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| caption = Territories including [[Chittorgarh]],[[Udaipur]],[[Gogunda]],[[Kumbhalgarh]] and Central [[Mewar]] were already annexed to [[Mughal empire]].{{clarify|date=December 2023}} |
| caption = Territories including [[Chittorgarh]],[[Udaipur]],[[Gogunda]],[[Kumbhalgarh]] and Central [[Mewar]] were already annexed to [[Mughal empire]].{{clarify|date=December 2023}} |
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| date = |
| date = June 1600 A.D. |
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| place = [[Mewar]] |
| place = [[Mewar]], present day [[Rajasthan]] |
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| coordinates = {{coord|24.58|N|73.68|E|display=inline,title}} |
| coordinates = {{coord|24.58|N|73.68|E|display=inline,title}} |
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| map_type = Rajasthan#India#South Asia |
| map_type = Rajasthan#India#South Asia |
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| map_caption = |
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| map_label = |
| map_label = |
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| territory = |
| territory = No territorial changes |
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| result = |
| result = Inconclusive<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Surender |title=Popular Literature and Pre-Modern Societies In South Asia |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson India |isbn=9789332509818|page=68|quote="Prince Salim in an inconclusive battle with Amar Singh. When he became the Mughal emperor, Jahangir gave a red patent for Fatehpur to Alaf Khan"|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRY8BAAAQBAJ&q=prince+salim+invasion+of+mewar}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhagi |first1=M.L. |title=Medieval India, Culture and Thought |date=1965 |quote="The Mughals led by Prince Salim and Raja Man Singh invaded Mewar and Amar and captured territories but couldn't hold it for long ."|publisher=Indian Publications |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIgcAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=V. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-81-219-0364-6 |pages=81 |language=en |quote="The latter took the offensive once again in 1599 and Raja Man Singh and Prince Salim were sent to invade Mewar, but couldn't capture Mewar"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Q5uAAAAMAAJ |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Mughal empire |date=1951 |publisher=G. Allen 8 Unwin |pages=133 |language=en |quote="In 1600 Akbar made another unsuccessful attempt against Mewar when the expedition led by Prince Salim and Raja Man Singh."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Surender |title=Popular Literature and Pre-Modern Societies In South Asia |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson India |isbn=9789332509818|page=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRY8BAAAQBAJ&q=prince+salim+invasion+of+mewar}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhagi |first1=M.L. |title=Medieval India, Culture and Thought |date=1965 |publisher=Indian Publications |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIgcAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> |
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| combatants_header = |
| combatants_header = |
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| combatant1 = [[File:Mewar.svg|25px]] [[Mewar|Kingdom of Mewar]] |
| combatant1 = [[File:Mewar.svg|25px]] [[Mewar|Kingdom of Mewar]] |
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| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]] |
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]] |
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| commander1 = [[File:Mewar.svg|25px]][[Amar Singh I|Amar Singh]] |
| commander1 = [[File:Mewar.svg|25px]][[Amar Singh I|Amar Singh]] |
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| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Prince Salim]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]][[Man Singh]] |
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Prince Salim]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]][[Man Singh]] |
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| strength1 = |
| strength1 = |
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| strength2 = |
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'''Prince Salim's Invasion of Mewar''' was a military expedition of the [[Mughal empire]] towards the Rajputs of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]]. After the invasion by Jagannath Kachwaha in 1585, the [[Mughal Empire]] did not launch any major expeditions to [[Mewar]] until [[Maharana Pratap]]'s death in 1597 A.D. From 1585 until his death, [[Maharana Pratap]] didn't face any invasions from the [[Mughals]] as the Emperor [[Akbar]] was preoccupied with internal matters and expeditions to [[Afghanistan]]. Following [[Maharana Pratap]]'s death in 1597 A.D., his son [[Amar Singh I|Amar Singh]] assumed his father's mantle over certain areas of [[Mewar]]. A new expedition, led by the then [[Jahangir|Prince Salim]], also known as Prince Salim, accompanied by [[Man Singh]], was launched with the objective of weakening the power of [[Mewar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajasthan (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xi5D6gXWhWMC |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers |date=1962 |publisher=Printed at Government Central Press |pages=37 |language=en}}</ref> This attempt took place in 1599 A.D. or in 1600 A.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&q=prince+salim+defeated+amar+singh+mewar |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |pages=246 |language=en}}</ref> |
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The [[Kingdom of Mewar]] was one of the few kingdoms that had resisted the expansion of the [[Mughal Empire]] in [[India]]. They fought numerous battles to prevent the [[Mughals]] from gaining control over their territory. [[Amar Singh I|Amar Singh]], the successor of [[Maharana Pratap]], is particularly known for his heroic resistance to the [[Mughals ]] during [[Jahangir]]'s reign. |
The [[Kingdom of Mewar]] was one of the few kingdoms that had resisted the expansion of the [[Mughal Empire]] in [[India]]. They fought numerous battles to prevent the [[Mughals]] from gaining control over their territory. [[Amar Singh I|Amar Singh]], the successor of [[Maharana Pratap]], is particularly known for his heroic resistance to the [[Mughals ]] during [[Jahangir]]'s reign. |
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[[File:Map of Mewar-Udaipur.jpg|thumb|Map of Mewar, Rajasthan]] |
[[File:Map of Mewar-Udaipur.jpg|thumb|Map of Mewar, Rajasthan]] |
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[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Maharana Amar Singh - I.jpg|thumb|Maharana Amar Singh I]] |
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Maharana Amar Singh - I.jpg|thumb|Maharana Amar Singh I]] |
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During [[Maharana Pratap]]'s reign, the [[kingdom of Mewar]] faced significant adversity under the rule of the [[Mughals]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=Vidya Dhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3k9AAAAMAAJ |title=India Since 1526 |date=1967 |publisher=S. Chand |pages=71 |language=en}}</ref> However, from 1585 until his death, [[Maharana Pratap|Pratap]] enjoyed a peaceful rule in his small area of western [[Mewar]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=G. N. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.10571 |title=Mewar and the mughal emperors |date=1954 |pages=124–125}}</ref><ref name=":0" />After [[Maharana Pratap|Pratap]]'s death in 1597, his son was crowned as the ruler of [[Mewar]]. [[Amar Singh I|Amar Singh]] continued his father's fight for independence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=lal Ashirbadi |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.111251 |title=Akbar The Great Vol 1 |date=1957 |pages=462–464}}</ref> The [[Mughals]] took the offensive again, and in 1599 [[Akbar]] sent [[Prince Salim]] and Raja [[Man Singh]] to invade [[Mewar]].<ref name=":3" /> |
During [[Maharana Pratap]]'s reign, the [[kingdom of Mewar]] faced significant adversity under the rule of the [[Mughals]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=Vidya Dhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3k9AAAAMAAJ |title=India Since 1526 |date=1967 |publisher=S. Chand |pages=71 |language=en}}</ref> However, from 1585 until his death, [[Maharana Pratap|Pratap]] enjoyed a peaceful rule in his small area of western [[Mewar]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=G. N. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.10571 |title=Mewar and the mughal emperors |date=1954 |pages=124–125}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> After [[Maharana Pratap|Pratap]]'s death in 1597, his son was crowned as the ruler of [[Mewar]]. [[Amar Singh I|Amar Singh]] continued his father's fight for independence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=lal Ashirbadi |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.111251 |title=Akbar The Great Vol 1 |date=1957 |pages=462–464}}</ref> The [[Mughals]] took the offensive again, and in 1599 [[Akbar]] sent [[Prince Salim]] and Raja [[Man Singh]] to invade [[Mewar]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Awan |first=Muhammad Tariq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgpuAAAAMAAJ |title=History of India and Pakistan: pt. 1. Great Mughals |date=1994 |publisher=Ferozsons |isbn=978-969-0-10035-1 |pages=194 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Shripad Rama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyowAQAAIAAJ |title=The Crescent in India: A Study in Medieval History |date=2003 |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan |isbn=978-81-8090-028-0 |pages=407/485 |language=en}}</ref> |
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==The Campaign== |
==The Campaign== |
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The Prince frittered away his time in the pursuit of pleasure at [[Ajmer]], but the valiant Raja aided by other officers did a great deal. [[Amar Singh I|Amar Singh]] led the attack, but he was defeated, and his country was devastated by the imperialists.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=V. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&q=prince+salim+invasion+of+mewar |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-81-219-0364-6 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> |
The Prince frittered away his time in the pursuit of pleasure at [[Ajmer]], but the valiant Raja aided by other officers did a great deal. [[Amar Singh I|Amar Singh]] led the attack, but he was defeated, and his country was devastated by the imperialists.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=V. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&q=prince+salim+invasion+of+mewar |title=History of Medieval India |date=2007 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=978-81-219-0364-6 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhagi |first=M. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIgcAAAAMAAJ |title=Medieval India, Culture and Thought |date=1965 |publisher=Indian Publications |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref> The campaign came to an end abruptly, when Raja [[Man Singh]] was called away by the Emperor in order to quell the revolt of Usman Khan in [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=DHAR |first1=TRILOKI NATH |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YPPIEAAAQBAJ&q=prince+salim+defeated+amar+singh |title=THE BATTERED HINDU: History of India from 712 A.D. to 1947 A.D. |last2=Dhar |first2=Raj Shree |date=2014-01-01 |publisher=Mohini publications |pages=113 |language=en}}</ref> A momentous event unfolded in [[Mewar]] when the [[Mughals]] orchestrated a devastating defeat against Rana [[Amar Singh I|Amar Singh]], prompting his retreat to the rugged terrain. Despite [[Prince Salim]]'s exhaustive efforts to locate him in the hilly regions of [[Mewar]], [[Amar Singh I|Amar Singh]] remained elusive. Following the defeat, [[Mewar]] endured extensive looting, and the [[Mughals]] strategically positioned their outposts in pivotal areas that had previously been under Rana's jurisdiction.<ref name=":0" /> This event marked a significant turning point, solidifying [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] dominance while diminishing the authority of the Rajputs in the region.The repeated invasions in [[Mewar]] led to a depletion of its resources and weakened the resolve of Rana.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> |
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Until the death of [[Maharana Pratap|Pratap]], the emperor was preoccupied with domestic affairs. Following [[Maharana Pratap|Pratap]]'s death, a military expedition led by [[Prince Salim]], and accompanied by [[Man Singh]], was dispatched.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Majumdar R.c. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.553379 |title=The Mughul Empire |date=1974 |pages=132}}</ref> This expedition was aimed at [[Mewar]] to quash the authority of [[Rana Amar Singh]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> |
Until the death of [[Maharana Pratap|Pratap]], the emperor was preoccupied with domestic affairs. Following [[Maharana Pratap|Pratap]]'s death, a military expedition led by [[Prince Salim]], and accompanied by [[Man Singh]], was dispatched.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Majumdar R.c. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.553379 |title=The Mughul Empire |date=1974 |pages=132}}</ref> This expedition was aimed at [[Mewar]] to quash the authority of [[Rana Amar Singh]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> The invasion resulted in a indecisive battle<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=Vidya Dhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sLo9AAAAMAAJ |title=Muslim Rule in India |date=1965 |publisher=S. Chand |pages=83 |language=en}}</ref> and the [[Man Singh]] couldn't invested the country of [[Mewar]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Awan |first=Muhammad Tariq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgpuAAAAMAAJ |title=History of India and Pakistan: pt. 1. Great Mughals |date=1994 |publisher=Ferozsons |isbn=978-969-0-10035-1 |pages=194 |language=en}}</ref> |
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[[File:Family portrait of Maharana Amar Singh I of Mewar.jpg|thumb|Maharana Amar Singh I convening a gathering with his kin.]] |
[[File:Family portrait of Maharana Amar Singh I of Mewar.jpg|thumb|Maharana Amar Singh I convening a gathering with his kin.]] |
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[[File:Akbar and Jahangir by Racinet, Paris 1801.jpeg|thumb|Akbar, in a conference with his son, Prince Salim.]] |
[[File:Akbar and Jahangir by Racinet, Paris 1801.jpeg|thumb|Akbar, in a conference with his son, Prince Salim.]] |
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==Aftermath== |
==Aftermath== |
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Following the expedition, the authority of the Rana of [[Mewar]] was significantly weakened.<ref name=":0" /> Pivotal [[Mewar]] outposts such as Ontala, [[Mandal]], [[Mohi, Rajasthan|Mohi]], and [[Bagore]], all of which were subsequently annexed by the [[Mughals]] which were reoccupied by the Rajputs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Beni |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITluAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Jahangir |date=1940 |publisher=Indian Press, Limited |pages=193 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajasthan (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LdVhAAAAIAAJ |title=Rajasthan [district Gazetteers].: Alwar |date=1975 |publisher=Printed at Government Central Press |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref> |
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In 1599, Akbar attempted to bring Pratap's son under control by sending [[Jahangir|Prince Salim]] on a mission to Mewar. While the campaign led to the establishment of Mughal outposts at locations such as Ontala, Mohi, Bagore, Idandal, Idandalgarh, and [[Chittor Fort|Chittor]], it did not achieve much else. These outposts quickly became the focus of Rajput guerrilla attacks. In one such attack, the Mughal commander at Bagore was killed, and Rampura was recaptured.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Mankekar |first=d r |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119266 |title=Mewar Saga |date=1976 |pages=81}}</ref> |
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The Rajputs also targeted Ontala, where they killed the Mughal commander, Kayum Khan. Rajput sources claim that they managed to regain control of around 20 fortresses and localities from the Mughals. However, these victories came at a high cost. The Rajputs lost some of their best warriors, while the Mughals retaliated harshly by burning large areas and causing suffering to the local population.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Mughal conquest of Mewar]] |
*[[Mughal conquest of Mewar]] |
Latest revision as of 17:33, 27 June 2024
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Location within Rajasthan |
Prince Salim's Invasion of Mewar was a military expedition of the Mughal empire towards the Rajputs of Mewar. After the invasion by Jagannath Kachwaha in 1585, the Mughal Empire did not launch any major expeditions to Mewar until Maharana Pratap's death in 1597 A.D. From 1585 until his death, Maharana Pratap didn't face any invasions from the Mughals as the Emperor Akbar was preoccupied with internal matters and expeditions to Afghanistan. Following Maharana Pratap's death in 1597 A.D., his son Amar Singh assumed his father's mantle over certain areas of Mewar. A new expedition, led by the then Prince Salim, also known as Prince Salim, accompanied by Man Singh, was launched with the objective of weakening the power of Mewar.[7] This attempt took place in 1599 A.D. or in 1600 A.D.[8]
The Kingdom of Mewar was one of the few kingdoms that had resisted the expansion of the Mughal Empire in India. They fought numerous battles to prevent the Mughals from gaining control over their territory. Amar Singh, the successor of Maharana Pratap, is particularly known for his heroic resistance to the Mughals during Jahangir's reign. However, the Kingdom of Mewar eventually submitted to the Mughals after Mughal conquest of Mewar in 1617 A.D. This marked the end of their resistance and the Mughals were able to establish control over the region.
Background
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Map_of_Mewar-Udaipur.jpg/220px-Map_of_Mewar-Udaipur.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Maharana_Amar_Singh_-_I.jpg/220px-Raja_Ravi_Varma%2C_Maharana_Amar_Singh_-_I.jpg)
During Maharana Pratap's reign, the kingdom of Mewar faced significant adversity under the rule of the Mughals.[9] However, from 1585 until his death, Pratap enjoyed a peaceful rule in his small area of western Mewar.[10][11] After Pratap's death in 1597, his son was crowned as the ruler of Mewar. Amar Singh continued his father's fight for independence.[11] The Mughals took the offensive again, and in 1599 Akbar sent Prince Salim and Raja Man Singh to invade Mewar.[9][12][13]
The Campaign
The Prince frittered away his time in the pursuit of pleasure at Ajmer, but the valiant Raja aided by other officers did a great deal. Amar Singh led the attack, but he was defeated, and his country was devastated by the imperialists.[14][15] The campaign came to an end abruptly, when Raja Man Singh was called away by the Emperor in order to quell the revolt of Usman Khan in Bengal.[16] A momentous event unfolded in Mewar when the Mughals orchestrated a devastating defeat against Rana Amar Singh, prompting his retreat to the rugged terrain. Despite Prince Salim's exhaustive efforts to locate him in the hilly regions of Mewar, Amar Singh remained elusive. Following the defeat, Mewar endured extensive looting, and the Mughals strategically positioned their outposts in pivotal areas that had previously been under Rana's jurisdiction.[11] This event marked a significant turning point, solidifying Mughal dominance while diminishing the authority of the Rajputs in the region.The repeated invasions in Mewar led to a depletion of its resources and weakened the resolve of Rana.[17][11] Until the death of Pratap, the emperor was preoccupied with domestic affairs. Following Pratap's death, a military expedition led by Prince Salim, and accompanied by Man Singh, was dispatched.[11][17] This expedition was aimed at Mewar to quash the authority of Rana Amar Singh.[17][11] The invasion resulted in a indecisive battle[18] and the Man Singh couldn't invested the country of Mewar.[11][19]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Family_portrait_of_Maharana_Amar_Singh_I_of_Mewar.jpg/220px-Family_portrait_of_Maharana_Amar_Singh_I_of_Mewar.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Akbar_and_Jahangir_by_Racinet%2C_Paris_1801.jpeg/220px-Akbar_and_Jahangir_by_Racinet%2C_Paris_1801.jpeg)
Aftermath
Following the expedition, the authority of the Rana of Mewar was significantly weakened.[11] Pivotal Mewar outposts such as Ontala, Mandal, Mohi, and Bagore, all of which were subsequently annexed by the Mughals which were reoccupied by the Rajputs.[20][10][11][21]
See also
References
- ^ Singh, Surender (2008). Popular Literature and Pre-Modern Societies In South Asia. Pearson India. p. 68. ISBN 9789332509818.
Prince Salim in an inconclusive battle with Amar Singh. When he became the Mughal emperor, Jahangir gave a red patent for Fatehpur to Alaf Khan
- ^ Bhagi, M.L. (1965). Medieval India, Culture and Thought. Indian Publications. p. 45.
The Mughals led by Prince Salim and Raja Man Singh invaded Mewar and Amar and captured territories but couldn't hold it for long .
- ^ Mahajan, V. D. (2007). History of Medieval India. S. Chand Publishing. p. 81. ISBN 978-81-219-0364-6.
The latter took the offensive once again in 1599 and Raja Man Singh and Prince Salim were sent to invade Mewar, but couldn't capture Mewar
- ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1951). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Mughal empire. G. Allen 8 Unwin. p. 133.
In 1600 Akbar made another unsuccessful attempt against Mewar when the expedition led by Prince Salim and Raja Man Singh.
- ^ Singh, Surender (2008). Popular Literature and Pre-Modern Societies In South Asia. Pearson India. p. 68. ISBN 9789332509818.
- ^ Bhagi, M.L. (1965). Medieval India, Culture and Thought. Indian Publications. p. 45.
- ^ Rajasthan (India) (1962). Rajasthan District Gazetteers. Printed at Government Central Press. p. 37.
- ^ Mehta, Jl. Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 246. ISBN 978-81-207-1015-3.
- ^ a b Mahajan, Vidya Dhar (1967). India Since 1526. S. Chand. p. 71.
- ^ a b Sharma, G. N. (1954). Mewar and the mughal emperors. pp. 124–125.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Srivastava, lal Ashirbadi (1957). Akbar The Great Vol 1. pp. 462–464.
- ^ Awan, Muhammad Tariq (1994). History of India and Pakistan: pt. 1. Great Mughals. Ferozsons. p. 194. ISBN 978-969-0-10035-1.
- ^ Sharma, Shripad Rama (2003). The Crescent in India: A Study in Medieval History. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. pp. 407/485. ISBN 978-81-8090-028-0.
- ^ Mahajan, V. D. (2007). History of Medieval India. S. Chand Publishing. p. 81. ISBN 978-81-219-0364-6.
- ^ Bhagi, M. L. (1965). Medieval India, Culture and Thought. Indian Publications. p. 45.
- ^ DHAR, TRILOKI NATH; Dhar, Raj Shree (2014-01-01). THE BATTERED HINDU: History of India from 712 A.D. to 1947 A.D. Mohini publications. p. 113.
- ^ a b c Majumdar R.c. (1974). The Mughul Empire. p. 132.
- ^ Mahajan, Vidya Dhar (1965). Muslim Rule in India. S. Chand. p. 83.
- ^ Awan, Muhammad Tariq (1994). History of India and Pakistan: pt. 1. Great Mughals. Ferozsons. p. 194. ISBN 978-969-0-10035-1.
- ^ Prasad, Beni (1940). History of Jahangir. Indian Press, Limited. p. 193.
- ^ Rajasthan (India) (1975). Rajasthan [district Gazetteers].: Alwar. Printed at Government Central Press. p. 34.