fakt.pl/zydzi-szanowali-JPII-bardziej-niz-rabinow,artykuly,101875,1.html |title=Żydzi szanowali JPII bardziej niż rabinów |language=pl |trans-title=Jews respect John Paul II more than the rabbis |date=21 April 2011 |publisher=Fakt |access-date=22 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109084810/http://www.fakt.pl/zydzi-szanowali-JPII-bardziej-niz-rabinow%2Cartykuly%2C101875%2C1.html |archive-date=9 November 2014 }}</ref> |
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On John Paul II's beatification, the Chief Rabbi of Rome [[Riccardo Di Segni]] said in an interview with the Vatican newspaper ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]'' that "John Paul II was revolutionary because he tore down a thousand-year wall of Catholic distrust of the Jewish world." Meanwhile, [[Elio Toaff]], the former Chief Rabbi of Rome, said that: |
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<blockquote>"Remembrance of the Pope Karol Wojtyła will remain strong in the collective Jewish memory because of his appeals to fraternity and the spirit of tolerance, which excludes all violence. In the stormy history of relations between Roman popes and Jews in the ghetto in which they were closed for over three centuries in humiliating circumstances, John Paul II is a bright figure in his uniqueness. In relations between our two great religions in the new century that was stained with bloody wars and the plague of racism, the heritage of John Paul II remains one of the few spiritual islands guaranteeing survival and human progress."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://swiat.newsweek.pl/zydzi--wyrazili-radosc--z-powodu-beatyfikacji-jana-pawla-ii,76146,1,1.html |title=Żydzi 'wyrazili radość' z powodu beatyfikacji Jana Pawła II |language=pl |trans-title=Jews "expressed joy" because of the beatification of John Paul II |date=5 April 2011 |publisher=Fakt |access-date=8 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005133557/http://swiat.newsweek.pl/zydzi--wyrazili-radosc--z-powodu-beatyfikacji-jana-pawla-ii,76146,1,1.html |archive-date=5 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote> |
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== Relations with other world religions == |
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=== Animism === |
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In his book-length interview ''[[Crossing the Threshold of Hope]]'' with the Italian journalist [[Vittorio Messori]] published in 1995, John Paul II draws parallels between [[animism]] and Christianity. He wrote: |
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<blockquote>"... it would be helpful to recall ... the animist religions which stress ancestor worship. It seems that those who practise them are particularly close to Christianity, and among them, the Church's missionaries also find it easier to speak a common language. Is there, perhaps, in this veneration of ancestors a kind of preparation for the Christian faith in the Communion of Saints, in which all believers—whether living or dead—form a single community, a single body? ... There is nothing strange, then, that the African and Asian animists would become believers in Christ more easily than followers of the great religions of the Far East."<ref>John Paul II. ''Crossing the Threshold of Hope'', p. 82, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1994 {{ISBN|978-0-307-76457-7}}</ref></blockquote> |
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In 1985, the pope visited the African country of [[Togo]], where 60 per cent of the population espouses animist beliefs. To honour the pope, animist religious leaders met him at a Catholic Marian shrine in the forest, much to the pontiff's delight. John Paul II proceeded to call for the need for religious tolerance, praised nature, and emphasised common elements between animism and Christianity, saying: |
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<blockquote>"Nature, exuberant and splendid in this area of forests and lakes, impregnates spirits and hearts with its mystery and orients them spontaneously toward the mystery of He who is the author of life. It is this religious sentiment that animates you and one can say that animates all of your compatriots."<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/10/world/pope-visits-palace-in-togo-then-a-woman-s-mud-hut.html Pope Visits Palace in Togo, Then a Woman's Mud Hut] ''The New York Times'', 10 August 1985</ref></blockquote> |
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During the investiture of President [[Thomas Boni Yayi]] of [[Benin]] as a titled [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] [[Nigerian Chieftaincy|chieftain]] on 20 December 2008, the reigning [[Ooni of Ile-Ife]], [[Nigeria]], [[Olubuse II]], referred to John Paul II as a previous recipient of the same royal honour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theooni.org/soko.htm |title=His Imperial Majesty, Alayeluwa Oba Okunade Sijuwade, Olubuse ll- The Ooni of Ife |publisher=Theooni.org |date=20 December 2008 |access-date=28 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303202401/http://theooni.org/soko.htm |archive-date=3 March 2013 }}</ref> |
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=== Buddhism === |
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Tenzin Gyatso, the [[14th Dalai Lama]], visited John Paul II eight times. The two men held many similar views and understood similar plights, both coming from nations affected by Communism and both serving as heads of major religious bodies.<ref name="Dalai" /><ref name="Lama" /> As Archbishop of Kraków, long before the 14th Dalai Lama was a world-famous figure, Wojtyła held special Masses to pray for the Tibetan people's non-violent struggle for freedom from [[Maoist China]].<ref>Levi, Mons. Virgilio and Christine Allison. ''John Paul II: A Tribute in Words and Pictures'', p. 165, William Morrow, 1999 {{ISBN|978-0-688-16621-2}}</ref> In 1987, he welcomed participants of the ''East-West Spiritual Exchanges'', an initiative by the [[Monastic Interreligious Dialogue]] (DIMMID) and the Institute for Zen Studies in which Buddhist and Christian monks or nuns take turns residing for one month in each other's monasteries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Béthune |first1=Pierre-François |title=Bethune Experience of Hospitality |journal=Dilatato Corde |date=2022 |volume=XII |issue=2 July - December |url=https://dimmid.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC={2184B240-66D1-41C6-B233-21976A735E16}&DE= |access-date=16 February 2024 |publisher=DIMMID}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=To the participants in the "East-West Spiritual Exchanges" (September 9, 1987) {{!}} John Paul II |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/speeches/1987/september/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19870909_religiosi-zen.html |website=www.vatican.va |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |access-date=16 February 2024}}</ref> During his 1995 visit to [[Sri Lanka]], a country where a majority of the population adheres to [[Theravada Buddhism]], John Paul II expressed his admiration for Buddhism. He said: |
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<blockquote>"In particular I express my highest regard for the followers of Buddhism, the majority religion in Sri Lanka, with its ... four great values of … loving kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy and equanimity; with its ten transcendental virtues and the joys of the [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]] expressed so beautifully in the Theragathas. I ardently hope that my visit will serve to strengthen the goodwill between us, and that it will reassure everyone of the Catholic Church's desire for interreligious dialogue and cooperation in building a more just and fraternal world. To everyone I extend the hand of friendship, recalling the splendid words of the [[Dhammapada]]: 'Better than a thousand useless words is one single word that gives peace' ... ."<ref>{{cite web |url = http://old.usccb.org/comm/archives/1997/97-071a.shtml |title = Text of Bishop Brunett's Greetings |author = Brunett, Mons. Alex |publisher = [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] Office of Media Relations |access-date = 30 October 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://archive.today/20130416054156/http://old.usccb.org/comm/archives/1997/97-071a.shtml |archive-date = 16 April 2013 |df = dmy-all }}</ref></blockquote> |
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=== Islam === |
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[[File:StJohnInUmmayad.jpg|thumb|John Paul II was the first Pope to enter and pray in a mosque, visiting the tomb of John the Baptist at [[Umayyad Mosque]], Damascus.]] |
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John Paul II made considerable efforts to improve relations between Catholicism and Islam.<ref name="Crossing the Threshold of Hope" /> |
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He officially supported the project of the [[Mosque of Rome]] and participated in the inauguration in 1995. |
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On 14 May 1999, at a meeting with Muslim leaders in Syria, he reportedly kissed the [[Qur'an]], an act that was controversial with some Catholics.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=Taylor |title=Infiltration: The Plot To Destroy The Church |publisher=Sophia Institute Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-622828-470 |pages=178}}</ref> |
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On 6 May 2001, he became the first Catholic pope to enter and pray in a mosque, namely the [[Umayyad Mosque]] in [[Damascus]], Syria. Respectfully removing his shoes, he entered the former [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine-era]] Christian church dedicated to [[John the Baptist]], who is also revered as a [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|prophet of Islam]]. He gave a speech including the statement: "For all the times that Muslims and Christians have offended one another, we need to seek forgiveness from the Almighty and to offer each other forgiveness."<ref name="Mosque" /> |
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In 2004, John Paul II hosted the "[[Papal Concert of Reconciliation]]", which brought together leaders of Islam with leaders of the Jewish community and of the Catholic Church at the Vatican for a concert by the Kraków Philharmonic Choir from Poland, the [[London Philharmonic Choir]] from the United Kingdom, the [[Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra]] from the United States, and the Ankara State Polyphonic Choir of Turkey.<ref name="WQED" /><ref name="Concert" /><ref name="Philharmonic" /><ref name="Gazette" /> The event was conceived and conducted by Sir [[Gilbert Levine]], [[Order of St. Gregory the Great|KCSG]] and was broadcast throughout the world.<ref name="WQED" /><ref name="Concert" /><ref name="Philharmonic" /><ref name="Gazette" /> |
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John Paul II oversaw the publication of the [[Catechism of the Catholic Church]], which makes a special provision for Muslims; therein, it is written, "together with us they adore the one, merciful God, mankind's judge on the last day."<ref name="Catechism" /> |
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=== Jainism === |
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In 1995, John Paul II held a meeting with 21 [[Jainism|Jains]], organised by the [[Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue]]. He praised [[Mohandas Gandhi]] for his "unshakeable faith in God", assured the Jains that the Catholic Church will continue to engage in dialogue with their religion and spoke of the common need to aid the poor. The Jain leaders were impressed with the pope's "transparency and simplicity", and the meeting received much attention in the [[Gujarat]] state in western India, home to many Jains.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1995/04/20/pope-impresses-jain-team-with-personal-warmth-encourages-more-dialogue&post_id=47157 |title=Pope Impresses Jain Team with Personal Warmth, Encourages More Dialogue |publisher=Ucanews.com |date=20 April 1995 |access-date=6 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213182603/http://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=%2F1995%2F04%2F20%2Fpope-impresses-jain-team-with-personal-warmth-encourages-more-dialogue&post_id=47157 |archive-date=13 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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== {{anchor|Assassination}}<!-- [[Attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II]] hatnote links here--> Assassination attempts and plots == |
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{{Main|Attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II|Juan María Fernández y Krohn|Bojinka Plot}} |
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[[File:Pope John Paul II after shooted.jpg|thumb|John Paul II moments after being shot during an [[Attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II|assassination attempt]] by [[Mehmet Ali Ağca]] in St. Peter's Square, 13 May 1981]] |
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As he entered [[St. Peter's Square]] to address an audience on 13 May 1981,<ref>{{cite news |title=1981 Year in Review: Pope John Paul II Assassination (sic) Attempt |url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1981/Pope-John-Paul-II-Assasination-Attempt/12311754163167-6/ |publisher=United Press International (UPI) |year=1981}}</ref> John Paul II was shot and [[ballistic trauma|critically wounded]] by [[Mehmet Ali Ağca]],<ref name="A&E" />{{sfn|Maxwell-Stuart|2006|p=234}}{{sfn|Dziwisz|2001}} an expert Turkish gunman who was a member of the militant fascist group [[Grey Wolves (organization)|Grey Wolves]].<ref name="SanFrancisco" /> The assassin used a [[Browning Hi-Power|Browning 9 mm semi-automatic pistol]],<ref name="upi2" /> shooting the pope in the abdomen and perforating his [[colon (anatomy)|colon]] and [[small intestine]] multiple times.<ref name="Bottum" /> John Paul II was rushed into the Vatican complex and then to the [[Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic|Gemelli Hospital]]. On the way to the hospital, he lost consciousness. Even though the two bullets missed his [[superior mesenteric artery]] and [[abdominal aorta]], he lost nearly three-quarters of his blood. He underwent five hours of surgery to treat his wounds.{{sfn|Time Magazine 1982-01-25|p=1}} Surgeons performed a [[colostomy]], temporarily rerouting the upper part of the [[large intestine]] to let the damaged lower part heal.{{sfn|Time Magazine 1982-01-25|p=1}} When he briefly regained consciousness before being operated on, he instructed the doctors not to remove his [[Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel|Brown Scapular]] during the operation.<ref name="scapolare" /> One of the few people allowed in to see him at the Gemelli Clinic was one of his closest friends, philosopher [[Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka]], who arrived on Saturday 16 May and kept him company while he recovered from emergency surgery.<ref name="Telegraph 2016">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160216020844/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/bbc/12157733/What-really-happened-between-Pope-John-Paul-II-and-his-close-friend-Anna-Teresa-Tymienecka.html What really happened between Pope John Paul II and his close friend, Anna-Teresa Tymienecka?] by Edward Stourton, 15 February 2016, ''The Telegraph''</ref> The pope later stated that the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] helped keep him alive throughout his ordeal.{{sfn|Maxwell-Stuart|2006|p=234}}{{sfn|Dziwisz|2001}}{{sfn|Bertone|2000–2009}} He said: |
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<blockquote>"Could I forget that the event in St. Peter's Square took place on the day and at the hour when the first appearance of the Mother of Christ to the poor little peasants has been remembered for over sixty years at [[Our Lady of Fátima|Fátima, Portugal]]? For in everything that happened to me on that very day, I felt that extraordinary motherly protection and care, which turned out to be stronger than the deadly bullet."{{sfn|Pope John Paul II|2005|p=184}}</blockquote> |
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Ağca was caught and restrained by a nun and other bystanders until police arrived. He was sentenced to [[life imprisonment]]. Two days after Christmas in 1983, John Paul II visited Ağca in prison. John Paul II and Ağca spoke privately for about twenty minutes.{{sfn|Maxwell-Stuart|2006|p=234}}{{sfn|Dziwisz|2001}} John Paul II said, "What we talked about will have to remain a secret between him and me. I spoke to him as a brother whom I have pardoned and who has my complete trust."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Morrow |first=Lance |date=19 January 1984 |title=Pope John Paul II Forgives His Would-Be Assassin |magazine=Time |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,952295-3,00.html |access-date=4 January 2023 |issn=0040-781X}}</ref> |
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Numerous other theories were advanced to explain the assassination attempt, some of them controversial. One such theory, advanced by [[Michael Ledeen]] and heavily pushed by the United States [[Central Intelligence Agency]] at the time of the assassination but never substantiated by evidence, was that the Soviet Union was behind the attempt on John Paul II's life in retaliation for the pope's support of Solidarity, the Catholic, pro-democratic Polish workers' movement.<ref name="SanFrancisco" /><ref name="ItalianPanel" /> This theory was supported by the 2006 [[Mitrokhin Commission]], set up by [[Silvio Berlusconi]] and headed by {{lang|it|[[Forza Italia]]}} senator [[Paolo Guzzanti]], which alleged that Communist [[Committee for State Security (Bulgaria)|Bulgarian security departments]] were utilised to prevent the Soviet Union's role from being uncovered, and concluded that [[GRU (Soviet Union)|Soviet military intelligence (''Glavnoje Razvedyvatel'noje Upravlenije'')]], not the [[KGB]], were responsible.<ref name="ItalianPanel" /> Russian [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|Foreign Intelligence Service]] spokesman Boris Labusov called the accusation "absurd".<ref name="ItalianPanel" /> The pope declared during a May 2002 visit to Bulgaria that the country's Soviet-bloc-era leadership had nothing to do with the [[List of people who survived assassination attempts|assassination attempt]].<ref name="SanFrancisco" /><ref name="ItalianPanel" /> However, his secretary, Cardinal [[Stanisław Dziwisz]], alleged in his book ''A Life with Karol'', that the pope was convinced privately that the former Soviet Union was behind the attack.<ref name="Retire2" /> It was later discovered that many of John Paul II's aides had foreign-government attachments;<ref name="Thomas2000" /> Bulgaria and Russia disputed the Italian commission's conclusions, pointing out that the pope had publicly denied the Bulgarian connection.<ref name="ItalianPanel" /> |
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A second assassination attempt was made on 12 May 1982, just a day before the anniversary of the first attempt on his life, in [[Fátima, Portugal]], when a man tried to stab John Paul II with a [[bayonet]].<ref name="Krohn" /><ref name="CBC2" /><ref name="Reuters3" /> He was stopped by security guards. Stanisław Dziwisz later said that John Paul II had been injured during the attempt but managed to hide a non-life-threatening wound.<ref name="Krohn" /><ref name="CBC2" /><ref name="Reuters3" /> The assailant, a [[traditionalist Catholic]] Spanish priest named [[Juan María Fernández y Krohn]],<ref name="Krohn" /> had been ordained as a priest by Archbishop [[Marcel Lefebvre]] of the [[Society of St. Pius X]] and was opposed to the changes made by the [[Second Vatican Council]], saying that the pope was an agent of Communist Moscow and of the Marxist [[Eastern Bloc]].{{sfn|Hebblethwaite|1995|p=95}} Fernández y Krohn subsequently left the priesthood and served three years of a six-year sentence.<ref name="CBC2" /><ref name="Reuters3" />{{sfn|Hebblethwaite|1995|p=95}} The ex-priest was treated for [[mental illness]] and then expelled from Portugal to become a solicitor in Belgium.{{sfn|Hebblethwaite|1995|p=95}} |
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The [[Al-Qaeda]]-funded [[Bojinka plot]] planned to kill John Paul II during a visit to the Philippines during World Youth Day 1995 celebrations. On 15 January 1995 a [[suicide attack|suicide bomber]] was planning to dress as a priest and detonate a bomb when the pope passed in his [[motorcade]] on his way to the [[San Carlos Seminary]] in [[Makati]]. The assassination was supposed to divert attention from the next phase of the operation. However, a chemical fire inadvertently started by the cell alerted police to their whereabouts, and all were arrested a week before the pope's visit, and confessed to the plot.<ref name="ThePlot" /> |
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In 2009 [[Jack Koehler]], a journalist and former army intelligence officer, published ''Spies in the Vatican: The Soviet Union's Cold War Against the Catholic Church''.<ref name="Koehler2011" /> Mining mostly East German and Polish secret police archives, Koehler claimed the assassination attempts were "KGB-backed".<ref>''Publishers Weekly'', review of 'Spies in the Vatican', 11 May 2009</ref> |
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== Apologies == |
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{{Main|Apologies by Pope John Paul II}} |
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John Paul II apologised to many groups that had suffered at the hands of the Catholic Church through the years.<ref name="Memory" />{{sfn|Pope John Paul II|2005|p=1}} Before becoming pope he had been a prominent editor and supporter of initiatives such as the [[Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops]] from 1965. As pope, he officially made public apologies for over 100 wrongdoings, including:<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/mar/13/catholicism.religion |title=Pope says sorry for sins of church |newspaper=The Guardian |date=13 March 2000 | access-date=22 October 2014 |author=Caroll, Rory |location=London}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 1">{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/pope/johnpaulii_1.shtml | title= Pope issues apology |work=BBC News | access-date=14 January 2013 | author=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="BBC News 2">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/674246.stm | title= Pope apologises for Church sins| work=BBC News |access-date=14 January 2013 | author=BBC News | date=12 March 2000}}</ref><ref name="Ontario">{{cite news | url=http://www.religioustolerance.org/popeapo2.htm | title=Apologies by Pope John Paul II | publisher=Ontario Consultants | date=7 March 2000 | access-date=14 January 2013 | author=Robinson, B. A. | archive-date=14 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114082949/http://www.religioustolerance.org/popeapo2.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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* The legal process on the Italian scientist and philosopher [[Galileo Galilei]], himself a devout Catholic, around 1633 (31 October 1992).<ref name="MsnbcNews2" /><ref name="Adherents" /> |
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* The involvement of Catholics in the [[Atlantic slave trade]] (9 August 1993). |
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* The church hierarchy's role in [[Death by burning|burnings at the stake]] and the [[religious war]]s that followed the [[Protestant Reformation]] (20 May 1995, in the Czech Republic). |
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* The injustices committed against women, the violation of [[women's rights]] and the historical denigration of women (10 July 1995, in a letter to "every woman"). |
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* The inactivity and silence of many Catholics during [[the Holocaust]] (see the article [[Religion in Nazi Germany]]) (16 March 1998). |
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The [[Great Jubilee]] of the year 2000 included a day of Prayer for Forgiveness of the Sins of the Church on 12 March 2000. |
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On 20 November 2001, from a laptop in the Vatican, John Paul II sent his first e-mail apologising for the [[Catholic sex abuse cases]], the church-backed "[[Stolen Generations]]" of Aboriginal children in Australia, and to China for the behaviour of Catholic missionaries in [[Colonialism|colonial times]].<ref name="PopeApologises" /> |
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== Health == |
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{{Main|Pope John Paul II's health}} |
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[[File:PapstJPII20040922.jpg|thumb|An ailing John Paul II riding in the [[Popemobile]] in September 2004 in [[St. Peter's Square]]]] |
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When he became pope in 1978 at the age of 58, John Paul II was an avid sportsman. He was extremely healthy and active, jogging in the [[Gardens of Vatican City|Vatican gardens]], weight training, swimming, and hiking in the mountains. He was fond of football. The media contrasted the new pope's athleticism and trim figure to the poor health of [[John Paul I]] and [[Paul VI]], the portliness of [[Pope John XXIII|John XXIII]] and the constant claims of ailments of [[Pius XII]]. The only modern pope with a fitness regimen had been [[Pope Pius XI]] (1922–1939), who was an avid mountaineer.<ref name="Ratti" /><ref name="Ratti2" /> An ''[[Irish Independent]]'' article in the 1980s labelled John Paul II the ''keep-fit pope''. |
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However, after over twenty-six years as pope, two assassination attempts, one of which injured him severely, and a number of cancer scares, John Paul's physical health declined. In 2001 he was diagnosed as suffering from [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name="Parkinsons2001" /> International observers had suspected this for some time, but it was only publicly acknowledged by the Vatican in 2003. Despite difficulty speaking more than a few sentences at a time, trouble [[Hearing (sense)|hearing]], and severe [[osteoarthrosis]], he continued to tour the world although rarely walking in public. |
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== Death and funeral == |
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{{Main|Death and funeral of Pope John Paul II}} |
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=== Final months === |
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John Paul II was hospitalised with breathing problems caused by a bout of [[influenza]] on 1 February 2005.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4228059.stm |title=Europe | Pope John Paul rushed to hospital |work=BBC News |date=2 February 2005 |access-date=17 February 2013}}</ref> He left the hospital on 10 February, but was subsequently hospitalised again with breathing problems two weeks later and underwent a [[tracheotomy]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/3198/pope-john-paul-resting;-breathing-on-own-following-tracheotomy |title=Pope John Paul resting; breathing on own following tracheotomy |publisher=[[Catholic News Agency]] |date=25 February 2005 |access-date=17 February 2013}}</ref> |
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=== Final illness and death === |
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On 31 March 2005, following a [[urinary tract infection]],{{sfn|BBC 2005-04-01}} he developed [[septic shock]], a form of infection with a high fever and low [[blood pressure]], but was not hospitalised. Instead, he was monitored by a team of consultants at his private residence. This was taken as an indication by the pope, and those close to him, that he was nearing death; it would have been in accordance with his wishes to die in the Vatican.{{sfn|BBC 2005-04-01}} Later that day, Vatican sources announced that John Paul II had been given the [[Anointing of the Sick]] by his friend and secretary Stanisław Dziwisz. The day before his death, one of his closest personal friends, [[Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka]], visited him at his bedside.<ref name="Stourton" /><ref name="Bernstein/Politi" /> During the final days of the pope's life, the lights were kept burning through the night where he lay in the Papal apartment on the top floor of the [[Apostolic Palace]]. Tens of thousands of people assembled and held vigil in St. Peter's Square and the surrounding streets for two days. Upon hearing of this, the dying pope was said to have stated: "I have searched for you, and now you have come to me, and I thank you."<ref name="LastWords" /> |
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{{Wikinews|Pope John Paul II dies}} |
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On Saturday, 2 April 2005, at approximately 15:30 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]], John Paul II spoke his final words in [[Polish language|Polish]], ''"Pozwólcie mi odejść do domu Ojca"'' ("Allow me to depart to the house of the Father"), to his aides, and fell into a coma about four hours later.<ref name="LastWords" /><ref name="BBCLastWords" /> The Mass of the vigil of the Second Sunday of Easter commemorating the [[canonisation]] of [[Faustina Kowalska]] on 30 April 2000, had just been celebrated at his bedside, presided over by Dziwisz and two Polish associates. Present at the bedside was Cardinal [[Lubomyr Husar]] from Ukraine, who served as a priest with John Paul in Poland, along with Polish nuns of the Congregation of the [[Sisters, Servants of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus]], who ran the [[Prefecture of the Pontifical Household|papal household]]. John Paul II died in his private apartment at 21:37 CEST (19:37 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) of heart failure from profound [[hypotension]] and complete [[circulatory collapse]] from septic shock.<ref name="BBCLastWords" /><ref name="Pisa" />{{sfn|Navarro-Valls 2 April 2005}} His death was verified when an electrocardiogram that ran for 20 minutes showed a [[flatline]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Vatican Releases Official Record of Pope John Paul II's Final Days|date=19 September 2005|author=The New York Times|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/19/world/europe/vatican-releases-official-record-of-pope-john-paul-iis-final.html|access-date=29 January 2018|author-link=The New York Times}}</ref> |
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He had no close family by the time of his death; his feelings are reflected in his words written in 2000 at the end of his Last Will and Testament.{{sfn|Stourton|2006|p=320}} Dziwisz later said he had not burned the pontiff's personal notes despite the request being part of the will.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pope aide 'has not burned papers' |work=BBC News |date=5 June 2005 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4610607.stm |access-date=12 August 2013}}</ref> |
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[[File:JPII on bier.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|(l-r) [[George W. Bush]], [[Laura Bush]], [[George H. W. Bush]], [[Bill Clinton]], [[Condoleezza Rice]], and [[Andrew Card]], US dignitaries paying respects to John Paul II on 6 April 2005 at [[St. Peter's Basilica]], [[Vatican City]]]] |
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=== Aftermath === |
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The death of the pontiff set in motion rituals and traditions dating back to medieval times. The Rite of Visitation took place from 4 April 2005 to 7 April 2005 at St. Peter's Basilica. John Paul II's testament, published on 7 April 2005,<ref name="Last Will" /> revealed that he contemplated being buried in his native Poland but left the final decision to the [[College of Cardinals]], which in passing, preferred burial beneath St. Peter's Basilica, honouring the pontiff's request to be placed "in bare earth". |
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The [[Requiem]] Mass held on 8 April 2005 was said to have set world records both for attendance and number of [[head of state|heads of state]] present at a funeral.<ref name="MsnbcNews2" /><ref name="CNN" /><ref name="Independent" /><ref name="BBCMiracle" /> ''(See: [[List of dignitaries at the funeral of Pope John Paul II|List of Dignitaries]].)'' It was the single largest gathering of heads of state up to that time, surpassing the funerals of [[Funeral of Winston Churchill|Winston Churchill]] (1965) and [[Funeral of Josip Broz Tito|Josip Broz Tito]] (1980). Four kings, five queens, at least 70 presidents and prime ministers, and more than 14 leaders of other religions attended.<ref name="CNN" /> An estimated four million mourners gathered in and around Vatican City.<ref name="MsnbcNews2" /><ref name="Independent" /><ref name="BBCMiracle" /><ref name="Beltway" /> Between 250,000 and 300,000 watched the event from within the Vatican's walls.<ref name="BBCMiracle" /> In a historical rarity, [[Protestant]] and [[Eastern Orthodox]] leaders, as well as representatives and heads from Judaism, [[Islam]], [[Druze]]<ref>[https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/History/PapalVisit/Pages/Greetings_Pope_Benedict_XVI_religious_leaders_Galilee_14-May-2009.aspx Greetings by Pope Benedict XVI to religious leaders in the Galilee]</ref> and [[Buddhism]], offered their own memorials and prayers as a way of sympathising with the grief of Catholics. |
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The [[Dean of the College of Cardinals]], Cardinal [[Pope Benedict XVI|Joseph Ratzinger]], conducted the ceremony. John Paul II was interred in the [[Vatican Grottoes|grottoes under the basilica]], the [[List of extant papal tombs|Tomb of the Popes]]. He was lowered into a tomb created in the same alcove previously occupied by the remains of [[Pope John XXIII|John XXIII]]. The alcove had been empty since John XXIII's remains had been moved into the main body of the basilica after his beatification. |
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== Posthumous recognition == |
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{{Infobox saint |
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|honorific_prefix = Pope [[Saint]] |
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|name = John Paul II |
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|honorific_suffix = [[Patriarch of Rome]] |
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|birth_date = 18 May 1920 |
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|death_date = 2 April 2005 (aged 84) |
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|feast_day = 22 October |
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|venerated_in = [[Catholic Church]] |
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|image = San Giovanni Paolo II.jpg |
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|imagesize = |
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|caption = Painting of Saint John Paul II painted by Zbigniew Kotyłło, 2012 |
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|birth_place = [[Wadowice]], [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] |
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|death_place = [[Apostolic Palace]], Vatican City |
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|titles = Pope and [[Confessor]] |
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|beatified_date = 1 May 2011 |
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|beatified_place = [[Saint Peter's Square]], Vatican City |
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|beatified_by = [[Pope Benedict XVI]] |
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|canonized_date = 27 April 2014 |
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|canonized_place = Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City |
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|canonized_by = [[Pope Francis]] |
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|attributes = [[Papal ferula]], [[Papal regalia and insignia|Papal vestments]] |
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|patronage = [[Kraków]], Poland, [[World Youth Day]], young Catholics, Świdnica, families, World Meeting of Families 2015 |
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|major_shrine = |
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|suppressed_date = |
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|issues = |
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}} |
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=== Title "the Great" === |
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Upon the death of John Paul II, a number of clergy at the Vatican and laymen<ref name="Bottum" /><ref name="MsnbcNews2" /><ref name="Arlington" /> began referring to the late pontiff as "John Paul the Great" — in theory only the fourth pope to be so acclaimed.<ref name="Bottum" /><ref name="Arlington" /><ref name="OReilly-David" /><ref name="Murphy-Brian" /> [[Angelo Sodano|Cardinal Angelo Sodano]] specifically referred to John Paul as "the Great" in his published written [[homily]] for the pope's funeral [[Funeral of Pope John Paul II|Mass of Repose]].<ref name="FirstSpeech" /><ref name="Homily" /> The South African Catholic newspaper ''[[The Southern Cross (South Africa)|The Southern Cross]]'' has referred to him in print as "John Paul II the Great".<ref name="Southern" /> Some Catholic educational institutions in the US have additionally changed their names to incorporate "the Great", including [[John Paul the Great Catholic University]] and schools called some variant of [[John Paul the Great High School (disambiguation)|John Paul the Great High School]]<!--variants with saint, pope, ii, or catholic-->. |
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Scholars of [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|canon law]] say that there is no official process for declaring a pope "Great"; the title simply establishes itself through popular and continued usage,<ref name="MsnbcNews2" /><ref name="Noonan" /><ref name="Noonan2" /> as was the case with celebrated secular leaders (for example, Alexander III of Macedon became popularly known as [[Alexander the Great]]). The three popes who today commonly are known as "Great" are [[Pope Leo I|Leo I]], who reigned from 440–461 and persuaded [[Attila the Hun]] to withdraw from Rome; [[Pope Gregory I|Gregory I]], 590–604, after whom the [[Gregorian chant]] is named; and [[Pope Nicholas I]], 858–867, who consolidated the Catholic Church in the Western world in the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name="Arlington" /> |
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John Paul's successor, Benedict XVI, did not use the term directly in public speeches, but made oblique references to "the great Pope John Paul II" in his first address from the [[loggia]] of St. Peter's Basilica, at the 20th [[World Youth Day 2005]] in Germany when he said in Polish: "As the great Pope John Paul II would say: Keep the flame of faith alive in your lives and your people";<ref>Susan Crimp, "The Last Wish of Pope John Paul II: The Life and Messages of Saint Faustina", p92</ref> and in May 2006 during a visit to Poland where he repeatedly made references to "the great John Paul" and "my great predecessor".<ref name="Poland2006" /> |
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[[File:Vaticano sightseeing (fc31 – edited).jpg|thumb|The tomb of John Paul II in the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] Chapel of Saint Sebastian within [[St. Peter's Basilica]] where it has been since 2011]] |
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=== Institutions named after John Paul II === |
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* [[Pope John Paul II High School (Tennessee)]] |
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* [[John Paul II High School (Plano, Texas)]] |
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* [[John Paul the Great Catholic University]] |
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* [[John Paul the Great Catholic High School (Indiana)]] |
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* [[John Paul II Catholic Secondary School|John Paul II Catholic Secondary School (London, Ontario, Canada)]] |
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* [[John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin]] |
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* [[Saint John Paul the Great Catholic High School (Virginia)]] |
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* [[John Paul II High School, Greymouth]] |
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* [[Karol Wojtyla College]], Lima, [[Peru]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kwc.edu.pe/ | title=KWC Home | access-date=19 March 2022 | archive-date=25 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925163640/http://kwc.edu.pe/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*Scoil Eoin Phóil, [[Leixlip]], Ireland |
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* John Paul II Gymnasium, [[Kaunas]], Lithuania |
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*Pope John Paul II High School in Olympia, Washington<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.popejp2hs.org/ | title=JPII Home}}</ref> |
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* Universidad Privada Juan Pablo II, Lima, Peru <ref>{{cite web | url=https://unijuanpablo.edu.pe/2019/09/23/celebracion-dia-de-la-enfermera/ | title=UPJPII Celebración día de la enfermera | access-date=19 March 2022 | archive-date=12 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812142417/https://unijuanpablo.edu.pe/2019/09/23/celebracion-dia-de-la-enfermera/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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* Karol Wojtyła building at [[Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia]] in [[Jakarta|Jakarta, Indonesia]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia |url=https://m.atmajaya.ac.id/web/Info.aspx?gid=info-atma-jaya&cid=peta-denah-kampus-semanggi |title=Campus Map |access-date=30 September 2019 |archive-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520184627/https://m.atmajaya.ac.id/web/Info.aspx?gid=info-atma-jaya&cid=peta-denah-kampus-semanggi |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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*St. John Paul II Chapel and Museum at Pakuwon Mall in Surabaya, Indonesia |
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*St. John Paul II Minor Seminary, Minor Seminary in Antipolo City, Philippines |
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*St. John Paul II Parish Community (Lake View, NY) |
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* [[St. John Paul II High School (Hyannis, MA)]] |
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* [[Saint John Paul II Academy]] Boca Raton, FL |
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* [[St. John Paul II Catholic High School (Alabama)]] |
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* [[St. John Paul II Catholic High School (Arizona)]] |
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* [[St. John Paul II Seminary (Washington, DC)]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dcpriest.org/welcome-to-saint-john-paul-ii-seminary | title=Welcome to St. John Paul II Seminary | access-date=25 May 2020 | archive-date=28 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728073013/https://www.dcpriest.org/welcome-to-saint-john-paul-ii-seminary | url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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* [[Pope Saint John Paul II Major Seminary Awka (Nigeria)]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pope John Paul Major Seminary|url=https://pjpsawka.org/|access-date=16 March 2021|website=pjpsawka.org|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413221545/https://pjpsawka.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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* [[St. John Paul II Catholic Secondary School]], Scarborough, Ontario, Canada |
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* [[Pope John Paul II High School (Pennsylvania)|Pope John Paul II High School]], [[Royersford, Pennsylvania|Royersford]] [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States|USA]] |
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=== Beatification === |
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{{Main|Beatification of Pope John Paul II}} |
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[[File:Beatification of John Paul II (1).jpg|thumb|upright|1.5 million [[St. Peter's Square]] attendees witness the beatification of John Paul II on 1 May 2011 in [[Vatican City]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/vaticancityandholysee/8486488/Pope-John-Paul-II-beatified-in-front-of-audience-of-1.5-million.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/vaticancityandholysee/8486488/Pope-John-Paul-II-beatified-in-front-of-audience-of-1.5-million.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Pope John Paul II beatified in front 1.5 million |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=1 May 2011 |access-date=17 February 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>]] |
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Inspired by calls of ''"Santo Subito!''" ("[Make him a] Saint Immediately!") from the crowds gathered during the funeral Mass that he celebrated,<ref name="Moore1" /><ref name="Hollingshead" /><ref name="Hooper1" /><ref name="Hope" /> Benedict XVI began the beatification process for his predecessor, bypassing the normal restriction that five years must pass after a person's death before beginning the beatification process.<ref name="Hollingshead" /><ref name="Hooper1" /><ref name="Canonisation" /><ref name="Metro" /> In an audience with Pope Benedict XVI, [[Camillo Ruini]], Vicar General of the Diocese of Rome, who was responsible for promoting the cause for canonisation of any person who died within that diocese, cited "exceptional circumstances", which suggested that the waiting period could be waived.<ref name="ShortBio" /><ref name="MsnbcNews2" /><ref name="Zenit3" /> This decision was announced on 13 May 2005, the Feast of [[Our Lady of Fátima]] and the 24th anniversary of the assassination attempt on John Paul II at St. Peter's Square.<ref name="catholicnewsagency" /> |
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In early 2006, it was reported that the Vatican was investigating a possible [[miracle]] associated with John Paul II. [[Sister Marie Simon-Pierre]], a French nun and member of the Congregation of Little Sisters of Catholic Maternity Wards, confined to her bed by |
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Parkinson's disease,<ref name="Hooper1" /><ref name="Vicariato" /> was reported to have experienced a "complete and lasting cure after members of her community prayed for the intercession of Pope John Paul II".<ref name="NYTimes" /><ref name="MsnbcNews2" /><ref name="Moore1" /><ref name="Hooper1" /><ref name="ABC" /><ref name="Trinity" /> {{As of|2008|5}}, Sister Marie Simon-Pierre, then 46,<ref name="Moore1" /><ref name="Hooper1" /> was working again at a [[Obstetrics|maternity hospital]] run by her [[religious institute]].<ref name="Metro" /><ref name="Vicariato" /><ref name="Miracle-americancatholic" /><ref name="Willan" /> |
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"I was sick and now I am cured," she told reporter Gerry Shaw. "I am cured, but it is up to the church to say whether it was a miracle or not."<ref name="Vicariato" /><ref name="Miracle-americancatholic" /> |
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On 28 May 2006, Pope Benedict XVI celebrated Mass before an estimated 900,000 people in John Paul II's native Poland. During his [[homily]], he encouraged prayers for the early canonisation of John Paul II and stated that he hoped canonisation would happen "in the near future".<ref name="Vicariato" /><ref name="Homily-Blonie-Park" /> |
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[[File:Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe - Wiki Loves Pyramids tour 018.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Statue of John Paul II outside the [[Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe]], Tepeyac, [[Mexico City]]]] |
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In January 2007, Cardinal [[Stanisław Dziwisz]] announced that the interview phase of the beatification process, in Italy and Poland, was nearing completion.<ref name="MsnbcNews2" /><ref name="Vicariato" /><ref name="Westcott" /> In February 2007, [[Relics#Classification and prohibitions in the Catholic Church|second class relics]] of John Paul II—pieces of white papal [[cassock]]s he used to wear—were freely distributed with prayer cards for the cause, a typical pious practice after a saintly Catholic's death.<ref name="MMoore" /><ref name="Cause" /> On 8 March 2007, the [[Cardinal Vicar|Vicariate of Rome]] announced that the diocesan phase of John Paul's cause for beatification was at an end. Following a ceremony on 2 April 2007—the second anniversary of the Pontiff's death—the cause proceeded to the scrutiny of the committee of lay, clerical, and episcopal members of the Vatican's [[Congregation for the Causes of Saints]], to conduct a separate investigation.<ref name="Hollingshead" /><ref name="Vicariato" /><ref name="Westcott" /> On the fourth anniversary of John Paul II's death, 2 April 2009, Cardinal Dziwisz, told reporters of a presumed miracle that had recently occurred at the former pope's tomb in St. Peter's Basilica.<ref name="Miracle-americancatholic" /><ref name="ncregister" /><ref name="Catholic" /> A nine-year-old Polish boy from [[Gdańsk]], who was suffering from kidney cancer and was completely unable to walk, had been visiting the tomb with his parents. On leaving St. Peter's Basilica, the boy told them, "I want to walk," and began walking normally.<ref name="ncregister" /><ref name="Catholic" /><ref name="Miracle-catholicnews" /> On 16 November 2009, a panel of reviewers at the Congregation for the Causes of Saints voted unanimously that John Paul II had lived a life of heroic virtue.<ref name="abcNews" /><ref name="Catholic Culture" /> On 19 December 2009, Pope Benedict XVI signed the first of two decrees needed for beatification and proclaimed John Paul II "Venerable", asserting that he had lived a heroic, virtuous life.<ref name="abcNews" /><ref name="Catholic Culture" /> The second vote and the second signed decree certifying the authenticity of the first miracle, the curing of Sister Marie Simon-Pierre, a French nun, from Parkinson's disease. Once the second decree is signed, the ''position'' (the report on the cause, with documentation about his life and writings and with information on the cause) is complete.<ref name="Catholic Culture" /> He can then be beatified.<ref name="abcNews" /><ref name="Catholic Culture" /> Some speculated that he would be beatified sometime during (or soon after) the month of the 32nd anniversary of his 1978 election, in October 2010. As Monsignor Oder said, this course would have been possible if the second decree were signed in time by Benedict XVI, stating that a posthumous miracle directly attributable to his intercession had occurred, completing the positio. |
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[[File:John Paul II Monument Gdansk-Zaspa.jpg|thumb|right|[[Candle]]s around monument to John Paul II in [[Zaspa]], Gdańsk, at the time of his death]] |
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The Vatican announced on 14 January 2011 that Pope Benedict XVI had confirmed the miracle involving Sister Marie Simon-Pierre and that John Paul II was to be beatified on 1 May, the Feast of Divine Mercy.<ref name="BBC-beatify" /> 1 May is commemorated in former Communist countries, such as Poland, and some Western European countries as [[May Day]], and John Paul II was well known for his contributions to Communism's relatively peaceful demise.<ref name="Bottum" /><ref name="CBCNews" /> In March 2011 the Polish mint issued a gold 1,000 [[Polish złoty]] coin (equivalent to US$350), with the Pope's image to commemorate his beatification.<ref name="yahoo" /> |
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On 29 April 2011, John Paul II's coffin was disinterred from the grotto beneath St. Peter's Basilica ahead of his beatification, as tens of thousands of people arrived in Rome for one of the biggest events since his funeral.<ref name="Pope John Paul II's body exhumed ahead of beatification" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Willey|first=David|date=1 May 2011|title=Celebration as John Paul beatified|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13254148|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref> John Paul II's remains, which were not exposed, were placed in front of the Basilica's main altar, where believers could pay their respect before and after the beatification mass in St. Peter's Square on 1 May 2011. On 3 May 2011 his remains were interred in the marble altar in Pier Paolo Cristofari Chapel of [[St. Sebastian]], where [[Pope Innocent XI]] was buried. This more prominent location, next to the Chapel of the Pietà, the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament, and statues of Popes Pius XI and Pius XII was intended to allow more pilgrims to view his memorial. John Paul II's body is located near the bodies of [[Pope Pius X]] and [[Pope John XXIII]], whose bodies were reinterred in the Basilica after their own beatifications and together are three of the five popes beatified in the last century. The two popes who were not exhumed and reinterred after becoming a blessed in the last century were [[Pope Paul VI]] and [[Pope John Paul I]], who both remain entombed in the papal grottos.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Visiting the Tomb of John Paul II in St Peter´s Basilica in the Vatican|url=https://www.vaticancityguide.org/visit-tomb-john-paul/|date=23 August 2013|website=Vatican City Travel Guide|language=en-US|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pope Innocent XI's remains make way for John Paul II|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/22313/pope-innocent-xis-remains-make-way-for-john-paul-ii|last=Kerr|first=David|website=Catholic News Agency|language=en|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref> |
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In July 2012, a Colombian man, Marco Fidel Rojas, the former mayor of [[Huila, Colombia]], testified that he was "miraculously cured" of [[Parkinson's disease]] after a trip to Rome where he met John Paul II and prayed with him. Antonio Schlesinger Piedrahita, a renowned [[neurologist]] in Colombia, certified Fidel's healing. The documentation was then sent to the Vatican office for sainthood causes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/25303/healing-of-colombian-man-could-pave-way-for-john-paul-ii-canonization |title=Healing of Colombian man could pave way for John Paul II canonization |publisher=[[Catholic News Agency]] |access-date=4 August 2012}}</ref> |
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In September 2020, Poland unveiled a sculpture of him, designed by {{ill|Jerzy Kalina|pl}} and installed outside the [[National Museum, Warsaw]], holding up a [[meteorite]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.euronews.com/2020/09/24/new-pope-john-paul-ii-sculpture-unveiled-in-warsaw |title=New Pope John Paul II sculpture unveiled in Warsaw |website=euronews.com |date=24 September 2020 }}</ref> In the same month, a relic containing his blood was stolen from the [[Spoleto Cathedral]] in Italy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/relic-containing-pope-john-paul-ii-blood-stolen-from-cathedral-in-italy/090f6169-66fc-451e-998a-ce8194a0030d |title=Relic holding Pope John Paul II's blood stolen from Italian cathedral |website=9news.com |date=25 September 2020 }}</ref> |
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=== Canonisation === |
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{{Main|Canonization of Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II}} |
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[[File:Canonization 2014- The Canonization of Saint John XXIII and Saint John Paul II (14036852944).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|The canonisation of John Paul II and John XXIII]] |
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To be eligible for canonisation (being declared a saint) by the Catholic Church, two miracles must be attributed to a candidate. |
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The first miracle attributed to John Paul was the above mentioned healing of a man's Parkinson's disease, which was recognised during the beatification process. According to an article on the Catholic News Service (CNS) dated 23 April 2013, a Vatican commission of doctors concluded that a healing had no natural (medical) explanation, which is the first requirement for a claimed miracle to be officially documented.<ref>The article by Cindy Wooden cited news reports from Italian news media agencies, and included remarks by the Pope's longtime aide, [[Kraków]]'s Cardinal [[Stanislaw Dziwisz]], and Vatican spokesman Jesuit Father [[Federico Lombardi]], S.J.</ref><ref name="Agence France-Presse" /><ref name="ANSA">{{cite news | first = Christopher | last = Livesay | title = John Paul set for sainthood after second miracle okayed | date = 2 July 2013 | publisher = www.ansa.it | url = http://www.ansa.it/web/notizie/rubriche/english/2013/07/02/-ANSA-John-Paul-set-sainthood-second-miracle-okayed_8965021.html | work = ANSA (Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata) | access-date = 2 July 2013}}</ref>[[File:Grób rodziców Jana Pawła II na cmentarzu Rakowickim w Krakowie.jpg|thumb|The tomb of the parents of John Paul II at [[Rakowicki Cemetery]] in [[Kraków]], Poland]] |
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The second miracle was deemed to have taken place shortly after the late pope's beatification on 1 May 2011; it was reported to be the healing of Costa Rican woman Floribeth Mora of an otherwise terminal [[brain aneurysm]].<ref name="FNL">[http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2013/07/06/costa-rican-woman-describes-john-paul-miracle-cure/ "Costa Rican Woman Describes John Paul Miracle Cure"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311010751/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2013/07/06/costa-rican-woman-describes-john-paul-miracle-cure/ |date=11 March 2016 }}, ''Fox News Latino'', 6 July 2013</ref> A Vatican panel of expert theologians examined the evidence, determined that it was directly attributable to the intercession of John Paul II, and recognised it as miraculous.<ref name="Agence France-Presse">{{cite news | title = John Paul II's 2nd miracle approved—report | date = 2 July 2013 | publisher = Rappler.com | url = http://www.rappler.com/world/32751-john-paul-ii-miracle-recognized-report | work = Agence France-Presse (AFP)| access-date = 2 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="ANSA" /> The next stage was for Cardinals who compose the membership of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints to give their opinion to [[Pope Francis]] to decide whether to sign and promulgate the decree and set a date for canonisation.<ref name="Agence France-Presse" /><ref name="ANSA" /><ref name="CNS">{{cite news |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1301805.htm |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20130423192205/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1301805.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 April 2013 |title=Italian media report progress in Blessed John Paul's sainthood cause |publisher=[[Catholic News Service]] |date=23 April 2013| access-date=12 June 2013}}</ref> |
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On 4 July 2013, Pope Francis confirmed his approval of John Paul II's canonisation, formally recognising the second miracle attributed to his intercession. He was canonised together with John XXIII.<ref name="BBC 2013" /><ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-vatican-johnpaul-idUSBRE9640BA20130705/ |title=Popes John Paul II, John XXIII to be made saints: Vatican |work=Reuters |access-date=9 July 2013 |date=5 July 2013 |archive-date=8 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708081533/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/05/us-vatican-johnpaul-idUSBRE9640BA20130705 |url-status=live }}</ref> The date of the canonisation was on 27 April 2014, Divine Mercy Sunday.<ref name="New York Times 2013">{{cite news |first=Elizabetta |last=Povoledo |author2=Alan Cowell |title=Francis to Canonise John XXIII and John Paul II on Same Day |date=30 September 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/01/world/europe/francis-to-canonize-popes-john-xxiii-and-john-paul-ii-on-same-day.html?_r=0 |access-date=30 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="BBC News – Easton">{{cite news |first=Adam |last=Easton |title=Date set for Popes John Paul II and John XXIII sainthood |date=30 September 2013 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24330204 |work=BBC News |access-date=30 September 2013}}</ref> |
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The canonisation Mass for Pope John Paul II and Pope John XXIII, was celebrated by Pope Francis (with Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI), on 27 April 2014 in St. Peter's Square at the Vatican (John Paul II had died on [[vigil]] of Divine Mercy Sunday in 2005). About 150 cardinals and 700 bishops concelebrated the Mass, and at least 500,000 people attended the Mass, with an estimated 300,000 others watching from video screens placed around Rome.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-pope-francis-canonization-vatican-20140427-story.html |first1=Patrick J. |last1= McDonnell |first2=Tom |last2=Kington |date=27 April 2014|location=Los Angeles, CA |title=Canonization of predecessors provides another boost for Pope Francis|quote=An estimated 800,000 people descended on Rome for the dual canonisation, a Vatican spokesman said. That included the half a million around the Vatican and another 300,000 watching the event on giant TV screens set up throughout the city of Rome.}}</ref> |
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The new saint's remains, considered to be holy [[relic]]s, were exhumed from their place in the basilica's grotto,<ref>{{Cite web |last=CNA |title=John Paul II remains moved in front of St. Peter's tomb |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/22426/john-paul-ii-remains-moved-in-front-of-st-peters-tomb |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Catholic News Agency |language=en}}</ref> and a new tomb was established at the altar of St. Sebastian.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pope Francis Prays at John Paul II's Tomb |url=https://www.ncregister.com/news/pope-francis-prays-at-john-paul-ii-s-tomb |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=NCR |date=3 April 2013 |language=en}}</ref> |
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===Beatification of the Pope's parents=== |
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On 10 October 2019, the [[Archdiocese of Kraków]] and the [[Polish Episcopal Conference]] approved ''nihil obstat'' the opening of the beatification cause of the parents of its patron saint John Paul II, Karol Wojtyła Sr. and Emilia Kaczorowska. It gained approval from the [[Holy See]] to open the diocesan phase of the cause on 7 May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=St. John Paul II's parents' sainthood cause has officially opened|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/44448/st-john-paul-iis-parents-sainthood-cause-has-officially-opened|access-date=22 November 2020|website=Catholic News Agency|language=en}}</ref> |
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== Sexual abuse scandals == |
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{{Main|Catholic sex abuse cases}} |
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John Paul II was criticised by representatives of the victims of clergy sexual abuse for failing to respond quickly enough to the Catholic sex abuse crisis.<ref>{{cite web |last=Radio |first=Southern California Public |date=24 April 2014 |title=Clergy sex abuse victims decry sainthood for Pope John Paul II |url=http://www.scpr.org/news/2014/04/24/43763/some-victims-of-catholic-church-sex-abuse-oppose-p/ |work=scpr.org}}</ref> After decades of inaction, the scandal came to a head when [[Sinéad O'Connor]] infamously [[Sinéad O'Connor Saturday Night Live performance|tore up a photo of John Paul II]] on a 3 October 1992 episode of ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' while performing an [[a capella]] rendition of [[Bob Marley]]'s "[[War (Bob Marley song)|War]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hess |first=Amanda |date=2021-05-18 |title=Sinead O'Connor Remembers Things Differently |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/18/arts/music/sinead-oconnor-rememberings.html |access-date=2023-08-27 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> |
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In response to mounting criticism over the next decade, John Paul II stated in 2002 that "there is no place in the priesthood and religious life for those who would harm the young".<ref name="Walsh" /> The Catholic Church instituted reforms to prevent future abuse by requiring [[background check]]s for church employees<ref name="charteryouth" /> and, because a significant majority of victims were boys, disallowing ordination of men with "deep-seated homosexual tendencies".<ref name="vatdocord" /><ref name="sexabusereport" /> They now require dioceses faced with an allegation to alert the authorities, conduct an investigation and remove the accused from duty.<ref name="charteryouth" /><ref>{{cite news |date=15 June 2002 |title=Scandals in the church: The Bishops' Decisions; The Bishops' Charter for the Protection of Children and Young People |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/15/us/scandals-church-bishops-decisions-bishops-charter-for-protection-children-young.html |access-date=22 October 2014}}</ref> In 2008, the church asserted that the scandal was a very serious problem and estimated that it was "probably caused by 'no more than 1 per cent'", or 5,000, of the over 500,000 Catholic priests worldwide.<ref name="sexabuse" /><ref name="JohnJay" /> |
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In April 2002, John Paul II, despite being frail from Parkinson's disease, summoned all the American cardinals to the Vatican to discuss possible solutions to the issue of sexual abuse in the American Church. He asked them to "diligently investigate accusations". John Paul II suggested that American bishops be more open and transparent in dealing with such scandals and emphasised the role of seminary training to prevent sexual deviance among future priests. In what ''[[The New York Times]]'' called "unusually direct language", John Paul condemned the arrogance of priests that led to the scandals: |
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<blockquote>"Priests and candidates for the priesthood often live at a level both materially and educationally superior to that of their families and the members of their own age group. It is therefore very easy for them to succumb to the temptation of thinking of themselves as better than others. When this happens, the ideal of priestly service and self-giving dedication can fade, leaving the priest dissatisfied and disheartened."<ref>{{cite news |author=Melinda Henneberger |date=21 April 2002 |title=Pope Takes on Scandals |work=Sun Sentinel |url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2002-04-21/news/0204200465_1_confutes-american-cardinals-mandatory-celibacy |url-status=dead |access-date=9 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525055205/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2002-04-21/news/0204200465_1_confutes-american-cardinals-mandatory-celibacy |archive-date=25 May 2013 }}</ref></blockquote> |
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The pope read a statement intended for the American cardinals, calling the sex abuse "an appalling sin" and said the priesthood had no room for such men.<ref name="Shame" /> |
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In 2002, Archbishop [[Juliusz Paetz]], the Catholic Archbishop of [[Poznań]], was accused of molesting seminarians.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 February 2002 |title=Europe | Polish archbishop 'molested students' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1837840.stm |access-date=17 February 2013}}</ref> John Paul II accepted his resignation, and placed sanctions on him, prohibiting Paetz from exercising his ministry as bishop.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 June 2010 |title=Watykan: Nie zrehabilitowaliśmy Paetza |language=pl |trans-title=Vatican: no rehabilitation for Paetz |work=Fakt |url=http://www.fakt.pl/Watykan-nie-zrehabilitowalismy-Paetza,artykuly,75072,1.html |url-status=dead |access-date=9 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209162445/http://www.fakt.pl/Watykan-nie-zrehabilitowalismy-Paetza%2Cartykuly%2C75072%2C1.html |archive-date=9 February 2012}}</ref> It was reported that these restrictions were lifted, though Vatican spokesperson Federico Lombardi strenuously denied this saying "his rehabilitation was without foundation". |
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In 2003, John Paul II reiterated that "there is no place in the priesthood and religious life for those who would harm the young".<ref name="Walsh" /> In April 2003, a three-day conference was held, titled "Abuse of Children and Young People by Catholic Priests and Religious", where eight non-Catholic psychiatric experts were invited to speak to near all Vatican [[Dicastery|dicasteries]]' representatives. The panel of experts overwhelmingly opposed implementation of policies of "zero-tolerance" such as was proposed by the [[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]]. One expert called such policies a "case of overkill" since they do not permit flexibility to allow for differences among individual cases.<ref name="VaticanStudy" /> |
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In 2004, John Paul II recalled [[Bernard Francis Law]] to be Archpriest of the Papal Basilica of [[Santa Maria Maggiore]]. Law had previously resigned as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston|Archbishop of Boston]] in 2002 in response to the [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases]] after church documents were revealed that suggested he had covered up sexual abuse committed by priests in his archdiocese.<ref>{{cite news |year=2004 |title=Abuse in the Catholic Church / Cardinal Law and the laity |work=The Boston Globe |url=http://www.boston.com/globe/spotlight/abuse/extras/law_timeline.htm |access-date=24 January 2012 |issn=0743-1791}}</ref> Law resigned from this position in November 2011.<ref name="Shame" /> |
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John Paul II was a firm supporter of the [[Legion of Christ]], and in 1998 discontinued investigations into [[Sexual scandal of Father Marcial Maciel|sexual misconduct by its leader Marcial Maciel]], who in 2005 resigned his leadership and was later requested by the Vatican to withdraw from his ministry. However, Maciel's trial began in 2004 during the pontificate of John Paul II, but the Pope died before it ended and the conclusions were known.<ref>{{cite web |last=Piekara |first=Marek |date=2014 |title=Co Jan Paweł II wiedział o ks. Macielu? |url=https://kosciol.wiara.pl/doc/1974132.Co-Jan-Pawel-II-wiedzial-o-ks-Macielu |website=wiara.pl}}</ref> In an interview with [[L'Osservatore Romano]], [[Pope Francis]] said: "I am grateful to Pope Benedict, who dared to say this publicly (when more facts began to come to light after Degollado's death in 2008, Pope Benedict XVI in 2010 launched another investigation and on 1 May 2010 announced a declaration about the crimes of the founder of the Legionaries), and to Pope John Paul II, who dared to give the green light to the Legionaries' case".<ref>{{cite news |title=Pope John Paul II and Paedophilia |website=jp2online.pl |url=https://jp2online.pl/en/publication/pope-john-paul-ii-and-paedophilia;UHVibGljYXRpb246OTA= |access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref> |
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On 10 November 2020, the Vatican published a report which found that John Paul II learned of allegations of sexual impropriety against former cardinal [[Theodore McCarrick]], who at the time was serving as Archbishop of Newark, through a 1999 letter from Cardinal [[John O'Connor (cardinal)|John O'Connor]] warning him that appointing McCarrick to be Archbishop of Washington D.C., a position which had recently been opened, would be a mistake. John Paul II ordered an investigation, which stalled when three of the four bishops tasked with investigating claims allegedly brought back "inaccurate or incomplete information". John Paul II planned on not giving McCarrick the appointment anyway, but relented and gave him the appointment after McCarrick wrote a letter of denial. He created McCarrick a cardinal in 2001. McCarrick would eventually be laicized after allegations surfaced that he abused minors.<ref name="johnpaulknowledge">{{cite news |date=10 November 2020 |title=Vatican admits Pope John Paul II was warned about abusive archbishop Theodore McCarrick, while clearing Francis |work=CNN}}</ref><ref name="AP111020">{{cite web |date=10 November 2020 |title=Key findings in Vatican report into ex-Cardinal McCarrick |url=https://www.wusa9.com/article/news/local/dc/findings-in-vatican-report-into-ex-cardinal-mccarrick/65-f3a47d57-95f4-4368-9945-a7ac909c5a02 |access-date=10 November 2020 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> [[George Weigel]], a biographer of John Paul II, defended the pope's actions as follows: "Theodore McCarrick fooled a lot of people ... and he deceived John Paul II in a way that is laid out in almost biblical fashion in [the Vatican's] report".<ref>{{cite news |last=Keane |first=James T. |date=10 November 2020 |title=The McCarrick Report and Pope John Paul II: Confronting a saint's tarnished legacy |work=[[America (magazine)|America]] |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2020/11/10/mccarrick-report-saint-john-paul-ii-sex-abuse-legacy |access-date=11 November 2011}}</ref> |
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In a 2019 interview with Mexican television, [[Pope Francis]] defended John Paul II's legacy on protecting minors against clerical sexual abuse. He said that John Paul II was "often misled", as in the case of [[Hans Hermann Groër]]. Francis said that with respect to the case of [[Marcial Maciel]]: |
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<blockquote>"Ratzinger was courageous, and so was John Paul II. ... With respect to John Paul II, we have to understand certain attitudes because he came from a closed world, from behind the [[Iron Curtain]], where communism was still in force. There was a defensive mentality. We have to understand this well, and no one can doubt the saintliness of this great man and his good will. He was great, he was great."<ref>{{cite news |date=19 May 2019 |title=En primicia el Papa en Televisa: "El mundo sin la mujer no funciona" |work=VaticanNews.va |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/es/papa/news/2019-05/papa-francisco-entrevista-televisa-mexico-migrantes-feminicidio.html |access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bronk |first=Krzysztof T. |date=30 May 2019 |title=Pope Francis Explains the "Anecdote" and Clears John Paul II |work=John Paul II Foundation |url=https://fjp2.com/pope-francis-explains-the-anecdote-and-clears-john-paul-ii/ |access-date=11 December 2021}}</ref></blockquote>On March 6, 2023, an investigative report by the Polish television station [[TVN24]] concluded that "there [is now] no doubt" that John Paul II "knew about [[Catholic Church sexual abuse cases|sexual abuse of children by priests]] under his authority and sought to conceal it when he was an archbishop in his native Poland". The Dutch journalist Ekke Overbeek released a book on John Paul II with similar claims the following week. In response to the claims, Pope Francis stated: "You have to put things in the context of the era[...] At that time everything was covered up. [...] It was only when the [[Sexual abuse scandal in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston|Boston scandal broke]] that the church began to look at the problem." The [[Polish Episcopal Conference]] stated that "'further archival research' would be needed to arrive at a just evaluation of the decisions and actions" of Wojtyła.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Scislowska |first=Monika |date=March 7, 2023 |title=Polish TV report: John Paul II knew of abuse as archbishop |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/03/07/church-sex-abuse-john-paul-poland/464bed56-bcd8-11ed-9350-7c5fccd598ad_story.html |access-date=March 8, 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Furthermore, other journalists have criticised the report, especially the interpretation of the sources.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Another point of contention is the use of materials from the [[Ministry of Public Security (Poland)|communist secret police]] in the report.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof. Skibiński: komuniści podjęli szeroko zakrojoną akcję dyskredytacji duchowieństwa - Wiadomości - polskieradio24.pl |url=https://polskieradio24.pl/5/1222/artykul/3132247,prof-skibinski-komunisci-podjeli-szeroko-zakrojona-akcje-dyskredytacji-duchowienstwa |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=polskieradio24.pl |language=pl-PL}}</ref> |
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== Other criticism and controversy == |
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{{Main|1=Criticism of Pope John Paul II|2=Criticism of the Catholic Church}} |
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John Paul II was widely criticised for a variety of his views. He was a target of criticism from progressives for his opposition to the [[ordination of women]] and use of [[contraception]],<ref name="A&E" /><ref name="Condom" /> and from [[traditional Catholics]] for his support for the Second Vatican Council and its reform of the [[Mass (liturgy)|liturgy]]. John Paul II's response to [[child sexual abuse within the Catholic Church]] has also come under heavy censure. |
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=== Opus Dei controversies === |
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{{Main|Controversies about Opus Dei}} |
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John Paul II was criticised for his support of the [[Opus Dei]] prelature and the 2002 canonisation of its founder, [[Josemaría Escrivá]], whom he called "the saint of ordinary life".<ref name="Opus2" /><ref name="Saints2" /> Other movements and religious organisations of the church went decidedly under his wing [[Legion of Christ]], the [[Neocatechumenal Way]], [[Schoenstatt Movement|Schoenstatt]], the [[Charismatic Movement|charismatic movement]], etc. And he was accused repeatedly of taking a soft hand with them, especially in the case of [[Marcial Maciel]], founder of the [[Legionaries of Christ]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pepe-rodriguez.com/Sexo_clero/Casos/Sexo_clero_M_Maciel_Leg_pedof_denuncia_Papa.htm |title=Text of the accusation letter directed to John Paul II |language=es |publisher=Pepe-rodriguez.com |access-date=17 February 2013}}</ref> |
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In 1984 John Paul II appointed Joaquín Navarro-Valls, a member of Opus Dei, as Director of the [[Vatican Press Office]]. An Opus Dei spokesman said that "the influence of Opus Dei in the Vatican has been exaggerated".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4249444.stm |work=BBC News |title=Decoding secret world of Opus Dei |date=16 September 2005 |access-date=30 April 2010}}</ref> Of the nearly 200 cardinals in the Catholic Church, only two are known to be members of Opus Dei.<ref>Associated Press, "Opus Dei backs new pope", CNN, 19 April 2005.</ref> |
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=== Banco Ambrosiano scandal === |
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{{Main|Banco Ambrosiano}} |
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John Paul II was alleged to have links with [[Banco Ambrosiano]], an Italian bank that collapsed in 1982.<ref name="NYTimes" /> At the centre of the bank's failure was its chairman, [[Roberto Calvi]], and his membership in the illegal [[Masonic Lodge]] [[Propaganda Due]] (aka P2). The [[Institute for the Works of Religion|Vatican Bank]] was Banco Ambrosiano's main shareholder, and the death of [[John Paul I]] in 1978 is rumoured to be linked to the Ambrosiano scandal.<ref name="Salinger2005" /> |
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Calvi, often referred to as "God's Banker", was also involved with the Vatican Bank, and was close to Bishop [[Paul Marcinkus]], the bank's chairman. Ambrosiano also provided funds for political parties in Italy, and for both the [[Somoza]] dictatorship in Nicaragua and its [[Sandinista]] opposition. It has been widely alleged that the Vatican Bank provided money for [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] in Poland.<ref name="NYTimes" /><ref name="Salinger2005" /> |
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Calvi used his complex network of overseas banks and companies to move money out of Italy, to inflate share prices, and to arrange massive unsecured loans. In 1978, the [[Bank of Italy]] produced a report on Ambrosiano that predicted future disaster.<ref name="Salinger2005" /> On 5 June 1982, two weeks before the collapse of Banco Ambrosiano, Calvi had written a letter of warning to John Paul II, stating that such a forthcoming event would "provoke a catastrophe of unimaginable proportions in which the Church will suffer the gravest damage".<ref name="TimesOnline" /> On 18 June 1982 Calvi's body was found hanging from scaffolding beneath [[Blackfriars Bridge]] in the financial district of London. Calvi's clothing was stuffed with bricks, and contained cash valued at US$14,000, in three different currencies.<ref name="GodsBanker" /> |
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=== Problems with traditionalists === |
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In addition to all the criticism from those demanding modernisation, some [[traditionalist Catholics]] denounced him as well. These issues included demanding a return to the [[Tridentine Mass]],<ref name="HughHewitt" /> as well as the repudiation of reforms instituted after the Second Vatican Council, such as the use of the vernacular language in the formerly Latin-language [[Roman Rite]], [[ecumenism]], and the principle of [[religious liberty]].<ref>e.g. Marcel Lefebvre, ''An Open Letter to Confused Catholics'' (Herefordshire: Gracewing Publishing, 1986). {{ISBN|9780852440476}}.</ref> In 1988, the controversial traditionalist Archbishop [[Marcel Lefebvre]], founder of the [[Society of Saint Pius X]] (1970), was [[excommunication|excommunicated]] under John Paul II because of the unapproved ordination of four bishops, which Cardinal Ratzinger called a "schismatic act".<ref>A discussion of the crucial work of Ratzinger (later pope) to attempt reconciliation between Lefebvre and the Holy See, ''vide'' John Thavis, ''The Vatican Diaries: A Behind-the-Scenes Look at the Power, Personalities, and Politics at the Heart of the Catholic Church'' (London: Penguin, 2014), 147–49. {{ISBN|9780143124535}}</ref> |
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The [[World Day of Prayer for Peace]],<ref name="Assisi4" /> with a meeting in Assisi, Italy, in 1986, in which the pope prayed only with the Christians,<ref name="SanRufino" /> was criticised for giving the impression that [[syncretism]] and [[indifferentism]]<!--Don't change it back to "syncretism and/or indifferentism" as "and" gives the same ambiguity, e.g., that the event embraced or syncretism or indifferentism or both; see [[MOS#And/or]]--> were openly embraced by the Papal [[Magisterium]]. When a second Day of Prayer for Peace in the World was held in 2002,<ref name="DayOfPrayer" /> it was condemned as confusing the laity and compromising to false religions. Likewise criticised was his kissing of the Qur'an in Damascus, Syria, on one of his travels on 6 May 2001.<ref name="Qu'ran" />{{Unreliable source?|date=August 2022}} His call for religious freedom was not always supported; bishops like [[Antônio de Castro Mayer]] promoted [[religious tolerance]] but at the same time rejected the Vatican II principle of religious liberty as being liberalist and already condemned by [[Pope Pius IX]] in his ''[[Syllabus errorum]]'' (1864) and at the [[First Vatican Council]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vu8E8GNnTIc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/vu8E8GNnTIc| archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Jan Paweł II Live at Vatican 1999 |publisher=YouTube |date=28 August 2011 |access-date=17 February 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |
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=== Religion and AIDS === |
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{{Main|Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS}} |
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John Paul II continued the tradition of advocating for the [[culture of life]]. In solidarity with [[Pope Paul VI]]'s ''[[Humanae vitae]]'', he rejected artificial birth control, even in the use of condoms to prevent the spread of [[AIDS]].<ref name="Condom" /> Critics have said that large families are caused by lack of contraception and exacerbate [[Third World]] poverty and problems, such as street children in South America. John Paul II argued that the proper way to prevent the spread of AIDS was not condoms but rather "correct practice of sexuality, which presupposes chastity and fidelity".<ref name="Condom" /> The focus of John Paul II's point is that the need for artificial birth control is itself artificial, and that principle of respecting the sacredness of life ought not be rent asunder in order to achieve the good of preventing AIDS.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} |
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=== Social programmes === |
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There was strong criticism of the pope for the controversy surrounding the alleged use of charitable social programmes as a means of converting people in the Third World to Catholicism.<ref name="AsiaNews2" /><ref name="IndiaStar" /> The pope created an uproar in the [[Indian sub continent|Indian subcontinent]] when he suggested that a great harvest of faith would be witnessed on the subcontinent in the third Christian millennium.<ref name="NCR2" /> |
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=== Argentine military regime === |
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John Paul II endorsed Cardinal [[Pio Laghi]], who critics say supported the [[Dirty War]] in Argentina and was on friendly terms with the Argentine generals of the [[National Reorganization Process|military dictatorship]], playing regular tennis matches with the Navy's representative in the junta, Admiral [[Emilio Eduardo Massera]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Argentine military dictator confirms Catholic Church hierarchy was well aware of the 'disappeared' |url=https://en.mercopress.com/2012/07/24/argentine-military-dictator-confirms-catholic-church-hierarchy-was-well-aware-of-the-disappeared |work=MercoPress |date=24 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vatican says its ex-envoy is innocent |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1997/05/23/vatican-says-its-ex-envoy-is-innocent/dfe0ea8f-ee44-4999-85d2-e96e0aa9c694/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=23 May 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Former Argentinian dictator says he told Catholic Church of disappeared |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/former-argentinian-dictator-says-he-told-catholic-church-of-disappeared-1.542154 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=24 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pio Laghi, Papal Envoy, Dies at 86 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/13/world/europe/13laghi.html |work=The New York Times |date=13 January 2009}}</ref> |
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=== Ian Paisley === |
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In 1988, when John Paul II was delivering a speech to the [[European Parliament]], [[Ian Paisley]], the leader of the [[Democratic Unionist Party]] and [[Moderator of the General Assembly]] of the [[Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster]], shouted "I denounce you as the [[Antichrist]]!"<ref name="Paisley makes point">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-29179048 |title=Ian Paisley dies: How Paisley made his point |location=Belfast |publisher=[[BBC Northern Ireland]] |date=1988 |access-date=12 September 2014 }}</ref><ref name=LATimes>{{cite news |title=Ian Paisley and politics of peace|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/24/opinion/la-ed-paisley24-2010mar24 |access-date=16 February 2012 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=24 March 2010}} from 1:45 m into video</ref> He held up a red banner reading "Pope John Paul II ANTICHRIST". [[Otto von Habsburg]] (the last [[Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary]]), a [[Member of the European Parliament]] (MEP) for Germany, snatched Paisley's banner, tore it up, and along with other MEPs helped eject him from the chamber.<ref name="Paisley makes point" /><ref name="BBCIreland" /><ref name="Paisley" /><ref name="NYT5" /><ref name="Cloud" /> The pope continued with his address after Paisley had been ejected.<ref name="BBCIreland" /><ref name="MacDonald" /><ref name="Angelique" /> |
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=== Međugorje apparitions === |
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{{see also|Our Lady of Međugorje}} |
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A number of quotes about the [[Catholic Church response to the Medjugorje apparitions|apparitions of Međugorje]], in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], have been attributed to John Paul II.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medjugorje.org/pope.htm |title=Quotes From Pope John Paul II On Međugorje |publisher=Medjugorje.org |access-date=4 August 2012}}</ref> In 1998, when a certain German gathered various statements that were supposedly made by the pope and Cardinal Ratzinger, and then forwarded them to the Vatican in the form of a memorandum, Ratzinger responded in writing on 22 July 1998: "The only thing I can say regarding statements on [[Međugorje]] ascribed to the Holy Father and myself is that they are [''frei erfunden''] complete invention".{{sfn|Kutleša|2001|p=283}} Similar claims were also rebuked by the Vatican's Secretariate of State.{{sfn|Kutleša|2001|p=256}} |
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=== Beatification controversy === |
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Some Catholic theologians disagreed with the call for the beatification of John Paul II. Eleven dissident theologians, including [[Jesuit]] professor José María Castillo and Italian theologian [[Giovanni Franzoni]], said that his stance against contraception and the ordination of women as well as the church scandals during his pontificate presented "facts which according to their consciences and convictions should be an obstacle to beatification".<ref>{{cite web |title=Dissident theologians participate in the canonization process of Pope John Paul II |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/5583/dissident-theologians-participate-in-the-canonization-process-of-pope-john-paul-ii |website=[[Catholic News Agency]] |publisher=CNA |access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> Some traditionalist Catholics opposed his beatification and canonisation for his views on liturgy and participation in prayer with enemies of the church, heretics and non-Christians.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Statement of Reservations Concerning the Impending Beatification of Pope John Paul II |date=21 March 2011 |author=Michael J. Matt |newspaper=[[The Remnant (newspaper)|The Remnant]] |access-date=2 May 2011|url=http://www.remnantnewspaper.com/2011-0331-statement-of-reservations-beatification.htm}}</ref> |
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After the 2020 report about the handling of the sexual misconduct complaints against [[Theodore McCarrick]], some called for John Paul II's sainthood to be revoked.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.wbur.org/cognoscenti/2020/11/12/pope-francis-theodore-mccarrick-clergy-sex-abuse-eileen-mcnamara| title = 'The Halo Is Hopelessly Tarnished': Why The Sainthood Of John Paul II Should Be Rescinded| date = 12 November 2020}}</ref> |
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== Personal life == |
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[[File:Prof.Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka.JPG|thumb|right|upright=0.65|[[Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka]], maintained a thirty-year friendship with Pope John Paul II.]] |
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{{external media| float = right| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?75377-1/pope-john-paul-ii Presentation by Carl Bernstein on ''His Holiness: John Paul II and the Hidden History of Our Time'', September 24, 1996], [[C-SPAN]]}} |
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Wojtyła was a [[KS Cracovia (football)|Cracovia]] football team supporter, and the club retired number 1 in his honour.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cracovia is about the people – John Paul II|url=https://en.cracovia.pl/football/club/historia/jan_pawel_ii|access-date=4 April 2019|publisher=en.cracovia.pl|date=9 September 2010}}</ref> |
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Having played the game himself as a goalkeeper, John Paul II was a fan of English football team [[Liverpool F.C.]], where his compatriot [[Jerzy Dudek]] played in the same position.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pope supports Liverpool|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/funny_old_game/3242602.stm|access-date=16 March 2016|work=BBC Sport|date=27 November 2003}}</ref> |
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In 1973, while still the archbishop of Kraków, Wojtyła befriended a Polish-born, later American philosopher, [[Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka]]. The thirty-two-year friendship (and occasional academic collaboration) lasted until his death.<ref name="Stourton" /><ref name="Guardian-letters" /><ref name="Telegraph 2016" /> She served as his host when he visited New England in 1976, and photos show them together on skiing and camping trips.<ref name="Telegraph 2016" /> Letters that he wrote to her were part of a collection of documents sold by Tymieniecka's estate in 2008 to the [[National Library of Poland]].<ref name="Telegraph 2016" /> According to the [[BBC]] the library had initially kept the letters from public view, partly because of John Paul's path to sainthood, but a library official announced in February 2016 the letters would be made public.<ref name="Telegraph 2016" /><ref name="NYT-letters-show-deep">{{cite news|last1=Berendt|first1=Joanna|last2=Chan|first2=Sewell|title=Letters From Pope John Paul II Show Deep Friendship With Woman|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/16/world/europe/letters-from-pope-john-paul-ii-show-deep-friendship-with-woman.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=16 February 2016|date=15 February 2016}}</ref> In February 2016, the BBC documentary program ''[[Panorama (TV series)|Panorama]]'' reported that John Paul II had apparently had a close relationship with the Polish-born philosopher.<ref name="Telegraph 2016" /><ref name="Panarama">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b071flrn Panorama report: The Secret Letters of Pope John Paul II] by [[Edward Stourton (journalist)|Ed Stourton]], 15 February 2016</ref> The pair exchanged personal letters over 30 years, and Stourton believes that Tymieniecka had confessed her love for Wojtyła.<ref name="Stourton"/><ref name="Guardian2016">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/15/pope-john-paul-ii-letters-reveal-32-year-relationship-with-woman Pope John Paul II letters reveal 32-year relationship with woman] by Stephanie Kirchgaessner, Rome, 15 February 2016</ref> The Vatican described the documentary as "more smoke than fire", and Tymieniecka denied being involved with John Paul II.<ref>[http://www.thenews.pl/1/10/Artykul/240672,Vatican-denies-JPII-letter-loveaffair-report Vatican dismisses JPII 'letter love-affair' probe:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215094249/http://www.thenews.pl/1/10/Artykul/240672,Vatican-denies-JPII-letter-loveaffair-report |date=15 February 2016 }} 14 February 2016, The Vatican</ref><ref>[https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/pope-john-paul-ii-conducted-7366760 Pope John Paul II 'conducted secret romance with married woman' says new documentary] by John Kelly, Mirror.co.uk News</ref> |
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Writers [[Carl Bernstein]], the veteran investigative journalist of the [[Watergate scandal]], and Vatican expert [[Marco Politi]], were the first journalists to talk to Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka in the 1990s about her importance in John Paul's life. They interviewed her and dedicated 20 pages to her in their 1996 book ''His Holiness''.<ref name="Stourton" /><ref name="Bernstein/Politi">[http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/02/15/did-pope-john-paul-ii-have-a-secret-lover.html Did Pope John Paul II Have a Secret Lover?] by Barbi Latzu Nadeau, 15 February 2016</ref><ref>''His Holiness: John Paul II & the History of Our Time''—Carl Bernstein, Marco Politi (1996)</ref> Bernstein and Politi even asked her if she had ever developed any romantic relationship with John Paul II, "however one-sided it might have been". She responded, "No, I never fell in love with the cardinal. How could I fall in love with a middle-aged clergyman? Besides, I'm a married woman."<ref name="Stourton" /><ref name="Bernstein/Politi" /> |
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== See also == |
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{{Portal|Biography|Christianity|History|Judaism|Poland|Vatican City}} |
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* [[:Category:Beatifications by Pope John Paul II|Beatifications by Pope John Paul II]] |
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* [[Cardinals created by John Paul II]] |
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* [[Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church]] |
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* [[List of longest-reigning popes]] |
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* [[List of peace activists]] |
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* [[List of places named after Pope John Paul II]] |
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* [[List of popes]] |
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* [[List of pastoral visits of Pope John Paul II]] |
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* [[Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszyński|Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszynski]] |
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* [[Papal travel]] |
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* [[Pope John Paul II bibliography]] |
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* [[Jerzy Kluger]] |
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===People=== |
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* [[Peter Le Jacq]] |
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* [[Bolesław Taborski]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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=== Notes === |
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{{notelist}} |
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=== Citations === |
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[1] Statement from the Anti-Defamation League on the 25th Anniversary of Pope John Paul II's Papacy |
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{{reflist|refs= |
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<ref name="A&E">{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/people/john-paul-ii-9355652 |title=John Paul II Biography (1920–2005) |publisher=[[A&E Television Networks]] |access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref> |
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==Related articles== |
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*[[Collapse of the Soviet Union]] |
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<ref name="ADL2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/interfaith/JohnPaul_II_Visit.pdf |title=Pope John Paul II's Visit to Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian Authority: A Pilgrimage of Prayer, Hope and Reconciliation |last=Klenicki |first=Rabbi Leon |date=13 April 2006 |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |access-date=1 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081128213732/http://www.adl.org/Interfaith/JohnPaul_II_Visit.pdf |archive-date=28 November 2008 }}</ref> |
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*[[List of Roman Catholic bishops of Kraków]] |
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*[[Popular opposition to war on Iraq]] |
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<ref name="AIJAC">{{cite web |url=http://www.aijac.org.au/?id=articles&_action=showArticleDetails&articleID=526 |title=AIJAC expresses sorrow at Pope's passing |date=4 April 2005 |publisher=[[Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council]] |access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref> |
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*[[Worldwide government positions on war on Iraq]] |
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<ref name="ADL2">{{cite web |title=Pope John Paul II: 'An Appreciation: A Visionary Remembered' |last=Jacobson |first=Kenneth |date=2 April 2005 |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |access-date=22 December 2011 |url=http://www.adl.org/main_Interfaith/int_johnpaul_remembered.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119052309/http://www.adl.org/main_Interfaith/int_johnpaul_remembered.htm |archive-date=19 January 2012 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Adherents">{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pg/Galileo_Galilei.html |title=The Religion of Galileo Galilei, Astronomer and Scientist |publisher=Adherents |year=2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629080248/http://www.adherents.com/people/pg/Galileo_Galilei.html |archive-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> |
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<ref name="ABC">{{cite news |url=http://abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200601/s1558425.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011084853/http://abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200601/s1558425.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 |title=Vatican May Have Found Pope John Paul's 'Miracle' |date=31 January 2006|agency=Agence France-Presse (AFP), APTN, Reuters, CNN, BBC World Service |publisher= [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC (Australia)]] |access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="abcNews">{{cite news |url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/theworldnewser/2009/11/pope-john-paul-iis-sainthood-on-fast-track.html |title=Pope John Paul II's Sainthood on Fast Track—The World Newser |work=ABC News |access-date=18 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119103108/http://blogs.abcnews.com/theworldnewser/2009/11/pope-john-paul-iis-sainthood-on-fast-track.html |archive-date=19 November 2009 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Akin">{{cite web |url=http://www.jimmyakin.org/2006/04/jp2_and_the_qur.html |title=John Paul II Kisses The Qur'an |last=Akin |first=Jimmy |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=JimmyAkin.org |access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref> |
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--> |
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<ref name="Angelique">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2004/sep/16/northernireland.northernireland |last=Chrisafis |first=Angelique |title=The Return of Dr No |work=The Guardian |date=16 September 2004 |location=London |access-date=22 October 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="archive">Roberts, Genevieve. {{cite web |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20050403/ai_n13509294 |title=The Death of Pope John Paul II: 'He Saved My Life—with Tea & Bread' |access-date=1 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215035053/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4159/is_20050403/ai_n13509294 |archive-date=15 December 2007}}, ''[[The Independent]]'', 3 April 2005. Retrieved 17 June 2007.</ref> |
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<ref name="Independent">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/millions-mourn-pope-at-historys-largest-funeral-757246.html |title=The Independent:''"Millions Mourn Pope at History's Largest Ever Funeral"'' |access-date=1 January 2009 |location=London |date=8 April 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201121502/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/millions-mourn-pope-at-historys-largest-funeral-757246.html |archive-date=1 December 2008 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="JohnJay">{{cite book<!--gives italic title--> |author=Terry, Karen |title=The Nature and Scope of the Problem of Sexual Abuse of Minors by Priests and Deacons |publisher=John Jay College of Criminal Justice |year=2004 |url=http://www.usccb.org/nrb/johnjaystudy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425210409/http://www.usccb.org/nrb/johnjaystudy/ |archive-date=25 April 2005|display-authors=etal}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Online News">{{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/religion/jan-june00/apology_3-13.html |title=Online News Hour—A Papal Apology |access-date=1 January 2009 |publisher=MacNeil/Lehrer Productions |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706000218/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/religion/jan-june00/apology_3-13.html |archive-date=6 July 2008 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="LastWords">{{cite news |url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=39699 |title=Final Days, Last Words of Pope John Paul II |date=20 September 2005 |publisher=Catholic World News (CWN) |access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Pace preventiva">[[Andrea Riccardi]]. ''La Pace Preventiva.'' [[Milan]]: San Paolo 2004.</ref> |
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<ref name="Last Will">{{cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/article-12691?l=english |title=ZENIT: ''John Paul II's Last Will and Testament'' |access-date=1 January 2009 |publisher=Innovative Media, Inc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917184838/http://www.zenit.org/article-12691?l=english |archive-date=17 September 2008 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="pbs">[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/pope/etc/synopsis.html "John Paul II-The Millennial Pope"] Synopsis "Pope John Paul II-The Millennial Pope" ''Frontline''</ref> |
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<ref name="Moore1">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2009919/Pope-John-Paul-II-on-course-to-become-saint-in-record-time.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2009919/Pope-John-Paul-II-on-course-to-become-saint-in-record-time.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Pope John Paul II on Course to Become Saint in Record Time |last=Moore |first=Malcolm |date=22 May 2008 |work=Daily Telegraph |location=UK |access-date=1 January 2009}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Philharmonic">{{cite web|url=http://www.lpc.org.uk/tour_200401_rome.html |title=Papal Concert of Reconciliation |date=11 January 2005 |publisher=London Philharmonic Choir |access-date=1 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120125830/http://www.lpc.org.uk/tour_200401_rome.html |archive-date=20 November 2008 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="MacDonald">{{cite news |last=MacDonald |first=Susan |title=Paisley Ejected for Insulting Pope |work=The Times |date=2 October 1988}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Ökumenisches Treffen mit der evangelisch-lutherischen Gemeinde von Rom">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1983/december/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19831211_incontro-ecumenico_ge.html |title=Ökumenisches Treffen mit der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Gemeinde von Rom |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=3 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729082347/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1983/december/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19831211_incontro-ecumenico_ge.html |archive-date=29 July 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Pope John Paul II Visits the US, 1977 Year in Review">{{cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1979/Pope-John-Paul-II-Visits-the-U.S./12311692377023-6/ |title=Pope John Paul II Visits the U.S., 1977 Year in Review |publisher=UPI |access-date=12 September 2010}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Metro">{{cite news|url=http://www.metrowestdailynews.com/homepage/x1864535984 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209091254/http://www.metrowestdailynews.com/homepage/x1864535984 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 December 2012 |title=John Paul II on Fast Track for Canonisation—Framingham, Massachusetts—The MetroWest Daily News |newspaper=Metrowest Daily News |access-date=1 January 2009 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="PopeEgypt">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/654651.stm |title=Pope Pleads for Harmony between Faiths |date=24 February 2000 |work=BBC News |access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Miracle-americancatholic">{{cite news|url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/JohnPaulII/JPIInun.asp |title=French nun says life has changed since she was healed thanks to JPII |access-date=1 January 2009 |publisher=Catholic News Service |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407012845/http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/JohnPaulII/JPIInun.asp |archive-date=7 April 2009 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Pope phones Bono">{{cite web |url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news-article/eno-lets-bono-speak-to-the-pope |title=U2—Eno Lets Bono Speak to the Pope |publisher=Contact Music |year=2010 |access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Miracle-catholicnews">{{cite news|url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0901522.htm |title=CNS STORY: For Pope John Paul II, Beatification Process may be on Final Lap |publisher=[[Catholic News Service]] |access-date=1 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091005064512/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0901522.htm |archive-date=5 October 2009 }}</ref>` |
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<ref name="PTWF">{{cite web |url=http://www.pavethewayfoundation.org/Projects/MissionToVatican/PhotoPage2.htm |title=Largest Gathering of Jewish Leaders to Ever Meet With a Sitting Pope |work=PTWF |publisher=2004–2009 [[Pave the Way Foundation]], Inc |access-date=1 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408114431/http://www.pavethewayfoundation.org/Projects/MissionToVatican/PhotoPage2.htm |archive-date=8 April 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="MMoore">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1564061/Clamour-for-free-Pope-John-Paul-II-relics.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1564061/Clamour-for-free-Pope-John-Paul-II-relics.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Clamour for free Pope John Paul II relics |last=Moore |first=Malcolm |date=25 September 2007 |newspaper=The Telegraph |access-date=1 January 2009 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Religion: Berating Marxism's False Hopes">{{cite magazine |last=Ostling |first=Richard N. |author2=Roberto Suro |title=Religion: Berating Marxism's False Hopes |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=10 September 1984 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952528,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029142510/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952528,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 October 2010 |access-date=27 July 2011}}{{Subscription required}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Murphy-Brian">{{cite news |last=Murphy |first=Brian |title=Faithful hold key to 'the Great' honour for John Paul |agency=Associated Press |date=5 April 2005}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Quotes">{{cite web |url=http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/p/pope_john_paul_ii.html |title=Pope John Paul II Quotes |publisher=brainymedia.com |year=2007 |access-date=11 January 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="ncregister">{{cite web |url=http://catholic.net/index.php?size=mas&id=2673&option=dedestaca |title=Blessed John Paul II? |publisher=ncregister.com |access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Rise">{{cite book|first1=Pope |last1=John Paul II |title=Rise, Let Us Be On Our Way |publisher=Warner Books |isbn=978-0-446-57781-6 |year=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/riseletusbeonour00john }}</ref> |
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<ref name="NCR2">{{cite news |url=http://www.nationalcatholicreporter.org/update/conclave/jp_obit_main.htm |title=The Death of the Pope: Analysis of Pope John Paul II's reign |last=Allen |first=John L. Jr. |newspaper=National Catholic Reporter |access-date=12 January 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Salinger2005">{{cite book |author=Lawrence M. Salinger |title=Encyclopedia of White-Collar & Corporate Crime |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXS6jz6AeQ0C |access-date=25 January 2012 |year=2005 |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-0-7619-3004-4}}</ref> |
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<ref name="PopeApologises">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1671540.stm |title=Pope sends first e-mail apology |work=BBC News |date=23 November 2001 |quote=from a laptop in the Vatican's frescoed Clementine Hall the 81-year-old pontiff transmitted the message, his first 'virtual' apology. |access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref> |
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<ref name="SanFrancisco">{{cite news |title=The 1981 Assassination Attempt of Pope John Paul II, The Grey Wolves, and Turkish & U.S. Government Intelligence Agencies |last=Lee |first=Martin A. |date=14 May 2001 |publisher=San Francisco Bay Guardian |pages=23, 25}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Noonan">{{cite news |url=http://www.opinionjournal.com/columnists/pnoonan/?id=110002074 |title=John Paul the Great: What the 12 Million Know—and I Found Out Too |last=Noonan |first=Peggy |author-link=Peggy Noonan |date=2 August 2002 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="scapolare">{{cite book |title=Lo Scapolare del Carmelo |language=it |trans-title=The Scapular of Carmel |publisher=Shalom |year=2005 |isbn=978-88-8404-081-7 |page=6}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Noonan2">{{cite book|last=Noonan |first=Peggy |author-link=Peggy Noonan |title=John Paul the Great: Remembering a Spiritual Father |publisher=Penguin Group (USA) |date=November 2005 |isbn=978-0-670-03748-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpaulgreatrem00noon |access-date=1 January 2009 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Shoah Speech">{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1994/april/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19940407_shoah_en.html |title=Address of His Holiness John Paul II to a Group of Jewish Leaders and Persons Responsible for the Organization of the Concert in Commemoration of the Shoah |access-date=12 February 2013}}</ref> |
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<ref name="NYT5">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/16/weekinreview/headliners-papal-audience.html |title=Headliners; Papal Audience |work=The New York Times |date=16 October 1988 |access-date=22 October 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="ShortBio">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_breve_en.html |title=His Holiness John Paul II : Short Biography |date=30 June 2005 |work=[[Vatican Press Office]] |access-date=1 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230180529/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_breve_en.html |archive-date=30 December 2008 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="OReilly-David">{{cite news |last=O'Reilly |first=David |title=Papal Legacy: Will History use the name John Paul the Great? |publisher=Knight Ridder Newspapers |newspaper=Detroit Free Press |date=4 April 2005 |quote=Pope John Paul the Great was a name suggested by many for Karol Józef Wojtyła. Through all its long history, the Catholic Church has conferred the posthumous title of "Great" on just two popes: Leo I and Gregory I, both of whom reigned in the first thousand years of Christianity}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Spiegel2">{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,348471,00.html |title=The Pope's Contradictions |last=Küng |first=Hans |date=26 March 2005 |work=Der Spiegel |access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Opus2">{{cite web |url=http://www.americamagazine.org/content/articles/martin-opusdei.cfm |title=Opus Dei in The United States |last=Martin, S.J. |first=James |date=25 February 1995 |publisher=America Press Inc. |access-date=10 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116173841/http://www.americamagazine.org/content/articles/martin-opusdei.cfm |archive-date=16 January 2009 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Tagliabue">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/25/world/pope-bolsters-church-s-support-for-scientific-view-of-evolution.html |title=Pope Bolsters Church Support for Evolution |last=Tagliabue |first=John |date=25 October 1996 |work=The New York Times |access-date=22 October 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Paisley">{{cite web |url=http://www.ianpaisley.org/article.asp?ArtKey=docs |title=Historical Documents Reveal Former Pope's Plans |first=Ian R.K. |last=Paisley |work=ianpaisley.org |year=2012 |access-date=28 January 2012}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Smith2010">{{cite book |author=William Frank Smith |title=Catholic Church Milestones: People and Events That Shaped the Institutional Church|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WM8c8VdqCV8C&pg=PA86 |access-date=25 January 2012 |date=November 2010 |publisher=Dog Ear Publishing |isbn=978-1-60844-821-0 |page=86}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Parkinsons2001">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1944464.stm |title=Profile: Pope John Paul II |work=BBC News |date=February 2005 |access-date=22 October 2014}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Time1978">{{cite news |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229,00.html |title=A "Foreign" Pope |date=30 October 1978 |work=Time magazine |page=1 |access-date=1 January 2009}} {{Subscription required}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Pisa">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1513421/Vatican-hid-Popes-Parkinsons-disease-diagnosis-for-12-years.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1513421/Vatican-hid-Popes-Parkinsons-disease-diagnosis-for-12-years.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Vatican hid Pope's Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis for 12 Years |last=Pisa |first=Nick |date=18 March 2006 |work=Daily Telegraph |access-date=1 January 2009 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Time1978b">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229-4,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104001716/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229-4,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2007 |title=A Foreign Pope |date=30 October 1978 |work=Time magazine |page=4 |access-date=1 January 2009}} {{Subscription required}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Poland2006">{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2006/may/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20060525_poland-clergy_en.html |title=Pastoral Visit by Pope Benedict XVI to Poland 2006: Address by the Holy Father |date=25 May 2006 |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="The Truth of Catholicism">{{cite book|last=Weigel |first=George |author-link=George Weigel |title=The Truth of Catholicism |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2001a |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/truthofcatholici00weig/page/3 3] |isbn=978-0-06-621330-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/truthofcatholici00weig/page/3 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Pope John Paul II's body exhumed ahead of beatification">{{cite news |title=Pope John Paul II's Body Exhumed ahead of Beatification Mass|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2011-04-29/pope-john-paul-iis-body-exhumed-ahead-beatification-mass |website=Public Radio International|date=29 April 2011|access-date=15 June 2017}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Teoctist">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/02/obituaries/02teoctist.html |title=Patriarch Teoctist, 92, Romanian Who Held Out Hand to John Paul II, Dies |last=Brunwasser |first=Matthew |date=2 August 2007 |work=The New York Times |access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Retire2">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6288165.stm |title=Late Pope 'Thought of Retiring' |date=22 January 2007 |work=BBC News |access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="upi">{{cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1978/The-Election-of-Pope-John-Paul-II/12309251197005-5/ |title=1978 Year in Review: The Election of Pope John Paul II |publisher=UPI |date=6 December 1978 |access-date=17 February 2013}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Qu'ran">{{cite web |url=http://www.traditioninaction.org/RevolutionPhotos/A055rcKoran.htm |title=John Paul II kisses the Koran |date=14 May 1999 |publisher=Tradition in Action |access-date=12 January 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Ukraine">{{cite web |url=http://irs.ucu.edu.ua/en/projects/visit-of-pope-john-paul-ii/ |title=Visit of Pope John Paul II to Ukraine |publisher=The Institute of Religion and Society |location=Lviv |access-date=1 May 2011 |archive-date=9 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209180453/http://irs.ucu.edu.ua/en/projects/visit-of-pope-john-paul-ii/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Ratti">{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D02EED61130EE3ABC4F53DFB4668389639EDE |title=Cardinal Ratti New Pope as Pius XI |date=7 February 1922 |work=The New York Times |access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Timeline">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_pontificato_en.html#1994 |title=Events in the Pontificate of John Paul II |access-date=12 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028195940/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_pontificato_en.html |archive-date=28 October 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Ratti2">{{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/02/07/98979971.pdf |title=Cardinal Ratti New Pope as Pius XI, Full Article|date=7 February 1922 |work=The New York Times |access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Travels – Federal Republic of Germany 1980 – John Paul II – The Holy Father – The Holy See">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/sub_index1980/trav_germania_en.htm |title=Travels—Federal Republic of Germany 1980—John Paul II |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=3 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505133555/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/sub_index1980/trav_germania_en.htm |archive-date=5 May 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Reuters3">{{cite news |title=John Paul was Wounded in 1982 Stabbing, Aide Reveals |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/peopleNews/idUSTRE49E5RM20081015 |work=Reuters |access-date=1 January 2009 |date=15 October 2008}}</ref> |
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<ref name="upi2">{{cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1981/Pope-John-Paul-II-Assasination-Attempt/12311754163167-6/ |title=1981 Year in Review: Pope John Paul II Assassination Attempt |publisher=UPI |date=20 June 1981 |access-date=17 February 2013}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Saints2">{{cite news |url=http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=5603 |publisher=Catholic Online |title=St. Josemaría Escriva de Balaguer |access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Thomas2000">{{cite book |author=Gordon Thomas |title=Gideon's Spies—Mossad's Secret Warriors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1ylPwAACAAJ |access-date=15 December 2011|year=2000 |publisher=Pan Books|isbn=978-0-330-37537-5}}</ref> |
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<ref name="sexabusereport">{{cite news |last=Filteau |first=Jerry |title=Report says Clergy Sexual Abuse Brought 'Smoke of Satan' into Church |publisher=Catholic News Service |year=2004 |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/abuse/abuse08.htm |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091004222624/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/abuse/abuse08.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 October 2009 |access-date=10 March 2008}}</ref> |
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<ref name="ThePlot">{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/specials/911/la-na-plot-1sep01.story|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030412091134/http://www.latimes.com/news/specials/911/la-na-plot-1sep01.story|archive-date=12 April 2003 |title=The Plot |last=McDermott |first=Terry |date=1 September 2002 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="SanRufino">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1986/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19861027_san-rufino-assisi_en.html |title=Address to the Representatives of the other Christian Churches and Ecclesial Communities |date=27 October 1986 |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |access-date=12 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417143557/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1986/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19861027_san-rufino-assisi_en.html |archive-date=17 April 2009 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Southern">{{cite web |url=http://www.scross.co.za/?s=John+Paul+the+Great |title=The Southern Cross: John Paul the Great |access-date=1 January 2009 |publisher=The Southern Cross 2008 by Posmay Media}}</ref> |
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<ref name="sexabuse">{{cite news |last=Owen |first=Richard |title=Pope Calls for Continuous Prayer to Rid Priesthood of Paedophilia |work=Times Online UK edition |date=7 January 2008 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article3142511.ece |access-date=31 March 2008|location=London}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Trinity">{{cite news |url=http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=42131 |title=Miracle attributed to John Paul II involved Parkinson's disease |date=30 January 2006 |work=Catholic World News (CWN) |publisher=2009 Trinity Communications |access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Shame">{{cite news |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/160242/shame-john-paul-ii-how-sex-abuse-scandal-stained-his-papacy |title=The Shame of John Paul II: How the Sex Abuse Scandal Stained His Papacy |work=The Nation |first=Jason |last=Berry |date=16 May 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref> |
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<ref name="TimesOnline">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article575133.ece |title=Plea to Pope from 'God's banker' Revealed as Murder Trial Begins |work=The Times |date=6 October 2005|location=London |first=Sadie |last=Gray}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Vatican2">{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_prepontificato_en.html#1946 |title=His Holiness John Paul II, Biography, Pre-Pontificate |publisher=Holy See |access-date=1 January 2008}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Vatican3">{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/travels/2000/travels/documents/trav_holyland-2000.html |title=Jubilee Pilgrimage to the Holy Land |publisher=Holy See |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Vatican5">{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/speeches/2000/jan-mar/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20000321_wadi-al-kharrar.html |title=Visit to Wadi Al-Kharrar, Prayer of the Holy Father |publisher=Holy See |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Vatican6">{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/travels/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000322_bethlehem.html |title=Homily of John Paul II, Mass in the Manger Square |publisher=Holy See |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Vatican7">{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/travels/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000326_holy-sepulchre.html |title=Homily of John Paul II, Mass in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre |publisher=Holy See |access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref> |
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<ref name="USCCB_Bio">{{cite web |url=http://www.usccb.org/comm/popejohnpaulii/biography.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707163440/http://www.usccb.org/comm/popejohnpaulii/biography.shtml |archive-date=7 July 2011 |title=Pope John Paul II: A Light for the World |access-date=1 January 2009 |publisher=United States Council of Catholic Bishops |year=2003}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Zenit5">{{cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/article-6191?l=english |title=John Paul II to Publish First Poetic Work as Pope |date=7 January 2003 |publisher=ZENIT Innovative Media, Inc |access-date=1 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529201813/http://www.zenit.org/article-6191?l=english |archive-date=29 May 2008 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="VaticanNewsService">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_breve_en.html |title=Short biography |publisher=vatican.va |access-date=25 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230180529/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_breve_en.html |archive-date=30 December 2008 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Vatican-bio-en">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_pontificato_en.html |title=Events in the Pontificate of John Paul II |publisher=vatican.va |access-date=1 January 2009 |date=30 June 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028195940/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_pontificato_en.html |archive-date=28 October 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="VaticanOrdinatio">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_22051994_ordinatio-sacerdotalis_en.html |title=Apostolic Letter Ordinatio Sacerdotalis of John Paul II to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on Reserving Priestly Ordination to Men Alone |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |access-date=24 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118205206/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_22051994_ordinatio-sacerdotalis_en.html |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="vatican1">{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/2004/june/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20040604_president-usa_en.html |title=Address of Pope John Paul II to the Honorable George W. Bush President of the United States of America |date=4 June 2004 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=19 August 2011}}</ref> |
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<ref name="WQED">{{cite press release|url=http://www.wqed.org/press/papal_concert.shtml |title=WQED/PBS Present 'A Celebration of Faiths: the Papal Concert of Reconciliaton' A 90 Minute Television Special |publisher=WQED |access-date=1 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308093721/http://www.wqed.org/press/papal_concert.shtml |archive-date=8 March 2009 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="www">{{cite web |url=http://www.bc.edu/research/cjl/meta-elements/texts/cjrelations/resources/documents/catholic/johnpaulii/romesynagogue.htm |title=Address at the Great Synagogue of Rome |date=13 April 1986 |access-date=1 January 2009 |publisher=Boston College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708235855/http://www.bc.edu/research/cjl/meta-elements/texts/cjrelations/resources/documents/catholic/johnpaulii/romesynagogue.htm |archive-date=8 July 2008 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="vatican">{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/sub_index1989/trav_nord-europa_en.htm |title=Apostolic pilgrimage to Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Sweden (June 1–10, 1989) |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=1 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207174740/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/sub_index1989/trav_nord-europa_en.htm |archive-date=7 February 2011 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Zenit3">{{cite web |url=http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/john-paul-ii-s-cause-for-beatification-opens |title=John Paul II's Cause for Beatification Opens |date=28 June 2005 |publisher=ZENIT |access-date=22 October 2012}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Vicariato">[[#Vicariato70|Vicariato di Roma]]:A nun tells her story.... 2009</ref> |
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<ref name="Willan">{{cite news|url=http://www.sundayherald.com/international/shinternational/display.var.1329693.0.no_more_shortcuts_on_pope_john_pauls_road_to_sainthood.php |title=No More Shortcuts on Pope John Paul II's Road to Sainthood |last=Willan |first=Philip |work=Sunday Herald |access-date=1 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210075702/http://www.sundayherald.com/international/shinternational/display.var.1329693.0.no_more_shortcuts_on_pope_john_pauls_road_to_sainthood.php |archive-date=10 February 2008 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Westcott">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6504233.stm |title=Vatican Under Pressure in Pope John Paul II Push |last=Westcott |first=Kathryn |date=2 April 2007 |work=BBC News |access-date=22 October 2012}}</ref> |
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<ref name="yahoo">{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2011/03/30/gold_coin_marks_beatification_of_john_paul_ii/ |title=Gold Coin Marks Beatification of John Paul II |work=The Boston Globe |date=30 March 2011 |issn=0743-1791 |access-date=22 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106021948/http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2011/03/30/gold_coin_marks_beatification_of_john_paul_ii/ |archive-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="Walsh">{{cite book |last=Walsh |title=John Paul II: A Light for the World |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpaulii00mary |url-access=registration |year=2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/johnpaulii00mary/page/62 62]|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781580511421 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="vatdocord">{{cite news|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccatheduc/documents/rc_con_ccatheduc_doc_20051104_istruzione_en.html |author=Pope Benedict XVI |publisher=Vatican |year=2005 |title=Instruction Concerning the Criteria for the Discernment of Vocations with regard to Persons with Homosexual Tendencies in view of their Admission to the Seminary and to Holy Orders |access-date=9 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225072042/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccatheduc/documents/rc_con_ccatheduc_doc_20051104_istruzione_en.html |archive-date=25 February 2008 }}</ref> |
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<ref name="VaticanStudy">{{cite web|url=http://www.zenit.org/article-9560?l=english |title=Vatican Study on Sex Abuse |first=Delia |last=Gallagher |publisher=Zenit |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316160509/http://www.zenit.org/article-9560?l=english |archive-date=16 March 2012 }}</ref> |
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}} |
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=== Sources === |
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{{Refbegin|30em}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Kutleša |first=Dražen |author-link=Dražen Kutleša |date=2001 |title=Ogledalo pravde |trans-title=Mirror of Justice |language=hr |location=Mostar |publisher=Biskupski ordinarijat Mostar }} |
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* {{cite web |first=Tarcisio |last=Bertone |author-link=Tarcisio Bertone |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20000626_message-fatima_en.html |title=The Message of Fátima |access-date=1 January 2009 |publisher=The Holy See |ref={{sfnRef|Bertone|2000–2009}} |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821235203/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20000626_message-fatima_en.html |archive-date=21 August 2014 }} |
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* {{cite web |url=http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/Beatificazione/English/HomePage.htm |title=Cause for Beatification and Canonization of The Servant of God: ''John Paul II'' |publisher=Vicariato di Roma |access-date=1 January 2009 |ref=Vicariato70 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230032224/http://www.vicariatusurbis.org/beatificazione/English/HomePage.htm |archive-date=30 December 2009 }} |
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* {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4253415.stm |title='Cured' Pope Returns to Vatican |date=10 February 2005 |work=BBC News |access-date=22 October 2014 |ref=BBC71 }} |
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* {{cite web |url=http://www.religion-cults.com/pope/communism.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040406114902/http://www.religion-cults.com/pope/communism.htm |archive-date=6 April 2004 |title=Pope John Paul II and Communism |last=Domínguez |first=Juan |date=4 April 2005 |publisher=religion-cults.com |access-date=1 January 2009 }} |
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* {{cite web |url=http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=3699&repos=1&subrepos=0&searchid=441440 |title=13 May 1981 Conference of Bishop Stanisław Dziwisz For Honorary Doctorate |date=13 May 2001 |last=Dziwisz |first=Bishop Stanisław |publisher=CatholicCulture.org |access-date=1 January 2009 |author-link=Stanisław Dziwisz }} |
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* {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4399189.stm |title=Frail Pope Suffers Heart Failure |date=1 April 2005 |work=BBC News |access-date=22 October 2014 |ref={{sfnRef|BBC 2005-04-01}} }} |
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* {{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,925231,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050210002720/http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,925231,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 February 2005 |title=Half Alive: The Pope Vs. His Doctors |access-date=1 January 2009 |date=25 January 1982 |work=Time magazine |ref={{sfnRef|Time Magazine 1982-01-25}} }}{{Subscription required}} |
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* {{cite news |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7022618/ |title=Pope Back at Vatican by Easter? It's Possible |access-date=1 January 2009 |date=3 March 2005 |agency=Associated Press |work=NBC News }} |
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* {{cite news |url=http://www1.voanews.com/policy/editorials/a-41-2005-04-06-voa7-83104472.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140201171824/http://www1.voanews.com/policy/editorials/a-41-2005-04-06-voa7-83104472.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 February 2014 |title=Pope John Paul II |author=Editorial |publisher=Voice Of America |date=5 April 2005 |access-date=2 February 2014 }} |
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* {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4344923.stm |title=Pope Returns to Vatican after op |access-date=22 October 2014 |date=13 March 2005 |work=BBC News }} |
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* {{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/papal-fallibility-1.184795 |title=Papal Fallibility |author=Sean Gannon |date=7 April 2006 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=22 October 2014 }} |
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* {{cite news |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,1564,1538173,00.html |title=Stasi Files Implicate KGB in Pope Shooting |publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=22 October 2014 }} |
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* {{cite news |title=Pope John Paul II's Final Days |url=http://www.americancatholic.org/news/pope/popehospitalized/ |work=St Anthony Messenger Press |publisher=AmericanCatholic.org |access-date=1 January 2009 |archive-date=20 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120040029/http://www.americancatholic.org/news/pope/popehospitalized |url-status=dead }} |
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* {{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article376429.ece |title=Kracow Lights a Candle for its Favourite Son's Last Fight |last=Tchorek |first=Kamil |author2=Roger Boyes |date=2 April 2005 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |access-date=1 January 2009 |location=London }}{{Subscription required}} |
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* {{cite news |first=Alessio |last=Vinci |title=Vatican source: Pope Given Last Rites |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/03/31/pope1/index.html |work=CNN |access-date=1 January 2009 |date=1 April 2005 }} |
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* {{cite news |author=Alessio Vinci |author2=Chris Burns |author3=Jim Bittermann |author4=Miguel Marquez |author5=Walter Rodgers |author6=Christiane Amanpour |author7=John Allen |title=World Awaits Word on Pope's Condition |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/04/01/pope1/index.html |work=CNN |access-date=22 October 2014 |date=2 April 2005 }} |
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{{Refend}} |
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=== Bibliography === |
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{{See also|Pope John Paul II bibliography}} |
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<!-- Please order books alphabetically by the author's last name --> |
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{{Refbegin|30em}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Berry |first=Jason |author-link=Jason Berry |author2=Gerald Renner |title=Vows of Silence: The Abuse of Power in the Papacy of John Paul II |publisher=Free Press |location=New York, London, Toronto, Sydney |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7432-4441-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/vowsofsilenceabu00berr }} |
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* {{cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Davies |title=Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw |publisher=Viking Penguin |location=London |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-670-03284-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/rising44battlefo00norm }} |
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* {{cite book |last=de Montfort |first=St. Louis-Marie Grignion|others=Mark L. Jacobson (Translator) |title=True Devotion to Mary |publisher=Avetine Press |location=San Diego, California |date=27 March 2007 |isbn=978-1-59330-470-6 |ref=de Montfort73 |author-link=Louis de Montfort}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Duffy |first=Eamon |author-link=Eamon Duffy |title=Saints and Sinners, a History of the Popes |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2006 |edition=Third |isbn=978-0-300-11597-0 |ref=Yale06 |url=https://archive.org/details/00book1593273669 }} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Hebblethwaite |first1=Peter |author-link1=Peter Hebblethwaite |title=Pope John Paul II and the Church |publisher=1995 Rowman & Littlefield |location=London |isbn=978-1-55612-814-1 |year=1995 }} |
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* {{cite book |editor-last=Mannion |editor-first=Gerard |url=http://www.litpress.org/Detail.aspx?ISBN=9780814653098 |title=The Vision of John Paul II: Assessing His Thought and Influence |publisher=Liturgical Press |location=Collegeville, Mn. |isbn=978-0-8146-5309-8 |year=2008 }} |
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* {{cite book |last=Maxwell-Stuart |first=P.G. |title=Chronicle of the Popes: Trying to Come Full Circle |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |year=2006 |orig-year=1997 |isbn=978-0-500-28608-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofpopes0000maxw }} |
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* {{cite web |url=http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/menachery/html/GeorgeMenachery.htm |title=John Paul II Election Surprises |last=Menachery |first=Prof. George |date=11 November 1978 }} |
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* {{cite web|url=http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/Books8.htm |title=Last days of Pope John Paul II |last=Menachery |first=Prof. George |date=11 April 2005 }}{{dead link|date=July 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Meissen |first=Randall |title=Living Miracles: The Spiritual Sons of John Paul the Great|publisher=Mission Network |location=Alpharetta, Ga. |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-933271-27-9}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Noonan |first=Peggy |author-link=Peggy Noonan |title=John Paul the Great: Remembering a Spiritual Father |publisher=Penguin Group (USA) |location=New York |date=November 2005 |isbn=978-0-670-03748-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/johnpaulgreatrem00noon |access-date=1 January 2009 }} |
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* {{cite book |url=https://www.vatican.va/gpII/bulletin/B0183-XX.01.pdf |title=Il Santo Padre è deceduto questa sera alle ore 21.37 nel Suo appartamento privato |last=Navarro-Valls |first=Joaquin |date=2 April 2005 |publisher=The Holy See |language=it |ref={{sfnRef|Navarro-Valls 2 April 2005}} |trans-title=The Holy Father passed away at 9:37 this evening in his private apartment. }} |
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* {{cite book |last=O'Connor |first=Garry |title=Universal Father: A Life of Pope John Paul II |publisher=2005 [[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7475-8241-0 |url=http://www.bloomsbury.com/garryoconnor |access-date=1 January 2009 |year=2006 |archive-date=14 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214121842/http://www.bloomsbury.com/garryoconnor |url-status=dead }} |
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* {{cite book |author=Pope John Paul II |title=''Memory and Identity''—Personal Reflections |publisher=2006 Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |isbn=978-0-297-85075-5 |year=2005 |title-link=Memory and Identity }} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Renehan |first1=Edward |author-link1=Edward J. Renehan Jr. |last2=Schlesinger |first2=Arthur Meier (INT) |title=Pope John Paul II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT1oHAAACAAJ |access-date=25 February 2010 |date=November 2006 |publisher=Chelsea House |isbn=978-0-7910-9227-9 |ref=Renehan69 }} |
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* {{cite book |first1=Pope |last1=John Paul II |title=Rise, Let Us Be On Our Way |publisher=2004 Warner Books |isbn=978-0-446-57781-6 |year=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/riseletusbeonour00john }} |
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* {{cite book |last=Stanley |first=George E |title=Pope John Paul II: Young Man of the Church |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SD1OPgAACAAJ |access-date=25 February 2010 |date=January 2007 |publisher=Fitzgerald Books |isbn=978-1-4242-1732-8 |ref=Stanley69 }} |
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* {{cite book |last1=Stourton |first1=Edward |author-link1=Edward Stourton (journalist) |title=John Paul II: Man of History |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |isbn=978-0-340-90816-7 |year=2006}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Szulc |first=Tadeusz |author-link=Tad Szulc |title=Pope John Paul II: The Biography |date=5 December 2007 |publisher=2007 Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group |location=London |isbn=978-1-4165-8886-3}} |
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* {{cite book |author=The Poynter Institute |author-link=Poynter Institute |title=Pope John Paul II: 18 May 1920 - 2 April 2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXGMNrE015IC |access-date=25 February 2010 |edition=First |date=1 May 2005 |publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing |location=[[St. Petersburg, Florida|St. Petersburg]], Florida |isbn=978-0-7407-5110-3 |ref=Poynter69 }} |
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* {{cite book |last=Weigel |first=George |author-link=George Weigel |title=Witness to Hope |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |year=2001b |isbn=978-0-06-018793-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/witnesstohopebio00weig }} |
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* {{cite book |last=Wojtyła |first=Karol |year=1981 |title=Love and Responsibility |publisher=[[William Collins (publisher)|William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd.]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-89870-445-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/loveresponsibili00john |access-date=1 January 2009 }} |
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* {{cite book |last=Yallop |first=David |title=The Power and the Glory |publisher=Constable & Robinson Ltd |location=London |isbn=978-1-84529-673-5 |url=http://www.constablerobinson.com/ |access-date=1 January 2009 |year=2007 }} |
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{{Refend}} |
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== Further reading == |
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* For a comprehensive list of books written by and about Pope John Paul II, please see [[Pope John Paul II bibliography]] |
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* For other references see [[Pope John Paul II in popular culture]] |
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* Shaw, Tamsin, "Ethical Espionage" (review of Calder Walton, ''Spies: The Epic Intelligence War Between East and West'', Simon and Schuster, 2023, 672 pp.; and [[Cécile Fabre]], ''Spying Through a Glass Darkly: The Ethics of Espionage and Counter-Intelligence'', Oxford University Press, 251 pp., 2024), ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXXI, no. 2 (8 February 2024), pp. 32, 34–35. "[I]n Walton's view, there was scarcely a US [[covert operation|covert action]] that was a long-term strategic success, with the possible exception of intervention in the [[Soviet-Afghan War]] (a disastrous military fiasco for the [[Soviet Union|Soviets]]) and perhaps support for the anti-Soviet [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity movement]] in [[Poland]]." (p. 34.) |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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* [ |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120122052707/http://www.jpcatholic.com/ John Paul the Great Catholic University] |
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* [https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en.html The Holy See website – John Paul II] |
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* [http://imdb.com/name/nm0937552/ Internet Movie Database] |
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* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/lcwa/html/papal/papal-overview.html Papal Transition 2005 Web Archive] from the US [[Library of Congress]] |
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* [http://dmoz.org/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Denominations/Catholicism/Popes/John_Paul_II/Works/ Writings] |
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* [http://culture.pl/en/artist/karol-wojtyla Karol Wojtyła] on [[Culture.pl]] |
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* [http://www.vatican.va/ www.vatican.va] |
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* [https://trzeciapielgrzymka.ipn.gov.pl/jp2/introduction/676,Introduction.html Third pilgrimage of John Paul II to Poland], [[Institute of National Remembrance]] |
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* [http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Altars/StSebastian/StSebastian.htm Tomb of John Paul II in St Peter's] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926220256/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19921011_fidei-depositum_en.html Text of the Apostolic Constitution ''Fidei Depositum''] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111010175944/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_15081997_laetamur_en.html Text of ''Laetamur magnopere''], on the promulgation of the ''editio typica'' of the [https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc/index.htm Catechism of the Catholic Church]. |
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* {{C-SPAN|32010}} |
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* [https://www.mediathek.at/nc/type/8000/searchQuery/1866/hash/GtGbYL5w/ Audio recordings with Pope John Paul II] in the Online Archive of the [[Österreichische Mediathek]] Retrieved 27. March 2021 |
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* Liturgical texts for the optional Memorial of St. John Paul II, Pope: Celebration of the Eucharist ([https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20110402_colletta_en.html English], [https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20110402_colletta_lt.html Latin]); Liturgy of the Hours ([https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20110402_uff-letture_en.html English], [https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20110402_uff-letture_lt.html Latin]) from [https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en.html The Holy See website]. |
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Latest revision as of 17:50, 9 July 2024
John Paul II | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Bishop of Rome | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
![]() John Paul II in 1988 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Church | Catholic Church | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Papacy began | 16 October 1978 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Papacy ended | 2 April 2005 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Predecessor | John Paul I | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Successor | Benedict XVI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Orders | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ordination | 1 November 1946 by Adam Stefan Sapieha | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Consecration | 28 September 1958 by Eugeniusz Baziak | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Created cardinal | 26 June 1967 by Paul VI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rank | Cardinal priest (1967–1978) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Born | Karol Józef Wojtyła 18 May 1920 Wadowice, Second Polish Republic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Died | 2 April 2005 Apostolic Palace, Vatican City | (aged 84)||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Denomination | Catholic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Previous post(s) |
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Education | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Motto | Totus tuus (Latin for 'Totally yours') | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Signature | ![]() | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Sainthood | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Feast day | 22 October | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Venerated in | Catholic Church | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Beatified | 1 May 2011 St. Peter's Square, Vatican City by Benedict XVI | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Canonized | 27 April 2014 St. Peter's Square, Vatican City by Francis | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Era | 20th-century philosophy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Region | Western philosophy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Source(s):[7][8] |
Papal styles of Pope John Paul II | |
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Reference style | His Holiness |
Spoken style | Your Holiness |
Posthumous style | Pope Saint |
Pope John Paul II (Latin: Ioannes Paulus II; Polish: Jan Paweł II; Italian: Giovanni Paolo II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła, Polish: [ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛv vɔjˈtɨwa];[b] 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his death in 2005.
In his youth, Wojtyła dabbled in stage acting. He graduated with excellent grades from an all-boys high school in Wadowice, Poland, in 1938, soon after which World War II broke out. During the war, to avoid being kidnapped and sent off to a German forced labour camp, he signed up for work in harsh conditions in a quarry. Wojtyła eventually took up acting and developed a love for the profession and participated at a local theatre. The linguistically skilled Wojtyła wanted to study Polish at university. Encouraged by a conversation with Adam Stefan Sapieha, he decided to study theology and become a priest. Eventually, Wojtyła rose to the position of Archbishop of Kraków and then a cardinal, both positions held by his mentor. Wojtyła was elected pope on the third day of the second papal conclave of 1978, and became one of the youngest popes in history. The conclave was called after the death of John Paul I, who served only 33 days as pope. John Paul I had been elected in an August papal conclave to succeed Pope Paul VI. Wojtyła adopted the name of his predecessor in tribute to him.[9]
John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope since Adrian VI in the 16th century, as well as the third-longest-serving pope in history after Pius IX and St. Peter. John Paul II attempted to improve the Catholic Church's relations with Judaism, Islam, and the Eastern Orthodox Church in the spirit of ecumenism, holding atheism as the greatest threat. He maintained the Church's previous positions on such matters as abortion, artificial contraception, the ordination of women, and a celibate clergy, and although he supported the reforms of the Second Vatican Council, he was seen as generally conservative in their interpretation.[10][11] He put emphasis on family and identity, while questioning consumerism, hedonism and the pursuit of wealth. He was one of the most travelled world leaders in history, visiting 129 countries during his pontificate. As part of his special emphasis on the universal call to holiness, John Paul II beatified 1,344 people,[12] and canonised 483 saints, more than the combined tally of his predecessors during the preceding five centuries. By the time of his death, he had named most of the College of Cardinals, consecrated or co-consecrated many of the world's bishops, and ordained many priests.[13]
He has been credited with fighting against dictatorships for democracy and with helping to end communist rule in his native Poland and the rest of Europe.[14] Under John Paul II, the Catholic Church greatly expanded its influence in Africa and Latin America and retained its influence in Europe and the rest of the world. On 19 December 2009 John Paul II was proclaimed venerable by his successor, Benedict XVI, and on 1 May 2011 (Divine Mercy Sunday) he was beatified. On 27 April 2014 he was canonised together with John XXIII.[15] He has been criticised for allegedly, as archbishop, having been insufficiently harsh in acting against the sexual abuse of children by priests in Poland,[16] though the allegations themselves have been criticised.[17][18] Posthumously he has been referred to by some Catholics as Pope St. John Paul the Great, though that title has no official recognition.[19]
Under John Paul II, the two most important constitutions of the contemporary Catholic Church were drafted and put in force: the 1983 Code of Canon Law, which, among many things, began an effort to curb sexual abuse in the Catholic Church; and the Catechism of the Catholic Church, which among other things clarified the Church's position on homosexuality.
Early life
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Emilia_and_Karol_Wojtyla_wedding_portrait.jpg/170px-Emilia_and_Karol_Wojtyla_wedding_portrait.jpg)
Karol Józef Wojtyła was born in the Polish town of Wadowice.[20][21] He was the youngest of three children born to Karol Wojtyła (1879–1941), an ethnic Pole, and Emilia Kaczorowska (1884–1929), who was of distant Lithuanian heritage.[22] Emilia, who was a schoolteacher, died from a heart attack and kidney failure in 1929[23] when Wojtyła was eight years old.[24] His elder sister Olga had died before his birth, but he was close to his brother Edmund, nicknamed Mundek, who was 13 years his senior. Edmund's work as a physician eventually led to his death from scarlet fever, a loss that affected Wojtyła deeply.[22][24]
Wojtyła was baptized a month after his birth, made his First Communion at the age of 9, and was confirmed at the age of 18.[25] As a boy, Wojtyła was athletic, often playing association football as goalkeeper.[26] During his childhood, Wojtyła had contact with the large Jewish community of Wadowice.[27] School football games were often organised between teams of Jews and Catholics, and Wojtyła often played on the Jewish side.[22][26] In 2005, he recalled: "I remember that at least a third of my classmates at elementary school in Wadowice were Jews. At secondary school there were fewer. With some I was on very friendly terms. And what struck me about some of them was their Polish patriotism."[28] It was around this time that the young Karol had his first serious relationship with a girl. He became close to a girl called Ginka Beer, described as "a Jewish beauty, with stupendous eyes and jet black hair, slender, a superb actress."[29]
In mid-1938, Wojtyła and his father left Wadowice and moved to Kraków, where he enrolled at the Jagiellonian University. While studying such topics as philology and various languages, he worked as a volunteer librarian and though required to participate in compulsory military training in the Academic Legion, he refused to fire a weapon. He performed with various theatrical groups and worked as a playwright.[30] During this time, his talent for language blossomed, and he learned as many as 15 languages — Polish, Latin, Italian, English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, Luxembourgish, Dutch, Ukrainian, Serbo-Croatian, Czech, Slovak, and Esperanto,[31] nine of which he used extensively as pope.
In 1939, after invading Poland, Nazi Germany's occupation forces closed the university.[20] Able-bodied males were required to work, so from 1940 to 1944 Wojtyła variously worked as a messenger for a restaurant, a manual labourer in a limestone quarry and for the Solvay chemical factory, in order to avoid deportation to Germany.[21][30] In February 1940, he met Jan Tyranowski who introduced him to the Carmelite spirituality and the "Living Rosary" youth groups.[32] In that same year he had two major accidents, suffering a fractured skull after being struck by a tram and sustaining injuries which left him with one shoulder higher than the other and a permanent stoop after being hit by a lorry in a quarry.[33] His father, a former Austro-Hungarian non-commissioned officer and later officer in the Polish Army, died of a heart attack in 1941,[34] leaving the young adult Wojtyła an orphan and the immediate family's only surviving member.[22][23][35] Reflecting on these times of his life, nearly forty years later he said: "I was not at my mother's death, I was not at my brother's death, I was not at my father's death. At twenty, I had already lost all the people I loved."[35]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Baudienst%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Karol_Wojty%C5%82a.jpg/220px-Baudienst%2C_Krak%C3%B3w%2C_Karol_Wojty%C5%82a.jpg)
After his father's death, he started thinking seriously about the priesthood.[36] In October 1942, while World War II continued, he knocked on the door of the Bishop's Palace, Kraków, and asked to study for the priesthood.[36] Soon after, he began courses in the clandestine underground seminary run by the Archbishop of Kraków, the future Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha.[37] On 29 February 1944, Wojtyła was hit by a German truck. German Wehrmacht officers tended to him and sent him to a hospital. He spent two weeks there recovering from a severe concussion and a shoulder injury. It seemed to him that this accident and his survival was a confirmation of his vocation. On 6 August 1944, a day known as "Black Sunday",[38] the Gestapo rounded up young men in Kraków to curtail the uprising there,[38] similar to the recent uprising in Warsaw.[39][40] Wojtyła escaped by hiding in the basement of his uncle's house at 10 Tyniecka Street, while the German troops searched above.[36][39][40] More than eight thousand men and boys were taken that day, while Wojtyła escaped to the Archbishop's residence,[36][38][39] where he remained until after the Germans had left.[22][36][39]
On the night of 17 January 1945, the Germans fled the city, and the students reclaimed the ruined seminary. Wojtyła and another seminarian volunteered for the task of clearing away piles of frozen excrement from the toilets.[41] Wojtyła also helped a 14-year-old Jewish refugee girl named Edith Zierer,[42] who had escaped from a Nazi labour camp in Częstochowa.[42] Edith had collapsed on a railway platform, so Wojtyła carried her to a train and stayed with her throughout the journey to Kraków. She later credited Wojtyła with saving her life that day.[43][44][45] B'nai B'rith and other authorities have said that Wojtyła helped protect many other Polish Jews from the Nazis. During the Nazi occupation of Poland, a Jewish family sent their son, Stanley Berger, to be hidden by a Gentile Polish family. Berger's biological Jewish parents were killed in the Holocaust, and after the war Berger's new Christian parents asked Karol Wojtyła to baptise the boy. Wojtyła refused, saying that the child should be raised in the Jewish faith of his birth parents and nation, not as a Catholic.[46] He did everything he could to ensure that Berger leave Poland to be raised by his Jewish relatives in the United States.[47] In April 2005, shortly after John Paul II's death, the Israeli government created a commission to honour the legacy of John Paul II. One of the honorifics proposed by a head of Italy's Jewish community, Emmanuele Pacifici was the medal of the Righteous Among the Nations.[48] In Wojtyła's last book, Memory and Identity, he described the 12 years of the Nazi régime as "bestiality",[49] quoting from the Polish theologian and philosopher Konstanty Michalski.[50]
Priesthood
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Karol_Wojtyla_image_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Karol_Wojtyla_image_%28cropped%29.jpg)
After finishing his studies at the seminary in Kraków, Wojtyła was ordained as a priest on All Saints' Day, 1 November 1946,[23] by the Archbishop of Kraków, Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha.[21][51][52] Sapieha sent Wojtyła to Rome's Pontifical International Athenaeum Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, to study under the French Dominican friar Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange beginning on 26 November 1946. He resided in the Belgian Pontifical College during this time, under rectorship of Maximilien de Furstenberg.[53] Wojtyła earned a licence in July 1947, passed his doctoral exam on 14 June 1948, and successfully defended his doctoral thesis titled Doctrina de fide apud S. Ioannem a Cruce (The Doctrine of Faith in St. John of the Cross) in philosophy on 19 June 1948.[54] The Angelicum preserves the original copy of Wojtyła's typewritten thesis.[55] Among other courses at the Angelicum, Wojtyła studied Hebrew with the Dutch Dominican Peter G. Duncker, author of the Compendium grammaticae linguae hebraicae biblicae.[56]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Facade_of_the_main_entrance_of_the_Pontifical_University_of_St._Thomas_Aquinas_%28Angelicum%29_%2819May07%29.jpg/170px-Facade_of_the_main_entrance_of_the_Pontifical_University_of_St._Thomas_Aquinas_%28Angelicum%29_%2819May07%29.jpg)
According to Wojtyła's fellow student, the future Austrian cardinal Alfons Stickler, in 1947 during his sojourn at the Angelicum, Wojtyła visited Padre Pio, who heard his confession and told him that one day he would ascend to "the highest post in the Church".[57] Stickler added that Wojtyła believed that the prophecy was fulfilled when he became a cardinal.[58]
Wojtyła returned to Poland in the summer of 1948 for his first pastoral assignment in the village of Niegowić, 24 kilometres (15 miles) from Kraków, at the Church of the Assumption. He arrived at Niegowić at harvest time, where his first action was to kneel and kiss the ground.[59] He repeated this gesture, which he adopted from John Vianney,[59] throughout his papacy.
In March 1949, Wojtyła was transferred to the parish of Saint Florian in Kraków. He taught ethics at Jagiellonian University and subsequently at the Catholic University of Lublin. While teaching, he gathered a group of about 20 young people, who began to call themselves Rodzinka, the "little family". They met for prayer, philosophical discussion, and to help the blind and the sick. The group eventually grew to approximately 200 participants, and their activities expanded to include annual skiing and kayaking trips.[60]
In 1953, Wojtyła's habilitation thesis was accepted by the Faculty of Theology at the Jagiellonian University. In 1954, he earned a Doctorate in Sacred Theology,[61] writing a dissertation titled "Reevaluation of the possibility of founding a Catholic ethic on the ethical system of Max Scheler"[62] (Polish: Ocena możliwości zbudowania etyki chrześcijańskiej przy założeniach systemu Maksa Schelera).[63] Scheler was a German philosopher who founded a broad philosophical movement that emphasised the study of conscious experience. The Polish Communist authorities abolished the Faculty of Theology at the Jagiellonian University, thereby preventing him from receiving the degree until 1957.[52] Wojtyła developed a theological approach, called phenomenological Thomism, that combined traditional Catholic Thomism with the ideas of personalism, a philosophical approach deriving from phenomenology, which was popular among Catholic intellectuals in Kraków during Wojtyła's intellectual development. He translated Scheler's Formalism and the Ethics of Substantive Values.[64] In 1961, he coined "Thomistic Personalism" to describe Aquinas's philosophy.[65]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Karol_Wojtyla-splyw.jpg/170px-Karol_Wojtyla-splyw.jpg)
During this period, Wojtyła wrote a series of articles in Kraków's Catholic newspaper, Tygodnik Powszechny (Universal Weekly), dealing with contemporary church issues.[66] He focused on creating original literary work during his first dozen years as a priest. War, life in the Polish People's Republic, and his pastoral responsibilities all fed his poetry and plays. Wojtyła published his work under two pseudonyms, Andrzej Jawień and Stanisław Andrzej Gruda,[30][66] to distinguish his literary from his religious writings (issued under his own name), and also so that his literary works would be considered on their own merits.[30][66] In 1960, Wojtyła published the influential theological book Love and Responsibility, a defence of traditional church teachings on marriage from a new philosophical standpoint.[30][67]
The aforementioned students regularly joined Wojtyła for hiking, skiing, bicycling, camping and kayaking, accompanied by prayer, outdoor Masses and theological discussions. In Stalinist-era Poland, it was not permitted for priests to travel with groups of students. Wojtyła asked his younger companions to call him "Wujek" (Polish for "Uncle") to prevent outsiders from deducing he was a priest. The nickname gained popularity among his followers. In 1958, when Wojtyła was named auxiliary bishop of Kraków, his acquaintances expressed concern that this would cause him to change. Wojtyła responded to his friends, "Wujek will remain Wujek," and he continued to live a simple life, shunning the trappings that came with his position as bishop. This beloved nickname stayed with Wojtyła for his entire life and continues to be affectionately used, particularly by the Polish people.[68][69]
Episcopate and cardinalate
Call to the episcopate
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On 4 July 1958,[52] while Wojtyła was on a kayaking holiday in the lakes region of northern Poland, Pope Pius XII appointed him as an auxiliary bishop of Kraków. He was consequently summoned to Warsaw to meet the Primate of Poland, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, who informed him of his appointment.[70][71] Wojtyła accepted the appointment as auxiliary bishop to Kraków's Archbishop Eugeniusz Baziak, and he received episcopal consecration (as titular bishop of Ombi) on 28 September 1958, with Baziak as the principal consecrator and as co-consecrators Bishop Bolesław Kominek (titular bishop of Sophene), auxiliary of the Catholic Archdiocese of Wrocław, and Franciszek Jop, Auxiliary Bishop of Sandomierz (Titular Bishop of Daulia). Kominek was to become Cardinal Archbishop of Wrocław and Jop was later Auxiliary Bishop of Wrocław and then Bishop of Opole.[52] At the age of 38, Wojtyła became the youngest bishop in Poland.
In 1959, Wojtyła began an annual tradition of saying a Midnight Mass on Christmas Day in an open field at Nowa Huta, the so-called model workers' town outside Kraków that was without a church building.[72] Baziak died in June 1962 and on 16 July, Wojtyła was selected as Vicar Capitular (temporary administrator) of the Archdiocese until an archbishop could be appointed.[20][21]
Participation in Vatican II and subsequent events
From October 1962, Wojtyła took part in the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965),[20][52] where he made contributions to two of its most historic and influential products, the Decree on Religious Freedom (in Latin, Dignitatis humanae) and the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World (Gaudium et spes).[52] Wojtyła and the Polish bishops contributed a draft text to the Council for Gaudium et spes. According to the Jesuit historian John W. O'Malley, the draft text Gaudium et spes that Wojtyła and the Polish delegation sent "had some influence on the version that was sent to the council fathers that summer but was not accepted as the base text".[73] According to John F. Crosby, as pope, John Paul II used the words of Gaudium et spes later to introduce his own views on the nature of the human person in relation to God: man is "the only creature on earth that God has wanted for its own sake", but man "can fully discover his true self only in a sincere giving of himself".[74]
He also participated in the assemblies of the Synod of Bishops.[20][21] On 13 January 1964, Pope Paul VI appointed him Archbishop of Kraków.[75] On 26 June 1967, Paul VI announced Wojtyła's promotion to the College of Cardinals.[52][75] Wojtyła was named cardinal priest of the titular church of San Cesareo in Palatio.
In 1967, he was instrumental in formulating the encyclical Humanae vitae, which dealt with the same issues that forbid abortion and artificial birth control.[52][76][77]
According to a contemporary witness, Wojtyła was against the distribution of a letter around Kraków in 1970, stating that the Polish Episcopate was preparing for the 50th anniversary of the Polish–Soviet War.[78]
In 1973, Wojtyła met philosopher Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, the wife of Hendrik S. Houthakker, professor of economics at Stanford University and Harvard University, and member of President Richard Nixon's Council of Economic Advisers[79][80][81] Tymieniecka collaborated with Wojtyła on a number of projects including an English translation of Wojtyła's book Osoba i czyn (Person and Act). Person and Act, one of John Paul II's foremost literary works, was initially written in Polish.[80] Tymieniecka produced the English-language version.[80] They corresponded over the years, and grew to be good friends.[80][82] When Wojtyła visited New England in the summer of 1976, Tymieniecka put him up as a guest in her family home.[80][82] Wojtyła enjoyed his holiday in Pomfret, Vermont, kayaking and enjoying the outdoors, as he had done in his beloved Poland.[80][71]
During 1974–1975, Wojtyła served Pope Paul VI as consultor to the Pontifical Council for the Laity, as recording secretary for the 1974 synod on evangelism and by participating extensively in the original drafting of the 1975 apostolic exhortation, Evangelii nuntiandi.[83]
Papacy
Election
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In August 1978, following the death of Pope Paul VI, Wojtyła voted in the papal conclave, which elected John Paul I. John Paul I died after only 33 days as pope, triggering another conclave.[21][52][84]
The second conclave of 1978 started on 14 October, ten days after the funeral. It was split between two strong candidates for the papacy: Cardinal Giuseppe Siri, the conservative Archbishop of Genoa, and Cardinal Giovanni Benelli, the liberal Archbishop of Florence and a close friend of John Paul I.[85]
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Supporters of Benelli were confident that he would be elected, and in early ballots, Benelli came within nine votes of success.[85] However, both men faced sufficient opposition for neither to be likely to prevail. Giovanni Colombo, the Archbishop of Milan, was considered as a compromise candidate among the Italian cardinal-electors, but when he started to receive votes, he announced that, if elected, he would decline to accept the papacy.[86] Cardinal Franz König, Archbishop of Vienna, suggested Wojtyła as another compromise candidate to his fellow electors.[85] Wojtyła won on the eighth ballot on the third day (16 October).
Among those cardinals who rallied behind Wojtyła were supporters of Giuseppe Siri, Stefan Wyszyński, most of the American cardinals (led by John Krol), and other moderate cardinals. He accepted his election with the words: "With obedience in faith to Christ, my Lord, and with trust in the Mother of Christ and the Church, in spite of great difficulties, I accept".[87][88] The pope, in tribute to his immediate predecessor, then took the regnal name of John Paul II,[52][85] also in honour of the late Popes Paul VI and John XXIII, and the traditional white smoke informed the crowd gathered in St. Peter's Square that a pope had been chosen. There had been rumours that the new pope wished to be known as Pope Stanislaus in honour of the Polish saint of the name, but was convinced by the cardinals that it was not a Roman name.[84] When the new pontiff appeared on the balcony, he broke tradition by addressing the gathered crowd:[87]
"Dear brothers and sisters, we are saddened at the death of our beloved Pope John Paul I, and so the cardinals have called for a new bishop of Rome. They called him from a faraway land—far and yet always close because of our communion in faith and Christian traditions. I was afraid to accept that responsibility, yet I do so in a spirit of obedience to the Lord and total faithfulness to Mary, our most Holy Mother. I am speaking to you in your—no, our Italian language. If I make a mistake, please corrict [sic][c] me."[87][89][90][91]
Wojtyła became the 264th pope according to the chronological list of popes, the first non-Italian in 455 years.[92] At only 58 years of age, he was the youngest pope since Pope Pius IX in 1846, who was 54.[52] Like his predecessor, John Paul II dispensed with the traditional papal coronation and instead received ecclesiastical investiture with a simplified papal inauguration on 22 October 1978. During his inauguration, when the cardinals were to kneel before him to take their vows and kiss his ring, he stood up as the Polish prelate, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński knelt down, stopped him from kissing the ring, and simply embraced him.[93]
Pastoral journeys
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During his pontificate, John Paul II made journeys to 129 countries,[94] travelling more than 1,100,000 kilometres (680,000 mi) while doing so. He consistently attracted large crowds, some among the largest ever assembled in human history, such as the Manila World Youth Day 1995, which gathered up to four million people, the largest papal gathering ever, according to the Vatican.[95][96] John Paul II's earliest official visits were to the Dominican Republic and Mexico in January 1979.[97] While some of his journeys (such as to the United States and the Holy Land) were to places previously visited by Pope Paul VI, John Paul II became the first pope to visit the White House in October 1979, where he was greeted warmly by President Jimmy Carter. He was the first pope ever to visit several countries in one year, starting in 1979 with Mexico[98] and Ireland.[99] He was the first reigning pope to travel to the United Kingdom, in 1982, where he met Queen Elizabeth II, the Supreme Governor of the Church of England. While in Britain he also visited Canterbury Cathedral and knelt in prayer with Robert Runcie, the Archbishop of Canterbury, at the spot where Thomas Becket had been killed,[100] as well as holding several large-scale open air masses, including one at Wembley Stadium, which was attended by some 80,000 people.[101]
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He travelled to Haiti in 1983, where he spoke in Creole to thousands of impoverished Catholics gathered to greet him at the airport. His message, "things must change in Haiti," referring to the disparity between the wealthy and the poor, was met with thunderous applause.[102] In 2000, he was the first modern pope to visit Egypt,[103] where he met with the Coptic pope, Pope Shenouda III[103] and the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria.[103] He was the first Catholic pope to visit and pray in an Islamic mosque, in Damascus, Syria, in 2001. He visited the Umayyad Mosque, a former Christian church where John the Baptist is believed to be interred,[104] where he made a speech calling for Muslims, Christians and Jews to live together.[104]
On 15 January 1995, during the X World Youth Day, he offered Mass to an estimated crowd of between five and seven million in Luneta Park,[96] Manila, Philippines, which was considered to be the largest single gathering in Christian history.[96] In March 2000, while visiting Jerusalem, John Paul became the first pope in history to visit and pray at the Western Wall.[105][106] In September 2001, amid post-11 September concerns, he travelled to Kazakhstan, with an audience largely consisting of Muslims, and to Armenia, to participate in the celebration of 1,700 years of Armenian Christianity.[107]
In June 1979, John Paul II travelled to Poland, where ecstatic crowds constantly surrounded him.[108] This first papal trip to Poland uplifted the nation's spirit and sparked the formation of the Solidarity movement in 1980, which later brought freedom and human rights to his troubled homeland.[76] Leaders of the Polish United Workers' Party intended to use the pope's visit to show the people that although the pope was Polish, it did not alter their capacity to govern, oppress, and distribute the goods of society. They also hoped that if the pope abided by the rules they set, the Polish people would see his example and follow them as well. If the pope's visit inspired a riot, the Communist leaders of Poland were prepared to crush the uprising and blame the suffering on the pope.[109]
"The pope won that struggle by transcending politics. His was what Joseph Nye calls 'soft power' — the power of attraction and repulsion. He began with an enormous advantage, and exploited it to the utmost: He headed the one institution that stood for the polar opposite of the Communist way of life that the Polish people hated. He was a Pole, but beyond the regime's reach. By identifying with him, Poles would have the chance to cleanse themselves of the compromises they had to make to live under the regime. And so they came to him by the millions. They listened. He told them to be good, not to compromise themselves, to stick by one another, to be fearless, and that God is the only source of goodness, the only standard of conduct. 'Be not afraid,' he said. Millions shouted in response, 'We want God! We want God! We want God!' The regime cowered. Had the Pope chosen to turn his soft power into the hard variety, the regime might have been drowned in blood. Instead, the Pope simply led the Polish people to desert their rulers by affirming solidarity with one another. The Communists managed to hold on as despots a decade longer. But as political leaders, they were finished. Visiting his native Poland in 1979, Pope John Paul II struck what turned out to be a mortal blow to its Communist regime, to the Soviet Empire, [and] ultimately to Communism."[109]
"When Pope John Paul II kissed the ground at the Warsaw airport he began the process by which Communism in Poland — and ultimately elsewhere in Europe — would come to an end."[110]
On later trips to Poland, he gave tacit support to the Solidarity organisation.[76] These visits reinforced this message and contributed to the collapse of East European Communism that took place between 1989 and 1990 with the reintroduction of democracy in Poland, and which then spread through Eastern Europe (1990–1991) and South-Eastern Europe (1990–1992).[90][94][108][111][112]
World Youth Days
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As an extension of his successful work with youth as a young priest, John Paul II pioneered the international World Youth Days. John Paul II presided over nine of them: Rome (1985 and 2000), Buenos Aires (1987), Santiago de Compostela (1989), Częstochowa (1991), Denver (1993), Manila (1995), Paris (1997), and Toronto (2002). Total attendance at these signature events of the pontificate was in the tens of millions.[113]
Dedicated Years
Keenly aware of the rhythms of time and the importance of anniversaries in the Catholic Church's life, John Paul II led nine "dedicated years" during the twenty-six and a half years of his pontificate: the Holy Year of the Redemption in 1983–84, the Marian Year in 1987–88, the Year of the Family in 1993–94, the three Trinitarian years of preparation for the Great Jubilee of 2000, the Great Jubilee itself, the Year of the Rosary in 2002–3, and the Year of the Eucharist, which began on 17 October 2004, and concluded six months after the Pope's death.[113]
Great Jubilee of 2000
The Great Jubilee of 2000 was a call to the church to become more aware and to embrace her missionary task for the work of evangelization.
"From the beginning of my Pontificate, my thoughts had been on this Holy Year 2000 as an important appointment. I thought of its celebration as a providential opportunity during which the Church, thirty-five years after the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council, would examine how far she had renewed herself, in order to be able to take up her evangelising mission with fresh enthusiasm."[114]
John Paul II also made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land for the Great Jubilee of 2000.[115] During his visit to the Holy Land, John Paul II visited many sites of the Rosary, including the following locations: Bethany Beyond the Jordan (Al-Maghtas), at the Jordan River, where John the Baptist baptized Jesus; Manger Square and the Church of the Nativity in the town of Bethlehem, the location of Jesus' birth; and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, the site of Jesus' burial and resurrection.[116][117][118]
Teachings
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As pope, John Paul II wrote 14 papal encyclicals and taught about sexuality in what is referred as the "Theology of the Body". Some key elements of his strategy to "reposition the Catholic Church" were encyclicals such as Ecclesia de Eucharistia, Reconciliatio et paenitentia and Redemptoris Mater. In his At the beginning of the new millennium (Novo Millennio Ineunte), he emphasised the importance of "starting afresh from Christ": "No, we shall not be saved by a formula but by a Person." In The Splendour of the Truth (Veritatis Splendor), he emphasised the dependence of man on God and His Law ("Without the Creator, the creature disappears") and the "dependence of freedom on the truth". He warned that man "giving himself over to relativism and scepticism, goes off in search of an illusory freedom apart from truth itself". In Fides et Ratio (On the Relationship between Faith and Reason) John Paul promoted a renewed interest in philosophy and an autonomous pursuit of truth in theological matters. Drawing on many different sources (such as Thomism), he described the mutually supporting relationship between faith and reason, and emphasised that theologians should focus on that relationship. John Paul II wrote extensively about workers and the social doctrine of the church, which he discussed in three encyclicals: Laborem exercens, Sollicitudo rei socialis, and Centesimus annus. Through his encyclicals and many Apostolic Letters and Exhortations, John Paul II talked about the dignity and the equality of women.[119] He argued for the importance of the family for the future of humanity.[76]
Other encyclicals include The Gospel of Life (Evangelium Vitae) and Ut unum sint (That They May Be One). Though critics accused him of inflexibility in explicitly re-asserting Catholic moral teachings against abortion and euthanasia that have been in place for well over a thousand years, he urged a more nuanced view of capital punishment.[76] In his second encyclical Dives in misericordia he stressed that divine mercy is the greatest feature of God, needed especially in modern times.
Social and political stances
John Paul II was considered a conservative on doctrine and issues relating to human sexual reproduction and the ordination of women.[120] While he was visiting the United States in 1977, the year before becoming pope, Wojtyła said: "All human life, from the moments of conception and through all subsequent stages, is sacred."[121]
A series of 129 lectures given by John Paul II during his Wednesday audiences in Rome between September 1979 and November 1984 were later compiled and published as a single work titled Theology of the Body, an extended meditation on human sexuality. He extended it to the condemnation of abortion, euthanasia, and virtually all capital punishment,[122] calling them all a part of a struggle between a "culture of life" and a "culture of death".[123] He campaigned for world debt forgiveness and social justice.[76][120] He coined the term "social mortgage", which related that all private property had a social dimension, namely that "the goods of this are originally meant for all."[124] In 2000, he publicly endorsed the Jubilee 2000 campaign on African debt relief fronted by Irish rock stars Bob Geldof and Bono, once famously interrupting a U2 recording session by telephoning the studio and asking to speak to Bono.[125]
John Paul II, who was present and very influential at the 1962–65 Second Vatican Council, affirmed the teachings of that Council and did much to implement them. Nevertheless, his critics often wished that he would embrace what has been called a progressive agenda that some hoped would evolve as a result of the Council. In fact, the Council did not advocate progressive changes in these areas; for example, they still condemned abortion as an unspeakable crime. John Paul II continued to declare that contraception, abortion, and homosexual acts were gravely sinful, and, along with Joseph Ratzinger (future Pope Benedict XVI), opposed liberation theology.
Following the church's exaltation of the marital act of sexual intercourse between a baptised man and woman within sacramental marriage as proper and exclusive to the sacrament of marriage, John Paul II believed that it was, in every instance, profaned by contraception, abortion, divorce followed by a 'second' marriage, and by homosexual acts. In 1994, John Paul II asserted the church's lack of authority to ordain women to the priesthood, stating that without such authority ordination is not legitimately compatible with fidelity to Christ. This was also deemed a repudiation of calls to break with the constant tradition of the church by ordaining women to the priesthood.[126] In addition, John Paul II chose not to end the discipline of mandatory priestly celibacy, although in a small number of unusual circumstances, he did allow certain married clergymen of other Christian traditions who later became Catholic to be ordained as Catholic priests.
Apartheid in South Africa
John Paul II was an outspoken opponent of apartheid in South Africa. In 1985, while visiting the Netherlands, he gave an impassioned speech condemning apartheid at the International Court of Justice, proclaiming that "No system of apartheid or separate development will ever be acceptable as a model for the relations between peoples or races."[127] In September 1988, John Paul II made a pilgrimage to ten Southern African countries, including those bordering South Africa, while demonstratively avoiding South Africa. During his visit to Zimbabwe, John Paul II called for economic sanctions against South Africa's government.[128] After John Paul II's death, both Nelson Mandela and Archbishop Desmond Tutu praised the pope for defending human rights and condemning economic injustice.[129]
Capital punishment
John Paul II was an outspoken opponent of the death penalty, although previous popes had accepted the practice. At a papal mass in St. Louis, Missouri, in the United States he said:
"A sign of hope is the increasing recognition that the dignity of human life must never be taken away, even in the case of someone who has done great evil. Modern society has the means of protecting itself, without definitively denying criminals the chance to reform. I renew the appeal I made most recently at Christmas for a consensus to end the death penalty, which is both cruel and unnecessary."[130]
During that visit, John Paul II convinced the then governor of Missouri, Mel Carnahan, to reduce the death sentence of convicted murderer Darrell J. Mease to life imprisonment without parole.[131] John Paul II's other attempts to reduce the sentence of death-row inmates were unsuccessful. In 1983, John Paul II visited Guatemala and unsuccessfully asked the country's president, Efraín Ríos Montt, to reduce the sentence for six left-wing guerrillas sentenced to death.[132]
In 2002, John Paul II again travelled to Guatemala. At that time, Guatemala was one of only two countries in Latin America (the other being Cuba) to apply capital punishment. John Paul II asked the Guatemalan president, Alfonso Portillo, for a moratorium on executions.[133]
Environment and ecology
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John Paul II taught on the environmental health of Earth that "humanity has disappointed God's expectations ... degrading that 'flowerbed' which is the earth, our dwelling-place".[134] His phrase and exhortation, "ecological conversion", which was used in a general audience in The Vatican in 2001,[134] has been widely adopted, for example in the Mandate for Catholic Earthcare Australia,[135] and in the writings of Pope Francis.[136]
European Union
John Paul II pushed for a reference to Europe's Christian cultural roots in the draft of the European Constitution. In his 2003 apostolic exhortation Ecclesia in Europa, John Paul II wrote that he "fully (respected) the secular nature of (European) institutions". However, he wanted the constitution to enshrine religious rights, including acknowledging the rights of religious groups to organise freely, recognise the specific identity of each denomination and allow for a "structured dialogue" between each religious community and the European Union (EU), and extend across the EU the legal status enjoyed by religious institutions in individual member states. John Paul II said: "I wish once more to appeal to those drawing up the future European Constitutional Treaty so that it will include a reference to the religion and in particular to the Christian heritage of Europe." The pope's desire for a reference to Europe's Christian identity in the EU Constitution was supported by non-Catholic representatives of the Church of England and Eastern Orthodox Churches from Russia, Romania, and Greece.[137] John Paul II's demand to include a reference to Europe's Christian roots in the European Constitution was supported by some non-Christians, such as Joseph Weiler, a practising Orthodox Jew and renowned constitutional lawyer, who said that the EU Constitution's lack of a reference to Christianity was not a "demonstration of neutrality" but rather "a Jacobin attitude".[138]
At the same time, John Paul II was an enthusiastic supporter of European integration; in particular, he supported his native Poland's entry into the bloc. On 19 May 2003, three weeks before a referendum was held in Poland on EU membership, the Polish pope addressed his compatriots and urged them to vote for Poland's EU membership at St. Peter's Square in Vatican City State. While some conservative, Catholic politicians in Poland opposed EU membership, John Paul II said:
"I know that there are many in opposition to integration. I appreciate their concern about maintaining the cultural and religious identity of our nation. However, I must emphasise that Poland has always been an important part of Europe. Europe needs Poland. The Church in Europe needs the Poles' testimony of faith. Poland needs Europe."[139]
The Polish pope compared Poland's entry into the EU to the Union of Lublin, which was signed in 1569 and united the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into one nation and created an elective monarchy.[140]
Evolution
On 22 October 1996, in a speech to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences plenary session at the Vatican, John Paul II said of evolution that "this theory has been progressively accepted by researchers, following a series of discoveries in various fields of knowledge. The convergence, neither sought nor fabricated, of the results of work that was conducted independently is in itself a significant argument in favour of this theory." John Paul II's embrace of evolution was enthusiastically praised by American palaeontologist and evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould,[141] with whom he had an audience in 1984.[142]
Although generally accepting the theory of evolution, John Paul II made one major exception—the human soul, saying: "If the human body has its origin in living material which pre-exists it, the spiritual soul is immediately created by God."[143][144][145]
Iraq War
In 2003 John Paul II criticised the 2003 United States-led invasion of Iraq, saying in his State of the World address "No to war! War is not always inevitable. It is always a defeat for humanity."[146] He sent Cardinal Pio Laghi, the former Apostolic Pro-Nuncio to the United States, to talk with George W. Bush, the US president, to express opposition to the war. John Paul II said that it was up to the United Nations to solve the international conflict through diplomacy and that a unilateral aggression is a crime against peace and a violation of international law. The pope's opposition to the Iraq War led to him being a candidate to win the 2003 Nobel Peace Prize, which was ultimately awarded to Iranian attorney/judge and noted human rights advocate Shirin Ebadi.[147][148]
Liberation theology
In 1984 and 1986, through Cardinal Ratzinger (future Pope Benedict XVI) as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, John Paul II officially condemned aspects of liberation theology, which had many followers in Latin America.[149]
Visiting Europe, Salvadoran Archbishop Óscar Romero unsuccessfully advocated for the Vatican to condemn the right-wing military regime of El Salvador, for violations of human rights during the Salvadoran Civil War and the support of death squads. Though Romero expressed his frustration at working with clergy who cooperated with the government, John Paul II encouraged him to maintain episcopal unity as a top priority.[150][151]
In his travel to Managua, Nicaragua in 1983, John Paul II harshly condemned what he dubbed the "popular Church",[149] referencing the ecclesial base communities supported by the Latin American Episcopal Conference, and the Nicaraguan clergy's tendencies to support the leftist Sandinistas, reminding the clergy of their duties of obedience to the Holy See.[152][153][149] During that visit Ernesto Cardenal, a priest and minister in the Sandinista government, knelt to kiss his hand. John Paul withdrew it, wagged his finger in Cardenal's face, and told him, "You must straighten out your position with the church."[154]
Organised crime
John Paul II was the first pontiff to denounce Mafia violence in Southern Italy. In 1993, during a pilgrimage to Agrigento, Sicily, he appealed to the Mafiosi: "I say to those responsible: 'Convert! One day, the judgement of God will arrive!'" In 1994, John Paul II visited Catania and told victims of Mafia violence to "rise up and cloak yourself in light and justice!"[155]
In 1995, the Mafia bombed two historical churches in Rome. Some believed that this was the mob's vendetta against the pope for his denunciations of organised crime.[156]
Persian Gulf War
Between 1990 and 1991, a 34-nation coalition led by the United States waged a war against Saddam Hussein's Iraq, which had invaded and annexed Kuwait. John Paul II was a staunch opponent of the Gulf War. Throughout the conflict, he appealed to the international community to stop the war, and after it was over led diplomatic initiatives to negotiate peace in the Middle East.[157] In his 1991 encyclical Centesimus annus, John Paul II harshly condemned the conflict:
"No, never again war, which destroys the lives of innocent people, teaches how to kill, throws into upheaval even the lives of those who do the killing and leaves behind a trail of resentment and hatred, thus making it all the more difficult to find a just solution of the very problems which provoked the war."[158]
In April 1991, during his Urbi et Orbi Sunday message at St. Peter's Basilica, John Paul II called for the international community to "lend an ear" to "the long-ignored aspirations of oppressed peoples". He specifically named the Kurds, a people who were fighting a civil war against Saddam Hussein's troops in Iraq, as one such people, and referred to the war as a "darkness menacing the earth". During this time, the Vatican had expressed its frustration with the international ignoring of the pope's calls for peace in the Middle East.[159]
Rwandan genocide
In 1990, during the civil war between Tutsis and Hutus in the mostly Catholic country of Rwanda, John Paul II called for a ceasefire and condemned the persecution of the Tutsis.[160] In 1994, he was the first world leader to condemn the massacre of the Tutsis as a genocide. In 1995, during his third visit to Kenya before an audience of 300,000, John Paul II pleaded for an end to the violence in Rwanda and Burundi, urging forgiveness and reconciliation as a solution to the genocide. He told Rwandan and Burundian refugees that he "was close to them and shared their immense pain". He said:
"What is happening in your countries is a terrible tragedy that must end. During the African Synod, we, the pastors of the church, felt the duty to express our consternation and to launch an appeal for forgiveness and reconciliation. This is the only way to dissipate the threats of ethnocentrism that are hovering over Africa these days and that have so brutally touched Rwanda and Burundi."[161]
Views on sexuality
While taking a traditional position on human sexuality, maintaining the Catholic Church's moral opposition to homosexual acts, John Paul II asserted that people with homosexual inclinations possess the same inherent dignity and rights as others.[162] In his book Memory and Identity, he referred to the "strong pressures" by the European Parliament to recognise homosexual unions as an alternative type of family, with the right to adopt children. In the book, as quoted by Reuters, he wrote: "It is legitimate and necessary to ask oneself if this is not perhaps part of a new ideology of evil, more subtle and hidden, perhaps, intent upon exploiting human rights themselves against man and against the family."[76][163]
In 1986, the Pope approved the release of a document from the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith regarding Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons. While not neglecting to comment on homosexuality and moral order, the letter issued multiple affirmations of the dignity of homosexual persons.[164]
A 1997 study determined that of all the pope's public statements, only 3% addressed the issue of sexual morality.[165]
Reform of canon law
John Paul II completed a full-scale reform of the Catholic Church's legal system, Latin and Eastern, and a reform of the Roman Curia.
On 18 October 1990, when promulgating the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, John Paul II stated
By the publication of this Code, the canonical ordering of the whole Church is thus at length completed, following as it does...the "Apostolic Constitution on the Roman Curia" of 1988, which is added to both Codes as the primary instrument of the Roman Pontiff for 'the communion that binds together, as it were, the whole Church'[166]
In 1998, John Paul II issued the motu proprio Ad tuendam fidem, which amended two canons (750 and 1371) of the 1983 Code of Canon Law and two canons (598 and 1436) of the 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches.
1983 Code of Canon Law
On 25 January 1983, with the Apostolic Constitution Sacrae disciplinae leges John Paul II promulgated the current code of canon law for all members of the Catholic Church who belonged to the Latin Church. It entered into force the first Sunday of the following Advent,[167] which was 27 November 1983.[168] John Paul II described the new code as "the last document of Vatican II".[167] Edward N. Peters has referred to the 1983 Code as the "Johanno-Pauline Code"[169] (Johannes Paulus is Latin for "John Paul"), parallelling the "Pio-Benedictine" 1917 code that it replaced.
Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches
John Paul II promulgated the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches (CCEO) on 18 October 1990, by the document Sacri Canones.[170] The CCEO came into force of law on 1 October 1991.[171] It is the codification of the common portions of the canon law for the 23 of the 24 sui iuris churches in the Catholic Church that are the Eastern Catholic Churches. It is divided into 30 titles and has a total of 1540 canons.[172]
Pastor bonus
John Paul II promulgated the apostolic constitution Pastor bonus on 28 June 1988. It instituted a number of reforms in the process of running the Roman Curia. Pastor bonus laid out in considerable detail the organisation of the Roman Curia, specifying precisely the names and composition of each dicastery, and enumerating the competencies of each dicastery. It replaced the previous special law, Regimini Ecclesiæ universæ, which was promulgated by Paul VI in 1967.[173]
Catechism of the Catholic Church
On 11 October 1992, in his apostolic constitution Fidei depositum (The Deposit of Faith), John Paul ordered the publication of the Catechism of the Catholic Church.
He declared the publication to be "a sure norm for teaching the faith … a sure and authentic reference text for teaching Catholic doctrine and particularly for preparing local catechisms". It was "meant to encourage and assist in the writing of new local catechisms [both applicable and faithful]" rather than replacing them.
South American and Caribbean Dictatorships
According to Joaquín Navarro-Valls, John Paul II's press secretary:
"The single fact of John Paul II's election in 1978 changed everything. In Poland, everything began. Not in East Germany or Czechoslovakia. Then the whole thing spread. Why in 1980 did they lead the way in Gdansk? Why did they decide, now or never? Only because there was a Polish pope. He was in Chile and Pinochet was out. He was in Haiti and Duvalier was out. He was in the Philippines and Marcos was out. On many of those occasions, people would come here to the Vatican thanking the Holy Father for changing things."[174]
Chile
Before John Paul II's pilgrimage to Latin America, during a meeting with reporters, he criticised Augusto Pinochet's regime as "dictatorial". In the words of The New York Times, he used "unusually strong language" to criticise Pinochet and asserted to journalists that the Catholic Church in Chile must not only pray, but actively fight for the restoration of democracy in Chile.[175]
During his visit to Chile in 1987, John Paul II asked Chile's 31 Catholic bishops to campaign for free elections in the country.[176] According to George Weigel and Cardinal Stanisław Dziwisz, he encouraged Pinochet to accept a democratic opening of the regime, and may even have called for his resignation.[177] According to Monsignor Sławomir Oder, the postulator of John Paul II's beatification cause, John Paul's words to Pinochet had a profound impact on the Chilean dictator. The pope confided to a friend: "I received a letter from Pinochet in which he told me that as a Catholic he had listened to my words, he had accepted them, and he had decided to begin the process to change the leadership of his country."[178]
During his visit to Chile, John Paul II supported the Vicariate of Solidarity, the church-led pro-democracy, anti-Pinochet organisation. John Paul II visited the Vicariate of Solidarity's offices, spoke with its workers, and "called upon them to continue their work, emphasizing that the Gospel consistently urges respect for human rights".[179] While in Chile, John Paul II made gestures of public support of Chile's anti-Pinochet democratic opposition. For instance, he hugged and kissed Carmen Gloria Quintana, a young student who had been nearly burned to death by Chilean police and told her that "We must pray for peace and justice in Chile."[180] Later, he met with several opposition groups, including those that had been declared illegal by Pinochet's government. The opposition praised John Paul II for denouncing Pinochet as a dictator, for many members of Chile's opposition were persecuted for much milder statements. Bishop Carlos Camus, one of the harshest critics of Pinochet's dictatorship within the Chilean Church, praised John Paul II's stance during the papal visit, saying: "I am quite moved, because our pastor supports us totally. Never again will anyone be able to say that we are interfering in politics when we defend human dignity." He added: "No country the Pope has visited has remained the same after his departure. The Pope's visit is a mission, an extraordinary social catechism, and his stay here will be a watershed in Chilean history."[181]
Some have erroneously accused John Paul II of affirming Pinochet's regime by appearing with the Chilean ruler in public. Cardinal Roberto Tucci, the organiser of John Paul II's visits, revealed that Pinochet tricked the pontiff by telling him he would take him to his living room, while in reality he took him to his balcony. Tucci says that the pontiff was "furious".[182]
Haiti
John Paul II visited Haiti on 9 March 1983, when the country was ruled by Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier. He bluntly criticised the poverty of the country, directly addressing Baby Doc and his wife, Michèle Bennett in front of a large crowd of Haitians:
"Yours is a beautiful country, rich in human resources, but Christians cannot be unaware of the injustice, the excessive inequality, the degradation of the quality of life, the misery, the hunger, the fear suffered by the majority of the people."[183]
John Paul II spoke in French and occasionally in Creole, and in the homily outlined the basic human rights that most Haitians lacked: "the opportunity to eat enough, to be cared for when ill, to find housing, to study, to overcome illiteracy, to find worthwhile and properly paid work; all that provides a truly human life for men and women, for young and old." Following John Paul II's pilgrimage, the Haitian opposition to Duvalier frequently reproduced and quoted the pope's message. Shortly before leaving Haiti, John Paul II called for social change in Haiti by saying: "Lift up your heads, be conscious of your dignity of men created in God's image...."[184]
John Paul II's visit inspired massive protests against the Duvalier dictatorship. In response to the visit, 860 Catholic priests and church workers signed a statement committing the church to work on behalf of the poor.[185] In 1986, Duvalier was deposed in an uprising.
Paraguay
The collapse of the dictatorship of General Alfredo Stroessner of Paraguay was linked, among other things, to John Paul II's visit to the South American country in May 1988.[186] Since Stroessner's taking power through a coup d'état in 1954, Paraguay's bishops increasingly criticised the regime for human rights abuses, rigged elections, and the country's feudal economy. During his private meeting with Stroessner, John Paul II told the dictator:
"Politics has a fundamental ethical dimension because it is first and foremost a service to man. The Church can and must remind men—and in particular those who govern—of their ethical duties for the good of the whole of society. The Church cannot be isolated inside its temples just as men's consciences cannot be isolated from God."[187]
Later, during a Mass, John Paul II criticised the regime for impoverishing the peasants and the unemployed, saying that the government must give people greater access to the land. Although Stroessner tried to prevent him from doing so, John Paul II met opposition leaders in the one-party state.[187]
Role in the fall of Communism
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Role as spiritual inspiration and catalyst
By the late 1970s, the dissolution of the Soviet Union had been predicted by some observers.[188][189] John Paul II has been credited with being instrumental in bringing down Communism in Central and Eastern Europe,[76][90][94][111][112][190] by being the spiritual inspiration behind its downfall and catalyst for "a peaceful revolution" in Poland. Lech Wałęsa, the founder of Solidarity and the first post-Communist President of Poland, credited John Paul II with giving Poles the courage to demand change.[76] According to Wałęsa, "Before his pontificate, the world was divided into blocs. Nobody knew how to get rid of Communism. In Warsaw, in 1979, he simply said: 'Do not be afraid', and later prayed: 'Let your Spirit descend and change the image of the land ... this land'."[190] It has also been widely alleged that the Vatican Bank covertly funded Solidarity.[191][192]
In 1984, the foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration saw opened diplomatic relations with the Vatican for the first time since 1870. In sharp contrast to the long history of strong domestic opposition, this time there was very little opposition from Congress, the courts, and Protestant groups.[193] Relations between Reagan and John Paul II were close, especially because of their shared anti-communism and keen interest in forcing the Soviets out of Poland.[194] Reagan's correspondence with the pope reveals "a continuous scurrying to shore up Vatican support for U.S. policies. Perhaps most surprisingly, the papers show that, as late as 1984, the pope did not believe the Communist Polish government could be changed."[195]
"No one can prove conclusively that he was a primary cause of the end of communism. However, the major figures on all sides—not just Lech Wałęsa, the Polish Solidarity leader, but also Solidarity's arch-opponent, General Wojciech Jaruzelski; not just the former American president George Bush Senior but also the former Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev—now agree that he was. I would argue the historical case in three steps: without the Polish Pope, no Solidarity revolution in Poland in 1980; without Solidarity, no dramatic change in Soviet policy towards eastern Europe under Gorbachev; without that change, no velvet revolutions in 1989."[196]
In December 1989, John Paul II met with the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev at the Vatican and each expressed his respect and admiration for the other. Gorbachev once said: "The collapse of the Iron Curtain would have been impossible without John Paul II."[90][111] On John Paul II's death, Gorbachev said: "Pope John Paul II's devotion to his followers is a remarkable example to all of us."[112][190]
On 4 June 2004, U.S. president George W. Bush presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian honour, to John Paul II during a ceremony at the Apostolic Palace. The president read the citation that accompanied the medal, which recognised "this son of Poland" whose "principled stand for peace and freedom has inspired millions and helped to topple communism and tyranny".[197] After receiving the award, John Paul II said, "May the desire for freedom, peace, a more humane world symbolised by this medal inspire men and women of goodwill in every time and place."[198]
Communist attempt to compromise John Paul II
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In 1983, Poland's Communist government unsuccessfully tried to humiliate John Paul II by falsely saying he had fathered an illegitimate child. Section D of Służba Bezpieczeństwa (SB), the security service, had an action named "Triangolo" to carry out criminal operations against the Catholic Church in Poland; the operation encompassed all Polish hostile actions against the pope.[199][better source needed] Captain Grzegorz Piotrowski, one of the murderers of beatified Jerzy Popiełuszko, was the leader of section D. They drugged Irena Kinaszewska, the secretary of the Kraków-based weekly Catholic magazine Tygodnik Powszechny where Wojtyła had worked, and unsuccessfully attempted to make her admit to having had sexual relations with him.[200]
The SB then attempted to compromise Kraków priest Andrzej Bardecki, an editor of Tygodnik Powszechny and one of the closest friends of Cardinal Wojtyła before he became pope, by planting false memoirs in his dwelling; Piotrowski was exposed and the forgeries were found and destroyed before the SB could say to have discovered them.[200]
Relations with other Christian denominations
John Paul II travelled extensively and met with believers from many divergent faiths. At the World Day of Prayer for Peace, held in Assisi on 27 October 1986, more than 120 representatives of different religions and denominations spent a day of fasting and prayer.[201]
Churches of the East
Although the contact between the Holy See and many Christians of the East had never totally ceased, communion had been interrupted since ancient times. Again, the history of conflict in Central Europe was a complex part of John Paul II's personal cultural heritage which made him all the more determined to react so as to attempt to overcome abiding difficulties, given that relatively speaking the Holy See and the non-Catholic Eastern Churches are close in many points of faith.
Eastern Orthodox Church
In May 1999, John Paul II visited Romania on the invitation from Patriarch Teoctist Arăpaşu of the Romanian Orthodox Church. This was the first time a pope had visited a predominantly Eastern Orthodox country since the Great Schism in 1054.[202] On his arrival, the Patriarch and the President of Romania, Emil Constantinescu, greeted the pope.[202] The Patriarch stated, "The second millennium of Christian history began with a painful wounding of the unity of the Church; the end of this millennium has seen a real commitment to restoring Christian unity."[202]
On 23–27 June 2001, John Paul II visited Ukraine, another heavily Orthodox nation, at the invitation of the President of Ukraine and bishops of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.[203] The Pope spoke to leaders of the All-Ukrainian Council of Churches and Religious Organizations, pleading for "open, tolerant and honest dialogue".[203] About 200 thousand people attended the liturgies celebrated by the Pope in Kyiv, and the liturgy in Lviv gathered nearly one and a half million faithful.[203] John Paul II said that an end to the Great Schism was one of his fondest wishes.[203] Healing divisions between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches regarding Latin and Byzantine traditions was clearly of great personal interest. For many years, John Paul II sought to facilitate dialogue and unity stating as early as 1988 in Euntes in mundum, "Europe has two lungs, it will never breathe easily until it uses both of them."[citation needed]
During his 2001 travels, John Paul II became the first pope to visit Greece in 1291 years.[204][205] In Athens, the pope met with Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens, the head of the Church of Greece.[204] After a private 30-minute meeting, the two spoke publicly. Christodoulos read a list of "13 offences" of the Catholic Church against the Eastern Orthodox Church since the Great Schism,[204] including the sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, and bemoaned the lack of apology from the Catholic Church, saying "Until now, there has not been heard a single request for pardon" for the "maniacal crusaders of the 13th century".[204]
The pope responded by saying "For the occasions past and present, when sons and daughters of the Catholic Church have sinned by action or omission against their Orthodox brothers and sisters, may the Lord grant us forgiveness", to which Christodoulos immediately applauded. John Paul II said that the sacking of Constantinople was a source of "profound regret" for Catholics.[204] Later John Paul II and Christodoulos met on a spot where Paul of Tarsus had once preached to Athenian Christians. They issued a common declaration saying, "We shall do everything in our power, so that the Christian roots of Europe and its Christian soul may be preserved.... We condemn all recourse to violence, proselytism and fanaticism, in the name of religion."[204] The two leaders then said the Lord's Prayer together, breaking an Orthodox taboo against praying with Catholics.[204]
The pope had said throughout his pontificate that one of his greatest dreams was to visit Russia,[206] but this never occurred. He attempted to solve the problems that had arisen over centuries between the Catholic and Russian Orthodox churches, and in 2004 gave them a 1730 copy of the lost icon of Our Lady of Kazan.[citation needed]
Armenian Apostolic Church
John Paul II was determined to maintain good relations with the Armenian Apostolic Church, whose separation from the Holy See dated to Christian antiquity. In 1996, he brought the Catholic Church and the Armenian Apostolic Church closer by agreeing with Armenian Archbishop Karekin II on Christ's nature.[207] During an audience in 2000, John Paul II and Karekin II, by then the Catholicos of All Armenians, issued a joint statement condemning the Armenian genocide. Meanwhile, the pope gave Karekin the relics of St. Gregory the Illuminator, the first head of the Armenian Church that had been kept in Naples, Italy, for 500 years.[208] In September 2001, John Paul II went on a three-day pilgrimage to Armenia to take part in an ecumenical celebration with Karekin II in the newly consecrated Saint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral, Yerevan. The two Church leaders signed a declaration remembering the victims of the Armenian genocide.[209]
Protestantism
Like his successors after him, John Paul II took a large number of initiatives to promote friendly relations, practical humanitarian cooperation and theological dialogue with a range of Protestant bodies. Of these the first in importance had to be with Lutheranism, given that the contention with Martin Luther and his followers was the most significant historical split in Western Christianity.[citation needed]
Lutheranism
From 15 to 19 November 1980, John Paul II visited West Germany[210] on his first trip to a country with a large Lutheran Protestant population. In Mainz, he met with leaders of the Protestant Church in Germany, and with representatives of other Christian denominations.[citation needed]
On 11 December 1983, John Paul II participated in an ecumenical service in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Rome,[211] the first papal visit ever to a Lutheran church. The visit took place 500 years after the birth of the German Martin Luther, who was first an Augustinian friar and subsequently a leading Protestant Reformer.[citation needed]
In his apostolic pilgrimage to Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and Sweden of June 1989,[212] John Paul II became the first pope to visit countries with Lutheran majorities. In addition to celebrating Mass with Catholic believers, he participated in ecumenical services at places that had been Catholic shrines before the Reformation: Nidaros Cathedral in Norway; near St. Olav's Church at Thingvellir in Iceland; Turku Cathedral in Finland; Roskilde Cathedral in Denmark; and Uppsala Cathedral in Sweden.[citation needed]
On 31 October 1999, (the 482nd anniversary of Reformation Day, Martin Luther's posting of the Ninety-five Theses), representatives of the Catholic Church's Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity and the Lutheran World Federation signed a Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, as a gesture of unity. The signing was a fruit of a theological dialogue that had been going on between the Lutheran World Federation and the Holy See since 1965.[citation needed]
Anglicanism
John Paul II had good relations with the Church of England, as also with other parts of the Anglican Communion. He was the first reigning pope to travel to the United Kingdom, in 1982, where he met Queen Elizabeth II, the Supreme Governor of the Church of England. He preached in Canterbury Cathedral and received Robert Runcie, the Archbishop of Canterbury. He said that he was disappointed by the Church of England's decision to ordain women and saw it as a step away from unity between the Anglican Communion and the Catholic Church.[213]
In 1980, John Paul II issued a Pastoral Provision allowing married former Episcopal priests to become Catholic priests, and for the acceptance of former Episcopal Church parishes into the Catholic Church. He allowed the creation of a form of the Roman Rite, known informally by some as the Anglican Use, which incorporates selected elements of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer that are compatible with Catholic doctrine. He permitted Archbishop Patrick Flores of San Antonio, Texas, to establish Our Lady of the Atonement Catholic Church, together as the inaugural parish for the use of this hybrid liturgy.[214]
Relations with Judaism
Relations between Catholicism and Judaism improved dramatically during the pontificate of John Paul II.[76][106] He spoke frequently about the Catholic Church's relationship with the Jewish faith.[76] It is likely that his attitude was shaped in part by his own experience of the terrible fate of the Jews in Poland and the rest of Central Europe in the 1930s and 1940s.
In 1979, John Paul II visited the Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland, where many of his compatriots (mostly Jews) had perished during the German occupation there in World War II, the first pope to do so. In 1998, he issued We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah, which outlined his thinking on the Holocaust.[215] He became the first pope known to have made an official papal visit to a synagogue, when he visited the Great Synagogue of Rome on 13 April 1986.[216][217]
On 30 December 1993, John Paul II established formal diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the State of Israel, acknowledging its centrality in Jewish life and faith.[216]
On 7 April 1994, he hosted the Papal Concert to Commemorate the Holocaust. It was the first-ever Vatican event dedicated to the memory of the six million Jews murdered in World War II. This concert, which was conceived and conducted by US conductor Gilbert Levine, was attended by the Chief Rabbi of Rome Elio Toaff, the President of Italy Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, and survivors of the Holocaust from around the world. The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, actor Richard Dreyfuss and cellist Lynn Harrell performed on this occasion under Levine's direction.[218][219] On the morning of the concert, the pope received the attending members of survivor community in a special audience in the Apostolic Palace.
In March 2000, John Paul II visited Yad Vashem, the national Holocaust memorial in Israel, and later made history by touching one of the holiest sites in Judaism, the Western Wall in Jerusalem,[106] placing a letter inside it (in which he prayed for forgiveness for the actions against Jews).[105][106][216] In part of his address he said: "I assure the Jewish people the Catholic Church ... is deeply saddened by the hatred, acts of persecution and displays of anti-Semitism directed against the Jews by Christians at any time and in any place." He added that there were "no words strong enough to deplore the terrible tragedy of the Holocaust."[105][106] He added: "We are deeply saddened by the behaviour of those who in the course of history have caused these children of yours to suffer, and asking your forgiveness we wish to commit ourselves to genuine brotherhood with the people of the Covenant."[220] Israeli cabinet minister Rabbi Michael Melchior, who hosted the pope's visit, said he was "very moved" by the pope's gesture.[105][106] He said: "It was beyond history, beyond memory."[105]
In October 2003, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) issued a statement congratulating John Paul II on entering the 25th year of his papacy. In January 2005, John Paul II became the first pope known to receive a priestly blessing from a rabbi, when Rabbis Benjamin Blech, Barry Dov Schwartz, and Jack Bemporad visited the Pontiff at Clementine Hall in the Apostolic Palace.[221]
Immediately after John Paul II's death, the Anti-Defamation League said in a statement that he had revolutionised Catholic-Jewish relations, saying that "more change for the better took place in his 27-year Papacy than in the nearly 2,000 years before."[222] In another statement issued by the Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council, Director Colin Rubenstein said, "The Pope will be remembered for his inspiring spiritual leadership in the cause of freedom and humanity. He achieved far more in terms of transforming relations with both the Jewish people and the State of Israel than any other figure in the history of the Catholic Church."[216] In April 1986, John Paul II said: "With Judaism, therefore, we have a relationship which we do not have with any other religion. You are our dearly beloved brothers, and in a certain way, it could be said that you are our elder brothers."[223]
In an interview with the Polish Press Agency, Michael Schudrich, chief rabbi of Poland, said that never in history did anyone do as much for Christian-Jewish dialogue as John Paul II, adding that many Jews had a greater respect for the late pope than for some rabbis. Schudrich praised John Paul II for condemning anti-Semitism as a sin, which no previous pope had done.[224]
On John Paul II's beatification, the Chief Rabbi of Rome Riccardo Di Segni said in an interview with the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano that "John Paul II was revolutionary because he tore down a thousand-year wall of Catholic distrust of the Jewish world." Meanwhile, Elio Toaff, the former Chief Rabbi of Rome, said that:
"Remembrance of the Pope Karol Wojtyła will remain strong in the collective Jewish memory because of his appeals to fraternity and the spirit of tolerance, which excludes all violence. In the stormy history of relations between Roman popes and Jews in the ghetto in which they were closed for over three centuries in humiliating circumstances, John Paul II is a bright figure in his uniqueness. In relations between our two great religions in the new century that was stained with bloody wars and the plague of racism, the heritage of John Paul II remains one of the few spiritual islands guaranteeing survival and human progress."[225]
Relations with other world religions
Animism
In his book-length interview Crossing the Threshold of Hope with the Italian journalist Vittorio Messori published in 1995, John Paul II draws parallels between animism and Christianity. He wrote:
"... it would be helpful to recall ... the animist religions which stress ancestor worship. It seems that those who practise them are particularly close to Christianity, and among them, the Church's missionaries also find it easier to speak a common language. Is there, perhaps, in this veneration of ancestors a kind of preparation for the Christian faith in the Communion of Saints, in which all believers—whether living or dead—form a single community, a single body? ... There is nothing strange, then, that the African and Asian animists would become believers in Christ more easily than followers of the great religions of the Far East."[226]
In 1985, the pope visited the African country of Togo, where 60 per cent of the population espouses animist beliefs. To honour the pope, animist religious leaders met him at a Catholic Marian shrine in the forest, much to the pontiff's delight. John Paul II proceeded to call for the need for religious tolerance, praised nature, and emphasised common elements between animism and Christianity, saying:
"Nature, exuberant and splendid in this area of forests and lakes, impregnates spirits and hearts with its mystery and orients them spontaneously toward the mystery of He who is the author of life. It is this religious sentiment that animates you and one can say that animates all of your compatriots."[227]
During the investiture of President Thomas Boni Yayi of Benin as a titled Yoruba chieftain on 20 December 2008, the reigning Ooni of Ile-Ife, Nigeria, Olubuse II, referred to John Paul II as a previous recipient of the same royal honour.[228]
Buddhism
Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, visited John Paul II eight times. The two men held many similar views and understood similar plights, both coming from nations affected by Communism and both serving as heads of major religious bodies.[229][230] As Archbishop of Kraków, long before the 14th Dalai Lama was a world-famous figure, Wojtyła held special Masses to pray for the Tibetan people's non-violent struggle for freedom from Maoist China.[231] In 1987, he welcomed participants of the East-West Spiritual Exchanges, an initiative by the Monastic Interreligious Dialogue (DIMMID) and the Institute for Zen Studies in which Buddhist and Christian monks or nuns take turns residing for one month in each other's monasteries.[232][233] During his 1995 visit to Sri Lanka, a country where a majority of the population adheres to Theravada Buddhism, John Paul II expressed his admiration for Buddhism. He said:
"In particular I express my highest regard for the followers of Buddhism, the majority religion in Sri Lanka, with its ... four great values of … loving kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy and equanimity; with its ten transcendental virtues and the joys of the Sangha expressed so beautifully in the Theragathas. I ardently hope that my visit will serve to strengthen the goodwill between us, and that it will reassure everyone of the Catholic Church's desire for interreligious dialogue and cooperation in building a more just and fraternal world. To everyone I extend the hand of friendship, recalling the splendid words of the Dhammapada: 'Better than a thousand useless words is one single word that gives peace' ... ."[234]
Islam
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John Paul II made considerable efforts to improve relations between Catholicism and Islam.[235]
He officially supported the project of the Mosque of Rome and participated in the inauguration in 1995.
On 14 May 1999, at a meeting with Muslim leaders in Syria, he reportedly kissed the Qur'an, an act that was controversial with some Catholics.[236]
On 6 May 2001, he became the first Catholic pope to enter and pray in a mosque, namely the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, Syria. Respectfully removing his shoes, he entered the former Byzantine-era Christian church dedicated to John the Baptist, who is also revered as a prophet of Islam. He gave a speech including the statement: "For all the times that Muslims and Christians have offended one another, we need to seek forgiveness from the Almighty and to offer each other forgiveness."[104]
In 2004, John Paul II hosted the "Papal Concert of Reconciliation", which brought together leaders of Islam with leaders of the Jewish community and of the Catholic Church at the Vatican for a concert by the Kraków Philharmonic Choir from Poland, the London Philharmonic Choir from the United Kingdom, the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra from the United States, and the Ankara State Polyphonic Choir of Turkey.[237][238][239][240] The event was conceived and conducted by Sir Gilbert Levine, KCSG and was broadcast throughout the world.[237][238][239][240]
John Paul II oversaw the publication of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, which makes a special provision for Muslims; therein, it is written, "together with us they adore the one, merciful God, mankind's judge on the last day."[241]
Jainism
In 1995, John Paul II held a meeting with 21 Jains, organised by the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue. He praised Mohandas Gandhi for his "unshakeable faith in God", assured the Jains that the Catholic Church will continue to engage in dialogue with their religion and spoke of the common need to aid the poor. The Jain leaders were impressed with the pope's "transparency and simplicity", and the meeting received much attention in the Gujarat state in western India, home to many Jains.[242]
Assassination attempts and plots
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As he entered St. Peter's Square to address an audience on 13 May 1981,[243] John Paul II was shot and critically wounded by Mehmet Ali Ağca,[20][94][244] an expert Turkish gunman who was a member of the militant fascist group Grey Wolves.[245] The assassin used a Browning 9 mm semi-automatic pistol,[246] shooting the pope in the abdomen and perforating his colon and small intestine multiple times.[90] John Paul II was rushed into the Vatican complex and then to the Gemelli Hospital. On the way to the hospital, he lost consciousness. Even though the two bullets missed his superior mesenteric artery and abdominal aorta, he lost nearly three-quarters of his blood. He underwent five hours of surgery to treat his wounds.[247] Surgeons performed a colostomy, temporarily rerouting the upper part of the large intestine to let the damaged lower part heal.[247] When he briefly regained consciousness before being operated on, he instructed the doctors not to remove his Brown Scapular during the operation.[248] One of the few people allowed in to see him at the Gemelli Clinic was one of his closest friends, philosopher Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, who arrived on Saturday 16 May and kept him company while he recovered from emergency surgery.[81] The pope later stated that the Blessed Virgin Mary helped keep him alive throughout his ordeal.[94][244][249] He said:
"Could I forget that the event in St. Peter's Square took place on the day and at the hour when the first appearance of the Mother of Christ to the poor little peasants has been remembered for over sixty years at Fátima, Portugal? For in everything that happened to me on that very day, I felt that extraordinary motherly protection and care, which turned out to be stronger than the deadly bullet."[250]
Ağca was caught and restrained by a nun and other bystanders until police arrived. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. Two days after Christmas in 1983, John Paul II visited Ağca in prison. John Paul II and Ağca spoke privately for about twenty minutes.[94][244] John Paul II said, "What we talked about will have to remain a secret between him and me. I spoke to him as a brother whom I have pardoned and who has my complete trust."[251]
Numerous other theories were advanced to explain the assassination attempt, some of them controversial. One such theory, advanced by Michael Ledeen and heavily pushed by the United States Central Intelligence Agency at the time of the assassination but never substantiated by evidence, was that the Soviet Union was behind the attempt on John Paul II's life in retaliation for the pope's support of Solidarity, the Catholic, pro-democratic Polish workers' movement.[245][252] This theory was supported by the 2006 Mitrokhin Commission, set up by Silvio Berlusconi and headed by Forza Italia senator Paolo Guzzanti, which alleged that Communist Bulgarian security departments were utilised to prevent the Soviet Union's role from being uncovered, and concluded that Soviet military intelligence (Glavnoje Razvedyvatel'noje Upravlenije), not the KGB, were responsible.[252] Russian Foreign Intelligence Service spokesman Boris Labusov called the accusation "absurd".[252] The pope declared during a May 2002 visit to Bulgaria that the country's Soviet-bloc-era leadership had nothing to do with the assassination attempt.[245][252] However, his secretary, Cardinal Stanisław Dziwisz, alleged in his book A Life with Karol, that the pope was convinced privately that the former Soviet Union was behind the attack.[253] It was later discovered that many of John Paul II's aides had foreign-government attachments;[254] Bulgaria and Russia disputed the Italian commission's conclusions, pointing out that the pope had publicly denied the Bulgarian connection.[252]
A second assassination attempt was made on 12 May 1982, just a day before the anniversary of the first attempt on his life, in Fátima, Portugal, when a man tried to stab John Paul II with a bayonet.[255][256][257] He was stopped by security guards. Stanisław Dziwisz later said that John Paul II had been injured during the attempt but managed to hide a non-life-threatening wound.[255][256][257] The assailant, a traditionalist Catholic Spanish priest named Juan María Fernández y Krohn,[255] had been ordained as a priest by Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre of the Society of St. Pius X and was opposed to the changes made by the Second Vatican Council, saying that the pope was an agent of Communist Moscow and of the Marxist Eastern Bloc.[258] Fernández y Krohn subsequently left the priesthood and served three years of a six-year sentence.[256][257][258] The ex-priest was treated for mental illness and then expelled from Portugal to become a solicitor in Belgium.[258]
The Al-Qaeda-funded Bojinka plot planned to kill John Paul II during a visit to the Philippines during World Youth Day 1995 celebrations. On 15 January 1995 a suicide bomber was planning to dress as a priest and detonate a bomb when the pope passed in his motorcade on his way to the San Carlos Seminary in Makati. The assassination was supposed to divert attention from the next phase of the operation. However, a chemical fire inadvertently started by the cell alerted police to their whereabouts, and all were arrested a week before the pope's visit, and confessed to the plot.[259]
In 2009 Jack Koehler, a journalist and former army intelligence officer, published Spies in the Vatican: The Soviet Union's Cold War Against the Catholic Church.[260] Mining mostly East German and Polish secret police archives, Koehler claimed the assassination attempts were "KGB-backed".[261]
Apologies
John Paul II apologised to many groups that had suffered at the hands of the Catholic Church through the years.[76][262] Before becoming pope he had been a prominent editor and supporter of initiatives such as the Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops from 1965. As pope, he officially made public apologies for over 100 wrongdoings, including:[263][264][265][266]
- The legal process on the Italian scientist and philosopher Galileo Galilei, himself a devout Catholic, around 1633 (31 October 1992).[267][268]
- The involvement of Catholics in the Atlantic slave trade (9 August 1993).
- The church hierarchy's role in burnings at the stake and the religious wars that followed the Protestant Reformation (20 May 1995, in the Czech Republic).
- The injustices committed against women, the violation of women's rights and the historical denigration of women (10 July 1995, in a letter to "every woman").
- The inactivity and silence of many Catholics during the Holocaust (see the article Religion in Nazi Germany) (16 March 1998).
The Great Jubilee of the year 2000 included a day of Prayer for Forgiveness of the Sins of the Church on 12 March 2000.
On 20 November 2001, from a laptop in the Vatican, John Paul II sent his first e-mail apologising for the Catholic sex abuse cases, the church-backed "Stolen Generations" of Aboriginal children in Australia, and to China for the behaviour of Catholic missionaries in colonial times.[269]
Health
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/PapstJPII20040922.jpg/220px-PapstJPII20040922.jpg)
When he became pope in 1978 at the age of 58, John Paul II was an avid sportsman. He was extremely healthy and active, jogging in the Vatican gardens, weight training, swimming, and hiking in the mountains. He was fond of football. The media contrasted the new pope's athleticism and trim figure to the poor health of John Paul I and Paul VI, the portliness of John XXIII and the constant claims of ailments of Pius XII. The only modern pope with a fitness regimen had been Pope Pius XI (1922–1939), who was an avid mountaineer.[270][271] An Irish Independent article in the 1980s labelled John Paul II the keep-fit pope.
However, after over twenty-six years as pope, two assassination attempts, one of which injured him severely, and a number of cancer scares, John Paul's physical health declined. In 2001 he was diagnosed as suffering from Parkinson's disease.[272] International observers had suspected this for some time, but it was only publicly acknowledged by the Vatican in 2003. Despite difficulty speaking more than a few sentences at a time, trouble hearing, and severe osteoarthrosis, he continued to tour the world although rarely walking in public.
Death and funeral
Final months
John Paul II was hospitalised with breathing problems caused by a bout of influenza on 1 February 2005.[273] He left the hospital on 10 February, but was subsequently hospitalised again with breathing problems two weeks later and underwent a tracheotomy.[274]
Final illness and death
On 31 March 2005, following a urinary tract infection,[275] he developed septic shock, a form of infection with a high fever and low blood pressure, but was not hospitalised. Instead, he was monitored by a team of consultants at his private residence. This was taken as an indication by the pope, and those close to him, that he was nearing death; it would have been in accordance with his wishes to die in the Vatican.[275] Later that day, Vatican sources announced that John Paul II had been given the Anointing of the Sick by his friend and secretary Stanisław Dziwisz. The day before his death, one of his closest personal friends, Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, visited him at his bedside.[79][276] During the final days of the pope's life, the lights were kept burning through the night where he lay in the Papal apartment on the top floor of the Apostolic Palace. Tens of thousands of people assembled and held vigil in St. Peter's Square and the surrounding streets for two days. Upon hearing of this, the dying pope was said to have stated: "I have searched for you, and now you have come to me, and I thank you."[277]
On Saturday, 2 April 2005, at approximately 15:30 CEST, John Paul II spoke his final words in Polish, "Pozwólcie mi odejść do domu Ojca" ("Allow me to depart to the house of the Father"), to his aides, and fell into a coma about four hours later.[277][278] The Mass of the vigil of the Second Sunday of Easter commemorating the canonisation of Faustina Kowalska on 30 April 2000, had just been celebrated at his bedside, presided over by Dziwisz and two Polish associates. Present at the bedside was Cardinal Lubomyr Husar from Ukraine, who served as a priest with John Paul in Poland, along with Polish nuns of the Congregation of the Sisters, Servants of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, who ran the papal household. John Paul II died in his private apartment at 21:37 CEST (19:37 UTC) of heart failure from profound hypotension and complete circulatory collapse from septic shock.[278][279][280] His death was verified when an electrocardiogram that ran for 20 minutes showed a flatline.[281]
He had no close family by the time of his death; his feelings are reflected in his words written in 2000 at the end of his Last Will and Testament.[282] Dziwisz later said he had not burned the pontiff's personal notes despite the request being part of the will.[283]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/JPII_on_bier.jpg/250px-JPII_on_bier.jpg)
Aftermath
The death of the pontiff set in motion rituals and traditions dating back to medieval times. The Rite of Visitation took place from 4 April 2005 to 7 April 2005 at St. Peter's Basilica. John Paul II's testament, published on 7 April 2005,[284] revealed that he contemplated being buried in his native Poland but left the final decision to the College of Cardinals, which in passing, preferred burial beneath St. Peter's Basilica, honouring the pontiff's request to be placed "in bare earth".
The Requiem Mass held on 8 April 2005 was said to have set world records both for attendance and number of heads of state present at a funeral.[267][285][286][287] (See: List of Dignitaries.) It was the single largest gathering of heads of state up to that time, surpassing the funerals of Winston Churchill (1965) and Josip Broz Tito (1980). Four kings, five queens, at least 70 presidents and prime ministers, and more than 14 leaders of other religions attended.[285] An estimated four million mourners gathered in and around Vatican City.[267][286][287][288] Between 250,000 and 300,000 watched the event from within the Vatican's walls.[287] In a historical rarity, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox leaders, as well as representatives and heads from Judaism, Islam, Druze[289] and Buddhism, offered their own memorials and prayers as a way of sympathising with the grief of Catholics.
The Dean of the College of Cardinals, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, conducted the ceremony. John Paul II was interred in the grottoes under the basilica, the Tomb of the Popes. He was lowered into a tomb created in the same alcove previously occupied by the remains of John XXIII. The alcove had been empty since John XXIII's remains had been moved into the main body of the basilica after his beatification.
Posthumous recognition
Pope Saint John Paul II | |
---|---|
![]() Painting of Saint John Paul II painted by Zbigniew Kotyłło, 2012 | |
Pope and Confessor | |
Born | 18 May 1920 Wadowice, Poland |
Died | 2 April 2005 (aged 84) Apostolic Palace, Vatican City |
Venerated in | Catholic Church |
Beatified | 1 May 2011, Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by Pope Benedict XVI |
Canonized | 27 April 2014, Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by Pope Francis |
Feast | 22 October |
Attributes | Papal ferula, Papal vestments |
Patronage | Kraków, Poland, World Youth Day, young Catholics, Świdnica, families, World Meeting of Families 2015 |
Title "the Great"
Upon the death of John Paul II, a number of clergy at the Vatican and laymen[90][267][290] began referring to the late pontiff as "John Paul the Great" — in theory only the fourth pope to be so acclaimed.[90][290][291][292] Cardinal Angelo Sodano specifically referred to John Paul as "the Great" in his published written homily for the pope's funeral Mass of Repose.[293][294] The South African Catholic newspaper The Southern Cross has referred to him in print as "John Paul II the Great".[295] Some Catholic educational institutions in the US have additionally changed their names to incorporate "the Great", including John Paul the Great Catholic University and schools called some variant of John Paul the Great High School.
Scholars of canon law say that there is no official process for declaring a pope "Great"; the title simply establishes itself through popular and continued usage,[267][296][297] as was the case with celebrated secular leaders (for example, Alexander III of Macedon became popularly known as Alexander the Great). The three popes who today commonly are known as "Great" are Leo I, who reigned from 440–461 and persuaded Attila the Hun to withdraw from Rome; Gregory I, 590–604, after whom the Gregorian chant is named; and Pope Nicholas I, 858–867, who consolidated the Catholic Church in the Western world in the Middle Ages.[290]
John Paul's successor, Benedict XVI, did not use the term directly in public speeches, but made oblique references to "the great Pope John Paul II" in his first address from the loggia of St. Peter's Basilica, at the 20th World Youth Day 2005 in Germany when he said in Polish: "As the great Pope John Paul II would say: Keep the flame of faith alive in your lives and your people";[298] and in May 2006 during a visit to Poland where he repeatedly made references to "the great John Paul" and "my great predecessor".[299]
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Institutions named after John Paul II
- Pope John Paul II High School (Tennessee)
- John Paul II High School (Plano, Texas)
- John Paul the Great Catholic University
- John Paul the Great Catholic High School (Indiana)
- John Paul II Catholic Secondary School (London, Ontario, Canada)
- John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
- Saint John Paul the Great Catholic High School (Virginia)
- John Paul II High School, Greymouth
- Karol Wojtyla College, Lima, Peru[300]
- Scoil Eoin Phóil, Leixlip, Ireland
- John Paul II Gymnasium, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Pope John Paul II High School in Olympia, Washington[301]
- Universidad Privada Juan Pablo II, Lima, Peru [302]
- Karol Wojtyła building at Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia in Jakarta, Indonesia[303]
- St. John Paul II Chapel and Museum at Pakuwon Mall in Surabaya, Indonesia
- St. John Paul II Minor Seminary, Minor Seminary in Antipolo City, Philippines
- St. John Paul II Parish Community (Lake View, NY)
- St. John Paul II High School (Hyannis, MA)
- Saint John Paul II Academy Boca Raton, FL
- St. John Paul II Catholic High School (Alabama)
- St. John Paul II Catholic High School (Arizona)
- St. John Paul II Seminary (Washington, DC)[304]
- Pope Saint John Paul II Major Seminary Awka (Nigeria)[305]
- St. John Paul II Catholic Secondary School, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
- Pope John Paul II High School, Royersford Pennsylvania, USA
Beatification
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Inspired by calls of "Santo Subito!" ("[Make him a] Saint Immediately!") from the crowds gathered during the funeral Mass that he celebrated,[307][308][309][310] Benedict XVI began the beatification process for his predecessor, bypassing the normal restriction that five years must pass after a person's death before beginning the beatification process.[308][309][311][312] In an audience with Pope Benedict XVI, Camillo Ruini, Vicar General of the Diocese of Rome, who was responsible for promoting the cause for canonisation of any person who died within that diocese, cited "exceptional circumstances", which suggested that the waiting period could be waived.[21][267][313] This decision was announced on 13 May 2005, the Feast of Our Lady of Fátima and the 24th anniversary of the assassination attempt on John Paul II at St. Peter's Square.[314]
In early 2006, it was reported that the Vatican was investigating a possible miracle associated with John Paul II. Sister Marie Simon-Pierre, a French nun and member of the Congregation of Little Sisters of Catholic Maternity Wards, confined to her bed by Parkinson's disease,[309][315] was reported to have experienced a "complete and lasting cure after members of her community prayed for the intercession of Pope John Paul II".[191][267][307][309][316][317] As of May 2008, Sister Marie Simon-Pierre, then 46,[307][309] was working again at a maternity hospital run by her religious institute.[312][315][318][319]
"I was sick and now I am cured," she told reporter Gerry Shaw. "I am cured, but it is up to the church to say whether it was a miracle or not."[315][318]
On 28 May 2006, Pope Benedict XVI celebrated Mass before an estimated 900,000 people in John Paul II's native Poland. During his homily, he encouraged prayers for the early canonisation of John Paul II and stated that he hoped canonisation would happen "in the near future".[315][320]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_-_Wiki_Loves_Pyramids_tour_018.jpg/170px-Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_-_Wiki_Loves_Pyramids_tour_018.jpg)
In January 2007, Cardinal Stanisław Dziwisz announced that the interview phase of the beatification process, in Italy and Poland, was nearing completion.[267][315][321] In February 2007, second class relics of John Paul II—pieces of white papal cassocks he used to wear—were freely distributed with prayer cards for the cause, a typical pious practice after a saintly Catholic's death.[322][323] On 8 March 2007, the Vicariate of Rome announced that the diocesan phase of John Paul's cause for beatification was at an end. Following a ceremony on 2 April 2007—the second anniversary of the Pontiff's death—the cause proceeded to the scrutiny of the committee of lay, clerical, and episcopal members of the Vatican's Congregation for the Causes of Saints, to conduct a separate investigation.[308][315][321] On the fourth anniversary of John Paul II's death, 2 April 2009, Cardinal Dziwisz, told reporters of a presumed miracle that had recently occurred at the former pope's tomb in St. Peter's Basilica.[318][324][325] A nine-year-old Polish boy from Gdańsk, who was suffering from kidney cancer and was completely unable to walk, had been visiting the tomb with his parents. On leaving St. Peter's Basilica, the boy told them, "I want to walk," and began walking normally.[324][325][326] On 16 November 2009, a panel of reviewers at the Congregation for the Causes of Saints voted unanimously that John Paul II had lived a life of heroic virtue.[327][328] On 19 December 2009, Pope Benedict XVI signed the first of two decrees needed for beatification and proclaimed John Paul II "Venerable", asserting that he had lived a heroic, virtuous life.[327][328] The second vote and the second signed decree certifying the authenticity of the first miracle, the curing of Sister Marie Simon-Pierre, a French nun, from Parkinson's disease. Once the second decree is signed, the position (the report on the cause, with documentation about his life and writings and with information on the cause) is complete.[328] He can then be beatified.[327][328] Some speculated that he would be beatified sometime during (or soon after) the month of the 32nd anniversary of his 1978 election, in October 2010. As Monsignor Oder said, this course would have been possible if the second decree were signed in time by Benedict XVI, stating that a posthumous miracle directly attributable to his intercession had occurred, completing the positio.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/John_Paul_II_Monument_Gdansk-Zaspa.jpg/220px-John_Paul_II_Monument_Gdansk-Zaspa.jpg)
The Vatican announced on 14 January 2011 that Pope Benedict XVI had confirmed the miracle involving Sister Marie Simon-Pierre and that John Paul II was to be beatified on 1 May, the Feast of Divine Mercy.[329] 1 May is commemorated in former Communist countries, such as Poland, and some Western European countries as May Day, and John Paul II was well known for his contributions to Communism's relatively peaceful demise.[90][111] In March 2011 the Polish mint issued a gold 1,000 Polish złoty coin (equivalent to US$350), with the Pope's image to commemorate his beatification.[330]
On 29 April 2011, John Paul II's coffin was disinterred from the grotto beneath St. Peter's Basilica ahead of his beatification, as tens of thousands of people arrived in Rome for one of the biggest events since his funeral.[331][332] John Paul II's remains, which were not exposed, were placed in front of the Basilica's main altar, where believers could pay their respect before and after the beatification mass in St. Peter's Square on 1 May 2011. On 3 May 2011 his remains were interred in the marble altar in Pier Paolo Cristofari Chapel of St. Sebastian, where Pope Innocent XI was buried. This more prominent location, next to the Chapel of the Pietà, the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament, and statues of Popes Pius XI and Pius XII was intended to allow more pilgrims to view his memorial. John Paul II's body is located near the bodies of Pope Pius X and Pope John XXIII, whose bodies were reinterred in the Basilica after their own beatifications and together are three of the five popes beatified in the last century. The two popes who were not exhumed and reinterred after becoming a blessed in the last century were Pope Paul VI and Pope John Paul I, who both remain entombed in the papal grottos.[333][334]
In July 2012, a Colombian man, Marco Fidel Rojas, the former mayor of Huila, Colombia, testified that he was "miraculously cured" of Parkinson's disease after a trip to Rome where he met John Paul II and prayed with him. Antonio Schlesinger Piedrahita, a renowned neurologist in Colombia, certified Fidel's healing. The documentation was then sent to the Vatican office for sainthood causes.[335]
In September 2020, Poland unveiled a sculpture of him, designed by Jerzy Kalina and installed outside the National Museum, Warsaw, holding up a meteorite.[336] In the same month, a relic containing his blood was stolen from the Spoleto Cathedral in Italy.[337]
Canonisation
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036852944%29.jpg/250px-Canonization_2014-_The_Canonization_of_Saint_John_XXIII_and_Saint_John_Paul_II_%2814036852944%29.jpg)
To be eligible for canonisation (being declared a saint) by the Catholic Church, two miracles must be attributed to a candidate.
The first miracle attributed to John Paul was the above mentioned healing of a man's Parkinson's disease, which was recognised during the beatification process. According to an article on the Catholic News Service (CNS) dated 23 April 2013, a Vatican commission of doctors concluded that a healing had no natural (medical) explanation, which is the first requirement for a claimed miracle to be officially documented.[338][339][340]
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The second miracle was deemed to have taken place shortly after the late pope's beatification on 1 May 2011; it was reported to be the healing of Costa Rican woman Floribeth Mora of an otherwise terminal brain aneurysm.[341] A Vatican panel of expert theologians examined the evidence, determined that it was directly attributable to the intercession of John Paul II, and recognised it as miraculous.[339][340] The next stage was for Cardinals who compose the membership of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints to give their opinion to Pope Francis to decide whether to sign and promulgate the decree and set a date for canonisation.[339][340][342]
On 4 July 2013, Pope Francis confirmed his approval of John Paul II's canonisation, formally recognising the second miracle attributed to his intercession. He was canonised together with John XXIII.[15][343] The date of the canonisation was on 27 April 2014, Divine Mercy Sunday.[344][345]
The canonisation Mass for Pope John Paul II and Pope John XXIII, was celebrated by Pope Francis (with Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI), on 27 April 2014 in St. Peter's Square at the Vatican (John Paul II had died on vigil of Divine Mercy Sunday in 2005). About 150 cardinals and 700 bishops concelebrated the Mass, and at least 500,000 people attended the Mass, with an estimated 300,000 others watching from video screens placed around Rome.[346]
The new saint's remains, considered to be holy relics, were exhumed from their place in the basilica's grotto,[347] and a new tomb was established at the altar of St. Sebastian.[348]
Beatification of the Pope's parents
On 10 October 2019, the Archdiocese of Kraków and the Polish Episcopal Conference approved nihil obstat the opening of the beatification cause of the parents of its patron saint John Paul II, Karol Wojtyła Sr. and Emilia Kaczorowska. It gained approval from the Holy See to open the diocesan phase of the cause on 7 May 2020.[349]
Sexual abuse scandals
John Paul II was criticised by representatives of the victims of clergy sexual abuse for failing to respond quickly enough to the Catholic sex abuse crisis.[350] After decades of inaction, the scandal came to a head when Sinéad O'Connor infamously tore up a photo of John Paul II on a 3 October 1992 episode of Saturday Night Live while performing an a capella rendition of Bob Marley's "War".[351]
In response to mounting criticism over the next decade, John Paul II stated in 2002 that "there is no place in the priesthood and religious life for those who would harm the young".[352] The Catholic Church instituted reforms to prevent future abuse by requiring background checks for church employees[353] and, because a significant majority of victims were boys, disallowing ordination of men with "deep-seated homosexual tendencies".[354][355] They now require dioceses faced with an allegation to alert the authorities, conduct an investigation and remove the accused from duty.[353][356] In 2008, the church asserted that the scandal was a very serious problem and estimated that it was "probably caused by 'no more than 1 per cent'", or 5,000, of the over 500,000 Catholic priests worldwide.[357][358]
In April 2002, John Paul II, despite being frail from Parkinson's disease, summoned all the American cardinals to the Vatican to discuss possible solutions to the issue of sexual abuse in the American Church. He asked them to "diligently investigate accusations". John Paul II suggested that American bishops be more open and transparent in dealing with such scandals and emphasised the role of seminary training to prevent sexual deviance among future priests. In what The New York Times called "unusually direct language", John Paul condemned the arrogance of priests that led to the scandals:
"Priests and candidates for the priesthood often live at a level both materially and educationally superior to that of their families and the members of their own age group. It is therefore very easy for them to succumb to the temptation of thinking of themselves as better than others. When this happens, the ideal of priestly service and self-giving dedication can fade, leaving the priest dissatisfied and disheartened."[359]
The pope read a statement intended for the American cardinals, calling the sex abuse "an appalling sin" and said the priesthood had no room for such men.[360]
In 2002, Archbishop Juliusz Paetz, the Catholic Archbishop of Poznań, was accused of molesting seminarians.[361] John Paul II accepted his resignation, and placed sanctions on him, prohibiting Paetz from exercising his ministry as bishop.[362] It was reported that these restrictions were lifted, though Vatican spokesperson Federico Lombardi strenuously denied this saying "his rehabilitation was without foundation".
In 2003, John Paul II reiterated that "there is no place in the priesthood and religious life for those who would harm the young".[352] In April 2003, a three-day conference was held, titled "Abuse of Children and Young People by Catholic Priests and Religious", where eight non-Catholic psychiatric experts were invited to speak to near all Vatican dicasteries' representatives. The panel of experts overwhelmingly opposed implementation of policies of "zero-tolerance" such as was proposed by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. One expert called such policies a "case of overkill" since they do not permit flexibility to allow for differences among individual cases.[363]
In 2004, John Paul II recalled Bernard Francis Law to be Archpriest of the Papal Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. Law had previously resigned as Archbishop of Boston in 2002 in response to the Catholic Church sexual abuse cases after church documents were revealed that suggested he had covered up sexual abuse committed by priests in his archdiocese.[364] Law resigned from this position in November 2011.[360]
John Paul II was a firm supporter of the Legion of Christ, and in 1998 discontinued investigations into sexual misconduct by its leader Marcial Maciel, who in 2005 resigned his leadership and was later requested by the Vatican to withdraw from his ministry. However, Maciel's trial began in 2004 during the pontificate of John Paul II, but the Pope died before it ended and the conclusions were known.[365] In an interview with L'Osservatore Romano, Pope Francis said: "I am grateful to Pope Benedict, who dared to say this publicly (when more facts began to come to light after Degollado's death in 2008, Pope Benedict XVI in 2010 launched another investigation and on 1 May 2010 announced a declaration about the crimes of the founder of the Legionaries), and to Pope John Paul II, who dared to give the green light to the Legionaries' case".[366]
On 10 November 2020, the Vatican published a report which found that John Paul II learned of allegations of sexual impropriety against former cardinal Theodore McCarrick, who at the time was serving as Archbishop of Newark, through a 1999 letter from Cardinal John O'Connor warning him that appointing McCarrick to be Archbishop of Washington D.C., a position which had recently been opened, would be a mistake. John Paul II ordered an investigation, which stalled when three of the four bishops tasked with investigating claims allegedly brought back "inaccurate or incomplete information". John Paul II planned on not giving McCarrick the appointment anyway, but relented and gave him the appointment after McCarrick wrote a letter of denial. He created McCarrick a cardinal in 2001. McCarrick would eventually be laicized after allegations surfaced that he abused minors.[367][368] George Weigel, a biographer of John Paul II, defended the pope's actions as follows: "Theodore McCarrick fooled a lot of people ... and he deceived John Paul II in a way that is laid out in almost biblical fashion in [the Vatican's] report".[369]
In a 2019 interview with Mexican television, Pope Francis defended John Paul II's legacy on protecting minors against clerical sexual abuse. He said that John Paul II was "often misled", as in the case of Hans Hermann Groër. Francis said that with respect to the case of Marcial Maciel:
"Ratzinger was courageous, and so was John Paul II. ... With respect to John Paul II, we have to understand certain attitudes because he came from a closed world, from behind the Iron Curtain, where communism was still in force. There was a defensive mentality. We have to understand this well, and no one can doubt the saintliness of this great man and his good will. He was great, he was great."[370][371]
On March 6, 2023, an investigative report by the Polish television station TVN24 concluded that "there [is now] no doubt" that John Paul II "knew about sexual abuse of children by priests under his authority and sought to conceal it when he was an archbishop in his native Poland". The Dutch journalist Ekke Overbeek released a book on John Paul II with similar claims the following week. In response to the claims, Pope Francis stated: "You have to put things in the context of the era[...] At that time everything was covered up. [...] It was only when the Boston scandal broke that the church began to look at the problem." The Polish Episcopal Conference stated that "'further archival research' would be needed to arrive at a just evaluation of the decisions and actions" of Wojtyła.[372] Furthermore, other journalists have criticised the report, especially the interpretation of the sources.[17][18] Another point of contention is the use of materials from the communist secret police in the report.[373]
Other criticism and controversy
John Paul II was widely criticised for a variety of his views. He was a target of criticism from progressives for his opposition to the ordination of women and use of contraception,[20][374] and from traditional Catholics for his support for the Second Vatican Council and its reform of the liturgy. John Paul II's response to child sexual abuse within the Catholic Church has also come under heavy censure.
Opus Dei controversies
John Paul II was criticised for his support of the Opus Dei prelature and the 2002 canonisation of its founder, Josemaría Escrivá, whom he called "the saint of ordinary life".[375][376] Other movements and religious organisations of the church went decidedly under his wing Legion of Christ, the Neocatechumenal Way, Schoenstatt, the charismatic movement, etc. And he was accused repeatedly of taking a soft hand with them, especially in the case of Marcial Maciel, founder of the Legionaries of Christ.[377]
In 1984 John Paul II appointed Joaquín Navarro-Valls, a member of Opus Dei, as Director of the Vatican Press Office. An Opus Dei spokesman said that "the influence of Opus Dei in the Vatican has been exaggerated".[378] Of the nearly 200 cardinals in the Catholic Church, only two are known to be members of Opus Dei.[379]
Banco Ambrosiano scandal
John Paul II was alleged to have links with Banco Ambrosiano, an Italian bank that collapsed in 1982.[191] At the centre of the bank's failure was its chairman, Roberto Calvi, and his membership in the illegal Masonic Lodge Propaganda Due (aka P2). The Vatican Bank was Banco Ambrosiano's main shareholder, and the death of John Paul I in 1978 is rumoured to be linked to the Ambrosiano scandal.[192]
Calvi, often referred to as "God's Banker", was also involved with the Vatican Bank, and was close to Bishop Paul Marcinkus, the bank's chairman. Ambrosiano also provided funds for political parties in Italy, and for both the Somoza dictatorship in Nicaragua and its Sandinista opposition. It has been widely alleged that the Vatican Bank provided money for Solidarity in Poland.[191][192]
Calvi used his complex network of overseas banks and companies to move money out of Italy, to inflate share prices, and to arrange massive unsecured loans. In 1978, the Bank of Italy produced a report on Ambrosiano that predicted future disaster.[192] On 5 June 1982, two weeks before the collapse of Banco Ambrosiano, Calvi had written a letter of warning to John Paul II, stating that such a forthcoming event would "provoke a catastrophe of unimaginable proportions in which the Church will suffer the gravest damage".[380] On 18 June 1982 Calvi's body was found hanging from scaffolding beneath Blackfriars Bridge in the financial district of London. Calvi's clothing was stuffed with bricks, and contained cash valued at US$14,000, in three different currencies.[381]
Problems with traditionalists
In addition to all the criticism from those demanding modernisation, some traditionalist Catholics denounced him as well. These issues included demanding a return to the Tridentine Mass,[382] as well as the repudiation of reforms instituted after the Second Vatican Council, such as the use of the vernacular language in the formerly Latin-language Roman Rite, ecumenism, and the principle of religious liberty.[383] In 1988, the controversial traditionalist Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, founder of the Society of Saint Pius X (1970), was excommunicated under John Paul II because of the unapproved ordination of four bishops, which Cardinal Ratzinger called a "schismatic act".[384]
The World Day of Prayer for Peace,[385] with a meeting in Assisi, Italy, in 1986, in which the pope prayed only with the Christians,[386] was criticised for giving the impression that syncretism and indifferentism were openly embraced by the Papal Magisterium. When a second Day of Prayer for Peace in the World was held in 2002,[387] it was condemned as confusing the laity and compromising to false religions. Likewise criticised was his kissing of the Qur'an in Damascus, Syria, on one of his travels on 6 May 2001.[388][unreliable source?] His call for religious freedom was not always supported; bishops like Antônio de Castro Mayer promoted religious tolerance but at the same time rejected the Vatican II principle of religious liberty as being liberalist and already condemned by Pope Pius IX in his Syllabus errorum (1864) and at the First Vatican Council.[389]
Religion and AIDS
John Paul II continued the tradition of advocating for the culture of life. In solidarity with Pope Paul VI's Humanae vitae, he rejected artificial birth control, even in the use of condoms to prevent the spread of AIDS.[374] Critics have said that large families are caused by lack of contraception and exacerbate Third World poverty and problems, such as street children in South America. John Paul II argued that the proper way to prevent the spread of AIDS was not condoms but rather "correct practice of sexuality, which presupposes chastity and fidelity".[374] The focus of John Paul II's point is that the need for artificial birth control is itself artificial, and that principle of respecting the sacredness of life ought not be rent asunder in order to achieve the good of preventing AIDS.[citation needed]
Social programmes
There was strong criticism of the pope for the controversy surrounding the alleged use of charitable social programmes as a means of converting people in the Third World to Catholicism.[390][391] The pope created an uproar in the Indian subcontinent when he suggested that a great harvest of faith would be witnessed on the subcontinent in the third Christian millennium.[392]
Argentine military regime
John Paul II endorsed Cardinal Pio Laghi, who critics say supported the Dirty War in Argentina and was on friendly terms with the Argentine generals of the military dictatorship, playing regular tennis matches with the Navy's representative in the junta, Admiral Emilio Eduardo Massera.[393][394][395][396]
Ian Paisley
In 1988, when John Paul II was delivering a speech to the European Parliament, Ian Paisley, the leader of the Democratic Unionist Party and Moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, shouted "I denounce you as the Antichrist!"[397][398] He held up a red banner reading "Pope John Paul II ANTICHRIST". Otto von Habsburg (the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary), a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for Germany, snatched Paisley's banner, tore it up, and along with other MEPs helped eject him from the chamber.[397][399][400][401][402] The pope continued with his address after Paisley had been ejected.[399][403][404]
Međugorje apparitions
A number of quotes about the apparitions of Međugorje, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, have been attributed to John Paul II.[405] In 1998, when a certain German gathered various statements that were supposedly made by the pope and Cardinal Ratzinger, and then forwarded them to the Vatican in the form of a memorandum, Ratzinger responded in writing on 22 July 1998: "The only thing I can say regarding statements on Međugorje ascribed to the Holy Father and myself is that they are [frei erfunden] complete invention".[406] Similar claims were also rebuked by the Vatican's Secretariate of State.[407]
Beatification controversy
Some Catholic theologians disagreed with the call for the beatification of John Paul II. Eleven dissident theologians, including Jesuit professor José María Castillo and Italian theologian Giovanni Franzoni, said that his stance against contraception and the ordination of women as well as the church scandals during his pontificate presented "facts which according to their consciences and convictions should be an obstacle to beatification".[408] Some traditionalist Catholics opposed his beatification and canonisation for his views on liturgy and participation in prayer with enemies of the church, heretics and non-Christians.[409]
After the 2020 report about the handling of the sexual misconduct complaints against Theodore McCarrick, some called for John Paul II's sainthood to be revoked.[410]
Personal life
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Wojtyła was a Cracovia football team supporter, and the club retired number 1 in his honour.[411] Having played the game himself as a goalkeeper, John Paul II was a fan of English football team Liverpool F.C., where his compatriot Jerzy Dudek played in the same position.[412]
In 1973, while still the archbishop of Kraków, Wojtyła befriended a Polish-born, later American philosopher, Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka. The thirty-two-year friendship (and occasional academic collaboration) lasted until his death.[79][80][81] She served as his host when he visited New England in 1976, and photos show them together on skiing and camping trips.[81] Letters that he wrote to her were part of a collection of documents sold by Tymieniecka's estate in 2008 to the National Library of Poland.[81] According to the BBC the library had initially kept the letters from public view, partly because of John Paul's path to sainthood, but a library official announced in February 2016 the letters would be made public.[81][413] In February 2016, the BBC documentary program Panorama reported that John Paul II had apparently had a close relationship with the Polish-born philosopher.[81][82] The pair exchanged personal letters over 30 years, and Stourton believes that Tymieniecka had confessed her love for Wojtyła.[79][414] The Vatican described the documentary as "more smoke than fire", and Tymieniecka denied being involved with John Paul II.[415][416]
Writers Carl Bernstein, the veteran investigative journalist of the Watergate scandal, and Vatican expert Marco Politi, were the first journalists to talk to Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka in the 1990s about her importance in John Paul's life. They interviewed her and dedicated 20 pages to her in their 1996 book His Holiness.[79][276][417] Bernstein and Politi even asked her if she had ever developed any romantic relationship with John Paul II, "however one-sided it might have been". She responded, "No, I never fell in love with the cardinal. How could I fall in love with a middle-aged clergyman? Besides, I'm a married woman."[79][276]
See also
- Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
- Cardinals created by John Paul II
- Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church
- List of longest-reigning popes
- List of peace activists
- List of places named after Pope John Paul II
- List of popes
- List of pastoral visits of Pope John Paul II
- Museum of John Paul II and Primate Wyszynski
- Papal travel
- Pope John Paul II bibliography
- Jerzy Kluger
People
References
Notes
- ^ The luminous mysteries seem to have their origin (although in a slightly different form) in the writings of Saint George Preca
- ^ In isolation, Józef is pronounced [ˈjuzɛf].
- ^ In his speech, John Paul deliberately chose to mispronounce the Italian word for 'correct'.
Citations
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Bibliography
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- Hebblethwaite, Peter (1995). Pope John Paul II and the Church. London: 1995 Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-55612-814-1.
- Mannion, Gerard, ed. (2008). The Vision of John Paul II: Assessing His Thought and Influence. Collegeville, Mn.: Liturgical Press. ISBN 978-0-8146-5309-8.
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Further reading
- For a comprehensive list of books written by and about Pope John Paul II, please see Pope John Paul II bibliography
- For other references see Pope John Paul II in popular culture
- Shaw, Tamsin, "Ethical Espionage" (review of Calder Walton, Spies: The Epic Intelligence War Between East and West, Simon and Schuster, 2023, 672 pp.; and Cécile Fabre, Spying Through a Glass Darkly: The Ethics of Espionage and Counter-Intelligence, Oxford University Press, 251 pp., 2024), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXXI, no. 2 (8 February 2024), pp. 32, 34–35. "[I]n Walton's view, there was scarcely a US covert action that was a long-term strategic success, with the possible exception of intervention in the Soviet-Afghan War (a disastrous military fiasco for the Soviets) and perhaps support for the anti-Soviet Solidarity movement in Poland." (p. 34.)
External links
- John Paul the Great Catholic University
- The Holy See website – John Paul II
- Papal Transition 2005 Web Archive from the US Library of Congress
- Karol Wojtyła on Culture.pl
- Third pilgrimage of John Paul II to Poland, Institute of National Remembrance
- Tomb of John Paul II in St Peter's
- Text of the Apostolic Constitution Fidei Depositum
- Text of Laetamur magnopere, on the promulgation of the editio typica of the Catechism of the Catholic Church.
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Audio recordings with Pope John Paul II in the Online Archive of the Österreichische Mediathek Retrieved 27. March 2021
- Liturgical texts for the optional Memorial of St. John Paul II, Pope: Celebration of the Eucharist (English, Latin); Liturgy of the Hours (English, Latin) from The Holy See website.