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==Presence of Israeli settlers and army== |
==Presence of Israeli settlers and army== |
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{{further information|Israeli settler violence|Price tag policy}} |
{{further information|Israeli settler violence|Price tag policy}} |
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A review of Israel's country report conducted by the [[Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]] stated "The status of the settlements was clearly inconsistent with Article 3 of the Convention, which, as noted in the Committee's General Recommendation XIX, prohibited all forms of racial segregation in all countries. There is a consensus among publicists that the prohibition of racial discrimination, irrespective of territories, is an imperative norm of international law."<ref>See CERD/C/SR.1250, 9 March 1998</ref> In Hebron, the Israeli Army has responded to violence |
A review of Israel's country report conducted by the [[Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]] stated "The status of the settlements was clearly inconsistent with Article 3 of the Convention, which, as noted in the Committee's General Recommendation XIX, prohibited all forms of racial segregation in all countries. There is a consensus among publicists that the prohibition of racial discrimination, irrespective of territories, is an imperative norm of international law."<ref>See CERD/C/SR.1250, 9 March 1998</ref> In Hebron, the Israeli Army has responded to both violence against Jews by the Palestinians (in the wake of the [[1929 Hebron massacre]] as well as many other attacks in the [[Second Intifada|First and Second Intifadas]]), as well as the [[Hebron shooting incident]], and has restricted freedom of movement of all people in the second holiest city to the Jews.<ref name="WashingtonPost">"In H2, where 800 Jewish settlers live among roughly 30,000 Palestinians, the Palestinian population's movements remain heavily restricted. Shuhada Street, the principal thoroughfare, is well-paved thanks to multimillion-dollar renovations funded by the United States, but empty of Palestinian pedestrians and Palestinian vehicles." {{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/07/AR2010030702702.html |title=Letter from the West Bank: In Hebron, renovation of holy site sets off strife |publisher=[[Washington Post]] |date=2010-03-08 |accessdate=March 29, 2010 | first=Janine | last=Zacharia}}</ref> |
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{{cquote|Underlying the prohibition on Palestinian movement in the City Center is the army’s capitulation to the racist demands of Hebron settlers to enable them to conduct their lives in an environment “free of Arabs,” and the attempt to Judaize the area by separation based on ethnicity.<ref>B'Tselem, ''Ghost Town: Israel’s Separation Policy and Forced Eviction of Palestinians from the Center of Hebron'', May 2007.</ref>}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Human rights in the Palestinian National Authority]] |
*[[Human rights in the Palestinian National Authority]] |
Revision as of 18:35, 14 September 2019
Various types of discrimination are prevalent among the Palestinian people on the basis of religion against Jews, as well as of racism and discrimination against the descendants of the slaves enslaved by Palestinians, until slavery was outlawed with the establishment of Israel in 1948 [1][2], now known as the Afro-Palestinians as well as other people of African descent on the basis of ethnicity, have existed in the area of what are now the Palestinian territories.
Background
Antisemitism in British Mandatory Palestine
The British Mandate in Palestine period was marked by rising intercommunal tensions between the Zionist Yishuv and rising Palestinian and Arab nationalism. Arab nationalists not only opposed British rule, but the Zionist plan for a Jewish state in Palestine, and some Arabs engaged in violence against Jews, notably during the Arab Revolt. Some historians and other observers have interpreted this opposition as rooted in racism, while others have argued that Arab positions and actions were "political in character, aiming to defend Arab social, economic, and cultural, and political interests. It was not racial in character, and neither did it reflect racial concepts rooted in Islam."[3] Historian Gudrun Krämer argues the "anti-Zionism equals anti-Judaism equals anti-Semitism" interpretation "is itself politically motivated, and must be understood as such."[3] Scholars of both positions agree that European and Nazi antisemitism appeared in Mandate Palestine in the forms of the antisemitic forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (which was translated into Arabic and published in Cairo in 1925[4]), and the embrace of Nazi antisemitism by Jerusalem Mufti Haj Amin al-Husayni. However, scholars also disagree on the broader impact of the elements of antisemitism, with Jeffrey Herf[5] arguing that it was influential enough to provide seeds for later Islamist movements, and Krämer[6] and René Wildangel[7] arguing that most Palestinians and Arab nationalists distanced themselves from Nazi ideology. Richard Levy notes that, "Original works of Arabic antisemitic literature did not appear until the second half of the twentieth century, after the establishment of the state of Israel and the defeat of Arab armies in 1948, 1956, and 1967."[8]
1920s - 40s
After the British assumed power in the region, Haj Amin al-Husayni was appointed as Mufti of Jerusalem by High Commissioner Herbert Samuel. He was the principal leader of the Arab national movement in Palestine and a popular personality in the Arab world during most of the years of British rule.[9] He met with Hitler and other Nazi officials on various occasions and attempted to coordinate Nazi and Arab policies to solve the "Jewish problem" in Palestine.[10] Due to his role of leadership in Palestine and his association with the Nazi leader, he was sometimes referred to as the "fuhrer of the Arab world".[11] In one of his speeches he said: "Kill the Jews wherever you find them—this pleases Allah."[11]
Zvi Elpeleg, while rehabilitating Haj Amin from other charges,[12] wrote that there is no doubt that the Mufti's hatred was not limited to Zionism, but extended to Jews as such. Amin, according to Elpeleg, knew the fate which awaited Jews, and he was not only delighted that Jews were prevented from emigrating to Palestine, but was very pleased by the Nazis' Final Solution.[13] Benny Morris also argues that the Mufti was deeply anti-Semitic, since he 'explained the Holocaust as owing to the Jews' sabotage of the German war effort in World War I and [their] character: (...) their selfishness, rooted in their belief that they are the chosen people of God."[14] In contrast, Idith Zertal asserts that 'in more correct proportions, [Husayni appeared] as a fanatic nationalist-religious Palestinian leader'.[15]
In the 1930s, wealthy Arab youths, educated in Germany and having witnessed the rise of fascist paramilitary groups, began returning home with the idea of creating an "Arab Nazi Party".[16] In 1935, Jamal al-Husayni established the Palestine Arab Party, the party was used to create the "fascist-style" youth organization, al-Futuwwa; also sometimes called the "Nazi Scouts".[16][17] The organization recruited children and youth, who took the following oath: "Life -- my right; independence -- my aspiration; Arabism -- my country, and there is no room in it for any but Arabs. In this I believe and Allah is my witness."[16][17] The British expressed concern at the situation in Palestine, stating in a report that "the growing youth and scout movements must be regarded as the most probable factors for the disturbance of the peace."[16]
Antisemitism in Palestine
The Palestinian Territories have been found to be the most antisemitic area of the world, according to numerous independent international studies, up to 93% of Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip are antisemitic, including 98% of Palestinians over the age of 50.[18][19]
Holocaust denial
According to the US Congress report "Contemporary Global Anti-Semitism"
"In July 1990, the Palestinian Liberation Organization-affiliated Palestinian Red Crescent published an article in its magazine Balsam claiming that Jews concocted, “The lie concerning the gas chambers.” Gradually, throughout the 1990s, Holocaust denial became commonplace in popular media in the Middle East, particularly in the Palestinian Authority."[20]
In August, 2003, senior Hamas official Dr Abd Al-Aziz Al-Rantisi wrote in the Hamas newspaper Al-Risala
It is no longer a secret that the Zionists were behind the Nazis’ murder of many Jews, and agreed to it, with the aim of intimidating them and forcing them to immigrate to Palestine.[21]
In August 2009, Hamas refused to allow Palestinian children to learn about the Holocaust, which it called "a lie invented by the Zionists" and referred to Holocaust education as a "war crime."[22]
Within the Palestinian leadership
In 1982, Mahmoud Abbas, later to become President of the Palestinian Authority, wrote his doctoral thesis which later became a book, The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism. In the book, Abbas raised doubts that gas chambers were used for extermination of Jews, and suggested that the number of Jews murdered in the Holocaust was "less than a million", claiming secret ties between the Nazis and the Zionist movement. He also claimed that the Holocaust was a joint Zionist-Nazi plot, writing "The Zionist movement led a broad campaign of incitement against the Jews living under Nazi rule, in order to arouse the government's hatred of them, to fuel vengeance against them, and to expand the mass extermination."[citation needed] In 2013, Abbas defended his doctoral thesis regarding the relationship between the Zionists and the Nazis before World War II and said he "challenges anyone who can deny that the Zionist movement had ties with the Nazis before World War II."[23]
Hamas
Hamas ("Islamic Resistance Movement") is the Palestinian Islamist socio-political organization, which won a decisive majority in the Palestinian Parliament in 2006 and currently rules the Gaza strip.
According to academic Esther Webman, antisemitism is not the main tenet of Hamas ideology, although antisemitic rhetoric is frequent and intense in Hamas leaflets. The leaflets generally do not differentiate between Jews and Zionists. In other Hamas publications and in interviews with its leaders attempts at this differentiation have been made.[24]
The Hamas covenant states, "Our struggle against the Jews is very great and very serious." It continues by claiming that the French revolution, the Russian revolution, colonialism and both world wars were created as a Jewish zionist conspiracy. It also claims the Freemasons and Rotary clubs are Zionist fronts and refers to the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, an antisemitic text purporting to describe a plan to achieve global domination by the Jewish people.[25]
Hamas legislator and imam, Sheik Yunus al-Astal, said that "suffering by fire is the Jews' destiny in this world and the next". He concluded "Therefore we are sure that the Holocaust is still to come upon the Jews".[26][27] Another Hamas cleric, Yousif al-Zahar said that "Jews are a people who cannot be trusted. They have been traitors to all agreements. Go back to history. Their fate is their vanishing.".[26][27]
In the media and education
In its 2009 report on human rights in the Palestinian territories, the US State Department noted that:
"Rhetoric by Palestinian terrorist groups included expressions of anti-Semitism, as did sermons by many Muslim religious leaders. Most Palestinian religious leaders rejected the right of Israel to exist. Hamas's al-Aqsa television station carried shows for preschoolers extolling hatred of Jews and suicide bombings."[28]
According to the report, International academics had concluded that "the textbooks did not incite violence against Jews"[28]
In its 2004 report on global anti-semitism, the US State Department reported that
"The rhetoric of some Muslim religious leaders at times constituted an incitement to violence or hatred. For example, the television station controlled by the Palestinian Authority broadcast statements by Palestinian political and spiritual leaders that resembled traditional expressions of anti-Semitism."[29]
Use of 'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'
The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Sheikh Ekrima Sa'id Sabri appeared on the Saudi satellite channel Al-Majd on February 20, 2005, commenting on the assassination of the former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri. "Anyone who studies The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and specifically the Talmud," he said, "will discover that one of the goals of these Protocols is to cause confusion in the world and to undermine security throughout the world."[30]
In 2005, it was reported that the Palestinian Authority was referring to the Protocols in a textbook for 10th grade students. After media exposure, the PA issued a revised edition of the textbook that does not include references to the Protocols.[31]
Official policies by the Palestinian Authority
The Palestinian Authority has a prohibition based on a 1973 Jordanian law against selling land to Israelis.[32] The law made such sales, which in the case of Israeli settlers are exclusively to Jews, punishable by death. The death penalty has not been used in Israel since the hanging of Adolf Eichmann in 1962, however as the Palestinian Authority is an autonomous region and self-governing, the death penalty is legal and in force in the Palestinian Territories (excluding the Israeli-administered Area C). In 1996, the Palestinian Authority's Mufti, Ikremah Sabri, issued a fatwa (religious decree), banning the sale of Arab and Muslim property to Jews. Sabri endorsed the killing of anyone who violated the order.[citation needed] The Palestinian Authority announced it would enforce the law in 1997, and drafted a replacement for it called the Property Law for Foreigners.[33] The Palestinian Authority describes the law as a response to occupation and illegal settlement.[33]
As of September 2010, the Palestinian Authority has not formally executed anyone under the law, but numerous land dealers suspected of selling land to Israeli Jews have been extrajudicially killed, some by policemen, in recent decades.[33] At least seven land dealers were killed in 1996.[citation needed] On May 5, 1997, Palestinian Authority announced that the death penalty would be imposed on anyone convicted of ceding "one inch" to Israel.[citation needed] Later that month, two Arab land dealers were killed. A year later, another Palestinian suspected of selling land to Jews was murdered. In October 2004, Palestinians who allegedly sold land to Jews were killed.[34] In April 2006, Muhammad Abu al-Hawa was tortured and murdered in Jericho for allegedly selling an apartment building in an Arab neighborhood of Jerusalem to Jews. He was buried in Jericho rather than Jerusalem, as the Palestinian Authority's mufti in Jerusalem had banned all Muslims accused of selling land to Jews from being buried there.[35][36] On April 2009, a Palestinian Authority military court sentenced an Arab from Hebron to death by hanging for the "crime" of selling land to Jews in the West Bank.[37] At one such case, an arrest by the PA of Arabs who did sell to Jews, the community of Jewish settlers in Hebron sharply protested, declaring: "We call upon the government to accept the racial hatred prevalent in the PA."[38]
The Palestinian Authority and opponents of such land purchases argue that a prohibition of such land purchases is necessary to prevent the illegal expansion of Israeli settlements, and to avoid the prejudicing negotiations on the status of Palestine and further reductions in Palestinians' freedom of movement.[33] Draft PA legislation described the sale of land to "occupiers" as "national treason."[33]
Racism directed towards blacks
In addition to widespread antisemitism in the Palestinian Territories, racism against the Afro-Palestinians, who are the descendants of the victims of the Palestinian slave trade which continued until the start of the Israeli occupation in 1967. In addition to racism by White Palestinians against their Black compatriots, there is also racism against Ethiopian Jews (as part of the Palestinian antisemitism issue), as well as against African-Americans and other people of African descent.
White Palestinian racism against Afro-Palestinians
According to the Palestinian National Bureau of Statistics, approximately 1% of all Palestinians living in the West Bank and Gaza Strip are of African descent. These individuals are known as Afro-Palestinians. The remaining 99% of Palestinians are White/Arab[39], and are the descendants of various Middle Eastern and European peoples.
Afro-Palestinians were denied Jordanian citizenship after the 1967 war, as they were not seen as Palestinians because of the color of their skin. The White Palestinians were offered Jordanian citizenship at the time, and many accepted.
Racism and discrimination against Afro-Palestinians is common throughout the Palestinian Territories, although it varies depending on the area. Black people are frequently referred to by the Arabic word for slave, by Palestinians, owing to the history of slaveowning among the white Palestinian majority which lasted from before the Ottoman rule until the beginning Israeli occupation in 1967. Many Black Palestinians are discriminated against, not allowed to work at certain jobs, particularly jobs which require communication with the public. Most White Palestinians refuse to marry Black Palestinians, although in some areas it is strictly forbidden and some areas it is less prohibited.
Afro-Palestinians are victims of police brutality by the Palestinian security services. some are pulled over without probable cause, and some are stopped and searched as they are suspected of being criminals because of the color of their skin by the Palestinian police. Some Black Palestinians have claimed the Palestinian police have been very harsh on them.[40]
White Palestinians commonly refer to the Afro-Palestinians are “abeed” , the Arab word for slaves, and refer to Afro-Palestinian neighbourhoods as “al Abeed” or “Habs al Abeed”, meaning “the slaves prison” in Arabic. [41]
Racist Condoleezza Rice monkey baby cartoon
Former U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, has been the subject of some viciously racial personal attacks, alongside vociferous criticism of her policies.[42] These included an anti-black racist Cartoon in Palestinian Authority's controlled Press Al Quds. The New York Times reported in 2006
"Her comment that the Israel-Lebanon war represented the “birth pangs of a new Middle East”— coming at a time when television stations were showing images of dead Lebanese children — sparked ridicule and even racist cartoons. A Palestinian newspaper, Al Quds," which "depicted Ms. Rice as pregnant with an armed monkey, and a caption that read, “Rice speaks about the birth of a new Middle East."[43]
The Palestinian media has used racist terms including "black spinster" and "colored dark skin lady."[44][45]
Presence of Israeli settlers and army
A review of Israel's country report conducted by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination stated "The status of the settlements was clearly inconsistent with Article 3 of the Convention, which, as noted in the Committee's General Recommendation XIX, prohibited all forms of racial segregation in all countries. There is a consensus among publicists that the prohibition of racial discrimination, irrespective of territories, is an imperative norm of international law."[46] In Hebron, the Israeli Army has responded to both violence against Jews by the Palestinians (in the wake of the 1929 Hebron massacre as well as many other attacks in the First and Second Intifadas), as well as the Hebron shooting incident, and has restricted freedom of movement of all people in the second holiest city to the Jews.[47]
See also
- Human rights in the Palestinian National Authority
- Racism in the Arab world
- Islam and antisemitism
- Racism in Israel
- Israel and the apartheid analogy
Notes
- ^ "Palestine - Racist Slavery". zionism-israel.com. Retrieved 2019-09-13.
- ^ "The Arab-Muslim Slave Trade: Lifting the Taboo". Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 2019-09-13.
- ^ a b Krämer, Gudrun (2008). A history of Palestine: from the Ottoman conquest to the founding of the state of Israel. Princeton University Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-0-691-11897-0.
- ^ Levy, Richard S. (2005). Antisemitism: A historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution. Vol. 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-85109-439-4.
- ^ Herf, Jeffrey (2009-11-24). Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-14579-3.
- ^ Krämer, Gudrun (2008). A history of Palestine: from the Ottoman conquest to the founding of the state of Israel. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11897-0.
- ^ Wildangel, René (July 2007). Zwischen Achse und Mandatsmacht: Palästina und der Nationalsozialismus. Schwarz. ISBN 978-3-87997-640-9.Nordbruch, Götz. "Palestine and National Socialism: Correcting the Picture". Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World. Retrieved October 14, 2010.
- ^ Levy, Richard S. (2005). Antisemitism: A historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution. Vol. 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-85109-439-4.
- ^ The Mufti of Jerusalem: Al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni and the Palestinian National Movement, Studies of the Middle East Institute, Philip Mattar, Columbia University Press, 1992, p. 13
- ^ The Israel-Arab reader: a documentary history of the Middle East conflict by Walter Laqueur, Barry M. Rubin 2001, p. 51
- ^ a b Dalin, D.G.; Rothmann, J.F.; Dershowitz, A.M. (2009). Icon of Evil: Hitler's Mufti and the Rise of Radical Islam. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412810777. Retrieved March 27, 2015.[page needed]
- ^ Eric Rouleau, Qui était le mufti de Jérusalem ? (Who was the Mufti of Jerusalem ?), Le Monde diplomatique, August 1994.
- ^ Zvi Elpeleg, Conclusion of the chapter Involvement in the destruction of the Jews, The Grand Mufti, 1993, p.72
- ^ 1948, Benny Morris, Yale University Press, 2008, pages 21-22 [1]
- ^ Idith Zertal, Israel's Holocaust and the Politics of Nationhood, 2005, p. 102.
- ^ a b c d Armies of the young: child soldiers in war and terrorism, The Rutgers series in childhood studies, David M. Rosen, Rutgers University Press, 2005, page 106 [2]
- ^ a b Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881–2001, Benny Morris, Knopf [3]
- ^ "You are being redirected..." global100.adl.org. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
- ^ "The 10 Most Anti-Semitic Countries". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 09/14/2019.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|access-date=
(help) - ^ "United States Department of State | Contemporary Global Anti-Semitism: A Report Provided to the United States Congress" (PDF). 11 March 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
- ^ "David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies: Welcome". wymaninstitute.org. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
- ^ "Hamas rips U.N. for teaching the Holocaust." Archived 2009-09-04 at the Wayback Machine JTA. 31 August 2009. 31 August 2009.
- ^ "Abbas: Israel agreed to let refugees into West Bank from Syria". Ma'am News Agency. 23 January 2013.
- ^ Webman, Esther. Anti-semitic Motifs in the Ideology of Hizballah and Hamas, Project for the study of Anti-semitism, Tel Aviv University, 1994, p. 22. ISBN 965-222-592-4
- ^ "The Avalon Project : Hamas Covenant 1988 articles 22 and 32". avalon.law.yale.edu. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
- ^ a b "Hamas ratchets up its rhetoric against Jews". Herald Tribune. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
- ^ a b Erlanger, Steven (April 1, 2008). "In Gaza, Hamas's Insults to Jews Complicate Peace". New York Times. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
- ^ a b "2009 Human Rights Report: Israel and the occupied territories". State.gov. Archived from the original on March 15, 2010. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) See section "Societal Abuses and Discrimination" - ^ "Report on Global Anti-Semitism". State.gov. January 5, 2005. Retrieved August 21, 2010. See section "Occupied Territories"
- ^ The anti-Jewish lie that refuses to die by Steve Boggan, The Times, March 2, 2005
- ^ Analysis and Evaluation of the New Palestinian Curriculum; Reviewing Palestinian Textbooks and Tolerance Education Program Grades 5 & 10 by Israel/Palestine Center for Research and Information (IPCRI) Submitted to: The Public Affairs Office US Consulate General Jerusalem, July 2006
- ^ Roger Kaplan & Adrian Karatnycky (1998). Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 1997-1998. Transaction Publishers. p. 577. ISBN 0-7658-0476-X.
- ^ a b c d e Abu Toameh, Khaled (2010-09-20). "PA affirms death penalty for land sales to Israelis". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
- ^ http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1097136933331[permanent dead link]
- ^ http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1143498851964&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull[permanent dead link]
- ^ http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1143498874080&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FPrinter[permanent dead link]
- ^ "JPost | French-language news from Israel, the Middle East & the Jewish World". Archived from the original on 2013-07-04. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
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suggested) (help) - ^ "Jordan, PA arrest 2 Palestinians for selling Hebron house to Jews - Israel News | Haaretz". haaretz.com. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
- ^ "Census to Count Arabs as White, Despite Write-In Campaign".
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Black Palestinians Face Subtle Racism in Gaza".
- ^ "Afro-Palestinians' forge a unique identity in Israel".
- ^ Karon, Tony (26 July 2006). "Condi in Diplomatic Disneyland". Time. Retrieved October 10, 2010.
- ^ New York Times, "Rice’s Hurdles on Middle East Begin at Home", by Helena Cooper, August 10, 2006 [4]
- ^ Jerusalem Post, August 2, 2006, "Palestinian anti-Rice feeling peaks with monkey cartoon", Khaled Abu Toameh [5][6][permanent dead link]
- ^ "Condi’s Cartoon, Wasn’t That Freedom of the Press Too!" Arab news, August 5, 2006 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-30. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
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suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ See CERD/C/SR.1250, 9 March 1998
- ^ "In H2, where 800 Jewish settlers live among roughly 30,000 Palestinians, the Palestinian population's movements remain heavily restricted. Shuhada Street, the principal thoroughfare, is well-paved thanks to multimillion-dollar renovations funded by the United States, but empty of Palestinian pedestrians and Palestinian vehicles." Zacharia, Janine (2010-03-08). "Letter from the West Bank: In Hebron, renovation of holy site sets off strife". Washington Post. Retrieved March 29, 2010.