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There has also been an attempt to look at micro and macro conditions that affect a woman's access to reproductive health care. The term ''reproductive justice'' has been used to describe these broader social and economic issues. Proponents of reproductive justice argue that while the right to legalized abortion and contraception applies to everyone, these choices are only meaningful to those with resources, and that there is a growing gap between access and affordability (Kirk, Okazawa-Rey 2004). |
There has also been an attempt to look at micro and macro conditions that affect a woman's access to reproductive health care. The term ''reproductive justice'' has been used to describe these broader social and economic issues. Proponents of reproductive justice argue that while the right to legalized abortion and contraception applies to everyone, these choices are only meaningful to those with resources, and that there is a growing gap between access and affordability (Kirk, Okazawa-Rey 2004). |
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==Reproductive rights as a men's issue== |
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Organizations such as the National Center for Men have claimed that reproductive rights should apply equally to men. Advocates of "choice for men" argue that since women have been given the exclusive choice to raise the child, obtain an abortion, or give a child up for adoption (thus evading all financial responsibility for the child), men should have the right to terminate legal and financial obligations to the child by notifying the pregnant woman early in the pregnancy. The woman would then make her decision in the knowledge that no financial support would be given by the biological father if she chooses to bear and raise the child.<ref>{{cite news |first=Nancy |last=Gibbs |title= A Man's Right to Choose? |url=http://www.canadiancrc.com/articles/Time_Magazine_A_Mans_Right_to_Choose_15MAR06.aspx |work=Time Magazine |date=2006-15-03 |accessdate=2007-12-07 }}</ref> |
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==Reproductive rights in the United States== |
==Reproductive rights in the United States== |
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The term ''procreative liberty'' was coined by [[John A. Robertson]], a professor of [[law]] and [[bioethics]] at the [[University of Texas School of Law]]. |
The term ''procreative liberty'' was coined by [[John A. Robertson]], a professor of [[law]] and [[bioethics]] at the [[University of Texas School of Law]]. |
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==Criticism== |
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Some [[Pro-life|abortion opponents]] have criticized the use of the terms "reproductive choice" and "reproductive rights" when used in reference to abortion, citing them as an example of inaccurate [[Framing (social sciences)|framing]] through the use of an evasive [[euphemism]]. Their argument is that once [[fertilization]] has taken place, [[reproduction]] is completed. They view abortion as the killing of a human ''after'' reproduction has occurred, and the above terms as therefore invalid.<ref>[http://www.all.org/article.php?id=10237 article]</ref> Other opponents question how abortion can objectively be considered private as the question of whether or not abortion involves more than one individual remains in dispute.<ref>http://www.prolife.com/ABORMETH.html</ref> |
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Revision as of 02:23, 8 December 2007
Reproductive rights are a subset of human rights relating to sexual reproduction and reproductive health. Advocates of reproductive rights support the right to control one's reproductive functions, such as the rights to reproduce (as in opposition to compulsory sterilization and forced contraception), as well as rights to not reproduce (including support for access to birth control and abortion), the rights to privacy, medical coverage, contraception, family planning and protection from discrimination, harassment and gender-oriented harm.
While the term is often associated with the pro-choice position, which states that abortion should be a legal option for any pregnant woman, reproductive rights encompass more than just abortion. Reproductive rights first became an internationally-recognized subset of human rights at the United Nation's 1968 International Conference on Human Rights. The sixteenth article of the Proclamation of Tehran states that "[p]arents have a basic human right to determine freely and responsibly the number and the spacing of their children". Reproductive rights advocates work to secure affordable access to abortion, contraception, as well as education about contraception and sexually transmitted infections, and freedom from coerced sterilization and contraception, for both men and women. In addition, reproductive rights advocates endeavor to protect all women from harmful gender-based practices. Examples include cultural practices such as female genital cutting, or FGC, as well as state, customary and religious laws that contribute to women's political and economic disenfranchisment.
Reproductive rights as a women's issue
Organizations such as the Center for Reproductive Rights, the United Nations Population Fund, the World Health Organization and the National Organization for Women pursue reproductive rights with a primary emphasis on women's rights. While much attention has been paid to abortion rights as one aspect of reproductive rights, groups focus on a range of issues from access to family planning services, sex education, the reduction of obstetric fistula, and menopause, to the relationship between reproductive health and economic status.
There has also been an attempt to look at micro and macro conditions that affect a woman's access to reproductive health care. The term reproductive justice has been used to describe these broader social and economic issues. Proponents of reproductive justice argue that while the right to legalized abortion and contraception applies to everyone, these choices are only meaningful to those with resources, and that there is a growing gap between access and affordability (Kirk, Okazawa-Rey 2004).
Reproductive rights in the United States
In the United States, the public debate surrounding reproduction rights is often about abortion rights. Reproductive rights advocates often support a woman's right to abortion and contraception from within the context of the right to privacy, or freedom from governmental interference, supporting legalized contraception and abortion.
In the United States Constitution, the right to privacy has been interpreted to include reproductive rights, as seen in numerous Supreme Court cases. Three important cases are Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972), and Roe v. Wade (1973). In Griswold v. Connecticut, the Supreme court overturned a state law prohibiting the use of contraceptives, which establishd a constitutional right to privacy and legalized contraception for married people. Eisenstadt v. Baird extended the right to use contraceptives to unmarried people. Roe v. Wade legalized abortion on a federal level.
The term procreative liberty was coined by John A. Robertson, a professor of law and bioethics at the University of Texas School of Law.
References
- "Proclamation of Tehran". International Conference on Human Rights. 1968. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
- Freedman, Lynn P. & Stephen L. Isaacs (Jan. - Feb., 1993). "Human Rights and Reproductive Choice". Studies in Family Planning 24 (1), 18–30.
- "About Us". Center for Reproductive Rights. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
- "Countering Pro-Abortion Arguments". American Life League. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
- "Abortion Methods Described". Pro-Life America. Retrieved 2007-11-25.