2a00:1851:8004:7070:4d5f:85ae:52c6:5365 (talk) No edit summary |
78.82.178.37 (talk) Fixed citation aggression. See talk page. Dilmunite stop spamming the article with biased kuwaiti sources using multiple IP adresses. Tags: Reverted Visual edit |
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{{Infobox musical artist |
{{Infobox musical artist |
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| name = Saleh and Dawood Al-Kuwaity<br/> |
| name = Saleh and Dawood Al-Kuwaity<br/> |
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| native_name = صالح و داوود الكويتي |
| native_name = صالح و داوود الكويتي |
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| image = Arabic Takht.jpg |
| image = Arabic Takht.jpg |
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| birth_date = {{birth year|1908}} (Saleh)<br/>{{birth year|1910}} (Daud) |
| birth_date = {{birth year|1908}} (Saleh)<br/>{{birth year|1910}} (Daud) |
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| birth_place = [[Sharq, Kuwait|Sharq]], [[Kuwait]] |
| birth_place = [[Sharq, Kuwait|Sharq]], [[Kuwait]] |
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| origin = [[ |
| origin = [[Basra]], [[Iraq]] |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1986|1908}} (Saleh)<br/>{{death date and age|df=yes|1976|1910}} (Daud) |
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1986|1908}} (Saleh)<br/>{{death date and age|df=yes|1976|1910}} (Daud) |
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| death_place = [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]] |
| death_place = [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]] |
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| associated_acts = |
| associated_acts = |
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}} |
}} |
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⚫ | '''Saleh''' (1908–1986) and '''Daud''' (1910–1976) '''Al-Kuwaity''' ({{lang-ar|'''صالح و داوود الكويتي'''}}) were Iraqi Jewish musicians who rose to prominence in [[Iraq]] and the Arab world in the early twentieth century. <ref name="reuters">{{Cite news|last=Hassan|first=Rami Ayyub, Hamuda|date=2019-02-27|title=Israeli musician with Iraqi roots finds fans from Tel Aviv to Baghdad|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-music-iraq-idUSKCN1QG2DG|access-date=2021-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Limited|first=Elaph Publishing|date=2008-11-27|title=إحتفالية الملحن و الموسيقار صالح الكويتي|url=https://elaph.com/Web/Music/2008/11/386538.htm|access-date=2021-12-23|website=Elaph - إيلاف|language=ar}}</ref><ref name="biography">{{Cite web|year=2021|title=The Kuwaitis|url=https://www.the-kuwaitis.com/|website=the-kuwaitis.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=רחוב על שם האחים אל-כוויתי|language=he|work=הארץ|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/gallery/1.3350555|access-date=2021-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-09-22|title=Harmonies in old Iraq|url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/music/harmonies-in-old-iraq-20070922-ge5vil.html|access-date=2021-12-23|website=The Age|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Iraq Still Honors This Jewish Star Known as the ‘Voice of Baghdad’|language=en|work=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/.premium-a-tribute-to-the-jewish-crooner-known-as-the-voice-of-baghdad-1.6662514|access-date=2021-12-23}}</ref> The brothers had a pioneering role in the modern classical music of [[Music of Iraq|Iraq]] and [[Music of Kuwait|Kuwait]], especially the [[Maqam al-iraqi|Iraqi ''maqam'']] and [[Sawt (music)|Kuwaiti ''sawt'']] genres.<ref name="kuwaiti">{{Cite journal|last=Urkevich|first=Lisa|date=2008|title=Crossing Paths in the Middle East: Cultural Struggles of Jewish-Kuwaiti Musicians in the 20th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vFZ1AAAAMAAJ&q=Crossing+Paths+in+the+Middle+East:+Cultural+Struggles+of+Jewish-Kuwaiti+Musicians+in+the+20th+Century%22.+American+Historical+Association.|journal=[[American Historical Association]]}}</ref><ref name="crad">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.qdl.qa/en/cradle-arabic-sawt-music-early-musician-generations-kuwait |title=The Cradle of Arabic Sawt Music: The Early Musician Generations in Kuwait|author=Rolf Killius|publisher=Qatar National Library|year=2017}}</ref><ref name="sawt_academic_study">{{Cite journal|author=Ahmad Ali AlSalhi|url=https://pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/portal/files/30299144/2018alsalhiahmadphd.pdf|title=ṢAUT IN BAHRAIN AND KUWAIT: History and Creativity in Concept and Practice|publisher=[[Royal Holloway, University of London]]|year=2021}}</ref> In 1951, the brothers immigrated from Iraq to [[Israel]].<ref name="biography"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-03-12|title=היסטוריה ללא תווים {{!}} איל שגיא ביזאוי|url=https://www.haokets.org/2012/03/12/היסטוריה-ללא-תווים/|access-date=2021-12-20|website=העוקץ|language=he-IL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=עלייתם ונפילתם|language=he|work=הארץ|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/gallery/1.1109838|access-date=2021-12-20}}</ref> |
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'''Saleh''' (1908–1986) and '''Daud''' (1910–1976) '''Al-Kuwaity''' ({{lang-ar|'''صالح و داوود الكويتي'''}}) were [[Israelis|Israeli]] [[Mizrahi Jewish|Mizrahi Jewish]] musicians of Iraqi-Iranian ancestry who rose to prominence in [[Iraq]] and [[Kuwait]] in the early twentieth century.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web|title=The Jews of Arabia|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-magazine-monitor-30447043|website=[[BBC]]|quote=Kuwaiti musicians Daoud Al-Kuwaiti (oud) and his brother Saleh (violin).}}</ref><ref name="kuwaiti">{{Cite journal| last = Urkevich| first = Lisa |
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| date = 2008 |
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| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vFZ1AAAAMAAJ&q=Crossing+Paths+in+the+Middle+East:+Cultural+Struggles+of+Jewish-Kuwaiti+Musicians+in+the+20th+Century%22.+American+Historical+Association. |
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| title = Crossing Paths in the Middle East: Cultural Struggles of Jewish-Kuwaiti Musicians in the 20th Century |
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| journal = [[American Historical Association]] |
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⚫ | }} |
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==Early life and work== |
==Early life and work== |
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The brothers were born in [[Kuwait]] in 1908 and 1910 to a [[History of the Jews in Iraq|Iraqi Jewish]] father who moved to Kuwait from the Iraqi city of [[Basra]].<ref name="crad" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=רחוב על שם האחים אל-כוויתי|language=he|work=הארץ|url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/gallery/1.3350555|access-date=2021-12-23}}</ref> Their family was part of the [[History of the Jews in Kuwait|Kuwaiti Jewish community]] in the first decade of the twentieth century.<ref name="kuwaiti" /><ref name="kandari">{{cite journal | title= ''Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations'', Volume 17, Issue 4 October 2006 , pages 445 - 456}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite web|title=The Jews of Arabia|url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/.premium-a-tribute-to-the-jewish-crooner-known-as-the-voice-of-baghdad-1.6662514|url-status=live|website=[[BBC]]|quote=Kuwaiti musicians Daoud Al-Kuwaiti (oud) and his brother Saleh (violin).}}</ref><ref name="sawt_academic_study"/> During the [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries|Jewish exodus,]] the brothers moved to Israel in 1951 and gained the Israeli citizenship, and got their Iraqi citizenship revoked.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shohat|first=Ella|date=2020-10-22|title=Seventy Years since the Departure of Iraqi Jews|url=https://orientxxi.info/magazine/seventy-years-since-the-departure-of-iraqi-jews,4187|access-date=2021-12-23|website=Orient XXI|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jewish Role in Iraqi Music|url=http://www.dangoor.com/72page42.html|access-date=2021-12-20|website=www.dangoor.com}}</ref> |
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The brothers were born in [[Kuwait]] in 1908 and 1910 to a [[Mizrahi Jewish]] family which originally immigrated from [[History of the Jews in Iraq|Iraq]].<ref name="BBC"/><ref name="reuters" /><ref name="biography">{{Cite web|title=The Kuwaitis|url=https://www.the-kuwaitis.com/|year=2021|website=the-kuwaitis.com}}</ref> Their father, who was a [[Persian Jews|Jewish merchant of Iranian ancestry]],<ref name="dangoor">{{cite web |publisher= dangoor.com |title=History of the Jews in Kuwait|url=http://www.dangoor.com/issue78/articles/78068.htm}}</ref><ref name="bayan">{{Cite web|title=يهـود الكـويت|url=https://media.albayan.ae/pdf/kuwait%20gewish.pdf|website=[[Al-Bayan (newspaper)|Al-Bayan]]|page=16|language=Arabic}}</ref><ref name="alanba">{{Cite web|title=يهود الكويت|url=https://www.alanba.com.kw/kottab/youssuf-abdulrahman/433329/28-12-2013-%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA/|website=[[Al-Anba (Kuwait)|Al-Anba]]|language=Arabic}}</ref> moved to Kuwait from the Iraqi city of [[Basra]].<ref name="crad" /> Their family was part of the [[History of the Jews in Kuwait|Kuwaiti Jewish community]] in the first decade of the twentieth century.<ref name="kuwaiti" /><ref name="kandari">{{cite journal | title= ''Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations'', Volume 17, Issue 4 October 2006 , pages 445 - 456}}</ref><ref name="BBC"/><ref name="sawt_academic_study"/> |
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In his childhood, Saleh began studying music in Kuwait from Khaled Al-Bakar, a famous Kuwaiti oud player in the early twentieth century.<ref name="crad" /><ref name="kuwaiti" /><ref name="kandari"/> He soon began to compose his own music.<ref name="crad" /><ref name="kuwaiti" /><ref name="kandari"/> Saleh's first song, "Walla Ajabni Jamalec" (By God, I admire your beauty), is still heard on Gulf radio stations.<ref name="crad" /><ref name="kuwaiti" /><ref name="kandari"/> While still children, the brothers started performing for dignitaries and [[House of Sabah|Al Sabah]] ruling family members in Kuwait.<ref name="crad" /><ref name="kuwaiti" /><ref name="kandari"/><ref>{{Cite news |
In his childhood, Saleh began studying music in Kuwait from Khaled Al-Bakar, a famous Kuwaiti oud player in the early twentieth century.<ref name="crad" /><ref name="kuwaiti" /><ref name="kandari"/> He soon began to compose his own music.<ref name="crad" /><ref name="kuwaiti" /><ref name="kandari"/> Saleh's first song, "Walla Ajabni Jamalec" (By God, I admire your beauty), is still heard on Gulf radio stations.<ref name="crad" /><ref name="kuwaiti" /><ref name="kandari"/> While still children, the brothers started performing for dignitaries and [[House of Sabah|Al Sabah]] ruling family members in Kuwait.<ref name="crad" /><ref name="kuwaiti" /><ref name="kandari"/><ref>{{Cite news |
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| newspaper = BBC |
| newspaper = BBC |
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| access-date = 2016-02-27 |
| access-date = 2016-02-27 |
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}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Daoud & Saleh Al-Kuwaity / a RootsWorld review of World Music|url=http://www.weltmusik.com/reviews/kuwaity09.shtml|access-date=2021-12-22|website=www.weltmusik.com}}</ref> In 1928, the brothers moved to Basra at age 18 and 20 respectively and continued their music career.<ref name="dangoor" |
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Daoud & Saleh Al-Kuwaity / a RootsWorld review of World Music|url=http://www.weltmusik.com/reviews/kuwaity09.shtml|access-date=2021-12-22|website=www.weltmusik.com}}</ref> In 1928, the brothers moved to Basra at age 18 and 20 respectively and continued their music career.<ref name="dangoor">{{cite web|title=History of the Jews in Kuwait|url=http://www.dangoor.com/issue78/articles/78068.htm|publisher=dangoor.com}}</ref> |
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==Legacy== |
==Legacy== |
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Despite the constant state of war between Israel and most of the Arab world, the state-controlled radio in Iraq and Kuwait kept on broadcasting their music.<ref name="crad" /><ref name="kuwaiti" /><ref name="kandari"/> While earlier generations of Arab listeners had been familiar and comfortable with the brothers and their Jewish identity, Arabic radio after the 1970s, increasingly under the control of [[nationalist]] movements such as the [[Ba'ath Party]], began to change this by omitting their name, their Jewish identity, or their Israeli citizenship from credits, causing this history to be forgotten; upon his ascent to power in 1979, [[Saddam Hussein]] had their names expunged from the Iraqi national archives, re-designating hundreds of their songs as anonymous "folk melodies".<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Sound of Silence|language=en|work=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5033011|access-date=2021-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-02-27|title=Israeli musician with Iraqi roots finds fans from Tel Aviv to Baghdad|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-music-iraq-idUSKCN1QG2DG|access-date=2021-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dudu Tassa: An Iraqi Revival|url=https://www.songlines.co.uk/features/dudu-tassa-an-iraqi-revival|access-date=2021-12-01|website=Songlines|language=en}}</ref> |
Despite the constant state of war between Israel and most of the Arab world, the state-controlled radio in Iraq and Kuwait kept on broadcasting their music.<ref name="crad" /><ref name="kuwaiti" /><ref name="kandari"/> While earlier generations of Arab listeners had been familiar and comfortable with the brothers and their Jewish identity, Arabic radio after the 1970s, increasingly under the control of [[nationalist]] movements such as the [[Ba'ath Party]], began to change this by omitting their name, their Jewish identity, or their Israeli citizenship from credits, causing this history to be forgotten; upon his ascent to power in 1979, [[Saddam Hussein]] had their names expunged from the Iraqi national archives, re-designating hundreds of their songs as anonymous "folk melodies".<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Sound of Silence|language=en|work=Haaretz|url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5033011|access-date=2021-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-02-27|title=Israeli musician with Iraqi roots finds fans from Tel Aviv to Baghdad|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-music-iraq-idUSKCN1QG2DG|access-date=2021-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dudu Tassa: An Iraqi Revival|url=https://www.songlines.co.uk/features/dudu-tassa-an-iraqi-revival|access-date=2021-12-01|website=Songlines|language=en}}</ref> |
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The brothers had a pioneering role in the modern music of |
The brothers had a pioneering role in the [[Music of Iraq|modern music of Iraq]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-02-27|title=Israeli musician with Iraqi roots finds fans from Tel Aviv to Baghdad|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-music-iraq-idUSKCN1QG2DG|access-date=2021-12-23}}</ref> Saleh Al-Kuwaiti was considered the father of [[Maqam al-iraqi|Iraqi maqam]] as he was the pioneer of its first song. He also composed for the most famous singers of that era in Iraq, Kuwait,<ref name="crad" /> and in the Arab world, such as [[Salima Murad]], [[Afifa Iskandar]], [[Nazem al-Ghazali]], [[Umm Kulthum]], [[Mohammed Abdel Wahab]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=azz|date=2015-03-22|title=ألحان خالدة للأخوين الكويتي تذهل العرب - فنون – رياض المحمداوي|url=https://www.azzaman.com/%d8%a3%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%ae%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ae%d9%88%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%aa%d9%8a%e2%80%ae-%e2%80%ac%d8%aa%d8%b0%d9%87%d9%84-%d8%a7/|access-date=2021-11-30|website=Azzaman|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=azz|date=2015-03-22|title=ألحان خالدة للأخوين الكويتي تذهل العرب - فنون – رياض المحمداوي|url=https://www.azzaman.com/%d8%a3%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%ae%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ae%d9%88%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%aa%d9%8a%e2%80%ae-%e2%80%ac%d8%aa%d8%b0%d9%87%d9%84-%d8%a7/|access-date=2021-11-30|website=Azzaman|language=ar}}</ref> Their music was adored by [[Faisal II of Iraq|Faisal II]], the last King of Iraq.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-02-27|title=Israeli musician with Iraqi roots finds fans from Tel Aviv to Baghdad|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-music-iraq-idUSKCN1QG2DG|access-date=2021-12-23}}</ref> |
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The brothers had even a pioonering role in the music of Kuwait.They were widely considered among the earliest pioneers of the [[Sawt (music)|Kuwaiti ''sawt'']] genre.<ref name="crad" /><ref name="kandari" /><ref name="kuwaiti" /><ref name="sawt">{{Cite journal|year=2021|title=The Sawt in Kowait|url=http://www.arabosounds.com/en/the-sawt-in-kowait/|publisher=Arab Sounds}}</ref><ref name="sawt_academic_study" /><ref name="sawt_scholarly_journal">{{Cite journal|author=Jean Lambert|year=2020|title=THE YEMENI SOURCES OF POETRY AND MUSIC IN THE SAWT OF THE GULF: THE ROLE OF THE ARABIAN DIASPORA IN INDIA|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02476223/document|publisher=[[HAL (open archive)]]}}</ref><ref name="sawt_scholarly_review">{{Cite journal|author=Jean Lambert|year=2016|title=Thinking Historically, Being Present: Kuwait, Summer 2016|url=https://ethnomusicologyreview.ucla.edu/content/thinking-historically-being-present-kuwait-summer-2016|publisher=[[University of California, Los Angeles]]}}</ref><ref name="sawt_scholarly_journal" /> |
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In 2009, a street in the [[Hatikva Quarter]] of [[Tel Aviv]] was named Al Kuwaiti Brothers Street in their memory.<ref>https://www.kqed.org/arts/128400/from-israel-a-jewish-singer-with-arab-roots-revives-the-music-of-his-familys-past</ref><ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7918339.stm</ref> |
In 2009, a street in the [[Hatikva Quarter]] of [[Tel Aviv]] was named Al Kuwaiti Brothers Street in their memory.<ref>https://www.kqed.org/arts/128400/from-israel-a-jewish-singer-with-arab-roots-revives-the-music-of-his-familys-past</ref><ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7918339.stm</ref> |
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*[[Music of Iraq]] |
*[[Music of Iraq]] |
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*[[Music of Israel]] |
*[[Music of Israel]] |
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*[[Iraqi maqam]] |
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*[[List of Iraqi musicians]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
Revision as of 08:48, 23 December 2021
Saleh and Dawood Al-Kuwaity صالح و داوود الكويتي | |
---|---|
Background information | |
Birth name | Saleh and Dawood Ezra Ben Jacob Erzoni |
Born | 1908 1910 (Daud) Sharq, Kuwait | (Saleh)
Origin | Basra, Iraq |
Died | 1986 1976 (aged 65–66) (Daud) Tel Aviv, Israel | (aged 77–78) (Saleh)
Genres | Arabic, Iraqi maqam, Kuwaiti sawt |
Saleh (1908–1986) and Daud (1910–1976) Al-Kuwaity (Arabic: صالح و داوود الكويتي) were Iraqi Jewish musicians who rose to prominence in Iraq and the Arab world in the early twentieth century. [1][2][3][4][5][6] The brothers had a pioneering role in the modern classical music of Iraq and Kuwait, especially the Iraqi maqam and Kuwaiti sawt genres.[7][8][9] In 1951, the brothers immigrated from Iraq to Israel.[3][10][11]
Early life and work
The brothers were born in Kuwait in 1908 and 1910 to a Iraqi Jewish father who moved to Kuwait from the Iraqi city of Basra.[8][12] Their family was part of the Kuwaiti Jewish community in the first decade of the twentieth century.[7][13][14][9] During the Jewish exodus, the brothers moved to Israel in 1951 and gained the Israeli citizenship, and got their Iraqi citizenship revoked.[15][16]
In his childhood, Saleh began studying music in Kuwait from Khaled Al-Bakar, a famous Kuwaiti oud player in the early twentieth century.[8][7][13] He soon began to compose his own music.[8][7][13] Saleh's first song, "Walla Ajabni Jamalec" (By God, I admire your beauty), is still heard on Gulf radio stations.[8][7][13] While still children, the brothers started performing for dignitaries and Al Sabah ruling family members in Kuwait.[8][7][13][17][18] In 1928, the brothers moved to Basra at age 18 and 20 respectively and continued their music career.[19]
Legacy
Despite the constant state of war between Israel and most of the Arab world, the state-controlled radio in Iraq and Kuwait kept on broadcasting their music.[8][7][13] While earlier generations of Arab listeners had been familiar and comfortable with the brothers and their Jewish identity, Arabic radio after the 1970s, increasingly under the control of nationalist movements such as the Ba'ath Party, began to change this by omitting their name, their Jewish identity, or their Israeli citizenship from credits, causing this history to be forgotten; upon his ascent to power in 1979, Saddam Hussein had their names expunged from the Iraqi national archives, re-designating hundreds of their songs as anonymous "folk melodies".[20][21][22]
The brothers had a pioneering role in the modern music of Iraq.[23] Saleh Al-Kuwaiti was considered the father of Iraqi maqam as he was the pioneer of its first song. He also composed for the most famous singers of that era in Iraq, Kuwait,[8] and in the Arab world, such as Salima Murad, Afifa Iskandar, Nazem al-Ghazali, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab.[24][25] Their music was adored by Faisal II, the last King of Iraq.[26]
The brothers had even a pioonering role in the music of Kuwait.They were widely considered among the earliest pioneers of the Kuwaiti sawt genre.[8][13][7][27][9][28][29][28]
In 2009, a street in the Hatikva Quarter of Tel Aviv was named Al Kuwaiti Brothers Street in their memory.[30][31]
In 2011, Daoud's grandson, Israeli rock musician Dudu Tassa, formed the band Dudu Tassa and the Kuwaitis to play his grandfather's and great-uncle's music. The band has released two albums and has toured in Israel and elsewhere, opening for Radiohead in their 2017 US tour.[32]
See also
- History of the Jews in Iraq
- History of the Jews in Kuwait
- Culture of Iraq
- Culture of Kuwait
- Music of Kuwait
- Music of Iraq
- Music of Israel
- Iraqi maqam
- List of Iraqi musicians
References
- ^ Hassan, Rami Ayyub, Hamuda (27 February 2019). "Israeli musician with Iraqi roots finds fans from Tel Aviv to Baghdad". Reuters. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Limited, Elaph Publishing (27 November 2008). "إحتفالية الملحن و الموسيقار صالح الكويتي". Elaph - إيلاف (in Arabic). Retrieved 23 December 2021.
- ^ a b "The Kuwaitis". the-kuwaitis.com. 2021.
- ^ "רחוב על שם האחים אל-כוויתי". הארץ (in Hebrew). Retrieved 23 December 2021.
- ^ "Harmonies in old Iraq". The Age. 22 September 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
- ^ "Iraq Still Honors This Jewish Star Known as the 'Voice of Baghdad'". Haaretz. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Urkevich, Lisa (2008). "Crossing Paths in the Middle East: Cultural Struggles of Jewish-Kuwaiti Musicians in the 20th Century". American Historical Association.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Rolf Killius (2017). "The Cradle of Arabic Sawt Music: The Early Musician Generations in Kuwait". Qatar National Library.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ a b c Ahmad Ali AlSalhi (2021). "ṢAUT IN BAHRAIN AND KUWAIT: History and Creativity in Concept and Practice" (PDF). Royal Holloway, University of London.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "היסטוריה ללא תווים | איל שגיא ביזאוי". העוקץ (in Hebrew). 12 March 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
- ^ "עלייתם ונפילתם". הארץ (in Hebrew). Retrieved 20 December 2021.
- ^ "רחוב על שם האחים אל-כוויתי". הארץ (in Hebrew). Retrieved 23 December 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, Volume 17, Issue 4 October 2006 , pages 445 - 456".
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "The Jews of Arabia". BBC.
Kuwaiti musicians Daoud Al-Kuwaiti (oud) and his brother Saleh (violin).
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Shohat, Ella (22 October 2020). "Seventy Years since the Departure of Iraqi Jews". Orient XXI. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
- ^ "Jewish Role in Iraqi Music". www.dangoor.com. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
- ^ "Jerusalem Diary: 2 March". BBC. 2 March 2009. Retrieved 27 February 2016.
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- ^ "Israeli musician with Iraqi roots finds fans from Tel Aviv to Baghdad". Reuters. 27 February 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
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- ^ "Israeli musician with Iraqi roots finds fans from Tel Aviv to Baghdad". Reuters. 27 February 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
- ^ azz (22 March 2015). "ألحان خالدة للأخوين الكويتي تذهل العرب - فنون – رياض المحمداوي". Azzaman (in Arabic). Retrieved 30 November 2021.
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(help) - ^ a b Jean Lambert (2020). "THE YEMENI SOURCES OF POETRY AND MUSIC IN THE SAWT OF THE GULF: THE ROLE OF THE ARABIAN DIASPORA IN INDIA". HAL (open archive).
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(help) - ^ Jean Lambert (2016). "Thinking Historically, Being Present: Kuwait, Summer 2016". University of California, Los Angeles.
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(help) - ^ https://www.kqed.org/arts/128400/from-israel-a-jewish-singer-with-arab-roots-revives-the-music-of-his-familys-past
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7918339.stm
- ^ Dudu Tassa & the Kuwaitis, official band website