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'''Russell Targ''' (born April 11, 1934) is an American [[physicist]], [[Parapsychology|parapsychologist]] and author.<ref name="Gale">{{cite book |chapterurl= http://www.answers.com/topic/russell-targ |title= Gale Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology |chapter= Russell Targ |website= [[answers.com]] |publisher= [[Gale (publisher)|Gale]] |date= |accessdate= 2014-04-15 |last= |first=}}</ref> |
'''Russell Targ''' (born April 11, 1934) is an American [[physicist]], [[Parapsychology|parapsychologist]] and author.<ref name="Gale">{{cite book |chapterurl= http://www.answers.com/topic/russell-targ |title= Gale Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology |chapter= Russell Targ |website= [[answers.com]] |publisher= [[Gale (publisher)|Gale]] |date= |accessdate= 2014-04-15 |last= |first=}}</ref> |
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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
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Targ was born in [[Chicago]]. He is the son of publisher [[William Targ]]. Russell was married to [[Joan Targ|Joan Fischer Targ]], who died in 1998. Russell and Joan had a daughter, [[Elisabeth Targ]], who was a [[psychiatrist]], and two sons Alexander, a physician, and Nicholas, an attorney. Targ was introduced to the [[paranormal]] by his father who had published the work of [[Erich von Däniken]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.csicop.org/si/show/notes_of_a_fringe-watcher_distant_healing_and_elisabeth_targ |title= Notes of a fringe-watcher: Distant healing and Elisabeth Targ |last= Gardner |first= Martin |authorlink= Martin Gardner |magazine= [[Skeptical Inquirer]] |year= 2001 |month= March/April |volume= 25.2 |accessdate= 2011-01-07 }}</ref> |
Targ was born in [[Chicago]]. He is the son of publisher [[William Targ]]. Russell was married to [[Joan Targ|Joan Fischer Targ]], who died in 1998. Russell and Joan had a daughter, [[Elisabeth Targ]], who was a [[psychiatrist]], and two sons Alexander, a physician, and Nicholas, an attorney. Targ was introduced to the [[paranormal]] by his father who had published the work of [[Erich von Däniken]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.csicop.org/si/show/notes_of_a_fringe-watcher_distant_healing_and_elisabeth_targ |title= Notes of a fringe-watcher: Distant healing and Elisabeth Targ |last= Gardner |first= Martin |authorlink= Martin Gardner |magazine= [[Skeptical Inquirer]] |year= 2001 |month= March/April |volume= 25.2 |accessdate= 2011-01-07 }}</ref> |
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Targ received a [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[physics]] from [[Queens College]] in 1954 and did graduate work in physics at [[Columbia University]].<ref name="Gale"/> |
Targ received a [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[physics]] from [[Queens College]] in 1954 and did graduate work in physics at [[Columbia University]].<ref name="Gale"/> |
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At the [[Stanford Research Institute]] in the 1970s and 1980s, Targ and his colleague [[Harold E. Puthoff|Harold Puthoff]] co-founded a program of research into psychic abilities and their operational use for the U.S. intelligence community, including the [[CIA]], [[Defense Intelligence Agency]] and [[United States Army Military Intelligence|Army Intelligence]]. These abilities are referred to collectively as "[[remote viewing]]". Targ and Puthoff both expressed the belief that [[Uri Geller]], retired police commissioner Pat Price and artist [[Ingo Swann]] all had genuine psychic abilities.{{sfn|Targ & Puthoff|1977}} They published their findings in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' and the ''[[Proceedings of the IEEE]]''.{{sfn|Targ & Puthoff|1975}}{{sfn|Puthoff & Targ|1976}} The program was [[Declassification|declassified]] and abandoned in 1995 after failing to provide any useful intelligence.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Mumford |first1= Michael D. |last2= Rose |first2= Andrew M. |last3= Goslin |first3= David A. |title= An Evaluation of Remote Viewing: Research and Applications |url= http://www.lfr.org/lfr/csl/library/airreport.pdf |date= 29 September 1995 |publisher= [[American Institutes for Research]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Waller |first= Douglas |date= 11 December 1995 |title= The vision thing: Ten years and $20 million later, The Pentagon discovers that psychics are unreliable spies |url= http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,983829,00.html |magazine= [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |subscription= yes}}</ref> |
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==Parapsychology== |
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[[Uri Geller]] was studied by Targ and [[Harold E. Puthoff]] at the [[SRI International|Stanford Research Institute]] (SRI). Targ and Puthoff declared to have demonstrated that Geller had genuine psychic powers, though flaws were found with the controls in the experiments and Geller was caught using [[sleight of hand]] on many other occasions.<ref>{{cite book |last= Randi |first= James |authorlink= James Randi |year= 1982 |title= The Truth about Uri Geller |publisher= [[Prometheus Books|Prometheus]] |isbn= 9780879751999 |pages= }}</ref> According to [[Terence Hines]]: |
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{{quote|Geller turned out to be nothing more than a magician using sleight of hand and considerable personal charm to fool his admirers. The tests at SRI turned out to have been run under conditions that can best be described as chaotic. Few limits were placed on Geller’s behavior, and he was more or less in control of the procedures used to test him. Further, the results of the tests were incorrectly reported in Targ and Puthoff’s Nature paper.<ref>{{cite book |first= Terence |last= Hines |authorlink= Terence Hines |year= 2003 |title= Pseudoscience and the Paranormal |publisher= [[Prometheus Books|Prometheus]] |page= [http://books.google.com/books?id=JOpq1LOGrr0C&pg=PA126 126] |isbn= 9781615920853 |ref= {{SfnRef|Hines|2003}}}}</ref>}} |
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The psychologists [[David Marks (psychologist)|David Marks]] and Richard Kammann attempted to replicate Targ and Puthoff’s remote viewing experiments. In a series of thirty-five studies, they were unable to replicate the results so investigated the procedure of the original experiments. Marks and Kammann discovered that the notes given to the judges in Targ and Puthoff's experiments contained clues as to which order they were carried out, such as referring to yesterday's two targets, or they had the date of the session written at the top of the page. They concluded that these clues were the reason for the experiment's high hit rates.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Marks |first1= D. |authorlink1= David Marks (psychologist) |first2= R. |last2= Kammann |date= 17 August 1978 |title= Information transmission in remote viewing experiments |journal= [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume= 274 |pages= 680–1 |department= Letters to Nature |doi= 10.1038/274680a0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last= Marks |first= D. |authorlink= David Marks (psychologist) |date= 9 July 1981 |title= Sensory cues invalidate remote viewing experiments |journal= [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume= 292 |page= 177 |department= Matters Arising |doi= 10.1038/292177a0}}</ref> Terence Hines has written: |
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{{quote|Examination of the few actual transcripts published by Targ and Puthoff show that just such clues were present. To find out if the unpublished transcripts contained cues, Marks and Kammann wrote to Targ and Puthoff requesting copies. It is almost unheard of for a scientist to refuse to provide his data for independent examination when asked, but Targ and Puthoff consistently refused to allow Marks and Kammann to see copies of the transcripts. Marks and Kammann were, however, able to obtain copies of the transcripts from the judge who used them. The transcripts were found to contain a wealth of cues.{{sfn|Hines|2003|pp= [http://books.google.com/books?id=JOpq1LOGrr0C&pg=PA135 135-6]}}}} |
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It was revealed that subjects were able to match the transcripts to the correct locations using only the cues provided. When these cues were eliminated the results fell to a chance level.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Marks |first1= David |last2= Kamann |first2= Richard |authorlink1= David Marks (psychologist) |year= 1980 |title= [[The Psychology of the Psychic]] |publisher= [[Prometheus Books|Prometheus]] |isbn= 9781573927987 |edition= 2nd |page= }}</ref> Marks was able to achieve 100 per cent accuracy without visiting any of the sites himself but by using cues.{{refn|group=n|Martin Bridgstock wrote in ''Beyond Belief: Skepticism, Science and the Paranormal'', "The explanation used by Marks and Kammann clearly involves the use of Occam's razor. Marks and Kammann argued that the 'cues' - clues to the order in which sites had been visited - provided sufficient information for the results, without any recourse to extrasensory perception. Indeed Marks himself was able to achieve 100 per cent accuracy in allocating some transcripts to sites without visiting any of the sites himself, purely on the ground basis of the cues. From Occam's razor, it follows that if a straightforward natural explanation exists, there is no need for the spectacular paranormal explanation: Targ and Puthoff's claims are not justified."<ref>{{cite book |first= Martin |last= Bridgstock |year= 2009 |title= Beyond Belief: Skepticism, Science and the Paranormal |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |page= [http://books.google.com/books?id=jV_63sZBUg8C&pg=PA106 106] |isbn= 9781139482547}}</ref>}} [[James Randi]] has written controlled tests by several other researchers, eliminating several sources of cuing and extraneous evidence present in the original tests, produced negative results. Students were also able to solve Puthoff and Targ's locations from the clues that had inadvertently been included in the transcripts.<ref>{{cite book |first= James |last= Randi |authorlink= James Randi |origyear= 1995 |year= 2007 |chapterurl= http://www.randi.org/encyclopedia/remote%20viewing.html |chapter= Remote viewing |title= [[An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural]] |edition= online |publisher= [[James Randi Educational Foundation]] <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[St. Martin's Press|St. Martin's]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>}}</ref> |
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Marks and Kamman concluded: "Until remote viewing can be confirmed in conditions which prevent sensory cueing the conclusions of Targ and Puthoff remain an unsubstantiated hypothesis."<ref>{{cite book |first= Charles Edward Mark |last= Hansel |authorlink= C. E. M. Hansel |year= 1980 |title= ESP and Parapsychology: A Critical Reevaluation |publisher= [[Prometheus Books|Prometheus]] |page= 293 |isbn= 9780879751197 |series= Science and the Paranormal}}</ref> In 1980, [[Charles Tart]] claimed that a rejudging of the transcripts from one of Targ and Puthoff’s experiments revealed an above-chance result.<ref>{{cite journal |first1= C.T. |last1= Tart |first2= H.E. |last2= Puthoff |first3= R. |last3= Targ |authorlink1= Charles Tart |authorlink2= Harold E. Puthoff |date= 13 March 1980 |title= Information transmission in remote viewing experiments |journal= [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume= 284 |page= 191 |doi= 10.1038/284191a0 |department= Matters Arising}}</ref> Targ and Puthoff again refused to provide copies of the transcripts and it was not until July 1985 that they were made available for study when it was discovered they still contained [[sensory cue]]s.{{sfn|Hines|2003|pp= [http://books.google.com/books?id=JOpq1LOGrr0C&pg=PA135 135-6]}} Marks and Christopher Scott (1986) wrote "considering the importance for the remote viewing hypothesis of adequate cue removal, Tart’s failure to perform this basic task seems beyond comprehension. As previously concluded, remote viewing has not been demonstrated in the experiments conducted by Puthoff and Targ, only the repeated failure of the investigators to remove sensory cues."<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Marks |first1= D. |last2= Scott |first2= C. |authorlink1= David Marks (psychologist) |date= 6 February 1986 |title= Remote viewing exposed |journal= [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume= 319 |page= 444 |department= Correspondence |doi= 10.1038/319444a0}}</ref> |
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[[Simon Hoggart]] and Mike Hutchinson described Targ as willing to believe and his research "for the most part, a sorry study in the range of human credulity."<ref>{{cite book |first1= Simon |last1= Hoggart |first2= Mike |last2= Hutchinson |authorlink1= Simon Hoggart |year= 1995 |title= Bizarre Beliefs |publisher= [[Richard Cohen (fencer)|Richard Cohen Books]] |page= 151 |isbn= 9781573921565}}</ref> |
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==Works== |
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===Books authored=== |
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*{{cite book |first= Russell |last= Targ |authormask= 0 |title= Limitless Mind: A Guide to Remote Viewing and Transformation of Consciousness |location= San Francisco |publisher= [[New World Library]] |year= 2004 |isbn= 9781577314134}} |
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*{{cite book |first= Russell |last= Targ |authormask= 0 |title= The Reality of ESP: A Physicist's Proof of Psychic Abilities |year= 2012 |publisher= [[Theosophical Society in America|Quest Books]] |location= Wheaton, IL |isbn= 9780835608848}} |
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===Books co-authored=== |
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*{{cite book |first1= Russell |last1= Targ |authormask1= 1 |title= Mind Reach: Scientists Look at Psychic Abilities |first2= Harold |last2= Puthoff |publisher= [[Dell Publishing|Dell]] |year= 1977 |isbn= 9780224014243 |ref= {{SfnRef|Targ & Puthoff|1977}}}} |
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*{{cite book |first1= Russell |last1= Targ |authormask1= 1 |title= The Mind Race: Understanding and Using Psychic Abilities |first2= Keith |last2= Harary |location= |publisher= [[New English Library]] |isbn= 9780450061042 |year= 1984}} |
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*{{cite book |first1= Russell |last1= Targ |authormask1= 1 |title= Miracles of Mind: Exploring Nonlocal Consciousness and Spiritual Healing |first2= Jane |last2= Katra |location= |publisher= [[New World Library]] |isbn= 9781577310709 |year= 1998}} |
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*{{cite book |first1= Russell |last1= Targ |authormask1= 1 |title= The Heart of the Mind: How to Experience God Without Belief |first2= Jane |last2= Katra |location= |publisher= [[New World Library]] |isbn=9781577310419 |year= 1999 }} |
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*{{cite book |title= End of Suffering: Fearless Living in Troubled Times...Or, How to Get Out of Hell Free |first1= Russell |last1= Targ |first2= James |last2= Hurtak |authormask1= 1 |authorlink2= James Joachim Hurtak |year= 2006 |location= |publisher= [[Hampton Roads Publishing Company|Hampton Roads]] |isbn= 9781612831145}} |
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===Journal articles=== |
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====On lasers and wind shear==== |
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*{{cite journal |first1= R. |last1= Targ |first2= M.J. |last2= Kavaya |first3= R.M. |last3= Huffaker |first4= R.L. |last4= Bowles |authormask1= 1 |title= Coherent lidar airborne windshear sensor: Performance evaluation |journal= [[Applied Optics]] |year= 1991 |volume= 30 |issue= 15 |pages= 2013-26 |doi= 10.1364/AO.30.002013}} |
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*{{cite conference |first1= R. |last1= Targ |first2= L. |last2= Ames |authormask1= 1 |title= Lidar wind sensing at cruise altitude for flight-level optimization |booktitle= Proceedings SPIE |volume= 2737 |location= Orlando FL |conference= Air Traffic Control Technologies II, April 8-12, 1996 |date= 27 May 1996 |publisher= [[SPIE]] |doi= 10.1117/12.241057}} |
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*{{cite journal |first1= R. |last1= Targ |first2= B.C. |last2= Steakley |first3= J.G. |last3= Hawley |first4= L.L. |last4= Ames |first5= P. |last5= Forney |first6= D. |last6= Swanson |first7= R. |last7= Stone |first8= R.G. |last8= Otto |first9= V. |last9= Zarifis |first10= P. |last10= Brockman |first11= R.S. |last11= Calloway |first12= S.H. |last12= Klein |first13= P.A.|last13= Robinson |displayauthors= 4 |authormask1= 1 |title= Coherent lidar airborne wind sensor II: Flight test results at 2 µm and 10 µm |journal= [[Applied Optics]] |year= 1996 |volume= 35 |issue= 36 |pages= 7117-27 |doi= 10.1364/AO.35.007117}} |
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====On remote viewing==== |
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*{{cite journal |last1= Targ |first1= R. |last2= Puthoff |first2= H. |authormask1= 1 |year= 1975 |title= Information transfer under conditions of sensory shielding |journal= [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume= 251 |pages= 602-7 |doi= 10.1038/251602a0 |department= Letters to Nature |ref= {{SfnRef|Targ & Puthoff|1975}}}} |
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*{{cite journal |last1= Puthoff |first1= H.E. |last2= Targ |first2= R. |authormask2= 1 |month= March |year= 1976 |title= A perceptual channel for information transfer over kilometer distances: Historical perspective and recent research |journal= [[Proceedings of the IEEE]] |volume= 64 |issue= 3 |pages= 329-54 |doi= 10.1109/PROC.1976.10113 |ref= {{SfnRef|Puthoff & Targ|1976}}}} |
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====On precognition==== |
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*{{cite conference |first1= E.A. |last1= Rauscher |last2= Targ |first2= R. |authorlink1= Elizabeth Rauscher |authormask2= 1 |title= Investigation of a complex space-time metric to describe precognition of the future |booktitle= [[AIP Conference Proceedings]] |volume= 863 |pages= 121-46 |conference= Frontiers of Time: Retrocausation - Experiment and Theory |location= San Diego, CA |doi= 10.1063/1.2388752 |date= 20-22 June 2006}} |
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==Notes== |
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{{reflist|group=n}} |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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*[http://espresearch.com ESPResearch.com] - Russell Targ's site |
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{{Parapsychology}} |
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{{Authority control|VIAF=85910303}} |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| NAME = Targ, Russell |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American physicist and parapsychologist |
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| DATE OF BIRTH = April 11, 1934 |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH = |
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| DATE OF DEATH = |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Targ, Russell}} |
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[[Category:1934 births]] |
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[[Category:American physicists]] |
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[[Category:Columbia University alumni]] |
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[[Category:Living people]] |
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[[Category:Parapsychologists]] |
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[[Category:Remote viewers]] |
Revision as of 19:38, 18 April 2014
Russell Targ (born April 11, 1934) is an American physicist, parapsychologist and author.[1]
Biography
Targ was born in Chicago. He is the son of publisher William Targ. Russell was married to Joan Fischer Targ, who died in 1998. Russell and Joan had a daughter, Elisabeth Targ, who was a psychiatrist, and two sons Alexander, a physician, and Nicholas, an attorney. Targ was introduced to the paranormal by his father who had published the work of Erich von Däniken.[2]
Targ received a Bachelor of Science in physics from Queens College in 1954 and did graduate work in physics at Columbia University.[1]
- ^ a b "Russell Targ". Gale Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology. Gale.
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