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{{Short description|A non-English word that appears to be English}} |
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A '''pseudo-anglicism''' is a word in another language that is formed from English elements and may appear to be English, but that does not exist as an English word with the same meaning.{{sfn|Ayres-Bennett|2014|p=325,335}}<ref>Ilse Sørensen, ''English im deutschen Wortschatz'', 1997, p. 18, as quoted in Onysko, 2007, p. 53: "words that look English, but which deviate from genuine English words either formally or semantically"</ref>{{sfn|Sicherl|1999|p=14}}{{sfn|Duckworth|1977}}{{sfn|Onysko|2007|loc=p. 52<!--not '|p=52' here because other Onysko|2007|p=52 below would throw an error-->|ps=The term pseudo-anglicism" describes the phenomenon that occurs when the RL<sup>['''receptor language'''; p.14]</sup> uses lexical elements of the SL<sup>['''source language'''; p.14]</sup> to create a neologism in the RL that is unknown in the SL. For the German language, Duckworth simply defines pseudo anglicisms as German neologisms derived from English language material.}} |
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{{original research|reason=Everybody is an expert in their own language, but that's not sufficient to add stuff here. Sources are still required, and unsourced material should be removed. |discuss=Pseudo-anglicism#Original research |date=February 2018}} |
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}} |
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A '''pseudo-anglicism''' is a word in another language that is formed from English elements and may appear to be English, but that does not exist as an English word.<ref name="Sicherl-1999">{{cite book |last1=Sicherl |first1=Eva |last2=Šabec |first2=Nada |last3=Gabrovšek |first3=Dušan |title=The English Element in Contemporary Standard Slovene: Phonological, Morphological and Semantic Aspects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dc7lAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA14 |accessdate=7 February 2018 |series=Razprave Filozofske fakultete. |year=1999 |publisher=Znanstveni inštitut Filozofske fakultete |isbn=978-86-7207-114-6 |page=14 |oclc=442412304 }}</ref> |
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For example, English speakers traveling in France may be struck by the number of words used in French that look similar to English, but which don't exist in English, such as ''rallye-paper'', ''shake-hand'', ''baby-foot'', ''baby-parc'', or ''zapper''.<ref name="Ayres-2014">{{cite book |last1=Ayres-Bennett |first1=Wendy |last2=Carruthers |first2=Janice |last3=Temple |first3=Rosalind |title=Problems and Perspectives: Studies in the Modern French Language |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQftAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA335 |accessdate=7 February 2018 |series=Longman linguistics library. |date=25 February 2014 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-317-88652-5 |page=335 |chapter=12.4 'Hybrids' and pseudo-anglicisms |oclc=871224464}}</ref> |
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For example, English speakers traveling in France may be struck by the "number of anglicisms—or rather words that look English—which are used in a different sense than they have in English, or which do not exist in English (such as ''rallye-paper'', ''shake-hand'', ''baby-foot'', or ''baby-parc'')".<ref>Nicol Spence 1976, as quoted in Ayres-Bennett, 2014, p. 335</ref> |
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==Mechanisms== |
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This is different from a [[false friend]], which is a word with a [[cognate]] that has a different main meaning. Sometimes pseudo-anglicisms become false friends.<ref>Henrik Gottlieb, "Danish pseudo-Anglicisms: A corpus-based analysis", p. 65 in Furiassi 2015</ref> |
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Pseudo-anglicisms can be created in various ways, such as by archaism, i.e., words which once had that meaning in English but are since abandoned; semantic slide, where an English word is used incorrectly to mean something else; conversion of existing words from one part of speech to another; or recombinations by reshuffling English units.<ref name="Anderman-2005">{{cite book |last1=Anderman |first1=Gunilla M. |last2=Rogers |first2=Margaret |last3=Gottlieb | first3=Henrik |title=In and Out of English: For Better, for Worse? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUA59WvmQOQC&pg=PA167 |accessdate=7 February 2018 |series=Translating Europe. |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |location=Clevedon |isbn=978-1-85359-787-9 |page=164 |chapter=11 Anglicisms and Translation |oclc=812195823}}</ref> |
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==Definition and terminology== |
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==Examples== |
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Pseudo-anglicisms are also called secondary anglicisms,{{sfn|Filipović|1990}} false anglicisms,{{sfn|Saugera|2017|p=54|loc=3.4.2 False anglicisms}} or pseudo-English.{{sfn|Picone|1996|p=316}} |
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Pseudo-anglicisms are a kind of [[lexical borrowing]] where the ''source'' or ''donor language'' is English, but where the borrowing is reworked in the ''receptor '' or ''recipient language''.{{sfn|Onysko|2007|p=52}}{{sfn|Carstensen|2015|p=77|ps=<br />The influence of a 'donor language' upon a 'recipient language' can be seen also, and above all, in the so-called pseudo-loanwords, as the literature names them. ''Den intensiven Einfluß einer ''donor language'' auf eine ''recipient language'' zeigen auch und ganz besonders die in der Literatur so genannten Scheinentlehnungen an.''}} |
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===Multiple languages=== |
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* ''Air-Condition'' (German, Greek, Serbo-Croatian, Swedish) – [[air conditioning]] |
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* ''Autostop'' (or in some languages ''stop'') (Bulgarian, Czech, French, Greek, Hungarian, Italian,<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/autostop/ «Autostop»] , ''Vocabolario Treccani on line'', [[Enciclopedia Italiana|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana]]</ref> Polish, Romanian, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Spanish, Turkish) – [[hitchhiking]] |
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* ''Beauty farm'' (Dutch, German ''Beauty-Farm'' and ''Beautyfarm'', Italian<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/beauty-farm/ «Beauty farm»] , ''Vocabolario Treccani on line'', [[Enciclopedia Italiana|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana]]</ref>) – [[spa]] |
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* ''Camping-car'' (French, Japanese キャンピングカー) – [[campervan]] or "[[recreational vehicle]]" |
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* ''Fotoshooting'' (Danish, German, Romanian) – photo session, photo shoot |
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* ''Fotoshop'' (Brazilian Portuguese, Chinese, Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian, Russian, Turkish) – manipulated photo (from the name of [[Adobe Photoshop]]) |
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* ''Frac'' (French, Italian, Serbian variety of Serbo-Croatian), from "frock coat" – evening tailcoat |
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* ''Goalman'' (Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian) – [[Goalkeeper]] |
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* ''Handphone'' (Indonesian, Korean 핸드폰) – [[mobile phone]] (compare German ''Handy'') |
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* ''Hometrainer'' (Dutch, German, Portuguese) – [[Stationary bicycle|exercise bicycle]] or other low-level consumer fitness machine |
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* ''IC'' (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) – [[Interchange (road)|interchange]]{{cn|reason=I don't think just initials apply; how does this "look like" English?|date=February 2018}} |
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* ''K-Way'' (French {{IPA-fr|kawe|}}, Italian) – [[windbreaker]]{{cn|reason=This is a trademark not a word, so not sure that counts. This needs a sources that describes it as a pseudo-anglicism.|date=February 2018}} |
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* ''Luna park'' (Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Polish, Serbian variety of Serbo-Croatian, Turkish, Russian) – [[amusement park]] (derived from the name of an amusement park in New York) |
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* ''MV'' (Chinese, Korean) – [[music video]]{{cn|reason=only initials; doesn't apply|date=February 2018}} |
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* ''PK'' (Chinese) – [[play-kill]] (this term usually refers to a lighthearted competition/conflict and originates from arcade games){{cn|reason=only initials; doesn't apply|date=February 2018}} |
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* ''Recordman'' (French, Greek, Italian, Romanian, Russian ''recordsman'', Turkish) – record holder in sports* |
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* ''Topfit'' (Dutch, German) – perfectly physically fit |
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* ''Zapping'' (Danish ''zappe'', French, German ''zappen'' (verb), Greek, Italian {{IPA-it|ˈdzappiŋɡ|}}, Dutch ''zappen'', Swedish ''zappa'') – (TV) channel-surfing, channel-hopping {{cn|reason=dubious;'to zap' exists in English, so derived 'zapping' exists|date=February 2018}} |
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The precise definition varies. Duckworth defines pseudo-anglicisms in German as "neologisms derived from English language material."{{sfn|Onysko|2007|p=52}}{{sfn|Duckworth|1977|loc=<sup>[page needed]</sup>|ps= : ''Neubildungen der deutschen Sprache mit Englischem Sprachmaterial.''; as quoted in: {{harvtxt|Carstensen|2015|p=77}} }} Furiassi includes words that may exist in English with a "conspicuously different meaning".{{sfn|Furiassi|2010|p=34|ps=, quoted in {{harvtxt|Lujan-Garcia|2017|p=281|ps=<br />"[A] word or idiom that is recognizably English in its form (spelling, pronunciation, morphology, or at least one of the three), but is accepted as an item in the vocabulary of the receptor language even though it does not exist or is used with a conspicuously different meaning in English."}} }} |
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===[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]=== |
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* ''Box'' (''бокс, boks'') – [[boxing]] |
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* ''Break'' (''брэйк, brejk'') – [[breakdance]] |
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* ''Camping'' (''кемпінг, kiemping'') – [[camping site]] |
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* ''Cross'' (''крос, kros'') – [[cross-country race]] |
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* ''File'' (''файл, fajl'') – [[punched pocket]] |
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* ''Player'' (''плэер, plejer'') – [[portable media player]] |
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* ''Shop tour'' (''шоп-тур, šop-tur'') – an organized tour to a foreign country for shopping. |
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==Typology and mechanism== |
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===[[Chinese language|Chinese]]=== |
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Pseudo-anglicisms can be created in various ways, such as by archaism, i.e., words that once had that meaning in English but are since abandoned; semantic slide, where an English word is used incorrectly to mean something else; conversion of existing words from one part of speech to another; or recombinations by reshuffling English units.{{sfn|Anderman|2005|p=164}} |
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* ''ABC'' – American-born Chinese, also CBC = Canadian-born Chinese, BBC = British-born Chinese, etc. |
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* ''BB call'' – pager |
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* ''BBS'' – [[web forum]], as opposed to an actual [[bulletin board system]] |
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* ''DM'' – flyer, brochure, junk mail (from "[[Advertising mail|direct mail]]") |
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* ''KTV'' – a [[Karaoke#Public places for karaoke|karaoke establishment]] with private rooms. Called [[karaoke box]] in Japan. |
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* ''MIT'' – Made in Taiwan |
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* ''VC'' – Vitamin C |
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Onysko speaks of two types: pseudo-anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms. The common factor is that each type represents a [[neologism]] in the receptor language resulting from a combination of borrowed [[lexical item]]s from English. Using German as the receptor language, an example of the first type is ''Wellfit-Bar'', a combination of two English lexical units to form a new term in German, which does not exist in English, and which carries the meaning, "a bar that caters to the needs of health-starved people." An example of the second type, is a hybrid based on a German compound word, ''[[:de:wikt:Weitsprung|Weitsprung]]'' (long jump), plus the English 'coach', to create the new German word ''Weitsprung-Coach.''{{sfn|Onysko|2007|p=52}} |
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===[[Czech language|Czech]]=== |
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* ''Czech POINT'' – Czech public administration contact point{{cn|date=February 2018}} |
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According to Filipović, pseudoanglicisms can be formed through composition, derivation, or ellipsis. Composition in Serbo-Croatian involves creating a new compound from an English word to which is added the word ''man'', as in the example, "GOAL" + man, giving ''golman''. In derivation, a suffix ''-er'' or ''-ist'' is added to an anglicism, to create a new word in Serbo-Croatian, such as ''teniser'', or ''vaterpolist''. An ellipsis drops something, and starts from a compound and drops a component, or from a derivative and drops ''-ing'', as in ''boks'' from "boxing", or "hepiend" from "happy ending".{{sfn |Filipović |1990 |p=138–139 |loc=4.7 Adaptation of pseudoanglicisms}} |
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===[[Danish language|Danish]]=== |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2018}} |
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* ''Babylift'' – [[baby transport]]/[[baby transport|carrycot]] |
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* ''Cottoncoat'' – [[trench coat]] |
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* ''Cowboytoast'' – [[ground meat|minced meat]] [[sandwich]] |
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* ''Grillparty'' – a [[barbecue]] party |
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* ''Monkeyclass'' – [[economy class]] |
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* ''Speedmarker'' – a [[felt-tip pen]] |
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* ''Stationcar'' – a contraction of [[station wagon]] (US) and [[estate car]] (UK) |
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* ''Timemanager'' – a calendar or notebook in which you write down appointments (from the registered trademark [[Time Manager]]) |
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Another process of [[word formation]] that can result in a pseudo-anglicism is a [[blend word]], consisting of portions of two words, like brunch or smog. Rey-Debove & Gagnon attest ''tansad'' in French in 1919, from English ''tan[dem]'' + ''sad[dle]''.{{sfn|Rey-Debove|1990|p=1018}} |
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===[[Dutch language|Dutch]]=== |
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* ''Airco'' – [[air conditioning]] |
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* ''Dumpstore'' – an [[Surplus store|army surplus store]] |
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* ''(Koffie)pad'' – [[Coffee pods and capsules|(coffee) pod]] |
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* ''Songtekst'' – [[lyrics]] |
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* ''Touringcar'' – a [[Coach (bus)|motor coach]]; not a touring car, which is either an [[touring car|obsolete automobile body shape]] or a [[Touring car racing|classification of racing car]]. |
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==Scope== |
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===[[Finnish language|Finnish]]=== |
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* ''College'' – sweater/jumper |
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Pseudo-anglicisms can be found in many languages that have contact with English around the world, and are attested in nearly all European languages.{{sfn|Furiassi|2015|p=17}} |
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===[[French language|French]]=== |
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The equivalent of pseudo-Anglicisms derived from languages other than English also exist. For example, the English-language phrase "[[double entendre]]", while often believed to be French and pronounced in a French fashion, is not actually used in French. For other examples, see [[dog Latin]], [[list of pseudo-French words adapted to English]], and [[list of pseudo-German words adapted to English]]. |
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==Examples== |
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* ''[[:fr:wikt:baby-foot|baby-foot]]''<ref name="Ayres-2014" /> (m, pronounced {{IPA-fr|ba.bi.fut|}}) – [[table football]] |
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* ''[[:fr:wikt:baby-parc|baby-parc]]''<ref name="Ayres-2014" /> – [[Foosball]] |
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* ''[[:fr:wikt:night shop|night shop]]'' (m, Belgium) – late-opening grocery shop |
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* ''rallye-paper''<ref name="Ayres-2014" /> |
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* ''[[:fr:wikt:recordman|recordman]]'' (m; pl: ''recordmans''; f:''Recordwoman'') – record holder in sports |
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* ''[[:fr:wikt:relooker|relooker]]'' (verb) to make over; also: ''relooking'' (n; masc.) – a [[makeover]] |
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* ''[[:fr:wikt:rugbyman|rugbyman]]'' (n; masc.) – rugby player |
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* ''shake-hand''<ref name="Ayres-2014" /> |
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* ''[[:fr:wikt:tennisman|tennisman]]'' – a tennis player |
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* ''[[:fr:wikt:zapper|zapper]]''<ref name="Ayres-2014" /> – to change channels using the remote control{{cn|date=February 2018}} |
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=== |
===Many languages=== |
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{{unreferenced|section|date=February 2018}} |
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Many of the following examples may be found in several words (Fun Sport), hyphenated (Fun-Sport), in one word (Funsport) or [[CamelCase]] (FunSport). |
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* ''Basecap'' – baseball cap |
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* ''Best Ager'' – a person over the age of 50 ([[:de:Best Ager|German Wikipedia]]) |
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* ''Casting-Show'' – talent search television series |
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* ''Catchen'' – wrestling |
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* ''Containern'' – [[Dumpster diving]] |
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* ''DJane'' – female disc jockey |
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* ''Dressman'' – male model |
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* ''Ego-Shooter'' – first-person shooter (FPS) |
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* ''Fitness-Studio'' or ''Fitnessstudio'' – gym |
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* ''Fun-Sport'' – a sport primarily practised in [[Leisure|leisure time]] and for fun without organized competitions or rules, especially when it is risky, extravagant, modern and suitable to express an independent young [[Lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyle]], e.g. [[Free climbing]], [[Snowboarding]] or [[Surfing]] |
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* ''Highboard'' – a table-high cupboard |
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* ''Horrortrip'' – [[bad trip]] |
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* ''Inboard-Kamera'' – onboard camera |
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* ''Inliner'' – inline skates (shoes) |
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* ''Leader(s)box'' – Platform or site, where the provisional leader(s) of a current event is displayed to the public; in English leader's box stands for a collection of important rules and statements of a Christian sect—e.g., the [http://www.ucc.org/ministers/leaders-box/ United Church of Christ] |
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* ''Longseller'' – long-term (best)seller ([[:de:Longseller|German Wikipedia]]) |
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* ''Lowlight'' – opposite of "highlight" (used in business environment in management reporting) |
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* ''Pullunder'', often ''Pollunder'' or ''Polunder'' – sweater vest |
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* ''Punker'' – a punk (dated: punker) |
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* ''Shootingstar'' – (successful) newcomer (sports, music, literature, business, politics...) |
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* ''Showmaster'' – show host |
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* ''Steadyseller'' – a book that sells consistently over a long term (variant of ''bestseller'') |
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* ''Talkmaster'' – talk show host |
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* ''Trainings-'' – in compound terms such as Trainingsanzug, -hose, and -jacke for tracksuit, -trousers, and -top |
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* ''Trampen; Tramper'' – hitchhiking; hitchhiker |
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* ''Twen'' – a person in his or her twenties, or the time period of one's twenties |
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Some pseudo-anglicisms are found in many languages and have been characterized as "world-wide pseudo-English",<ref>Broder Carstensen, "Euro-English", in ''Linguistics across historical and geographical boundaries: in honour of Jacek Fisiak...'', '''2''', in ''Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs'' '''32''', 1986, p. 831</ref> often borrowed via other languages such as French or Italian:<ref>''e.g.'', [[Triantafyllidis Dictionary|Λεξικό της κοινής Νεοελληνικής]] ''s.v.'' σμόκιν</ref> |
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===[[Modern Greek|Greek]]=== |
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* ''[[:wikt:autostop|autostop]]'' – [[hitchhiking]] in French,<ref name="collins"/> Italian,<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/autostop/ «Autostop»], ''Vocabolario Treccani on line'', [[Enciclopedia Italiana|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana]]</ref> Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Greek οτοστόπ,<ref name="babiniotis">Georgios Babiniotis, [[Babiniotis Dictionary|Λεξικό της Νέας Ελληνικής Γλώσσας]], 1998, ''s.v.''</ref> Russian автостоп, Spanish, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Dutch, etc.<ref name="gorlach"/> |
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* ''[[:wikt:basket|basket]]'' – [[basketball]] in Danish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Spanish, Swedish,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sblherr.se/|title=SBL Herr|website=www.sblherr.se}}</ref> Greek μπάσκετ,<ref name="babiniotis"/> Turkish, etc.;<ref name="gorlach"/> also [[sneakers]] in French |
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* ''Barwoman'' – [[Bartender|barmaid]] |
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* ''[[:wikt:camping|camping]]'' – [[campsite|campsite or campground]] in French,<ref name="collins"/> Greek κάμπινγκ,<ref name="babiniotis"/> Bulgarian къмпинг,<ref>[https://en.pons.com/translate/bulgarian-english/%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3 ''PONS Online Dictionary'']</ref> Russian ке́мпинг,<ref>[https://en.pons.com/translate/russian-english/%D0%BA%D0%B5%CD%81%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3 ''PONS Online Dictionary'']</ref> Polish ''kemping'',<ref>[https://en.pons.com/translate/polish-english/kemping '''PONS Online Dictionary'']</ref> Portuguese,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dicio.com.br/camping/ | title=Camping }}</ref> etc. |
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* ''Jean'' (τζιν) – [[denim]] |
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* ''[[:wikt:smoking|smoking]]'' – [[dinner jacket]], tuxedo, or smoking jacket in Danish,<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=smoking smoking], Den Danske Ordbog</ref> French,<ref name="collins"/> Portuguese,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dicionario.priberam.org/smoking | title=Smoking }}</ref> German,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Duden {{!}} Smoking {{!}} Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Smoking|access-date=2021-08-13|website=www.duden.de|language=de}}</ref> Italian,<ref name="paravia">''Oxford Paravia Italian Dictionary'', 2001, {{isbn|0198604378}}, ''s.v.''</ref> Greek σμόκιν,<ref name="babiniotis"/> Russian, etc.<ref name="gorlach">Gorlach, 2001, ''s.v.''</ref> |
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* ''[[Trafficator]]'' – [[Turn signals|indicator]] |
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===Japanese=== |
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===[[Modern Hebrew|Hebrew]]=== |
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{{Further|List of gairaigo and wasei-eigo terms}} |
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* {{Nihongo|''[[salaryman]]''|サラリーマン|sararīman}}{{sfn|Furiassi|2015|p=42}} – a white collar employee (salaried worker) |
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* ''Back-Axe'' (בק-אקס) – rear axle |
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* ''[[Pokémon]]'' (ポケモン, "pocket monster"){{sfn|Furiassi|2015|p=42}} |
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* ''Chaser'' (צ'ייסר) – small [[Shot glass#Sizes|shot glass]] |
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* ''Coacher'' (קואוצ'ר) – practitioner of life-coaching, a coach. ("Coacher" is a valid, but rare, English variant) |
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* ''Combinator'' (קומבינטור) – a swindler/cheater/con-artist, but also less negatively just someone who's good at smooth talking and getting out of trouble, or finding quick-fix solutions to problems. |
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* ''Front Back-Axe'' (פרונט בק-אקס) – front axle |
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* ''Golf'' (גולף) – [[turtleneck]] sweater/jersey |
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* ''Maniac'' (manyak מניאק) – an undesirable person, akin to "asshole" or "son of a bitch" in English. (Probably derived from Arabic, where it has some negative sexual connotation) |
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* ''Money time'' (מאני טיים) – [[wikt:crunch time|crunch time]] (in sports) |
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* ''Nylon'' (ניילון) – any form of flexible [[plastic]] |
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* ''Patent'' (patent פטנט) – an improvisation/innovation |
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* ''Presenter'' (פרזנטור) – [[celebrity endorser]] |
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* ''Punch'' (פאנצ׳) – a short joke, one-liner (not the [[punch line]]!) |
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* ''Puncture'' (pancher פנצ'ר) – any mishap causing a delay <!--(Puncture is used metaphorically for mishaps, so probably should be removed from this list)--> |
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* ''Scouter'' (סקאוטר) – talent scout. ("Scouter" is a valid, but rare, English variant) |
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* ''Selector'' (סלקטור) – airport security screener, club bouncer |
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* ''Snappling'' (snepling סנפלינג) – [[abseiling]] |
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* ''Talkback'' (tokbek טוקבק) – A comment on a [[blog]] or an internet news site |
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* ''V'' (וי) – [[check mark]] (✓). Used in the expression "לעשות וי" ("to do a V") meaning "to check off, indicate as done". |
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=== Korean === |
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===[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]=== |
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{{Main|Konglish}} |
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{{further|List of Konglish terms}} |
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* ''Drill'' – [[Three of a kind (poker)|three of a kind]] in poker. |
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* ''one shot'' – "bottoms up" (원샷 [wʌn.ɕjat̚])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=%EC%9B%90%EC%83%B7|title=Search result for '원샷'|access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref> |
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* ''Farmer'' – [[denim]] or [[jeans]] |
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* ''hand phone'' – "cellphone" (핸드폰 [hɛn.dɯ.pon])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.dict.naver.com/#/search?query=%ED%95%B8%EB%93%9C%ED%8F%B0|title=Search result for '핸드폰'|access-date=2023-08-09}}</ref> |
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* ''Winchester'' – computer [[hard drive]] |
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* ''skinship'' – platonic hand-holding, hugging, etc. (스킨십; seu·kin·sib)<ref>{{cite web |author= |title=8 words that look like English but actually aren't – ESL language studies abroad |date=1 October 2019 |url=https://blog.esl-languages.com/blog/learn-languages/words-that-look-english-but-arent/ |website=ESL Stories |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> |
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=== Romance === |
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===[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]=== |
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====French==== |
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[[French language|French]] includes many pseudo-anglicisms, including novel compounds (''baby-foot''), specifically compounds in ''-man'' (''tennisman''), truncations (''foot''), places in ''-ing'' (''dancing'' meaning dancing-place, not the act of dancing), and a large variety of meaning shifts.<ref name="thog"/> |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:baby-foot|baby-foot]]}}{{sfn|Ayres-Bennett|2014|p=335}} (m, pronounced {{IPA-fr|ba.bi.fut|}}) – [[table football]] |
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* ''Mini Market'' – [[Convenience store]] |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:baby-parc|baby-parc]]}}{{sfn|Ayres-Bennett|2014|p=335}} – playpen |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:blind test|blind test]]}} – music quiz / 'name that tune' |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:brushing|brushing]]}} – blow-dry and styling<ref name="anderson">Matthew Anderson, "The foreign words that seem like English – but aren't", ''BBC Culture'' [https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20161014-the-foreign-words-that-seem-like-english-but-arent 13 October 2016]</ref><ref name="collins-usage">''Collins le Robert French Dictionary'', 11th ed., 2020, ''s.v.'' (usage note)</ref> |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:building|building]]}} – high-rise building, tower block<ref name="anderson"/><ref name="collins">''Collins le Robert French Dictionary'', 11th ed., 2020, ''s.v.''</ref> |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:box|box]]}} – [[wifi router]] or [[parking space]]<ref name="thog"/> |
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* {{lang|fr|dancing}} – [[dance hall]]<ref name="thog"/> |
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* {{lang|fr|flirt}} – a brief romance, flirtation, a [[boyfriend]] or [[girlfriend]]<ref name="collins"/> |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:footing|footing]]}} – jogging (though the real English word is also used in French with the same meaning) |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:night shop|night shop]]}} (m, Belgium) – late-opening grocery shop |
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* {{lang|fr|pressing}} – [[dry cleaning]] shop, |
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* {{lang|fr|rallye-paper}}{{sfn|Ayres-Bennett|2014|p=335}} – a "fox-and-hounds" like game, except with paper scraps instead of foxes{{sfn|Geyer|1903|p=19}} |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:recordman|recordman]]}} (m; pl: {{lang|fr|recordmans}}; f:{{lang|fr|recordwoman}}) – record holder, especially in sports |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:relooker|relooker]]}} (verb) to make over; also: {{lang|fr|relooking}} (n; masc.) – a [[makeover]] |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:rugbyman|rugbyman]]}} (n; masc.) – rugby player |
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* {{lang|fr|shake-hand}}{{sfn|Ayres-Bennett|2014|p=335}} |
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* {{lang|fr|shampooing}} – [[shampoo]]<ref name="thog"/> |
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* {{lang|fr|speaker}}, {{lang|fr|speakerine}} (feminine) – radio or television [[announcer]]<ref name="thog">Clyde Thogmartin, "Some 'English' Words in French", ''The French Review'' '''57''':4:447-455 (March 1984) {{JSTOR|393310}}</ref> |
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* {{lang|fr|standing}} – luxury, prestige<ref name="thog"/> |
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* {{lang|fr|surf}} – [[surfing]]<ref name="thog"/> |
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* {{lang|fr|[[:fr:wikt:tennisman|tennisman]]}} – a tennis player |
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* |
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=== |
====Italian==== |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2018}} |
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* ''Autogrill'' ({{IPA-it|autoˈɡril}})<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/autogrill/ «Autogrill»] , ''Vocabolario Treccani on line'', [[Enciclopedia Italiana|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana]]</ref> – motorway snack bar (used for any brand, not only for [[Autogrill]] chain) |
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* ''Baby killer'', or ''babykiller'' – juvenile murderer |
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* ''Beauty case'' or ''Beauty''<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/beauty-case/ «Beauty-Case»], ''Vocabolario Treccani on line'', [[Enciclopedia Italiana|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana]]</ref> – vanity bag |
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* ''[[:it:Taccuino|Block-Notes]]'' or ''[[:it:Taccuino|Bloc-notes]]'' ({{IPA-it|blɔkˈnɔtes}}) <ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/tag/block-notes// «Bloc-Notes»] , ''Vocabolario Treccani on line'', [[Enciclopedia Italiana|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana]]</ref> – [[notebook]] |
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* ''[[:it:Body rental|Body rental]]'' – [[Temporary work|temporary staffing firm]] |
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* ''[[:it:Contratto di lavoro intermittente|Job on call]]'' – sort of [[Contingent work|casual employment]], whose intermittent working times are based, from day to day, on the needs of the employer (compare [[Zero-hour contract|Zero hours contract]] in the United Kingdom) |
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* ''[[:it:Sexy shop|Sexy shop]]'' – [[sex shop]] |
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* ''Videobar'' – a [[Coffeehouse|cafe]] or [[Bar (establishment)|bar]] focused on entertainment based on [[music video]]s |
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* ''autobus –'' a bus''<ref name=":0" />'' |
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===[[Japanese language|Japanese]]=== |
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* ''autogrill'' ({{IPA-it|autoˈɡril}})<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/autogrill/ «Autogrill»], ''Vocabolario Treccani on line'', [[Enciclopedia Italiana|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana]]</ref> – [[rest area]] (used for any brand, not only for [[Autogrill]] chain) |
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{{Main|Wasei-eigo}} |
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* ''beauty farm''<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/beauty-farm/ «Beauty farm»], ''Vocabolario Treccani on line'', [[Enciclopedia Italiana|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana]]</ref> ({{IPA-it|bjutiˈfarm}}) – [[spa]] |
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* The French borrowing ''[[:it:Taccuino|bloc-notes]]'' ({{IPA-fr|blɔknɔt}}) is sometimes written in the pseudo-English form ''[[:it:Taccuino|block-notes]]'' ({{IPA-it|blɔkˈnɔts|blɔkˈnotes}})<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/tag/block-notes// «Bloc-Notes»], ''Vocabolario Treccani on line'', [[Enciclopedia Italiana|Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana]]</ref> – [[notebook]] |
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* {{Nihongo|''High touch''|ハイタッチ|haitatchi}} - [[high five]] |
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* ''jolly'' – the joker in a pack of cards<ref name="anderson"/><ref>Cristiano Furiassi, "How jolly is the joker? Problemi di traducibilità dei falsi anglicismi" in the ''Atti del 5° congresso di studi dell’Associazione Italiana di Linguistica Applicata (AItLA)''. Bari, 17,18 febbraio 2005</ref> |
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* {{Nihongo|''Live''|ライブ|raibu}} – any sort of performance-related live thing; e. g. a live band, live concert, live recording, etc. |
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* ''pullman'' – a bus<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=English Translation of "autobus" | Collins Italian-English Dictionary |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/italian-english/autobus}}</ref> |
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* {{Nihongo|''[[Love hotel]]''|ラブホテル|rabu hoteru}} – a type of short-stay hotel |
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* ''smart working'' {{IPA-it|zmartˈworking}} – [[remote work]], where "smart" is used referring to other devices with an Internet connection, such as [[smartphone]]s and [[smartwatch]]es. |
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* {{Nihongo|''[[Lolicon]]''|ロリコン|rorikon}} – pedophile (adjective), [[portmanteau]] of "[[Nubile#Lolita|lolita]]" and "complex" |
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* {{Nihongo|''Mansion''|マンション|manshon}} – a condominium apartment |
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* {{Nihongo|''New-half''|ニューハーフ|nyūhāfu}} – a transgender or transsexual woman |
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* {{Nihongo|[[Office lady|''OL'' or ''Office Lady'']]|オフィスレディー|ofisu redī}} – a female office worker |
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* {{Nihongo|''Revenge''|リベンジ|ribenji}} – to try again in spite of previous failure |
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* {{Nihongo|''Salaryman''|サラリーマン|sararīman}} – a white collar employee (salaried worker) |
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* {{Nihongo|''Style''|スタイル|sutairu}} – a woman's figure (particularly if slim or skinny) |
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* {{Nihongo|''Note''|ノート|nōto}} – a notebook |
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===Germanic=== |
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===[[Korean language|Korean]]=== |
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====Danish==== |
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{{Main|Konglish}} |
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* ''babylift'' – [[baby transport]]/[[baby transport|carrycot]]<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=babylift babylift], Den Danske Ordbog</ref><ref name="anderson"/> |
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{{further|List of Konglish terms}} |
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* ''butterfly'' – [[bow tie]]<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=butterfly butterfly], Den Danske Ordbog</ref> |
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* ''Apart'' ({{lang|ko|아파트}} ''apateu'') – this word is used to mean not only individual suites, but "apartment building" or "apartment complex"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1001311,00.html|title=Local English|publisher=Time|accessdate=2 August 2009|author=Desa Philadelphia|date=26 November 2001}}</ref> |
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* ''cottoncoat'' – [[trench coat]]<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=cottoncoat cottoncoat], Den Danske Ordbog</ref> |
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* ''Fighting'' ({{lang|ko|화이팅}} ''hwaiting'' or {{lang|ko|파이팅}} ''paiting'') – a Korean cheer that can roughly be translated as "Victory!" but can also be used as a word of encouragement (a la "Courage!")<ref name="fighting">{{cite web|url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=1904723|title=English? Konglish? Purists concede to 'fighting' cheer|publisher=JoongAng Daily|accessdate=2 August 2009|date=10 June 2002|author=Kim Hyo-jin}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2738897|title=Korea Fighting!|accessdate=2 August 2009|publisher=JoongAng Daily|date=18 June 2006}}</ref> |
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* ''cowboytoast'' – [[ground meat|minced meat]] [[sandwich]]<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=cowboytoast cowboytoast], Den Danske Ordbog</ref> |
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* ''Note'' ({{lang|ko|노트}} ''noteu'') – a [[notebook]] |
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* ''doorstep'' – a short and informal [[press conference]]<ref>[https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/doorstep doorstep], Wiktionary</ref> |
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* ''[[Officetel]]'' ({{lang|ko|오피스텔}} ''opiseutel'') – this word is a [[portmanteau]] of "[[office]]" and "[[hotel]]" and means office and hotel combined |
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* ''grillparty'' – a [[barbecue]] party<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shopping.coop.dk/legetoej/indeleg/rolleleg/legekoekken|title=Legekøkken | Køb dit legetøjskøkken online her | Coop.dk|website=shopping.coop.dk}}</ref> |
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* ''One room'' ({{lang|ko|원룸}} ''wonlum'') – a bachelor-style studio apartment |
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* ''monkeyclass'' – [[economy class]]<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=monkeyclass monkeyclass], Den Danske Ordbog</ref> |
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* ''One shot'' ({{lang|ko|원샷}} ''wonsyas'') – a form of toast, roughly equivalent to "bottoms up". It challenges the drinker to finish his drink in one gulp<ref>{{cite web|url=http://e4u.ybmsisa.com/EngPlaza/hotWord.asp?idx=1447&page=7 |title=외국어 공식 포탈 – e4u.com |publisher=E4u.ybmsisa.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-13}}</ref> |
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* ''speedmarker'' – a [[felt-tip pen]]<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=speedmarker speedmarker], Den Danske Ordbog</ref> |
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* ''Skin scuba'' ({{lang|ko|스킨스쿠버}} ''seukinseukubeo'') – [[scuba diving]] |
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* ''stationcar'' – conflation of [[station wagon]] (US) and [[estate car]] (UK)<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=stationcar stationcar], Den Danske Ordbog</ref> |
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* ''timemanager'' – a calendar or notebook in which one writes down appointments (from the registered trademark [[Time Manager]])<ref>[https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=timemanager timemanager], Den Danske Ordbog</ref> |
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====Dutch==== |
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===[[Persian language|Persian]]=== |
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* ''Machine'' ({{lang|fa|ماشین}}/Мошин, ''mâšin'') – is used for [[Vehicle]] and [[Automobile]] beside general use for describing machines. |
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* ''beamer'' – a [[video projector]] (via German pseudo-anglicism ''Beamer'')<ref>{{cite web |title=Beamer (LaTeX) |last=Vullers |first=Pim |url=http://www.cs.ru.nl/~pim/beamer.php |year=2012 |website=Radboud University |publisher= |access-date=2020-12-09}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Ph.D. student webspace at univeristy|date=December 2020}} |
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* ''Traffic'' ({{lang|fa|ترافیک}}/Трофик, ''trâfik'') – [[traffic jam]]. |
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* ''box'' – a [[playpen]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Box |url=https://etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/box |website=etymologiebank.nl |access-date=2024-06-12}}</ref> |
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* ''keycord'' – a [[lanyard]] |
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* ''oldtimer'' – a [[classic car]] |
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* ''sport'' – to [[exercise]] or engage in a [[sport]] |
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* ''touringcar'' – a [[coach (bus)]] |
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====German==== |
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===[[Polish language|Polish]]=== |
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{{See also|Denglisch}} |
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* ''Boks'' – [[boxing]]<ref>{{cite web|title=boks|url=http://sjp.pwn.pl/so/boks;4416439.html|work=Słownik języka polskiego|publisher=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN|accessdate=19 August 2015|language=Polish}}</ref> |
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German pseudo anglicisms often have multiple valid and common ways of writing them, generally either hyphenated ''(Home-Office)'' or in one word ''(Homeoffice)''.<ref name="duden.de">{{Cite web|title=Duden {{!}} Homeoffice {{!}} Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Homeoffice|access-date=2021-08-13|website=www.duden.de|language=de}}</ref> Infrequently, [[CamelCase]] may also be used.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} |
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* ''Deweloper'' – [[real estate developer]]<ref>{{cite web|title=developer|url=http://sjp.pwn.pl/sjp/developer;2554923.html|work=Słownik języka polskiego|publisher=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN|accessdate=21 June 2015|language=Polish}}</ref> |
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* ''Dres'' – [[tracksuit]];<ref>{{cite web|title=dres|url=http://swo.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=6162|work=Słownik wyrazów obcych|publisher=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN|accessdate=11 April 2012|language=Polish}}</ref> sometimes also [[chav]](s) (short for ''dresiarz'') |
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* ''Beamer'' – a [[video projector]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Duden {{!}} Beamer {{!}} Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Beamer|access-date=2021-03-14|website=www.duden.de|language=de}}</ref> |
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*''Bodybag –'' a [[messenger bag]] |
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* ''Charity-Lady'' (pl.: ''Charity-Lad'''y'''s''): upper-class woman who uses her fortune and her social influence to do charity work |
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* ''Dressman'' – a male model (Onysko calls this the 'canonical example' of a pseudo-anglicism.{{sfn|Onysko|2007|p=52}}) |
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* ''Flipper'' – a [[pinball machine]]<ref name="german.yabla.com">{{Cite web|url=https://german.yabla.com/lesson-German-Pseudo-Anglicisms-542|title = German Pseudo-Anglicisms – Yabla German – Free German Lessons}}</ref> |
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* ''Funsport'' – a sport played for amusement, such as [[skateboarding]] or [[frisbee]]<ref name="anderson" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Duden {{!}} Funsport {{!}} Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Funsport|access-date=2021-08-13|website=www.duden.de|language=de}}</ref> |
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* ''Handy'' – a mobile phone<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sparhandy.de/handy-kaufen/|title=Handy ohne Vertrag: Angebote März 2023|website=www.sparhandy.de}}</ref> |
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* ''Homeoffice'' – working from home, used as a noun<ref name="duden.de"/> |
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* ''Jobticket'' – a free pass for public transport provided by an employer for employees<ref>{{Cite web|title=Duden {{!}} Jobticket {{!}} Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Jobticket|access-date=2021-03-13|website=www.duden.de|language=de}}</ref> |
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* ''Oldtimer'' – an [[antique car]]<ref name="anderson"/> |
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* ''Public Viewing'' – a public viewing event (party) of a [[Association football|football]] match or similar |
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* ''Shooting'' – a photoshoot<ref name="german.yabla.com"/> |
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<!--* ''Wellfit-Bar'' – a bar that carries a variety of healthy drinks {{sfn|Onysko|2007|p=52}} << This is not a well known term in Germany and actually sounds like a trademark to me. --> |
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* ''trampen'' (verb) – hitchhiking<ref>{{Cite web|title=Duden {{!}} Trampen {{!}} Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/trampen|access-date=2021-05-13|website=www.duden.de|language=de}}</ref> |
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* ''mobbing'' – bullying |
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====Norwegian==== |
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===[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]=== |
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Except when the English pronunciation is obviously indicated by widely known spelling rules, such as "ee", "ay", "oo", "ou" and "a+consonant+e" standing for {{IPA|[i]}}, {{IPA|[eɪ]}}, {{IPA|[u]}}, {{IPA|[aʊ]}}, and {{IPA|[eɪC]}} (this one only in Portugal; Brazilians will pronounce the vowels near-correctly but the consonants always in the way they would pronounce them in Portuguese), instead of the expected {{IPA|[ej]}}, {{IPA|[aj]}}, {{IPA|[ow]}}, {{IPA|[ow]}}, {{IPA|[aCi ~ aCɨ]}} (non-nasal consonant) and {{IPA|[ɜ̃Ci ~ ɐCɨ]}} ([[Nasal consonant|nasal]]), all Lusophone Latin Americans and Africans and most Portuguese and Macanese ''will invariably use spelling pronunciations for pseudo-anglicisms'' as those that know proper English pronunciation and spelling rules would naturally be expected to know that those words are not real English, so that ''soda'' and ''tuning'' come out as {{IPA-pt|ˈsɔðɐ|}} (roughly like "sawtha" or "soth-a") and {{IPA-pt|ˈtũɲĩ|}} (roughly like "toonyeen'"), much as English-like ''filler'' (used mainly in Brazil, in the context of [[anime]] episodes not derived from the storyline of the [[manga]] from which [[Animanga|they derive]]) and ''nylon'' would be {{IPA-pt|ˈfileʁ|}} (roughly "feel-egh") and {{IPA-pt|ˈnajlõ|}} (roughly "nye lon'") in non-affected pronunciations, though ''tupperware'' is rather similar to a native form ({{IPA-pt|tɐpɐˈwɛɾ|}}, {{IPA-pt|-ˈwɛʁ|}}). |
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* ''sixpence'' – Flat cap<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sixpence |url=https://www.skittfiske.no/klaer/hodeplagg/sixpence |access-date=2022-09-18 |website=www.skittfiske.no}}</ref> |
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Phonotactic and phonological rules of Portuguese or of certain Portuguese dialects, such as specific [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalization]] and [[vowel reduction]] patterns, also apply, so that while e.g. ''nice'' in São Paulo would become {{IPA|[ˈnajs]}}, a native English form, in Rio de Janeiro it would become {{IPA|[ˈnajsi]}} (roughly "nicie") or {{IPA|[naj s̩]}} ("nye, sss!"), as {{IPA|[s]}} at the end of a syllable in the local dialect is non-existent – the local pronunciation of the archiphoneme /[[Syllable coda|coda]] [[Sibilant consonant|sibilant]]/ is palatalized {{IPA|[ɕ]}}, the hushing second consonant in Japanese ''sushi''. Brazilians, and some Africans and rural Portuguese with archaic dialects resembling Brazilian Portuguese, are known to insert an [[Epenthesis|epenthetic]] {{IPA|[i]}} after virtually every final closed syllable to break them into two different open syllables, so that hippie and hip (as {{IPA|[i]}}star and ''estar/está'', similar to Spanish) would sound wholly or nearly homophonous as {{IPA|[ˈʁipi]}}, in the same way flirt became ''flerte'' ({{IPA-pt|ˈfleʁtʃi|}}, {{IPA-pt|ˈflɛɾt(ɨ)|}} in Portugal) with time. Words that are not slang anymore tend to be adapted to Portuguese orthography. |
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* ''Agroboy'' (Brazil) – a non-urban Brazilian ''playboy'' or yuppie, generally with its wealth earned by agricultural businesses |
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* ''Beauty case'' – vanity case |
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* ''Box'' – a stall containing a shower or a toilet, as in a public restroom |
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* ''Coffeeshop'' (a loanword from Dutch) – a store selling [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] |
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* ''Cooper'' – to jog |
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* ''Fashion'' (Brazil) – as an [[adjective]] rather than a [[noun]], slang for a cool fashion style. Used mainly in relation to female fashion styles (or that of males in a jocose way). Example: Ela está muito ''fashion'' agora! meaning "she is so cool now [with this makeover]!" |
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* ''[[Funk carioca|Funk]]'' – a musical genre from [[Rio de Janeiro]], local spin-off from [[Miami bass]], completely unrelated to American [[Funk|funk music]] |
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* ''Grill'' (Brazil) – steak house. Most often the native name ''churrascaria'' is used |
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* ''Hipster'' (Brazil) – slang for either the correct English usage (scenesters of underground and indie music scenes) or a contemporary [[hippie]]-derived subculture there prevalent |
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* ''Hockey'' – icehockey (other varieties of hockey are virtually unknown) |
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* ''Ice Tea'' – [[generic trademark]] for iced tea, informally more common than the direct translation ''chá gelado'' |
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* ''Night'' (Brazil) – nightlife, particularly [[dating]] |
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* ''Novo look'' – a makeover (hair, clothing, makeup, etc.) |
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* ''Open House'' – housewarming party |
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* ''Outdoor'' – [[billboard]], using the English adjective as a noun |
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* ''[[:pt:Playboy (estilo)|Playboy]]'' (Brazil) – while in first it had the [[Playboy (lifestyle)|same usage as in English]], from the 1990s to the 2010s it changed its meaning to a local version of [[yuppie]]. Stereotypes of the Brazilian ''playboys'' include being classist, womanizer and sexist, at least way more than their yuppie counterparts from more developed nations, which in turn is result of social anxieties of the poor and the lower middle class against the upper middle and upper classes, or being great seekers of social status and influence. They also, contrary to yuppies, do not fashionize intellectuality, and can or can not be socially liberal (social divisions between liberals and conservatives, specially in the upper classes, makes much less sense in Brazil) |
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* ''Shopping'' – [[shopping mall]] or shopping centre using the English gerund as a noun |
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* ''Show'' – [[concert]], particularly a pop music concert ("concerto" is used mainly for classical music, nevertheless it is the standard usage in European Portuguese for all kinds of concert and also used in Brazilian Portuguese by language purists) |
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* ''Soda'' – short for ''soda limonada'', [[Lime (fruit)|lime]]-flavored soft drink (''refrigerante sabor limão'', lime and lemon are regarded as two variants of the same fruit in Brazil; ''not'' [[lime-lemon]], ironically known in Brazil by the literal translation ''lima-limão'') rather than [[soft drink]] in general; ''soda'' is also a native Portuguese word that conveys the chemical sense of soda (compounds that contain sodium), as well as a [[Salsola soda|saltwort]] or a kelp |
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* ''Style'' (Brazil) – as an adjective rather than a noun, slang for someone whose fashion, or for the said fashion in itself, is deemed as innovative, cool or unique. Unlike ''fashion'', this slang is regarded as adequate for males (actually, this term is a stereotypical part of the vocabulary of urban worker class males lacking in education and refinement). Example: Deborah e Giovanni ficam tão ''style'' de calças skinny, óculos escuros e franja! (meaning "Deborah and Giovanni got so cool wearing skinny jeans and dark glasses, and cutting the hair in bangs!") |
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* ''Top'' (Brazil) – using the English noun as an adjective, means genius, greatest, awesome. Another example of slang stereotypically associated with stigmatized speech registers of those of lower social standing. Probably itself a loanword from French |
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* ''Video game'' ({{IPA-pt|ˈvidʒo ˈɡejmi|}}; {{IPA-pt|ˈvidʒu ˈɡẽjmi|}} in less cultivated registers) (Brazil) – also written ''vídeo-game'', [[Video game console|game console]], although the term "console" is also used, the [[video game]]s themselves are simply called "games", "jogos" (the standard translation for "game") or less ambiguously "jogos de videogame" (console games) |
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====Swedish==== |
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===[[Romanian language|Romanian]]=== |
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<!-- please sort every new entry alphabetically --> |
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* ''after work'' – a meeting for drinks after the workday is finished<ref>{{cite news|title=After work ett svenskt påhitt|url=http://www.dn.se/ekonomi/after-work-ett-svenskt-pahitt/|newspaper=[[Dagens Nyheter]]|date=11 March 2015|access-date=12 December 2015|language=Swedish}}</ref> |
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* ''Blugi'' – jeans, denim fabric (whether blue or not) |
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* ''backslick'' – A wet, combed-back hair style{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} |
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* ''Tenisman'' – tennis player (feminine is ''tenismană'') |
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* ''pocket'' – A paper-back book<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.akademibokhandeln.se/lista/pockettoppen|title=Topplistan Pocket – Akademibokhandeln|website=www.akademibokhandeln.se}}</ref> |
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=== |
=== Slavic === |
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====Polish==== |
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<!-- please sort every new entry alphabetically --> |
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* ''dres'' – [[tracksuit]];<ref>{{cite web|title=dres|url=http://swo.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=6162|work=Słownik wyrazów obcych|publisher=Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN|access-date=11 April 2012|language=Polish}}{{Dead link|date=May 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> sometimes also short for ''[[dresiarz]]'' ([[chav]], [[gopnik]]) |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2018}} |
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* '' |
* ''{{lang|pl|[[:pl:wikt:pendrive|pendrive]]}}'' – [[USB flash drive]] |
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* ''{{lang|pl|[[:pl:wikt:camping|camping]]}}'' – [[campsite]] |
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* ''[[Face control]]'' (''фейсконтроль, feyskontrol’'') – checking whether a person looks appropriate (a common practice at Russian night clubs) |
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* ''Metallist'' (''металлист, metallist'') – fan of [[heavy metal subculture]] |
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* ''Safing'' (''сейфинг, seyfing'') – providing [[safe deposit box]]es |
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* ''Shop tour'' (''шоп-тур, shop-tur'') – an organized tour to a foreign country for shopping |
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=== |
====Russian==== |
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<!-- please sort every new entry alphabetically --> |
<!-- please sort every new entry alphabetically --> |
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* Дресс-кроссинг ("Dress crossing") – [[clothing swap]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://brjunetka.ru/chto-takoe-dress-krossing-i-v-chem-ego-preimushhestva/ | title=Преимущества и недостатки дресс-кроссинга | date=19 September 2015 }}</ref> (analogous to [[postcrossing]], [[bookcrossing]]); not to be confused with [[cross-dressing]] |
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* ''Basket'' (''Basket'' / ''Баскет'') – [[3x3 (basketball)|2 v 2 or 3 v 3 basketball]] |
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* {{lang|ru|[[:ru:wikt:клипмейкер|Клипмейкер]]}} ("Clip maker") – [[music video director]]{{sfn|Baldwin|2020|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bJb-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48 Клипмейкер]}} |
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* ''Body'' (''Bodi'' / ''Боди'') – [[Bodice]] |
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* {{lang|ru|[[:ru:wikt:страйкбол|Страйкбол]]}} ("strikeball")<ref>[https://translate.academic.ru/страйкбол/en/ru/страйкбол «страйкбол»], ''«Словари и энциклопедии на Академике»''</ref><ref>[[:ru:Страйкбол|Страйкбол]], ''«Википедия»''</ref> – [[airsoft]] |
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* ''Drugstore'' (''Dragstor'' / ''Драгстор'') – a corner store that is open in evenings or overnight. They do not offer pharmacy services. |
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* {{lang|ru|[[:ru:wikt:фейсконтроль|Фейсконтроль]]}} ("[[Face control]]") – the policy of screening people based on their appearance{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} |
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* ''Full'' - slang term meaning 'very' |
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*Аниматор ("Animator") – children's entertainer |
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* ''Goalman'' (''Golman'' / ''Голман'') – Goalkeeper, Goalie |
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* {{lang|ru|[[:ru:wikt:кемпинг|Кемпинг]]}} ("camping") – [[campsite]] |
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* ''Insert'' (''Insert'' / ''Инсерт'') – [[Video clip|Movie clip]] |
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* {{lang|ru|[[:ru:wikt:рекордсмен|Рекордсмен]]}} ("records man") – record holder |
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* ''Luster'' (''Luster'' / ''Лустер'') – Chandelier |
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* ''Recorder'' (''Rekorder'' / ''Рекордер'') – record holder (in sports) |
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* ''Site'' (''Sajt'' / ''Сајт'') – [[Website]] |
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* ''Spot'' (''Spot'' / ''Спот'') – [[Music video]] |
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=== |
=== Austronesian === |
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==== Tagalog ==== |
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{{main|Philippine English}} |
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* ''Nightclub'' – [[brothel]]/erotic club |
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{{further|Taglish}} |
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* ''[[jeepney]]'' – a [[mode of transport|mode of]] [[public transport]] in the [[Philippines]], much like a form of [[share taxi]]<ref name=culturetrip>{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/16-english-words-and-sayings-travellers-wont-understand-in-the-philippines/|title=16 English Words and Sayings Travellers Won't Understand in the Philippines|last=Escalona|first=Katrina|date=5 September 2017|publisher=theculturetrip.com|access-date=7 January 2019}}</ref>{{failed verification|reason=Might be a pseudoanglicism, but this ref says nothing about it.|date=January 2019}} |
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==== Malaysian Malay ==== |
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===[[Slovenian language|Slovenian]]=== |
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* ''action'' – boast; boastful<ref name="Johari">{{cite web|url=https://says.com/my/seismik/perkataan-english-orang-kita-pakai-yang-beri-maksud-berbeza|title=21 'English Words' Yang Menyimpang Jauh Maksudnya Bila Orang Kita Guna Untuk Bersembang|last=Johari|first=Farouq|date=|publisher=says.com|access-date=}}</ref> |
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<!-- please sort every new entry alphabetically --> |
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* ''best'' – good<ref name="Johari"/><ref name="soscili.my">{{cite web|url=https://soscili.my/perkataan-inggeris-salahguna-dimelayukan/|title=9 perkataan English yang terpesong maknanya bila di-Melayukan|last=|first=|date=13 August 2016|publisher=soscili.my|access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref> |
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* ''Dbest'' {{IPA-sl|dəˈbɛst|}} – slang term meaning 'cool' |
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* ''cable'' – personal connection or insider<ref name="Johari"/><ref name="Roslan">{{cite web|url=https://www.thevocket.com/perkataan-english-di-melayukan/|title=10 Perkataan English Yang Telah Di Melayukan. Mat Salleh Pun Takkan Faham|last=Roslan|first=Rizmi|date=18 January 2015|publisher=The Vocket|access-date=}}</ref> |
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* ''Full'' {{IPA-sl|ful|}} – slang term meaning 'very' |
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* ''power'' – great<ref name="Johari"/><ref name="soscili.my"/> |
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* ''sound'' – scold<ref name="Johari"/><ref name="soscili.my"/> |
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* ''spender'' – [[undergarment]] for lower body e.g. [[briefs]] and [[panties]]<ref name="Johari"/><ref name="soscili.my"/><ref name="Roslan"/> |
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* ''terror'' – great<ref name="Roslan"/> |
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=== |
==== Indonesian ==== |
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* ''cross boy/girl'' – delinquent person<ref name="gustaafkusno">{{Cite web |last=Kompasiana.com |date=2012-09-05 |title=Istilah Bahasa Inggris Kreasi Orang Indonesia |url=https://www.kompasiana.com/gustaafkusno/55175b3fa333114607b65c5f/istilah-bahasa-inggris-kreasi-orang-indonesia |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=KOMPASIANA |language=id}}</ref> |
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<!-- please look at the Multiple Languages section before adding a word here --> |
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* ''outbound'' – [[outdoor education]] or recreational activities<ref name="gustaafkusno"/> |
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<!-- please sort every new entry alphabetically --> |
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{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2018}} |
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* ''KOM (Kick Off Meeting)'' – planning meeting, Project launch meeting. |
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* ''Nuevo look'' – a makeover (hair, clothing, makeup etc.) |
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* ''Play, Hipermegaplay'' (in Colombia) – Used in the same way American English speakers would use the slang term "Cool". |
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* ''Round Point'' (in [[Colombian Spanish]]) – [[roundabout]] (from French ''rond-point'') |
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=== |
=== Other languages === |
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==== Chinese ==== |
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* ''coser'' – [[cosplayer]], modelled after the verb "cos" (to cosplay) |
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* ''After work'' – a meeting for drinks after the workday is finished<ref>{{cite web|title=After work ett svenskt påhitt|url=http://www.dn.se/ekonomi/after-work-ett-svenskt-pahitt/|publisher=[[Dagens Nyheter]]|accessdate=12 December 2015|language=Swedish}}</ref> |
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* ''Babysitter'' – seat made for infants |
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* ''Backslick'' – slick-back hairdo |
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* ''Brat'' – pejorative for a spoilt youth or young adult from the upper class who wears ''backslick'' and expensive clothes and exhibits extravagant behavior |
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* ''Clicks'' – [[Bicycle pedal#Clipless pedals|bicycle cleats]] |
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* ''Freestyle'' – [[personal stereo]]; originally a marketing term |
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* ''Homestyling'' – [[Home staging]], making a home look better when presenting for sale, when done by professionals. Homestyling is used in the UK when helping residents fix their home for their own well-being. |
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* ''Pocketbok'' or just ''Pocket'' – [[paperback book]] (mix of English and Swedish spelling) |
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* ''Relax'' – [[spa]] |
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* ''Smoking'' – a dinner jacket/[[tuxedo]]. |
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=== |
====Maltese==== |
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<!-- please sort every new entry alphabetically --> |
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* ''Air'' (แอร์) – Air conditioner. |
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* ''Check-bill'' (เช็กบิล ''Chĕkh bil'') – A combination of the US English "check" and the British English "bill" (adapted to Thai pronunciation), meaning the bill presented in a restaurant or bar. |
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* ''Freshy'' (เฟรชชี่ ''Ferch chī̀'') – A college fresher or freshman. |
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* ''Goal'' (โกล ''Kol'') – means "goal keeper". "No goal" means to play football(soccer) without goal keepers. |
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* ''Hi-so'' (ไฮโซ ''Ḥịso'') – [[High society (group)|High Society]] describing someone who insists on designer labels. |
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* ''Inter'' (อินเตอร์ ''Xintexr̒'') – means "international". "I am so inter" means the person has been abroad and is interested in foreign, mostly Western things. |
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* ''In-trend'' (อินเทรนด์ ''Xin the rnd̒'') – Trendy. The word "trend" is usually pronounced in Thai accent as "tren" because final consonants are not as pronounced in Thai as in English. |
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* ''Too fast to sleep'' – Too early to sleep. The Thai word /rēw/ (เร็ว ''rĕw'') means either fast or early, depending on context. |
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* ''Ver'' or ''Over'' (เวอร์ ''Wexr̒'' or โอเวอร์ ''Xowexr̒'') – Exaggerated or overstated. |
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* ''goaler'' – [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Chucky |date=2016-11-26 |title=5 Kelmiet Li Taħsibhom Ingliżi Imma Mhumiex |url=https://lovinmalta.com/lifestyle/language/5-kelmiet-li-tahsibhom-inglizi-imma-mhumiex/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Lovin Malta |language=en-GB}}</ref> |
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===[[Turkish language|Turkish]]=== |
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* ''Flört'' (flirt) – [[dating]] |
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* ''Fragman'' (fragment) – [[Trailer (promotion)|trailer]] |
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* ''Klasik Müzik'' (classic music) – [[classical music]] |
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* ''Klozet'' (closet) – [[public toilet]] or [[flush toilet]] |
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* ''Spiker'' (speaker) – [[media commentator]]s, and [[news presenters]] |
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* ''Stoper'' (stopper) – in association football: [[Center-back]] |
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* ''Trafik'' (traffic) – can mean "traffic jam" based on the context |
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* ''Tramvay'' (tramway) – tram or streetcar |
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* ''Web'' (web) – [[Internet]] (also used as "İnternet") |
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* ''Web Sayfası'' (web page) – [[Website]] |
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===[[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]=== |
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<!-- please sort every new entry alphabetically --> |
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* ''Coca'' ({{lang|vi|cô ca}}) – [[Coca-Cola]] |
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* ''MC'' ({{lang|vi|em xi}}) – TV host, talk show host, television presenter; originating from hip-hop slang |
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* ''Film'' ({{lang|vi|phim}}) – both [[Film|movies]] and [[soap opera]] |
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* ''Photo'' ({{lang|vi|phô tô}}) – [[Photocopier|photocopy]] |
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* ''Sex'' ({{lang|vi|sét}}) – wearing revealing clothes that make the wearer appear lustful |
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* ''Style'' ({{lang|vi|xì tin}}) – appearing teenage, active, playful and modern |
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* ''Vest'' ({{lang|vi|vét}}) – Western [[suit (clothing)|suit]] in clothing |
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===[[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]=== |
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* ''cherry lights'' (טשערי לייץ [[Help:IPA for Yiddish|[tʃɛrɪ lɛɪts]]]) – red headlights{{cn|date=January 2018}} |
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* ''payday'' (פּיידיי [[Help:IPA for Yiddish|[pɛɪdɛɪ]]]) – salary/payment |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{col div|colwidth=30em}} |
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* [[Anglicism]] |
* [[Anglicism]] |
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* [[Barbarism (modern linguistics)]] |
* [[Barbarism (modern linguistics)]] |
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* [[List of pseudo-French words adapted to English]] |
* [[List of pseudo-French words adapted to English]] |
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* [[Phono-semantic matching]] |
* [[Phono-semantic matching]] |
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* [[Wasei-eigo]] |
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{{colend}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==Sources== |
==Sources== |
||
* <!--Anderman|2005-->{{cite book |last1=Anderman |first1=Gunilla M. |last2=Rogers |first2=Margaret |last3=Gottlieb | first3=Henrik |title=In and Out of English: For Better, for Worse? |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUA59WvmQOQC&pg=PA167 |series=Translating Europe. |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |location=Clevedon |isbn=978-1-85359-787-9 |page=164 |chapter=11 Anglicisms and Translation |oclc=812195823 |ref={{harvid|Anderman|2005}} }} |
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* <!--Ayres-Bennett|2014-->{{cite book |last1=Ayres-Bennett |first1=Wendy |last2=Carruthers |first2=Janice |last3=Temple |first3=Rosalind |title=Problems and Perspectives: Studies in the Modern French Language |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQftAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA335 |series=Longman linguistics library. |date=25 February 2014 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-317-88652-5 |page=335 |chapter=12.4 'Hybrids' and pseudo-anglicisms |oclc=871224464 |ref={{harvid|Ayres-Bennett|2014}} }} |
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* <!--Baldwin|2020-->{{cite book |last1=Baldwin |first1=Yuliya |title=English Loans in Contemporary Russian |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-20618-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJb-DwAAQBAJ |language=en}} |
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* <!--Betz|1977-->{{cite book |language=German |last1=Betz |first1=Werner |last2=Kolb |first2=Herbert |last3=Lauffer |first3=Hartmut |title=Sprachliche Interferenz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqgdAAAAMAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Niemeyer |isbn=978-3-484-10285-9 |ref={{harvid|Betz|1977}} }} |
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* <!--Carstensen|2015-->{{cite book |language=German |last=Carstensen |first=Broder |editor1-last=Viereck |editor1-first=Wolfgang |title=Studien zum Einfluß der englischen Sprache auf das Deutsche |trans-title=Studies on the Influence of the English Language on German |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oy7tCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77|date=16 November 2015 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |orig-year=1st pub. Gunter Narr:1980 |series=Tübingener beigrag zur Linguistik #132 |isbn=978-3-87808-132-6 |oclc=1006045710 |page=77 |chapter=Semantische Scheinentlehnungen des Deutschen aus dem Englischen }} |
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*<!--Campos-Pardillos|2015-->{{cite journal |journal=Atlantis Journal of the Spanish Association of Anglo-American Studies |last=Campos-Pardillos |first=Miguel Ángel |title=All Is not English that Glitters: False Anglicisms in the Spanish Language of Sports |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/32326153.pdf |volume=37 |issue=2 |year=2015 |publisher=AEDEAN: Asociación española de estudios anglo-americanos |jstor=24757788 |doi= |issn=0210-6124 |eissn=1989-6840 |pages=155–174 }} |
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* <!--Duckworth|1977-->{{cite book |language=German |last=Duckworth |first=David |editor1-last=Best |editor1-first=Werner |editor2-last=Kolb |editor2-first=Werner |editor3-last=Lauffer |editor3-first=Hartmut |title=Zur terminologischen Grundlage der Forschung auf dem Gebiet der englisch-deutschen Interferenz. Kritische Übersicht, und neue Vorschlag |trans-title=The Terminological Basis of Research in the Field of English-German Interference. Critical Overview, and New Proposal. |url= |page= |location=Tübingen |publisher=[[:de:Max Niemeyer Verlag|Niemeyer]] |date=1977 |isbn=9783484102859 |oclc=185584225 |access-date= |quote=Neubildungen der deutschen Sprache mit Englischem Sprachmaterial. }} |
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* <!--Filipovic|1990-->{{cite book |last1=Filipović |first1=Rudof |last2=Partridge |first2=Monica |last3=Herrity |first3=Peter |last4=Jones |first4=Malcolm V. |last5=Terry |first5=Garth M. |title=The Bell of freedom: essays presented to Monica Partridge on the occasion of her 75th birthday |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTsMAAAAIAAJ |access-date=14 February 2018 |year=1990 |publisher=Astra Press |location=Nottingham |isbn=978-0-946134-17-5 |chapter=Secondary Anglicisms in a Dictionary of Anglicisms in Serbo-Croatian |oclc=246527030 |ref={{harvid|Filipović|1990}}}} |
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* <!--Furiassi|2010-->{{cite book |last=Furiassi |first=Cristiano |title=False Anglicisms in Italian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=11_QwAEACAAJ |year=2010 |publisher=Polimetrica |location=Monza (Milano) |isbn=978-88-7699-203-2 |oclc=712112149 }} |
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* <!--Furiassi|2012-->{{cite book |last1=Furiassi |first1=Cristiano |last2=Pulcini |first2=Virginia |last3=Rodríguez González |first3=Félix |title=The Anglicization of European Lexis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nI3y6TJw4YIC&pg=PA158 |year=2012 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-272-1195-8 |pages=158 |ref={{harvid|Furiassi|2012}} }} |
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* <!--Furiassi|2015-->{{cite book |last1=Furiassi |first1=Cristiano |last2=Gottlieb |first2=Henrik |title=Pseudo-English: Studies on False Anglicisms in Europe |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_BeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT17 |date=10 March 2015 |publisher=De Gruyter |location=Berlin |isbn=978-1-5015-0023-7 |pages=17 |chapter=2 Qualifying pseudo-Anglicisms |ref={{harvid|Furiassi|2015}} }} |
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* <!--Geyer|1903-->{{cite book |title=Geyer's Stationer: Devoted to the Interests of the Stationery, Fancy Goods and Notion Trades |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w587AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR19 |year=1903 |publisher=Andrew Geyer |location=New York |oclc=1009011742 |access-date=13 May 2018 |ref={{harvid|Geyer|1903}} }} |
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* <!--Görlach|2001-->{{cite book |last=Görlach |first=Manfred |title=A Dictionary of European Anglicisms: A Usage Dictionary of Anglicisms in Sixteen European Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m7YfZpQjeewC |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-823519-4 |oclc=429029188 |access-date=21 February 2018 }} |
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* <!--Görlach|2002-->{{cite book |last=Görlach |first=Manfred |title=English in Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kma6Sipww4UC |date=23 May 2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-158069-7 |oclc=768118863 |access-date=21 February 2018 }} |
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* <!--Grossman|2008-->{{cite book |language=German |last=Großmann |first=Anja |title=Frequenz und Verwendungskontexte des Anglizismus Design in der deutschen Sprache |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOavrBvZu9MC&pg=PA4 |year=2008 |publisher=GRIN Verlag |isbn=978-3-640-17674-8 |pages=4– |chapter=2.2 Die Typologie der Anglizismen nach Jürgen Spitzmüller |type=Studienarbeit |ref={{harvid|Grossman<!--make it easier to type in sfn-->|2008}} }} |
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* <!--Lujan-Garcia-2017-->{{cite journal |journal=Alicante Journal of English Studies |last=Luján-García |first=Carmen |title=Analysis of the presence of Anglicisms in a Spanish internet forum: some terms from the fields of fashion, beauty and leisure |volume=30 |year=2017 |issue=30 |page=277 |doi=10.14198/raei.2017.30.10 |ref={{harvid|Lujan-Garcia|2017}} |doi-access=free |hdl=10553/41634 |hdl-access=free }} |
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* <!--Onysko|2007-->{{cite book |last=Onysko |first=Alexander |title=Anglicisms in German: Borrowing, Lexical Productivity, and Written Codeswitching |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbr2txEYSHAC&pg=PA52 |series=Linguistik: Impulse & Tendenzen, 23 |chapter=4 Pseudo anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms |year=2007 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-11-019946-8 |pages=52 |oclc=901310392 }} |
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* <!--Picone|1996-->{{cite book |last=Picone |first=Michael D. |title=Anglicisms, Neologisms and Dynamic French |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcZBAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA350 |access-date=14 February 2018 |series=Lingvisticae Investigationes Supplementa Ser.,18. |date=18 October 1996 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-272-7614-8 |page=350 |oclc=769341957 }} |
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* <!--Rey-Debove|1990-->{{cite book |language=French |last1=Rey-Debove |first1=Josette |last2=Gagnon |first2=Gilberte |title=Dictionnaire des anglicismes : les mots anglais et américains en français |trans-title=Dictionary of Anglicisms: English and American Words in French |series=Usuels du Robert |location=Paris |publisher=Le Robert |date=1990 |orig-year= |isbn=9782850360275 |oclc=756955952 |ref={{harvid|Rey-Debove|1990}}}} |
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* <!--Rosenhouse|2008-->Rosenhouse, Judith, Rotem Kowner, eds., ''Globally Speaking: Motives for Adopting English Vocabulary in Other Languages'', 2008, {{isbn|1783091533}} |
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* <!--Saugera|2017-->{{cite book |last=Saugera |first=Valérie |title=Remade in France: Anglicisms in the Lexicon and Morphology of French |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yflKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |access-date=14 February 2018 |year=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-062554-2 |oclc=1013564643 }} |
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* <!--Scheibel|2007-->{{cite book |language=German |last=Scheibel |first=Larissa |title=Anglizismen/Amerikanismen im Deutschen und Russischen am Beispiel von Online Zeitschriften |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFAtvCczC9wC&pg=PA10 |date=21 February 2007 |publisher=GRIN Verlag |isbn=978-3-638-59645-9 |pages=10– |chapter=2.2 Entlehnungen |type=Master's thesis }} |
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* <!--Sicherl|1999-->{{cite book |last1=Sicherl |first1=Eva |last2=Šabec |first2=Nada |last3=Gabrovšek |first3=Dušan |title=The English Element in Contemporary Standard Slovene: Phonological, Morphological and Semantic Aspects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dc7lAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA14 |series=Razprave Filozofske fakultete. |year=1999 |publisher=Znanstveni inštitut Filozofske fakultete |isbn=978-86-7207-114-6 |page=14 |oclc=442412304 |ref={{harvid|Sicherl|1999}} }} |
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* <!--Winter|1995-->{{cite book |last1=Winter |first1=Werner |author2=Societas Linguistica Europaea. Meeting |title=On Languages and Language: The Presidential Addresses of the 1991 Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWQb7pQvx08C&pg=PA139 |access-date=14 February 2018 |series=Trends in linguistics., Studies and monographs; 78. |year=1995 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-11-013257-1 |oclc=924736602 }} |
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* <!--Winter-Froemel|2011-->{{cite book |language=German |last=Winter-Froemel |first=Esme |title=Entlehnung in der Kommunikation und im Sprachwandel: Theorie und Analysen zum Französischen |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Zx8xmDm7mEC&pg=PA45 |edition=Berlin |date=29 August 2011 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-023506-7 |pages=45– |chapter=3.4 Entlehnung un Scheinentlehnung nach traditionellen Auffasungen }} |
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* <!--Yang|1990-->{{cite book |language=German |last=Yang |first=Wenliang |title=Anglizismen im Deutschen: am Beispiel des Nachrichtenmagazins 'Der Spiegel' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dRiYUpTcEm0C&pg=PA12 |series=Reihe Germanistische Linguistik, 106 |date=1 January 1990 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Tuebingen |isbn=978-3-11-167615-9 |pages=12– |chapter=1.5.2.1 Fremdwort und Lehnwort }} |
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* <!--Zenner|2014-->{{cite book |last1=Zenner |first1=Eline |last2=Kristiansen |first2=Gitte |title=New Perspectives on Lexical Borrowing: Onomasiological, Methodological and Phraseological Innovations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbDmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |date=1 January 2014 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |location=Boston |isbn=978-1-61451-430-5 |pages=2, 10 |ref={{harvid|Zenner|2014}} }} |
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==Further reading== |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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* |
* James Stanlaw 2004, ''Japanese English: Language And The Culture Contact'', Hong Kong University Press. |
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* |
* Laura Miller 1997, "Wasei eigo: English ‘loanwords' coined in Japan" in The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright, edited by Jane Hill, P.J. Mistry and Lyle Campbell, Mouton/De Gruyter: The Hague, pp. 123–139. |
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* |
* Geoff Parkes and Alan Cornell 1992, 'NTC's Dictionary of German False Cognates', National Textbook Company, NTC Publishing Group. |
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* [[Ghil'ad Zuckermann]] 2003, [http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=140391723X ‘‘Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew’’], Houndmills: [[Palgrave Macmillan]], (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). {{ISBN|1-4039-1723-X}}. |
* [[Ghil'ad Zuckermann]] 2003, [http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=140391723X ‘‘Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew’’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201235515/http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=140391723X |date=1 February 2014 }}, Houndmills: [[Palgrave Macmillan]], (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). {{ISBN|1-4039-1723-X}}. |
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140. |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/wasei-eigo.html Examples of Japanese pseudo-anglicisms] |
* [http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/wasei-eigo.html Examples of Japanese pseudo-anglicisms] |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2010}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pseudo-Anglicism}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pseudo-Anglicism}} |
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[[Category:Forms of English]] |
[[Category:Forms of English]] |
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[[Category:Language histories]] |
[[Category:Language histories]] |
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[[Category:English-language influence on other languages]] |
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[[ru:Псевдоанглицизм]] <!-- In ru-wiki this is a redirect to [[ru:Англицизмы]] (Anglicizmy). See [[d:Q161273]]. --> |
[[ru:Псевдоанглицизм]] <!-- In ru-wiki this is a redirect to [[ru:Англицизмы]] (Anglicizmy). See [[d:Q161273]]. --> |
Latest revision as of 13:29, 16 June 2024
A pseudo-anglicism is a word in another language that is formed from English elements and may appear to be English, but that does not exist as an English word with the same meaning.[1][2][3][4][5]
For example, English speakers traveling in France may be struck by the "number of anglicisms—or rather words that look English—which are used in a different sense than they have in English, or which do not exist in English (such as rallye-paper, shake-hand, baby-foot, or baby-parc)".[6]
This is different from a false friend, which is a word with a cognate that has a different main meaning. Sometimes pseudo-anglicisms become false friends.[7]
Definition and terminology
Pseudo-anglicisms are also called secondary anglicisms,[8] false anglicisms,[9] or pseudo-English.[10]
Pseudo-anglicisms are a kind of lexical borrowing where the source or donor language is English, but where the borrowing is reworked in the receptor or recipient language.[11][12]
The precise definition varies. Duckworth defines pseudo-anglicisms in German as "neologisms derived from English language material."[11][13] Furiassi includes words that may exist in English with a "conspicuously different meaning".[14]
Typology and mechanism
Pseudo-anglicisms can be created in various ways, such as by archaism, i.e., words that once had that meaning in English but are since abandoned; semantic slide, where an English word is used incorrectly to mean something else; conversion of existing words from one part of speech to another; or recombinations by reshuffling English units.[15]
Onysko speaks of two types: pseudo-anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms. The common factor is that each type represents a neologism in the receptor language resulting from a combination of borrowed lexical items from English. Using German as the receptor language, an example of the first type is Wellfit-Bar, a combination of two English lexical units to form a new term in German, which does not exist in English, and which carries the meaning, "a bar that caters to the needs of health-starved people." An example of the second type, is a hybrid based on a German compound word, Weitsprung (long jump), plus the English 'coach', to create the new German word Weitsprung-Coach.[11]
According to Filipović, pseudoanglicisms can be formed through composition, derivation, or ellipsis. Composition in Serbo-Croatian involves creating a new compound from an English word to which is added the word man, as in the example, "GOAL" + man, giving golman. In derivation, a suffix -er or -ist is added to an anglicism, to create a new word in Serbo-Croatian, such as teniser, or vaterpolist. An ellipsis drops something, and starts from a compound and drops a component, or from a derivative and drops -ing, as in boks from "boxing", or "hepiend" from "happy ending".[16]
Another process of word formation that can result in a pseudo-anglicism is a blend word, consisting of portions of two words, like brunch or smog. Rey-Debove & Gagnon attest tansad in French in 1919, from English tan[dem] + sad[dle].[17]
Scope
Pseudo-anglicisms can be found in many languages that have contact with English around the world, and are attested in nearly all European languages.[18]
The equivalent of pseudo-Anglicisms derived from languages other than English also exist. For example, the English-language phrase "double entendre", while often believed to be French and pronounced in a French fashion, is not actually used in French. For other examples, see dog Latin, list of pseudo-French words adapted to English, and list of pseudo-German words adapted to English.
Examples
Many languages
Some pseudo-anglicisms are found in many languages and have been characterized as "world-wide pseudo-English",[19] often borrowed via other languages such as French or Italian:[20]
- autostop – hitchhiking in French,[21] Italian,[22] Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Greek οτοστόπ,[23] Russian автостоп, Spanish, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Dutch, etc.[24]
- basket – basketball in Danish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Spanish, Swedish,[25] Greek μπάσκετ,[23] Turkish, etc.;[24] also sneakers in French
- camping – campsite or campground in French,[21] Greek κάμπινγκ,[23] Bulgarian къмпинг,[26] Russian ке́мпинг,[27] Polish kemping,[28] Portuguese,[29] etc.
- smoking – dinner jacket, tuxedo, or smoking jacket in Danish,[30] French,[21] Portuguese,[31] German,[32] Italian,[33] Greek σμόκιν,[23] Russian, etc.[24]
Japanese
- salaryman (サラリーマン, sararīman)[34] – a white collar employee (salaried worker)
- Pokémon (ポケモン, "pocket monster")[34]
Korean
- one shot – "bottoms up" (원샷 [wʌn.ɕjat̚])[35]
- hand phone – "cellphone" (핸드폰 [hɛn.dɯ.pon])[36]
- skinship – platonic hand-holding, hugging, etc. (스킨십; seu·kin·sib)[37]
Romance
French
French includes many pseudo-anglicisms, including novel compounds (baby-foot), specifically compounds in -man (tennisman), truncations (foot), places in -ing (dancing meaning dancing-place, not the act of dancing), and a large variety of meaning shifts.[38]
- baby-foot[39] (m, pronounced [ba.bi.fut]) – table football
- baby-parc[39] – playpen
- blind test – music quiz / 'name that tune'
- brushing – blow-dry and styling[40][41]
- building – high-rise building, tower block[40][21]
- box – wifi router or parking space[38]
- dancing – dance hall[38]
- flirt – a brief romance, flirtation, a boyfriend or girlfriend[21]
- footing – jogging (though the real English word is also used in French with the same meaning)
- night shop (m, Belgium) – late-opening grocery shop
- pressing – dry cleaning shop,
- rallye-paper[39] – a "fox-and-hounds" like game, except with paper scraps instead of foxes[42]
- recordman (m; pl: recordmans; f:recordwoman) – record holder, especially in sports
- relooker (verb) to make over; also: relooking (n; masc.) – a makeover
- rugbyman (n; masc.) – rugby player
- shake-hand[39]
- shampooing – shampoo[38]
- speaker, speakerine (feminine) – radio or television announcer[38]
- standing – luxury, prestige[38]
- surf – surfing[38]
- tennisman – a tennis player
Italian
- autobus – a bus[43]
- autogrill (Italian pronunciation: [autoˈɡril])[44] – rest area (used for any brand, not only for Autogrill chain)
- beauty farm[45] (Italian pronunciation: [bjutiˈfarm]) – spa
- The French borrowing bloc-notes (French pronunciation: [blɔknɔt]) is sometimes written in the pseudo-English form block-notes (Italian pronunciation: [blɔkˈnɔts])[46] – notebook
- jolly – the joker in a pack of cards[40][47]
- pullman – a bus[43]
- smart working Italian pronunciation: [zmartˈworking] – remote work, where "smart" is used referring to other devices with an Internet connection, such as smartphones and smartwatches.
Germanic
Danish
- babylift – baby transport/carrycot[48][40]
- butterfly – bow tie[49]
- cottoncoat – trench coat[50]
- cowboytoast – minced meat sandwich[51]
- doorstep – a short and informal press conference[52]
- grillparty – a barbecue party[53]
- monkeyclass – economy class[54]
- speedmarker – a felt-tip pen[55]
- stationcar – conflation of station wagon (US) and estate car (UK)[56]
- timemanager – a calendar or notebook in which one writes down appointments (from the registered trademark Time Manager)[57]
Dutch
- beamer – a video projector (via German pseudo-anglicism Beamer)[58][better source needed]
- box – a playpen[59]
- keycord – a lanyard
- oldtimer – a classic car
- sport – to exercise or engage in a sport
- touringcar – a coach (bus)
German
German pseudo anglicisms often have multiple valid and common ways of writing them, generally either hyphenated (Home-Office) or in one word (Homeoffice).[60] Infrequently, CamelCase may also be used.[citation needed]
- Beamer – a video projector[61]
- Bodybag – a messenger bag
- Charity-Lady (pl.: Charity-Ladys): upper-class woman who uses her fortune and her social influence to do charity work
- Dressman – a male model (Onysko calls this the 'canonical example' of a pseudo-anglicism.[11])
- Flipper – a pinball machine[62]
- Funsport – a sport played for amusement, such as skateboarding or frisbee[40][63]
- Handy – a mobile phone[64]
- Homeoffice – working from home, used as a noun[60]
- Jobticket – a free pass for public transport provided by an employer for employees[65]
- Oldtimer – an antique car[40]
- Public Viewing – a public viewing event (party) of a football match or similar
- Shooting – a photoshoot[62]
- trampen (verb) – hitchhiking[66]
- mobbing – bullying
Norwegian
- sixpence – Flat cap[67]
Swedish
- after work – a meeting for drinks after the workday is finished[68]
- backslick – A wet, combed-back hair style[citation needed]
- pocket – A paper-back book[69]
Slavic
Polish
- dres – tracksuit;[70] sometimes also short for dresiarz (chav, gopnik)
- pendrive – USB flash drive
- camping – campsite
Russian
- Дресс-кроссинг ("Dress crossing") – clothing swap[71] (analogous to postcrossing, bookcrossing); not to be confused with cross-dressing
- Клипмейкер ("Clip maker") – music video director[72]
- Страйкбол ("strikeball")[73][74] – airsoft
- Фейсконтроль ("Face control") – the policy of screening people based on their appearance[citation needed]
- Аниматор ("Animator") – children's entertainer
- Кемпинг ("camping") – campsite
- Рекордсмен ("records man") – record holder
Austronesian
Tagalog
- jeepney – a mode of public transport in the Philippines, much like a form of share taxi[75][failed verification]
Malaysian Malay
- action – boast; boastful[76]
- best – good[76][77]
- cable – personal connection or insider[76][78]
- power – great[76][77]
- sound – scold[76][77]
- spender – undergarment for lower body e.g. briefs and panties[76][77][78]
- terror – great[78]
Indonesian
- cross boy/girl – delinquent person[79]
- outbound – outdoor education or recreational activities[79]
Other languages
Chinese
- coser – cosplayer, modelled after the verb "cos" (to cosplay)
Maltese
- goaler – goalkeeper[80]
See also
References
- ^ Ayres-Bennett 2014, p. 325,335.
- ^ Ilse Sørensen, English im deutschen Wortschatz, 1997, p. 18, as quoted in Onysko, 2007, p. 53: "words that look English, but which deviate from genuine English words either formally or semantically"
- ^ Sicherl 1999, p. 14.
- ^ Duckworth 1977.
- ^ Onysko 2007, p. 52The term pseudo-anglicism" describes the phenomenon that occurs when the RL['receptor language'; p.14] uses lexical elements of the SL['source language'; p.14] to create a neologism in the RL that is unknown in the SL. For the German language, Duckworth simply defines pseudo anglicisms as German neologisms derived from English language material.
- ^ Nicol Spence 1976, as quoted in Ayres-Bennett, 2014, p. 335
- ^ Henrik Gottlieb, "Danish pseudo-Anglicisms: A corpus-based analysis", p. 65 in Furiassi 2015
- ^ Filipović 1990.
- ^ Saugera 2017, p. 54, 3.4.2 False anglicisms.
- ^ Picone 1996, p. 316.
- ^ a b c d Onysko 2007, p. 52.
- ^ Carstensen 2015, p. 77
The influence of a 'donor language' upon a 'recipient language' can be seen also, and above all, in the so-called pseudo-loanwords, as the literature names them. Den intensiven Einfluß einer donor language auf eine recipient language zeigen auch und ganz besonders die in der Literatur so genannten Scheinentlehnungen an. - ^ Duckworth 1977, [page needed] : Neubildungen der deutschen Sprache mit Englischem Sprachmaterial.; as quoted in: Carstensen (2015, p. 77)
- ^ Furiassi 2010, p. 34, quoted in Lujan-Garcia (2017, p. 281)
"[A] word or idiom that is recognizably English in its form (spelling, pronunciation, morphology, or at least one of the three), but is accepted as an item in the vocabulary of the receptor language even though it does not exist or is used with a conspicuously different meaning in English." - ^ Anderman 2005, p. 164.
- ^ Filipović 1990, p. 138–139, 4.7 Adaptation of pseudoanglicisms.
- ^ Rey-Debove 1990, p. 1018.
- ^ Furiassi 2015, p. 17.
- ^ Broder Carstensen, "Euro-English", in Linguistics across historical and geographical boundaries: in honour of Jacek Fisiak..., 2, in Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 32, 1986, p. 831
- ^ e.g., Λεξικό της κοινής Νεοελληνικής s.v. σμόκιν
- ^ a b c d e Collins le Robert French Dictionary, 11th ed., 2020, s.v.
- ^ «Autostop», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
- ^ a b c d Georgios Babiniotis, Λεξικό της Νέας Ελληνικής Γλώσσας, 1998, s.v.
- ^ a b c Gorlach, 2001, s.v.
- ^ "SBL Herr". www.sblherr.se.
- ^ PONS Online Dictionary
- ^ PONS Online Dictionary
- '^ PONS Online Dictionary
- ^ "Camping".
- ^ smoking, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ "Smoking".
- ^ "Duden | Smoking | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft". www.duden.de (in German). Retrieved 13 August 2021.
- ^ Oxford Paravia Italian Dictionary, 2001, ISBN 0198604378, s.v.
- ^ a b Furiassi 2015, p. 42.
- ^ "Search result for '원샷'". Retrieved 9 August 2023.
- ^ "Search result for '핸드폰'". Retrieved 9 August 2023.
- ^ "8 words that look like English but actually aren't – ESL language studies abroad". ESL Stories. 1 October 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g Clyde Thogmartin, "Some 'English' Words in French", The French Review 57:4:447-455 (March 1984) JSTOR 393310
- ^ a b c d Ayres-Bennett 2014, p. 335.
- ^ a b c d e f Matthew Anderson, "The foreign words that seem like English – but aren't", BBC Culture 13 October 2016
- ^ Collins le Robert French Dictionary, 11th ed., 2020, s.v. (usage note)
- ^ Geyer 1903, p. 19.
- ^ a b "English Translation of "autobus" | Collins Italian-English Dictionary".
- ^ «Autogrill», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
- ^ «Beauty farm», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
- ^ «Bloc-Notes», Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana
- ^ Cristiano Furiassi, "How jolly is the joker? Problemi di traducibilità dei falsi anglicismi" in the Atti del 5° congresso di studi dell’Associazione Italiana di Linguistica Applicata (AItLA). Bari, 17,18 febbraio 2005
- ^ babylift, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ butterfly, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ cottoncoat, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ cowboytoast, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ doorstep, Wiktionary
- ^ "Legekøkken | Køb dit legetøjskøkken online her | Coop.dk". shopping.coop.dk.
- ^ monkeyclass, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ speedmarker, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ stationcar, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ timemanager, Den Danske Ordbog
- ^ Vullers, Pim (2012). "Beamer (LaTeX)". Radboud University. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
- ^ "Box". etymologiebank.nl. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
- ^ a b "Duden | Homeoffice | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft". www.duden.de (in German). Retrieved 13 August 2021.
- ^ "Duden | Beamer | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft". www.duden.de (in German). Retrieved 14 March 2021.
- ^ a b "German Pseudo-Anglicisms – Yabla German – Free German Lessons".
- ^ "Duden | Funsport | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft". www.duden.de (in German). Retrieved 13 August 2021.
- ^ "Handy ohne Vertrag: Angebote März 2023". www.sparhandy.de.
- ^ "Duden | Jobticket | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft". www.duden.de (in German). Retrieved 13 March 2021.
- ^ "Duden | Trampen | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft". www.duden.de (in German). Retrieved 13 May 2021.
- ^ "Sixpence". www.skittfiske.no. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
- ^ "After work ett svenskt påhitt". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 11 March 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
- ^ "Topplistan Pocket – Akademibokhandeln". www.akademibokhandeln.se.
- ^ "dres". Słownik wyrazów obcych (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Retrieved 11 April 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Преимущества и недостатки дресс-кроссинга". 19 September 2015.
- ^ Baldwin 2020, Клипмейкер.
- ^ «страйкбол», «Словари и энциклопедии на Академике»
- ^ Страйкбол, «Википедия»
- ^ Escalona, Katrina (5 September 2017). "16 English Words and Sayings Travellers Won't Understand in the Philippines". theculturetrip.com. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f Johari, Farouq. "21 'English Words' Yang Menyimpang Jauh Maksudnya Bila Orang Kita Guna Untuk Bersembang". says.com.
- ^ a b c d "9 perkataan English yang terpesong maknanya bila di-Melayukan". soscili.my. 13 August 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
- ^ a b c Roslan, Rizmi (18 January 2015). "10 Perkataan English Yang Telah Di Melayukan. Mat Salleh Pun Takkan Faham". The Vocket.
- ^ a b Kompasiana.com (5 September 2012). "Istilah Bahasa Inggris Kreasi Orang Indonesia". KOMPASIANA (in Indonesian). Retrieved 11 December 2023.
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Further reading
- James Stanlaw 2004, Japanese English: Language And The Culture Contact, Hong Kong University Press.
- Laura Miller 1997, "Wasei eigo: English ‘loanwords' coined in Japan" in The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright, edited by Jane Hill, P.J. Mistry and Lyle Campbell, Mouton/De Gruyter: The Hague, pp. 123–139.
- Geoff Parkes and Alan Cornell 1992, 'NTC's Dictionary of German False Cognates', National Textbook Company, NTC Publishing Group.
- Ghil'ad Zuckermann 2003, ‘‘Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew’’ Archived 1 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.