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{{State terrorism}} |
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{{Synthesis}} |
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{{State terrorism}} |
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The '''[[United States|United States of America]]''' has been accused of funding, training, and harboring individuals and groups who engage in '''[[terrorism]]''' by legal scholars, other governments, and human rights organizations,<ref>Sources:<br> |
The '''[[United States|United States of America]]''' has been accused of funding, training, and harboring individuals and groups who engage in '''[[terrorism]]''' by legal scholars, other governments, and human rights organizations,<ref>Sources:<br> |
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[http://syriatimes.tishreen.info/_default.asp?FileName=79783973120050807145803] |
[http://syriatimes.tishreen.info/_default.asp?FileName=79783973120050807145803] |
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[http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2007ahrcinnews/1130/] |
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[http://www.asia-pacific-action.org/statements/2005/ran_noaid2militaryregimes_250505.htm] |
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[http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/sanjuan180906.html] |
[http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/sanjuan180906.html] |
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[http://www.counterpunch.org/petras03172006.html] |
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[http://www.indcatholicnews.com/shayc218.html] |
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[http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/518/518%20roland%20g.%20simbulan.htm] |
[http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/518/518%20roland%20g.%20simbulan.htm] |
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[http://www.rrojasdatabank.org/pfpc/stateter.htm] |
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[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-95571886.html]</ref><ref name=Chomsky>{{cite news|title=Noam Chomsky Interview on CBC (Part 1 of 2)|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10rTPSSmOFw&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Einformationclearinghouse%2Einfo%2Farticle14120%2Ehtm|date=[[2007-06-17]]|publisher=[[CBC]]|accessdate=2007-06-27}}<br>{{cite news|title=Noam Chomsky Interview on CBC (Part 2 of 2)|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bieFwutoqvA&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Einformationclearinghouse%2Einfo%2Farticle14120%2Ehtm|date=[[2007-06-17]]|publisher=[[CBC]]|accessdate=2007-06-27}}</ref> among others. The verdict by the [[International Court of Justice]] in [[Nicaragua v. United States]] condemned the [[Federal government of the United States|United States federal government]] for its "''unlawful use of force''".<ref name = "icj" /> Based upon this verdict, [[Noam Chomsky]] argues that the U.S. has been legally found guilty of international terrorism.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://dir.salon.com/story/people/feature/2002/01/16/chomsky/index_np.html?pn=2 | publisher=Salon.com | work=Salon.com | title=Noam Chomsky | author=Suzy Hansen | date=2002-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.zmag.org/content/ForeignPolicy/chomskyglobeterr.cfm| publisher=Zmag.org | work=Znet | title=Who Are the Global Terrorists? | author=Noam Chomsky | date=2002-05-19}}</ref> Critics respond that "outside the Chomsky cult, of course, unlawful use of force is not another word for terrorism" and that the ICJ has no authority over sovereign states unless they themselves so agree, which the US did not since the "[[Soviet Bloc]] police states" were outside its jurisdiction but they still sent judges to the court.<ref name="Anti-Chomsky">David Horowitz. Chomsky and 9/11. Page 172-4 In [[The Anti-Chomsky Reader]] (2004) Peter Collier and David Horowitz, editors. Encounter Books.</ref> Critics say the U.S. government is hypocritical because it regularly asserts a public image and agenda of [[Counter-terrorism|anti-terrorism]].<ref name=VENEZUELA-ACCUSES-US-OF-DOUBLE-STANDARD-ON-TERRORISM>{{cite news|title=Venezuela accuses US of 'double standard' on terrorism|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0929/dailyUpdate.html|date=[[2005-09-29]]|publisher=[[Christian Science Monitor]]|accessdate=2007-02-02 }}</ref><ref name=>{{cite news|title=Testing the Definition of "Terrorism": Luis Posada Carriles and the U.S.|url=http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=11162|publisher=[[Znet]]|date=[[2006-10-6]]|accessdate=2007-02-02 }}</ref> |
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[http://www.amazon.com/Terrorisms-War-America-Dennis-Piszkiewicz/dp/0275979520/ref=sr_1_4/105-9450082-2446827?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1183356913&sr=1-4] |
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[http://syriatimes.tishreen.info/_default.asp?FileName=79783973120050807145803] |
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[http://www.cetim.ch/fr/interventions_details.php?iid=207] |
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[http://www.rrojasdatabank.org/pfpc/stateter.htm] |
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[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-95571886.html] |
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[http://www.leksikon.org/art.php?n=2543]</ref> |
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<ref>[[Richard Heinberg|Heinberg, Richard]]. [http://www.richardheinberg.com/museletter/117 Should the United States Renounce Terrorism?]", [[November 2001|10-2001]].<br> |
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[http://www.commondreams.org/cgi-bin/print.cgi?file=/views03/0129-12.htm Grossman, Zoltan]<br> |
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[http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/interventions.html History of U.S. Military Interventions since 1890]"<br> |
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[http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=HAL20050703&articleId=627 The UN and its conduct during the invasion and occupation of Iraq - Testimony to the World Tribunal on Iraq]</ref> |
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<ref name=Chomsky>{{cite news|title=Noam Chomsky Interview on CBC (Part 1 of 2)|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10rTPSSmOFw&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Einformationclearinghouse%2Einfo%2Farticle14120%2Ehtm|date=[[2007-06-17]]|publisher=[[CBC]]|accessdate=2007-06-27}}<br>{{cite news|title=Noam Chomsky Interview on CBC (Part 2 of 2)|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bieFwutoqvA&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww%2Einformationclearinghouse%2Einfo%2Farticle14120%2Ehtm|date=[[2007-06-17]]|publisher=[[CBC]]|accessdate=2007-06-27}}</ref> |
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<ref>[http://www.redress.org/publications/TerrorismReport.pdf Terrorism, Counter-terorrism and Torture]</ref> |
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<ref name=WAR_PROPAGANDA>{{cite news|title=War Propaganda |url=http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=20030116&articleId=372|date=[[16-01-2003]]|publisher=[[Michel Chossudovsky]]|accessdate=27-04-2007}}</ref> among others. Some scholars, such as linguist and U.S. foreign policy critic, [[Noam Chomsky]], argue that the U.S. has been legally found guilty of international terrorism based on the verdict by [[International Court of Justice]] in [[Nicaragua v. United States]], which condemned the [[Federal government of the United States|United States federal government]] not for terrorism ''per se'', but for its "''unlawful use of force''".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://dir.salon.com/story/people/feature/2002/01/16/chomsky/index_np.html?pn=2 | publisher=Salon.com | work=Salon.com | title=Noam Chomsky | author=Suzy Hansen | date=2002-01-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.zmag.org/content/ForeignPolicy/chomskyglobeterr.cfm| publisher=Zmag.org | work=Znet | title=Who Are the Global Terrorists? | author=Noam Chomsky | date=2002-05-19}}</ref><ref>Gareau, Frederick H. "[http://www.bookmasters.com/clarity/b0023.htm State Terrorism and the United States]".</ref><ref>[[Richard Heinberg|Heinberg, Richard]]. "[http://www.richardheinberg.com/museletter/117 Should the United States Renounce Terrorism?]", [[November 2001|10-2001]].</ref><ref>Grossman, Zoltan. "[http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/interventions.html History of U.S. Military Interventions since 1890]".</ref><ref>Gowans, Stephen. "[http://www3.sympatico.ca/sr.gowans/foreign.html Terrorism as Foreign Policy]", [http://www3.sympatico.ca/sr.gowans/ ''What's Left''].</ref> Critics claim the U.S. government is hypocritical because it regularly asserts a public image and agenda of [[Counter-terrorism|anti-terrorism]].<ref name=VENEZUELA-ACCUSES-US-OF-DOUBLE-STANDARD-ON-TERRORISM>{{cite news|title=Venezuela accuses US of 'double standard' on terrorism|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0929/dailyUpdate.html|date=[[2005-09-29]]|publisher=[[Christian Science Monitor]]|accessdate=2007-02-02 }}</ref><ref name=>{{cite news|title=Testing the Definition of "Terrorism": Luis Posada Carriles and the U.S.|url=http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=11162|publisher=[[Znet]]|date=[[2006-10-6]]|accessdate=2007-02-02 }}</ref> |
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==Definition of the term state terrorism== |
==Definition of the term state terrorism== |
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As an example, the [[United States]] [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] bases its definition on U.S. Code, Title 18, Chapter 113B<ref name=FBI-DEFINITION-OF-TERRORISM>{{Citation |
As an example, the [[United States]] [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] bases its definition on U.S. Code, Title 18, Chapter 113B<ref name=FBI-DEFINITION-OF-TERRORISM>{{Citation |
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| last = Cornell Law School |
| last = Cornell Law School |
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| title = US Code |
| title = US Code |
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|url=http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sec_18_00002331----000-.html |
|url=http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sec_18_00002331----000-.html |
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|accessdate = 25 May 2007}}</ref>, and reads as follows: |
|accessdate = 25 May 2007}}</ref>, and reads as follows: |
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::International terrorism involves violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any state, or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or any state. These acts appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination or kidnapping and occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States or transcend national boundaries in terms of the means by which they are accomplished, the persons they appear intended to intimidate or coerce, or the locale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum. [18 U.S.C. § 2331(1)] |
::International terrorism involves violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any state, or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or any state. These acts appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination or kidnapping and occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States or transcend national boundaries in terms of the means by which they are accomplished, the persons they appear intended to intimidate or coerce, or the locale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum. [18 U.S.C. § 2331(1)] |
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U.S. State Department |
U.S. State Department Definition of Terrorism: |
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:The term "terrorism" means premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. |
:The term "terrorism" means premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. |
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:The term "terrorist group" means any group practicing, or that has significant subgroups that practice, international terrorism. |
:The term "terrorist group" means any group practicing, or that has significant subgroups that practice, international terrorism. |
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:The US Government has employed this definition of terrorism for statistical and analytical purposes since 1983. |
:The US Government has employed this definition of terrorism for statistical and analytical purposes since 1983. |
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<ref name=STATE-DEPT-DEF>{{cite news |
<ref name=STATE-DEPT-DEF>{{cite news |
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| year =2001/2/3 |
| year =2001/2/3 |
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===Application of the United States government's own definitions=== |
===Application of the United States government's own definitions=== |
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[[Noam Chomsky]], noted professor of [[linguistics]] at [[MIT]] and a Senior Scholar at the [[Institute for Policy Studies]], has characterized the tactics used by agents of the US government and their proxies in their execution of [[foreign affairs of the United States|US foreign policy]] — in such countries as [[Nicaragua]], [[Chile]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Honduras]], [[Argentina]], [[Colombia]], [[Turkey]], [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]] and [[Cambodia]] — as a form of terrorism. Chomsky has also described the U.S as "a leading terrorist state."<ref name="David">{{cite web|url=http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/200111--02.htm |publisher=Monthly Review |author=David Barsamian |title=The United States is a Leading Terrorist State |date= |
[[Noam Chomsky]], noted professor of [[linguistics]] at [[MIT]] and a Senior Scholar at the [[Institute for Policy Studies]], has characterized the tactics used by agents of the US government and their proxies in their execution of [[foreign affairs of the United States|US foreign policy]] — in such countries as [[Nicaragua]], [[Chile]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Honduras]], [[Argentina]], [[Colombia]], [[Turkey]], [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]] and [[Cambodia]] — as a form of terrorism. Chomsky has also described the U.S as "a leading terrorist state."<ref name="David">{{cite web|url=http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/200111--02.htm |publisher=Monthly Review |author=David Barsamian |title=The United States is a Leading Terrorist State |date=November 6, 2001}}</ref> Chomsky has in turn been criticized for allegedly ignoring or justifying terrorism by nations such as the [[People's Republic of China]], Vietnam, and Cambodia.<ref>Windschuttle, Keith. "[http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/21/may03/chomsky.htm The hypocrisy of Noam Chomsky]", ''[[The New Criterion]]'', [[May 9|05-09]]-[[2003]].</ref> After President [[George W. Bush]] began using the term "War on Terrorism", Chomsky stated in an interview: |
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{{cquote|The U.S. is officially committed to what is called "[[Low intensity conflict|low-intensity warfare]]... If you read the definition of low-intensity conflict in army manuals and compare it with official definitions of "terrorism" in army manuals, or the U.S. Code, you find they're almost the same.<ref name = "David"> {{cite journal |
{{cquote|The U.S. is officially committed to what is called "[[Low intensity conflict|low-intensity warfare]]... If you read the definition of low-intensity conflict in army manuals and compare it with official definitions of "terrorism" in army manuals, or the U.S. Code, you find they're almost the same.<ref name = "David"> {{cite journal |
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}}</ref>}} |
}}</ref>}} |
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Similarly Daniele Ganser, a military and security studies academic,<ref>http://www.dedefensa.org/article.php?art_id=1370</ref><ref>http://www.danieleganser.ch/e/biographie/index.htm</ref><ref>http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/GAN412A.html</ref><ref>http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/collections/coll_gladio/endorsements.cfm?navinfo=15301</ref> has written<ref>http://www.isn.ethz.ch/pubs/ph/details.cfm?lng=en&size51=10&id=15251</ref> that "the covert action department of the CIA" is, "according to the definition of the FBI...a terrorist organization." Dr. Ganser argues that according to the FBI, "`Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objective'," and that the directive which created the covert actions section of the CIA clearly fits this characterization.<ref name="USDOS">{{cite web|title=Note on U.S. Covert Actions |url=http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/69039.pdf |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> The relevant document -- also quoted by Ganser -- is the 1948 U.S. National Security Council directive, 10/2, where the activity of the CIA covert (psychological) operations bureau is defined as follows: |
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Chomsky has in turn been criticized for allegedly ignoring or justifying terrorism by nations such as the [[People's Republic of China]], [[Vietnam]], and [[Cambodia]]. [[Keith Windschuttle]] notes that Chomsky has stated that "the United States and Israeli leadership should be brought to trial" for war crimes. "Yet Chomsky’s moral perspective is completely one-sided. No matter how great the crimes of the regimes he has favored, such as China, Vietnam, and Cambodia under the communists, Chomsky has never demanded their leaders be captured and tried for war crimes. Instead, he has defended these regimes for many years to the best of his ability through the use of evidence he must have realized was selective, deceptive, and in some cases invented."<ref>Windschuttle, Keith. "[http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/21/may03/chomsky.htm The hypocrisy of Noam Chomsky]", ''[[The New Criterion]]'', [[May 9]] [[2003]].</ref> |
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Windschuttle also notes that Chomsky has revealed he is no pacifist. |
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<blockquote>I don’t accept the view that we can just condemn the [[National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam|NLF]] terror, period, because it was so horrible. I think we really have to ask questions of comparative costs, ugly as that may sound. And if we are going to take a moral position on this—and I think we should—we have to ask both what the consequences were of using terror and not using terror. If it were true that the consequences of not using terror would be that the peasantry in Vietnam would continue to live in the state of the peasantry of the Philippines, then I think the use of terror would be justified.</blockquote> |
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Windschuttle writes that in 2001, the average GDP per head in the Philippines was $4000. At the same time, twenty-five years of revolution in Vietnam had produced a figure of only half as much, a mere $2100.<ref>Windschuttle, Keith. "[http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/21/may03/chomsky.htm The hypocrisy of Noam Chomsky]", ''[[The New Criterion]]'', [[May 9]] [[2003]].</ref> |
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In ''[[The End of Faith]]'' (p. 146), [[Sam Harris (author)|Sam Harris]] criticizes the ethical propositions that lead Chomsky to direct his rhetoric towards the United States foreign policy (as opposed to the tenets of [[radical Islam]]): |
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<blockquote> |
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Nothing in Chomsky's account acknowledges the difference between intending to kill a child, because of the effect you hope to produce on its parents (we call this "terrorism"), and inadvertently killing a child in an attempt to capture or kill an avowed child murderer (we call this "collateral damage"). In both cases a child has died, and in both cases it is a tragedy. But the ethical status of the perpetrators, be they individuals or states, could not be more distinct... For [Chomsky], intentions do not seem to matter. Body count is all. |
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</blockquote> |
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Similarly Daniele Ganser, a military and security studies academic,<ref>http://www.dedefensa.org/article.php?art_id=1370</ref><ref>http://www.danieleganser.ch/e/biographie/index.htm</ref><ref>http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/GAN412A.html</ref><ref>http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/collections/coll_gladio/endorsements.cfm?navinfo=15301</ref> has written<ref>http://www.isn.ethz.ch/pubs/ph/details.cfm?lng=en&size51=10&id=15251</ref> that "the covert action department of the CIA" is, "according to the definition of the FBI...a terrorist organization." Dr. Ganser argues that according to the FBI, "`Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objective'," and that the directive which created the covert actions section of the CIA clearly fits this characterization.<ref name="USDOS">{{cite web|title=Note on U.S. Covert Actions |url=http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/69039.pdf |publisher=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> The relevant document -- also quoted by Ganser -- is the 1948 U.S. National Security Council directive, 10/2, where the activity of the CIA covert (psychological) operations bureau is defined as follows: |
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{{cquote|[To] Plan and conduct covert operations which are conducted or sponsored by this government against hostile foreign states or groups or in support of friendly foreign states or groups but which are so planned and conducted that any US Government responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorized persons and that if uncovered the US Government can plausibly disclaim any responsibility for them. Covert action shall include any covert activities related to: propaganda; economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition, and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance movements, guerrillas and refugee liberation groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world. Such operations should not include armed conflict by recognized military forces, espionage, counter-espionage, and cover and deception for military operations.<ref>NSC 10/2: National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects, June 18, 1948.</ref><ref name="USDOS" /></blockquote>}} |
{{cquote|[To] Plan and conduct covert operations which are conducted or sponsored by this government against hostile foreign states or groups or in support of friendly foreign states or groups but which are so planned and conducted that any US Government responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorized persons and that if uncovered the US Government can plausibly disclaim any responsibility for them. Covert action shall include any covert activities related to: propaganda; economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition, and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance movements, guerrillas and refugee liberation groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world. Such operations should not include armed conflict by recognized military forces, espionage, counter-espionage, and cover and deception for military operations.<ref>NSC 10/2: National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects, June 18, 1948.</ref><ref name="USDOS" /></blockquote>}} |
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Ganser has in turn been criticized by the |
Ganser has in turn been criticized by the US State Department for being "fooled" by a Soviet forgery, the "[[US Army Field Manual 30-31B]]."<ref name="StateDept">{{cite web|title=Misinformation about "Gladio/Stay Behind" Networks Resurfaces |publisher=United States Department of State |url=http://usinfo.state.gov/media/Archive/2006/Jan/20-127177.html}}</ref> |
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==Allegations== |
==Allegations== |
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The allegations also claim U.S. involvement in the paramilitary group [[Omega 7]], the CIA undercover operation known as [[Operation 40]], and the umbrella group the [[Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations]]. Cuban [[Counterterrorism]] investigator Roberto Hernández testified in a [[Miami]] court that the bomb attacks were "part of a campaign of terror designed to scare civilians and foreign tourists, harming Cuba's single largest industry."<ref>[http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y01/mar01/30e8.htm Investigator from Cuba takes stand in spy trial] Miami Herald </ref> |
The allegations also claim U.S. involvement in the paramilitary group [[Omega 7]], the CIA undercover operation known as [[Operation 40]], and the umbrella group the [[Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations]]. Cuban [[Counterterrorism]] investigator Roberto Hernández testified in a [[Miami]] court that the bomb attacks were "part of a campaign of terror designed to scare civilians and foreign tourists, harming Cuba's single largest industry."<ref>[http://www.cubanet.org/CNews/y01/mar01/30e8.htm Investigator from Cuba takes stand in spy trial] Miami Herald </ref> |
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In 2001, Cuban |
In 2001, Cuban Ambassador to the UN Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla called for [[UN General Assembly]] to address all forms and manifestations of terrorism in every corner of the world, including - without exception - State terrorism. He alleged to the [[UN General Assembly]] that 3,478 Cubans have died as a result of aggressions and terrorist acts.<ref name="United">[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/L3028.doc.htm Cuba Statement to the United Nations 2001] since the [[Cuban revolution]]</ref> He also alleged that the United States had provided safe shelter to "those who funded, planned and carried out terrorist acts with absolute impunity, tolerated by the United States Government." <ref name="United">[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2003/L3028.doc.htm Cuba Statement to the United Nations 2001] since the [[Cuban revolution]]</ref> The Cuban government also asserted that in the 1990s, a total of 68 acts of terrorism were perpetrated against Cuba.<ref name="United"/> |
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The Cuban |
The Cuban Government, its supporters and some outside observers believe that the group [[Alpha 66]], whose former secretary general Andrés Nazario Sargén acknowledged terrorist attacks on Cuban tourist spots in the 1990s<ref>[http://www.poptel.org.uk/cuba-solidarity/CubaSi-Autumn/Bombs3.html Alpha 66 says it carried out bomb attacks] Cuba solidarity</ref> and conducted training sessions at a secluded camp near the Florida Everglades,<ref> [http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/belligerence/era.htm An Era of Exiles Slips Away]. The Los Angeles Times.</ref> has been supported by the [[National Endowment for Democracy]], the US International Development Agency and, more directly, according to Cuba's official newspaper [[Granma]], the CIA.<ref>[http://www.granma.cu/miami5/ingles/307.html Alpha 66 expands its offices and training camp] granma</ref> |
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A secret plan, [[Operation Northwoods]], was approved by the [[Pentagon]] and [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] and submitted for action to [[Robert McNamara]]<ref>[http://www.chomsky.info/books/warfare01.htm Robert McNamara], excerpted from ''Class Warfare'' by Noam Chomsky</ref> then [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]], and subsequently president of the [[World Bank]]. This plan included acts of violence on US soil or against US interests, such as plans to kill innocent people and commit acts of terrorism in U.S. cities; blowing up a U.S. ship, and contemplated causing U.S. military casualties, writing: ''"We could blow up a U.S. ship in Guantanamo Bay and blame Cuba,"'' and, ''"The US could follow up with an air/sea rescue operation covered by US fighters 'evacuate' remaining members of the non-existent crew. Casualty lists in U.S. newspapers would cause a helpful wave of national indignation."'' The plan was rejected by the administration prior to [[John F. Kennedy assassination|President Kennedy's assassination]] but after the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]].<ref name=PEARL-HARBOUR-COVER-UP-1>{{cite news|title=Pentagon Proposed Pretexts for Cuba Invasion in 1962|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/news/20010430/|date=[[04-30-2001]]|publisher=[[The Nation Security Archives]]|accessdate=27-04-2007}}</ref><ref name=PEARL-HARBOUR-COVER-UP-3>{{cite news|title=U.S. Military Wanted to Provoke War With Cuba|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=92662|date=[[01-05-2001]]|publisher=[[ABC News]]|accessdate=27-04-2007}}</ref> |
A secret plan, [[Operation Northwoods]], was approved by the [[Pentagon]] and [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] and submitted for action to [[Robert McNamara]]<ref>[http://www.chomsky.info/books/warfare01.htm Robert McNamara], excerpted from ''Class Warfare'' by Noam Chomsky</ref> then [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]], and subsequently president of the [[World Bank]]. This plan included acts of violence on US soil or against US interests, such as plans to kill innocent people and commit acts of terrorism in U.S. cities; blowing up a U.S. ship, and contemplated causing U.S. military casualties, writing: ''"We could blow up a U.S. ship in Guantanamo Bay and blame Cuba,"'' and, ''"The US could follow up with an air/sea rescue operation covered by US fighters 'evacuate' remaining members of the non-existent crew. Casualty lists in U.S. newspapers would cause a helpful wave of national indignation."'' The plan was rejected by the administration prior to [[John F. Kennedy assassination|President Kennedy's assassination]] but after the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]].<ref name=PEARL-HARBOUR-COVER-UP-1>{{cite news|title=Pentagon Proposed Pretexts for Cuba Invasion in 1962|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/news/20010430/|date=[[04-30-2001]]|publisher=[[The Nation Security Archives]]|accessdate=27-04-2007}}</ref><ref name=PEARL-HARBOUR-COVER-UP-3>{{cite news|title=U.S. Military Wanted to Provoke War With Cuba|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=92662|date=[[01-05-2001]]|publisher=[[ABC News]]|accessdate=27-04-2007}}</ref> |
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In 1998 the Cuban government charged The Cuban American National Foundation, which was founded in 1981 at the initiative of the [[Reagan administration]] and receives U.S. government funding<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/oig/aireports/i13f0012.pdf |publisher=United States Department of Education: Office of Inspector General |title=Review of Department Identified Contracts and Grants for Public Relations Services}}</ref> with, according to the official government-controlled [[Radio Havana Cuba]], the continued financing of anti-Cuban terrorist activities<ref>{{cite web|title=Cubanews From radio Havana Cuba |url=http://www.radiohc.org/Distributions/Radio_Havana_English/.1998/98_aug/rhc-eng-08.14.98 |publisher=Radio Habana Cuba}}</ref> [[Granma]], the official newspaper of Cuba, also reported that U.S. senator [[Mel Martinez]] was meeting with [[Cuban American]] terrorists and sponsoring them via CANF.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://granmai.cubaweb.com/ingles/2006/junio/mier28/27escandalo-i.html |title=Scams and scandals among Miami terrorists |publisher=Cuba State News: Granma Internacional Digital}}</ref> |
In 1998 the Cuban government charged The Cuban American National Foundation, which was founded in 1981 at the initiative of the [[Reagan administration]] and receives U.S. government funding<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/oig/aireports/i13f0012.pdf |publisher=United States Department of Education: Office of Inspector General |title=Review of Department Identified Contracts and Grants for Public Relations Services}}</ref> with, according to the official government-controlled [[Radio Havana Cuba]], the continued financing of anti-Cuban terrorist activities<ref>{{cite web|title=Cubanews From radio Havana Cuba |url=http://www.radiohc.org/Distributions/Radio_Havana_English/.1998/98_aug/rhc-eng-08.14.98 |publisher=Radio Habana Cuba}}</ref> [[Granma]], the official newspaper of Cuba, also reported that U.S. senator [[Mel Martinez]] was meeting with [[Cuban American]] terrorists and sponsoring them via CANF.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://granmai.cubaweb.com/ingles/2006/junio/mier28/27escandalo-i.html |title=Scams and scandals among Miami terrorists |publisher=Cuba State News: Granma Internacional Digital}}</ref> |
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In 2006, a former board member of CANF, Jose Antonio Llama testified that leaders of the foundation had created a paramilitary group to carry out destabilizing acts in Cuba. The foundation’s general board of directors didn’t know the details of the paramilitary group, which acted autonomously, Llama said. He added that current CANF board chairman Jorge Mas Santos was never told of the plan. The plans failed after Llama and four other exiles were arrested in the United States territory of [[Puerto Rico]] in 1997 on charges of conspiracy to assassinate Castro.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://havanajournal.com/hispanics/entry/former-canf-board-member-admits-to-planning-terrorist-attack-against-cuba/ |title=Top exiles in fight over anti-Castro plot funds |publisher=Miami Herald. |date= |
In 2006, a former board member of CANF, Jose Antonio Llama testified that leaders of the foundation had created a paramilitary group to carry out destabilizing acts in Cuba. The foundation’s general board of directors didn’t know the details of the paramilitary group, which acted autonomously, Llama said. He added that current CANF board chairman Jorge Mas Santos was never told of the plan. The plans failed after Llama and four other exiles were arrested in the United States territory of [[Puerto Rico]] in 1997 on charges of conspiracy to assassinate Castro.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://havanajournal.com/hispanics/entry/former-canf-board-member-admits-to-planning-terrorist-attack-against-cuba/ |title=Top exiles in fight over anti-Castro plot funds |publisher=Miami Herald. |date=November 26, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/56/a56521.pdf |publisher=United Nations: general Assembly Security Council |author=Bruno Rodriguez Parrilla |date=October 29, 2001 |title=Measures to eliminate international terrorism}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Cuban American National Foundation And The Havana Bombings |publisher=Granma International |author=Jean-Guy Allard |date=December 6, 2004}}</ref> |
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The US has also been criticized for failing to condemn Panama's pardoning of the alleged terrorists Novo Sampol, Pedro Remon, and Gaspar Jimenez, instead allowing them to walk free on U.S. streets.<ref name="wp">{{cite journal |
The US has also been criticized for failing to condemn Panama's pardoning of the alleged terrorists Novo Sampol, Pedro Remon, and Gaspar Jimenez, instead allowing them to walk free on U.S. streets.<ref name="wp">{{cite journal |
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}}</ref> |
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=====The |
=====The Case of Luis Posada===== |
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The Cubans cite the admission by [[Luis Posada Carriles]] that he was recruited by the CIA into becoming a trainer of other paramilitary forces in the mid 1960s.<ref> [http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200610u/posada-qa Life With Luis Posada]. The Atlantic online.<br>° [http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/14901750.htm Posada's CIA ties uncovered in papers]. Miami herald.</ref> Posada, alongside [[Orlando Bosch]], is accused by [[Barbados]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Guyana]], Cuba and [[Venezuela]] of organizing the terrorist bombing of the aircraft Cubana 455,<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7679032/page/2/ Cuban official demands action on Posada]</ref>. As described by researcher Peter Kornbluh at the non-governmental research institute [[National Security Archive]], he "is a terrorist, but he’s our terrorist," referring to Posada's relationship with the U.S. government. In 2006, the U.S. Justice Department described Posada as “an unrepentant criminal and admitted mastermind of terrorist plots and attacks on tourist sites.” <ref>[http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/10/08/world/americas/08posada.html?pagewanted=2 Castro Foe Puts U.S. in an Awkward Spot] New York Times </ref> |
The Cubans cite the admission by [[Luis Posada Carriles]] that he was recruited by the CIA into becoming a trainer of other paramilitary forces in the mid 1960s.<ref> [http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200610u/posada-qa Life With Luis Posada]. The Atlantic online.<br>° [http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/14901750.htm Posada's CIA ties uncovered in papers]. Miami herald.</ref> Posada, alongside [[Orlando Bosch]], is accused by [[Barbados]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Guyana]], Cuba and [[Venezuela]] of organizing the terrorist bombing of the aircraft Cubana 455,<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7679032/page/2/ Cuban official demands action on Posada]</ref>. As described by researcher Peter Kornbluh at the non-governmental research institute [[National Security Archive]], he "is a terrorist, but he’s our terrorist," referring to Posada's relationship with the U.S. government. In 2006, the U.S. Justice Department described Posada as “an unrepentant criminal and admitted mastermind of terrorist plots and attacks on tourist sites.” <ref>[http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/10/08/world/americas/08posada.html?pagewanted=2 Castro Foe Puts U.S. in an Awkward Spot] New York Times </ref> |
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The Cubans also cite the involvement of FBI attaché Joseph Leo, who admitted multiple contacts with one of the convicted bombers of Cubana 455, Hernan Ricardo, before the attack.<ref> [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20050606/kornbluh The Posada File]. The Nation. </ref> |
The Cubans also cite the involvement of FBI attaché Joseph Leo, who admitted multiple contacts with one of the convicted bombers of Cubana 455, Hernan Ricardo, before the attack.<ref> [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20050606/kornbluh The Posada File]. The Nation. </ref> |
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On |
On May 18, 2005, the National Security Archive posted additional documents that purportedly show the CIA had concrete advance intelligence, as early as June 1976, on plans by Cuban exile terrorist groups to bomb a Cubana airliner. The archive also alleges that while Posada stopped being a CIA agent in 1974, there remained "occasional contact" until June 1976, a few months before the bombing.<ref name="posada"/> The Cuban ambassador to the U.N. claimed that Posada had been "doubly employed by the Government of the U.S." both before and after the bombing of the Cubana aircraft.<ref name="United"/> After escaping from prison in Venezuela, Posada, who has boasted of plans to to "hit" a Cuban airliner only days before the attack, went to work alongside CIA operative [[Felix Rodriguez]] under [[Richard Secord]] supplying the [[Contras]].<ref>http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB157/index.htm National Security archives</ref> |
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[[Image:Posada.jpg|thumb|140px|Luis Posada at [[Fort Benning]], Georgia, 1962]] |
[[Image:Posada.jpg|thumb|140px|Luis Posada at [[Fort Benning]], Georgia, 1962]] |
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After serving 10 years for his role in the Cubana bombing and other terrorist attacks, Orlando Bosch was released from jail in Venezuela and given permission to reside in the United States with the assistance of [[Otto Reich]], then |
After serving 10 years for his role in the Cubana bombing and other terrorist attacks, Orlando Bosch was released from jail in Venezuela and given permission to reside in the United States with the assistance of [[Otto Reich]], then US ambassador to Venezuela.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} |
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On his arrival in Miami in 1988, Bosch was honored with an "Orlando Bosch Day" celebration by the city politicians in Miami. Despite decisions made by the justice department and [[FBI]] to deport Bosch, they were overruled by President [[George H. W. Bush]] and he was allowed permanent residency.<ref>http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0505/19/i_ins.01.html Jose Posada Carriles: Hero or Hardened Killer?.CNN.</ref> |
On his arrival in Miami in 1988, Bosch was honored with an "Orlando Bosch Day" celebration by the city politicians in Miami. Despite decisions made by the justice department and [[FBI]] to deport Bosch, they were overruled by President [[George H. W. Bush]] and he was allowed permanent residency.<ref>http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0505/19/i_ins.01.html Jose Posada Carriles: Hero or Hardened Killer?.CNN.</ref> |
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In a series of interviews with the [[New York Times]], Posada claimed responsibility for the bombings at hotels and nightclubs in Cuba in 1997 in which an [[Italy|Italian]] tourist died and scores more were injured. Posada said his activities were directly supported by Jorge Mas Canosa, founder of the [[Cuban-American National Foundation]]. Posada stated "The FBI and the CIA don't bother me, and I am neutral with them," he said. "Whenever I can help them, I do."<ref name="observer">{{cite web|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/43b/146.html |title=Posada "I'll kill Castro if it's the last thing I do" |publisher=Hartford Web Publishing (Republished)}}</ref> He later denied that he was involved, stating that he had only wanted to create publicity for the bombing campaign in order to scare tourists.<ref>http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0505/19/i_ins.01.html Jose Posada Carriles: Hero or Hardened Killer?.CNN.</ref> |
In a series of interviews with the [[New York Times]], Posada claimed responsibility for the bombings at hotels and nightclubs in Cuba in 1997 in which an [[Italy|Italian]] tourist died and scores more were injured. Posada said his activities were directly supported by Jorge Mas Canosa, founder of the [[Cuban-American National Foundation]]. Posada stated "The FBI and the CIA don't bother me, and I am neutral with them," he said. "Whenever I can help them, I do."<ref name="observer">{{cite web|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/43b/146.html |title=Posada "I'll kill Castro if it's the last thing I do" |publisher=Hartford Web Publishing (Republished)}}</ref> He later denied that he was involved, stating that he had only wanted to create publicity for the bombing campaign in order to scare tourists.<ref>http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0505/19/i_ins.01.html Jose Posada Carriles: Hero or Hardened Killer?.CNN.</ref> |
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As more revelations were made public via declassified documents and testimonies from involved parties, journalist [[Robert Scheer]] wrote in a column in the [[Los Angeles Times]] "For almost 40 years, we have isolated Cuba on the assumption that the tiny island is a center of terrorism in the hemisphere, and year after year we gain new evidence that it is the U.S. that has terrorized Cuba and not the other way around."<ref>http://www.robertscheer.com/1_natcolumn/98_columns/071498.htm A Startling Tale of U.S. Complicity.</ref> |
As more revelations were made public via declassified documents and testimonies from involved parties, journalist [[Robert Scheer]] wrote in a column in the [[Los Angeles Times]] "For almost 40 years, we have isolated Cuba on the assumption that the tiny island is a center of terrorism in the hemisphere, and year after year we gain new evidence that it is the U.S. that has terrorized Cuba and not the other way around."<ref>http://www.robertscheer.com/1_natcolumn/98_columns/071498.htm A Startling Tale of U.S. Complicity.</ref> |
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In an interview in 2001, Cuban Vice President Ricardo Alarcón stated: "The most quoted phrase by President Bush or ever repeated by him refers to the same idea every time he speaks. "'Those who harbor a terrorist are as guilty as the terrorist himself'".<ref name="landau">[http://www.tni.org/archives/landau/alarcon.htm Interview by Saul Landau with Ricardo Alarcón] |
In an interview in 2001, Cuban Vice President Ricardo Alarcón stated: "The most quoted phrase by President Bush or ever repeated by him refers to the same idea every time he speaks. "'Those who harbor a terrorist are as guilty as the terrorist himself'".<ref name="landau">[http://www.tni.org/archives/landau/alarcon.htm Interview by Saul Landau with Ricardo Alarcón] 13 February 2003</ref> |
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Posada was arrested in Miami in May 2005 and held for entering the US illegally. |
Posada was arrested in Miami in May 2005 and held for entering the US illegally. |
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On |
On September 28, 2005 a U.S. immigration judge ruled that Posada cannot be deported because he faced the threat of torture in Venezuela.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4289136.stm No deportation for Cuban militant] ([[BBC]])</ref> On May 8, 2007 U.S. district judge Kathleen Cardone dismissed seven counts of immigration fraud and ordered Posada's electronic bracelet removed. The ruling criticized the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]]'s "fraud, deceit and trickery" during the interview with immigration authorities that was the basis of the charges against Posada.<ref name="cnndrop">[http://www.cnn.com/2007/LAW/05/08/posada.charges/index.html Judge throws out charges against anti-Castro militant] [http://www.cnn.com ''cnn.com''], May 8, 2007</ref> |
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====Nicaragua==== |
====Nicaragua==== |
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The Guardian newspaper quoted a survivor of a Contra attack on Jinotega province: |
The Guardian newspaper quoted a survivor of a Contra attack on Jinotega province: |
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{{cquote|Rosa had her breasts cut off. Then they cut into her chest and took out her heart. The men had their arms broken, their testicles cut off, and their eyes poked out. They were killed by slitting their throats and pulling the tongue out through the slit."<ref>The Guardian, |
{{cquote|Rosa had her breasts cut off. Then they cut into her chest and took out her heart. The men had their arms broken, their testicles cut off, and their eyes poked out. They were killed by slitting their throats and pulling the tongue out through the slit."<ref>The Guardian, 15 November 1984</ref>}} |
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Former State Department official [[William Blum]] has written that "American pilots were flying diverse kinds of combat missions against Nicaraguan troops and carrying supplies to contras inside Nicaraguan territory. Several were shot down and killed. Some flew in civilian clothes, after having been told that they would be disavowed by the Pentagon if captured. Some contras told American congressmen that they were ordered to claim responsibility for a bombing raid organized by the CIA and flown by Agency mercenaries."<ref name="KillingHope2"> |
Former State Department official [[William Blum]] has written that "American pilots were flying diverse kinds of combat missions against Nicaraguan troops and carrying supplies to contras inside Nicaraguan territory. Several were shot down and killed. Some flew in civilian clothes, after having been told that they would be disavowed by the Pentagon if captured. Some contras told American congressmen that they were ordered to claim responsibility for a bombing raid organized by the CIA and flown by Agency mercenaries."<ref name="KillingHope2"> |
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{{main|Nicaragua vs. United States}} |
{{main|Nicaragua vs. United States}} |
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''The Republic of Nicaragua vs. The United States of America''<ref name="name">Official name: ''Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, 1984 ICJ REP. 392'' |
''The Republic of Nicaragua vs. The United States of America''<ref name="name">Official name: ''Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, 1984 ICJ REP. 392'' June 27, 1986.</ref> was a case heard in [[1986]] by the [[International Court of Justice]] which found that the [[United States]] had violated [[international law]] by direct acts of US personnel and by the supporting [[Contra (guerrillas)|Contra]] guerrillas in their war against the [[Nicaragua]]n government and by mining Nicaragua's harbors. |
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The Court ruled in Nicaragua's favor, but the United States refused to abide by the Court's decision, on the basis that the court erred in finding that it had jurisdiction to hear the case.<ref name="law"> {{cite journal | author= Morrison, Fred L. | title=Legal Issues in The Nicaragua Opinion| journal=American Journal of International Law | year=January 1987 | volume=81 | issue=| pages= 160-166| url= http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/55750.html}} "Appraisals of the ICJ's Decision. Nicaragua vs United State (Merits)"</ref> The court stated that the United States had been involved in the "unlawful use of force".<ref name = "icj"> {{cite web |
The Court ruled in Nicaragua's favor, but the United States refused to abide by the Court's decision, on the basis that the court erred in finding that it had jurisdiction to hear the case.<ref name="law"> {{cite journal | author= Morrison, Fred L. | title=Legal Issues in The Nicaragua Opinion| journal=American Journal of International Law | year=January 1987 | volume=81 | issue=| pages= 160-166| url= http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/55750.html}} "Appraisals of the ICJ's Decision. Nicaragua vs United State (Merits)"</ref> The court stated that the United States had been involved in the "unlawful use of force".<ref name = "icj"> {{cite web |
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| title =International Court of Justice Year 1986, 27 June 1986, General list No. 70, paragraphs 251, 252, 157, 158, 233. |
| title =International Court of Justice Year 1986, 27 June 1986, General list No. 70, paragraphs 251, 252, 157, 158, 233. |
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| url =http://www.gwu.edu/~jaysmith/nicus3.html |
| url =http://www.gwu.edu/~jaysmith/nicus3.html |
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| accessdate=2006-07-30 |
| accessdate=2006-07-30 |
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}} [http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/icases/inus/inus_ijudgment/inus_ijudgment_19860627.pdf Large PDF file from the ICJ website]</ref> Noam Chomsky stated in an interview |
}} [http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/icases/inus/inus_ijudgment/inus_ijudgment_19860627.pdf Large PDF file from the ICJ website]</ref> Noam Chomsky stated in an interview in Pakistan Television that: |
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{{cquote|''The World Court considered their case, accepted it, and presented a long judgment, several hundred pages of careful legal and factual analysis that condemned the United States for what it called “unlawful use of force”--which is the judicial way of saying “international terrorism”--ordered the United States to terminate the crime and to pay substantial reparations, many billions of dollars, to the victim''.<ref name = "chom"> {{cite web |
{{cquote|''The World Court considered their case, accepted it, and presented a long judgment, several hundred pages of careful legal and factual analysis that condemned the United States for what it called “unlawful use of force”--which is the judicial way of saying “international terrorism”--ordered the United States to terminate the crime and to pay substantial reparations, many billions of dollars, to the victim''.<ref name = "chom"> {{cite web |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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The ICJ refused to render judgment on the imputability of any direct acts by the Contras to the United States because of lacking evidence; the court did, however, make clear that the United States could be held liable for any acts it undertook relative to the state of Nicaragua and that this might include acts by the Contras. In |
The ICJ refused to render judgment on the imputability of any direct acts by the Contras to the United States because of lacking evidence; the court did, however, make clear that the United States could be held liable for any acts it undertook relative to the state of Nicaragua and that this might include acts by the Contras. In their judgment, the ICJ found the United States liable for the funding, training, equipping, and logistical support of the Contras; for the mining of harbors, flyovers, and military attacks; for encouraging the Contras to commit "acts contrary to general principles of humanitarian law"; and held the United States liable for reparations and immediate cessation of all such proscribed activity.<ref name="ICJ4" /> |
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====Guatemala==== |
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{{Further|[[History of Guatemala]], [[Operation PBSUCCESS]], [[CIA sponsored regime change]], [[Church Committee]] }} |
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Declassified CIA documents<ref name="NSAArchive-Guatemala"> |
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{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB4/index.html |title=CIA and Assassinations: |
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The Guatemala 1954 Documents |publisher=George Washington University NSA Archive (Republished)}}</ref> prove that the United States was instrumental in organizing, funding, and equipping the [[1954 Guatemalan coup d'état|coup]] which toppled the democratically elected government of Guatemala in 1954. Analysts Kate Doyle and Peter Kornbluh note that "After a small insurgency developed in the wake of the coup, Guatemala's military leaders developed and refined, with U.S. assistance, a massive counterinsurgency campaign that left tens of thousands massacred, maimed or missing." |
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After the US-backed coup, which toppled president [[Jacobo Arbenz]], lead coup plotter [[Castillo Armas]] assumed power. With Armas at the head of government, “the United States began to militarize Guatemala almost immediately, financing and reorganizing the police and military...”<ref name=" EvolutionofNationalSecurityState "> J. Patrice McSherry. “The Evolution of the National Security State: The Case of Guatemala.” ''Socialism and Democracy''. Spring/Summer 1990, 133.</ref> Human rights expert Michael McClintock<ref name= McClintockbackground| >{{cite web| title = About Michael McClintock | publisher = Human Rights First | url = http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/about_us/staff/mcclintock_m.htm | accessdate = 2007-07-03}}</ref> has argued that the national security apparatus Armas presided over was “almost entirely oriented toward countering subversion,” and that the key component of that apparatus was “an intelligence system set up by the United States.” <ref name="AmericanConnection"> Michael McClintock. ''The American Connection Volume 2: State Terror and Popular Resistance in Guatemala''. London: Zed Books Ltd., 1985, pp. 2, 32. </ref> At the core of this intelligence system were records of communist party members, pro-Arbenz organizations, teacher associations, and peasant unions which were used to create a detailed “Black List” with names and information about some 70,000 individuals who were viewed as potential subversives. It was “CIA counter-intelligence officers who sorted the records and determined how they could be put to use.” <ref> McClintock, ''American Connection'', 32-33.</ref> McClintock argues that this list persisted as an index of subversives for several decades and probably served as a database of possible targets for the counter-insurgency campaign that began in the early 1960’s.<ref> McClintock, ''American Connection'', 33.</ref> |
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Guerrilla unrest in Guatemala continued into the 1960’s, which in 1962 led President [[John F. Kennedy]] to approve a “pacification program aimed at the most rebellious provinces…including both ‘civic action’ programs such as digging wells and building clinics and a sharp increase in military assistance.”<ref name="BitterFruit"> Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer. ''Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala''. New York: Doubleday, 1984, 241.</ref> After a successful (U.S. backed) coup against president [[Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes]] in 1963, U.S. advisors began to work with Colonel [[Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio]] to defeat the guerrillas, borrowing “extensively from current counterinsurgency strategies and technology being employed in Vietnam.” Between the years of 1966-68 alone some 8,000 peasants were murdered by the U.S. trained forces of Colonel Osorio.<ref> McSherry, “The Evolution of the National Security State,” 134.</ref> McClintock argues that “counter-insurgency doctrine, as imparted by the United States civil and military assistance agencies, had a tremendous influence on Guatemala’s security system and a devastating impact on Guatemala’s people.”<ref> McClintock, ''American Connection'', 75.</ref> He notes: |
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::United States counter-insurgency doctrine encouraged the Guatemalan military to adopt both new organizational forms and new techniques in order to root out insurgency more effectively. New techniques would revolve around a central precept of the new counter-insurgency: that counter insurgent war must be waged free of restriction by laws, by the rules of war, or moral considerations: guerrilla “terror” could be defeated only by the untrammeled use of “counter-terror”, the terrorism of the state. <ref> McClintock, ''American Connection'', 54.</ref> |
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This idea was also articulated by Colonel John Webber, the chief of the US Military Mission in Guatemala, who reportedly instigated the technique of “counter-terror.” Colonel Webber defended his policy by saying, “That’s the way this country is. The Communists are using everything they have, including terror. And it must be met.” <ref> McClintock, ''American Connection'', 61.</ref> |
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In 1995 CIA aid was stopped. A 1996 report by the Intelligence Oversight Board stated that "Relations between the US and Guatemalan governments came under strain in 1977, when the Carter administration issued its first annual human rights report on Guatemala. The Guatemalan government rejected that report's negative assessment and refused US military aid." Relations between the two countries warmed in the mid-1980s the Reagan administration's covert funding of several wars in Central America. In December 1990, however, the Bush administration suspended almost all overt military aid."<ref>[http://www.ciponline.org/iob.htm Report on the Guatemala Review] Intelligence Oversight Board. [[June 28]], [[1996]].</ref> |
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According to the Center for International Policy, "The CIA established a liaison relationship with Guatemalan security services widely known to have reprehensible human rights records, and it continued covert aid after the cutoff of overt military aid in 1990. This liaison relationship and continued covert aid occurred with the knowledge of the National Security Council, the State Department, and the Congressional oversight committees. Contrary to public allegations, CIA did not increase covert funding for Guatemala to compensate for the cut-off of military aid in 1990."<ref>[http://www.ciponline.org/iob.htm Report on the Guatemala Review] Intelligence Oversight Board. [[June 28]], [[1996]].</ref> |
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Utilizing a series of formerly secret government documents, [[George Washington University]] historians Kate Doyle and Carlos Osorio <ref name="NSAArchive-Guatemala03"> |
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{{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB25/index.htm|title=Colonel Byron Disrael Lima Estrada |publisher=George Washington University NSA Archive (Republished)}}</ref>, document U.S. training, cooperation and political support of Guatemalan Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, despite U.S. Department of State and CIA knowledge of his frequent command of and/or participation in extra-judicial killings, kidnappings and civilian massacres. Colonel Estrada would eventually rise to command [[D-2]], the Guatemalan Military Intelligence services who were responsible for many of the terror tactics wielded throughout the 1980's against the Guatemalan people. |
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In 1999, an independent Guatemalan Truth Commission named "The Historical Clarification Commission" issued a damning report which, among other things, clearly stated that the "government of the United States, through various agencies including the CIA, provided direct and indirect support for some [of these] state operations." Among the report's conclusions were {{cquote|...estimate[s] that the Guatemalan conflict claimed the lives of some 200,000 people with the most savage bloodletting occurring in the 1980s. Based on a review of about 20 percent of the dead, the panel blamed the army for 93 percent of the killings and leftist guerrillas for three percent. Four percent were listed as unresolved....the army committed 626 massacres against Mayan villages....[which] "eliminated entire Mayan villages...completely exterminat[ing] Mayan communities, destroy[ing] their livestock and crops."<ref name=Guat_Perry>{{cite web |
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| title =History of Guatemala's 'Death Squads' |
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| url =http://www.consortiumnews.com/2005/011005.html |
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| accessdate=2007-06-23 |
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| author =Robert Parry |
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}}</ref>}} |
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The report went on to term the Guatemalan military's campaign in the northern highlands a "genocide," and noted that besides "carrying out murder and "disappearances," the army routinely engaged in torture and rape. "The rape of women, during torture or before being murdered, was a common practice" by the military and paramilitary forces, the report found." |
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In the early 1990s US citizen and nun, Sister Diana Ortiz, took a US civil court case<ref>Michael Ratner. [http://www.humanrightsnow.org/Ratner2%20david%20ratner%20corrections%20final%20numbered.htm Civil Remedies for Gross Human Rights Violations]</ref> against General Hector Gramajo Morales, who was then attending Harvard University<ref>http://harvardwarcriminals.blogspot.com/2007/05/hector-gramajo.html</ref> after having given that year's commencement speech at the SOA<ref>http://www.americas.org/item_29893</ref>. Sister Ortiz stated that she was abducted by police officers under Morales' command and taken to a secret prison where she was tortured and raped repeatedly.<ref>http://www.isreview.org/issues/09/school_of_americas.shtml</ref> A 1992 report to the United Nations General Assembly recounts her testimony, |
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{{cquote|Then she was lowered into an open pit packed with human bodies - the bodies of children, men and women, some decapitated, some lying face up and caked with blood. Some were dead, some were alive. All were swarming with rats. After hours of torture, Sister Ortiz was returned to the room of rape and interrogated where her ordeal continued. As her torturers began to rape her again, they said "Alejandro, join us and have some fun." Alejandro was a tall, light complexioned man, who spoke broken Spanish, but perfect North American English. They usually referred to him as "boss". He cursed, and ordered them to stop, because their victim was a North American nun, and her disappearance had become public. Several times Alejandro said that he was sorry about what had happened. Sister Ortiz asked what would happen to the other people she saw being tortured. He told her not to be concerned about them.<ref>A Global Agenda, Issues before the 47th General Assembly of the United Nations. University Press of America. New York. 1992. p68</ref>}} |
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While at Harvard, Gramajo-Morales stated in his defense: |
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{{cquote |"We have created a more humanitarian, less costly strategy, to be more compatible with the democratic system ... which provides development for 70 percent of the population while we kill 30 percent. Before, the strategy was to kill 100 percent."<ref>http://harvardwarcriminals.blogspot.com/2007/05/hector-gramajo.html</ref>}} |
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Professor Gareau argues that the [[School of the Americas]], a US Army institution, where Morales trained as a young officer and taught in later life, is a terrorist training ground. He notes a UN report which states the school has "graduated 500 of the worst human rights abusers in the hemisphere." He further argues that people protesting against the school are frequently beaten and arrested, "By the year 2002, 71 demonstrators had served a total of 40 years of jail time for protesting in front of the School of the Americas". This includes an 88 year old nun. Gareau claims that by funding, training and supervising Guatemalan 'Death Squads' Washington was complicit in state terrorism.<ref name="Gareaupp22"> |
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{{cite book |last=Gareau |first=Frederick H. |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=State Terrorism and the United States |year=2004 |publisher=Zed Books |location=London |id=ISBN 1-84277-535-9 |pages=pp22-25 and pp61-63}}</ref> |
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In their 1998 "Report On Guatemala" Rolando Alecio and Ruth Taylor condemn the "legacy of state terror" the nation has inherited from the U.S.-backed and -trained military. Similarly, journalist Minor Sinclair, writing in the Sojourner, stated that {{cquote |Recent disclosures have revealed the extent of U.S. support for the Guatemalan army despite its reputation as the most repressive military in Latin America. For years Guatemala's elite military officers have been trained in the United States, and at any given time dozens are on the CIA payroll. |
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<ref name=Guat_Sinclair>{{cite web |title =Sorrow Lifted to the Heavens |
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|url =http://www.sojo.net/ |
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|accessdate=2007-06-23 |
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|author =Minor Sinclair |
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}}</ref>}} |
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Defenders of the former School of the Americas (reorganized as the [[Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation]] (WHINSEC) in 2001) argue that no school should be held accountable for the actions of only some of its many graduates. Before coming to WHINSEC each student is “vetted” by his/her nation and the U.S. embassy in that country. All students are now required to receive "human rights training in law, ethics, rule of law and practical applications in military and police operations."<ref>"[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0IAJ/is_1_27/ai_n13822517 Teaching democracy at the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation]"</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation | title = FAQ | url = https://www.benning.army.mil/WHINSEC/about.asp?id=37 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = Center for International Policy | title = Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation | url = http://www.ciponline.org/facts/soa.htm | accessdate = May 6 | accessyear = 2006 }}</ref> |
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===Middle East=== |
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====Iran==== |
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Stephen Kinzer has written that in 1953 agent [[Kermit Roosevelt, Jr.]] oversaw [[1953 Iranian coup d'état#Planning Operation Ajax|Operation Ajax]], which involved organized riots and the training of right-wing terrorist groups in [[1953 Iranian coup d'état|a successful effort to overthrow]] the democratically-elected [[Iran]]ian government of Prime Minister [[Mohammed Mosaddeq]], and reverse the nationalization of [[Anglo-Persian Oil Company|Anglo-Iranian Oil Company]] (later renamed [[BP]]).<ref>"[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=03/08/25/1534210 50 Years After the CIA’s First Overthrow of a Democratically Elected Foreign Government We Take a Look at the 1953 US Backed Coup in Iran]", [[Democracy Now!]], [[August 25|08-25]]-[[2003]].</ref><ref>"[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/document/document_20050822.shtml A Very British Coup]", [[BBC Radio 4]], [[August 22|08-22]]-[[2005]].</ref><ref>Shahrooz, Kaveh. "[http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/hrj/iss17/booknotes-All.shtml All The Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror]" (Stephen Kinzer), ''Harvard Human Rights Journal'', [[August 1|08-01]]-[[2005]].</ref><ref name="Kinzer">{{cite book| last = Kinzer |
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| first =Stephen |
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| authorlink = |
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| coauthors = |
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| year =2003 |
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| title =All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror |
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| publisher =John Wiley & Sons Inc |
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| location = |
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| id =0471265179 |
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}}</ref> According to some sources, the United States believed that, by dissolving the parliament and working with the Communist [[Tudeh Party of Iran|Tudeh Party]], Mossadeq was making probable a communist-inspired takeover.<ref> {{cite web | title=Country Studies: Iran:Chapter 1 - Historical Setting:MOSSADEQ AND OIL NATIONALIZATION| work=Library of Congress | url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/irtoc.html | accessdate=March 7 | accessyear=2007}}</ref> |
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According to an article in the ''[[Asia Times Online|Asia Times]]'', "Sponsoring terrorist activities inside Iran has been a consistent feature of US regional policy over the past quarter-century."<ref name="Asia Times">{{cite journal |
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| first =M K |
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| last =Bhadrakumar |
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| authorlink = |
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| coauthors = |
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| year =2007 |
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| month =February 24 |
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| title =Foreign devils in the Iranian mountains |
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| journal =Asia Times |
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| volume = |
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| issue = |
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| pages = |
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| id = |
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| url =http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/IB24Ak01.html |
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}}</ref> |
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====Iraq==== |
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The ''[[New York Times]]'' reported that, according to former U.S. intelligence officials, the CIA orchestrated a bomb and sabotage campaign between 1992 and 1995 in Iraq via one of the resistance organizations, [[Iyad Allawi]]'s group. According to the Iraqi government at the time, and one former CIA officer, the bombing campaign against [[Baghdad]] included both government and civilian targets. According to this former CIA official, the civilian targets included a movie theater and a bombing of a school bus where children were killed. No public records of the secret bombing campaign are known to exist, and the former U.S. officials said their recollections were in many cases sketchy, and in some cases contradictory. "But whether the bombings actually killed any civilians could not be confirmed because, as a former C.I.A. official said, the United States had no significant intelligence sources in Iraq then."<ref name="NYT">{{cite journal |
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| first =Joel |
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| last =Brinkley |
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| authorlink = |
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| coauthors = |
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| year =June 9 |
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| month =2004 |
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| title =Ex-C.I.A. Aides Say Iraq Leader Helped Agency in 90's Attacks |
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| journal =New York Times |
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| volume = |
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| issue = |
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| pages = |
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| id = |
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| url =http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0609-02.htm |
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}}</ref> |
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===Western Europe=== |
===Western Europe=== |
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| id = |
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| url = http://www.cambridgeclarion.org/press_cuttings/gladio.parliamentary.committee_indep_1dec1990.html |
| url = http://www.cambridgeclarion.org/press_cuttings/gladio.parliamentary.committee_indep_1dec1990.html |
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}}</ref> Under [[Operation Gladio]] the CIA, British [[MI6]] and NATO trained and armed partisan groups in NATO states to fight a guerrilla war if they were captured during a future [[Soviet]] invasion. It has been alleged that these groups and individuals in them were responsible for the [[strategy of tension]] in Italy which aimed at impeding the "[[historic compromise]]" between the Christian Democracy and the Italian Communist Party (PCI), which would have allowed the Christian Democrats to invite PCI members of parliament to serve as members of the governing coalition. This strategy of tension allegedly included the 1969 [[Piazza Fontana bombing]] and the [[Bologna massacre|Bologna massacre (1980)]]<ref name = "translate"> {{cite web |
}}</ref> Under [[Operation Gladio]] the CIA, British [[MI6]] and NATO trained and armed partisan groups in NATO states to fight a guerrilla war if they were captured during a future [[Soviet]] invasion. It has been alleged that these groups and individuals in them were responsible for the [[strategy of tension]] in Italy which aimed at impeding the "[[historic compromise]]" between the Christian Democracy and the Italian Communist Party (PCI), which would have allowed the Christian Democrats to invite PCI members of parliament to serve as members of the governing coalition. This strategy of tension allegedly included the 1969 [[Piazza Fontana bombing]] and the [[Bologna massacre|Bologna massacre (1980)]]<ref name = "translate"> {{cite web |
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| title =Translated from Bologna massacre Association of Victims Italian website |
| title =Translated from Bologna massacre Association of Victims Italian website |
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| work =Google.com |
| work =Google.com |
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}}</ref> <!--who exactly issued this report, TDC says that the Italian Senate did not--> |
}}</ref> <!--who exactly issued this report, TDC says that the Italian Senate did not--> |
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The US State Department has admitted the existence of Gladio only as a plan which was to be activated in the event of [[Soviet]] occupation of Western Europe during the [[Cold War]], but has continued to deny it qualified as terrorism. The United States maintains that several researchers have been influenced by a Soviet Cold War forgery.<ref name="StateDept">{{cite web|title=Misinformation about "Gladio/Stay Behind" Networks Resurfaces |publisher=United States Department of State |url=http://usinfo.state.gov/media/Archive/2006/Jan/20-127177.html}}</ref> |
The US State Department has admitted the existence of Gladio only as a plan which was to be activated in the event of [[Soviet]] occupation of Western Europe during the [[Cold War]], but has continued to deny it qualified as terrorism. The United States maintains that several researchers have been influenced by a Soviet Cold War forgery.<ref name="StateDept">{{cite web|title=Misinformation about "Gladio/Stay Behind" Networks Resurfaces |publisher=United States Department of State |url=http://usinfo.state.gov/media/Archive/2006/Jan/20-127177.html}}</ref> |
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===Asia=== |
===Asia=== |
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====[[The Philippines]]==== |
====[[The Philippines]]==== |
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As of 2007, there is an increasing international awareness of the extra-judicial harassment, torture, disappearances and murder of Filipino [[civilian]] [[non-combatants]] by the Philippine's military and police. <ref>http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae01.html</ref> |
As of 2007, there is an increasing international awareness of the extra-judicial harassment, torture, disappearances and murder of Filipino [[civilian]] [[non-combatants]] by the Philippine's military and police. <ref>http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae01.html</ref> |
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The Philippines has been considered a United States [[protectorate]] and/or [[colony]] since the late 1890's, playing a central role in the [[U.S. Navy]]'s global strategic presence.<ref>http://www.bond.org.uk/networker/2006/april06/ecaid.htm</ref> Since the advent of the "[[War on Terrorism]]" in 2001, the people of the Philippines have witnessed the assassinations of more than 850 mainstream [[journalists]] and other public figures and the harassment, detention, or torture of untold more. <ref>http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae01.html</ref> The human rights watchdog [[Karapatan |KARAPATAN]] has documented the brutalization of 169,530 individual victims, 18,515 families, 71 communities, and 196 households. <ref>http://www.bulatlat.com/news/3-43/3-43-hr.html</ref> There have been increasing condemnations made of U.S. influence upon the Philippine military, many of which charge the U.S. with the sponsorship of state terrorism<ref>http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2007ahrcinnews/1130/</ref><ref>http://www.asia-pacific-action.org/statements/2005/ran_noaid2militaryregimes_250505.htm</ref><ref>http://www.realityofaid.org/themeshow.php?id=11</ref><ref>http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/sanjuan180906.html</ref><ref>http://www.counterpunch.org/petras03172006.html</ref><ref>http://www.indcatholicnews.com/shayc218.html</ref><ref>http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/518/518%20roland%20g.%20simbulan.htm</ref> through the policies implemented by the military advisers and military aid it has delivered as part of its [[War on Terror]]. |
The Philippines has been considered a United States [[protectorate]] and/or [[colony]] since the late 1890's, playing a central role in the [[U.S. Navy]]'s global strategic presence.<ref>http://www.bond.org.uk/networker/2006/april06/ecaid.htm</ref> Since the advent of the "[[War on Terrorism]]" in 2001, the people of the Philippines have witnessed the assassinations of more than 850 mainstream [[journalists]] and other public figures and the harassment, detention, or torture of untold more. <ref>http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae01.html</ref> The human rights watchdog [[Karapatan |KARAPATAN]] has documented the brutalization of 169,530 individual victims, 18,515 families, 71 communities, and 196 households. <ref>http://www.bulatlat.com/news/3-43/3-43-hr.html</ref> There have been increasing condemnations made of U.S. influence upon the Philippine military, many of which charge the U.S. with the sponsorship of state terrorism<ref>http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2007ahrcinnews/1130/</ref><ref>http://www.asia-pacific-action.org/statements/2005/ran_noaid2militaryregimes_250505.htm</ref><ref>http://www.realityofaid.org/themeshow.php?id=11</ref><ref>http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/sanjuan180906.html</ref><ref>http://www.counterpunch.org/petras03172006.html</ref><ref>http://www.indcatholicnews.com/shayc218.html</ref><ref>http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/518/518%20roland%20g.%20simbulan.htm</ref> through the policies implemented by the military advisers and military aid it has delivered as part of its [[War on Terror]]. |
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Estimates of killings vary on the precise number, with the Government appointed Task Force Usig estimating only 114 while the independent activist party KARAPATAN placing the number much higher, at something over 874.<ref>http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/sanjuan180906.html</ref> The government's specially convened [[Task Force Usig]] has notably failed to gain any convictions, and as of February 2007 had only arrested 3 suspects in the over 100 cases of assassination<ref>http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/sanjuan180906.html</ref> Moreover: {{cquote |[A]ccording to a recent international fact-finding mission of Dutch and Belgian judges and lawyers, Task Force Usig 'has not proven to be an independent body…the PNP has a poor record as far as the effective investigation of the killings is concerned and is mistrusted by the Philippine people.'<ref>http://www.bulatlat.com/news/6-27/6-27-war3.htm</ref>}} |
Estimates of killings vary on the precise number, with the Government appointed Task Force Usig estimating only 114 while the independent activist party KARAPATAN placing the number much higher, at something over 874.<ref>http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/sanjuan180906.html</ref> The government's specially convened [[Task Force Usig]] has notably failed to gain any convictions, and as of February 2007 had only arrested 3 suspects in the over 100 cases of assassination<ref>http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/sanjuan180906.html</ref> Moreover: {{cquote |[A]ccording to a recent international fact-finding mission of Dutch and Belgian judges and lawyers, Task Force Usig 'has not proven to be an independent body…the PNP has a poor record as far as the effective investigation of the killings is concerned and is mistrusted by the Philippine people.'<ref>http://www.bulatlat.com/news/6-27/6-27-war3.htm</ref>}} |
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=====Political |
=====The Political Nature of the Arrests, Disappearances, Torture, and Killings===== |
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[[Amnesty International]] reports that the more than 860 confirmed murders are clearly political in nature because of "the methodology of the attacks, including prior death threats and patterns of surveillance by persons reportedly linked to the security forces, the leftist profile of the victims and climate of impunity which, in practice, shields the perpetrators from prosecution."<ref>http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engasa350062006</ref> The AI report continues: {{cquote |the arrest and threatened arrest of leftist Congress Representatives and others on charges of rebellion, and intensifying counter-insurgency operations in the context of a declaration by officials in June of 'all-out-war' against the [[New People's Army]] . . . [and] the parallel public labeling by officials of a broad range of legal leftist groups as communist 'front organizations'...has created an environment in which there is heightened concern that further political killings of civilians are likely to take place.<ref>http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engasa350062006</ref>}} |
[[Amnesty International]] reports that the more than 860 confirmed murders are clearly political in nature because of "the methodology of the attacks, including prior death threats and patterns of surveillance by persons reportedly linked to the security forces, the leftist profile of the victims and climate of impunity which, in practice, shields the perpetrators from prosecution."<ref>http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engasa350062006</ref> The AI report continues: {{cquote |the arrest and threatened arrest of leftist Congress Representatives and others on charges of rebellion, and intensifying counter-insurgency operations in the context of a declaration by officials in June of 'all-out-war' against the [[New People's Army]] . . . [and] the parallel public labeling by officials of a broad range of legal leftist groups as communist 'front organizations'...has created an environment in which there is heightened concern that further political killings of civilians are likely to take place.<ref>http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engasa350062006</ref>}} |
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Dr. [[E. San Juan, Jr.]] has noted that: |
Dr. [[E. San Juan, Jr.]] has noted that: |
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{{cquote |Most of those killed or "disappeared" were peasant or worker activists belonging to progressive groups such as [[Bayan Muna]], [[Anakpawis]], [[GABRIELA]], [[BAYAN |Anakbayan]], [[Karapatan]], [[Kilusang Mayo Uno |KMU]], and others (Petras and Abaya 2006). They were protesting Arroyo's repressive taxation, collusion with foreign capital tied to oil and mining companies that destroy people's livelihood and environment, fraudulent use of public funds, and other anti-people measures. Such groups and individuals have been tagged as "communist fronts" by Arroyo's National Security Advisers, the military, and police; the latter agencies have been implicated in perpetrating or tolerating those ruthless atrocities.<ref>http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2006ahrcinnews/865/</ref>}} |
{{cquote |Most of those killed or "disappeared" were peasant or worker activists belonging to progressive groups such as [[Bayan Muna]], [[Anakpawis]], [[GABRIELA]], [[BAYAN |Anakbayan]], [[Karapatan]], [[Kilusang Mayo Uno |KMU]], and others (Petras and Abaya 2006). They were protesting Arroyo's repressive taxation, collusion with foreign capital tied to oil and mining companies that destroy people's livelihood and environment, fraudulent use of public funds, and other anti-people measures. Such groups and individuals have been tagged as "communist fronts" by Arroyo's National Security Advisers, the military, and police; the latter agencies have been implicated in perpetrating or tolerating those ruthless atrocities.<ref>http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2006ahrcinnews/865/</ref>}} |
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=====U.S. and Philippine |
=====U.S. and Philippine Military Cooperation===== |
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In the period from 2000 to 2003, military loans and grants to the Philippines from the U.S. grew by 1,776 percent.<ref>http://www.realityofaid.org/themeshow.php?id=11</ref> As of 2005, according to [[Gloria Arroyo |President Arroyo]] the Philippines were the largest recipient of U.S. military aid in Asia and fourth worldwide;<ref>http://www.realityofaid.org/themeshow.php?id=11</ref> aid since then has continued to increase.<ref>http://www.realityofaid.org/themeshow.php?id=11</ref> US Foreign Military Financing (FMF) to the Philippines almost trebled from $30 million in 2004 to $80 million in 2005, with the bulk of that money used to upgrade Philippine marine and [[counter-terrorism]] capabilities;<ref>http://www.realityofaid.org/themeshow.php?id=11</ref> by late 2006 Washington had given roughly US$300 million of aid to the AFP and delivered hundreds of American soldiers to organize and execute extended training exercises with the Filipino police and military apparatus.<ref>http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HH23Ae01.html</ref> The United States -- through the person of [[National Security Adviser]] [[Stephen Hadley]] -- has broadly "congratulated the government of the Philippines...for [its] achievements [in anti-terror military actions] while at the same time acknowledging the valuable role of [its] partnership with the United States".<ref>http://asianjournal.com/?c=186&a=21237</ref> |
In the period from 2000 to 2003, military loans and grants to the Philippines from the U.S. grew by 1,776 percent.<ref>http://www.realityofaid.org/themeshow.php?id=11</ref> As of 2005, according to [[Gloria Arroyo |President Arroyo]] the Philippines were the largest recipient of U.S. military aid in Asia and fourth worldwide;<ref>http://www.realityofaid.org/themeshow.php?id=11</ref> aid since then has continued to increase.<ref>http://www.realityofaid.org/themeshow.php?id=11</ref> US Foreign Military Financing (FMF) to the Philippines almost trebled from $30 million in 2004 to $80 million in 2005, with the bulk of that money used to upgrade Philippine marine and [[counter-terrorism]] capabilities;<ref>http://www.realityofaid.org/themeshow.php?id=11</ref> by late 2006 Washington had given roughly US$300 million of aid to the AFP and delivered hundreds of American soldiers to organize and execute extended training exercises with the Filipino police and military apparatus.<ref>http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HH23Ae01.html</ref> The United States -- through the person of [[National Security Adviser]] [[Stephen Hadley]] -- has broadly "congratulated the government of the Philippines...for [its] achievements [in anti-terror military actions] while at the same time acknowledging the valuable role of [its] partnership with the United States".<ref>http://asianjournal.com/?c=186&a=21237</ref> |
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[[Fulbright Scholar]], [[Rockefeller Foundation]] Research Fellow, and director of the Philippines Forum in New York City Dr. [[E. San Juan, Jr.]] writes: |
[[Fulbright Scholar]], [[Rockefeller Foundation]] Research Fellow, and director of the Philippines Forum in New York City Dr. [[E. San Juan, Jr.]] writes: |
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{{cquote |President Arroyo invited thousands of [[U.S. Special Forces]] to engage in police actions together with the AFP, thus violating an explicit Constitutional provision against the intervention of foreign troops in local affairs. She followed [[Fidel V. Ramos|Fidel Ramos]] in implementing the Visiting Forces Agreement, together with other onerous treaties, thus maintaining U.S. control of the Philippine military via training of officers, logistics, and dictation of punitive measures against the [[Moro]] insurgents as well as the New People's Army guerrillas. The Philippines became the "second front in the war on terror," with Bush visiting the Philippines in October 2004 and citing the neocolony as a model for the rebuilding of devastated Iraq.<ref>http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/sanjuan180906.html</ref>}} |
{{cquote |President Arroyo invited thousands of [[U.S. Special Forces]] to engage in police actions together with the AFP, thus violating an explicit Constitutional provision against the intervention of foreign troops in local affairs. She followed [[Fidel V. Ramos|Fidel Ramos]] in implementing the Visiting Forces Agreement, together with other onerous treaties, thus maintaining U.S. control of the Philippine military via training of officers, logistics, and dictation of punitive measures against the [[Moro]] insurgents as well as the New People's Army guerrillas. The Philippines became the "second front in the war on terror," with Bush visiting the Philippines in October 2004 and citing the neocolony as a model for the rebuilding of devastated Iraq.<ref>http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/sanjuan180906.html</ref>}} |
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and that: |
and that: |
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{{cquote |[The] U.S....fashioned..."[[low-intensity warfare]]" to deal with upheavals in the post-Vietnam period. Its military field manuals endorsed tactical tools of...[[psychological warfare]], forced mass evacuations or "hamletting," imprisonment of whole communities in military garrisons, militarization of villages, selective assassinations, [[forced disappearances |disappearances]], [[massacre |mass executions]], etc. Tried in Indochina, Korea, Central America, it continues to be implemented in Colombia, Iraq, and the Philippines....With U.S. help, the AFP mobilized vigilante and [[paramilitary]] [[death squads]] with license to kill revolutionary militants, immune from prosecution. U.S. military force midwived the restoration of U.S.-backed oligarchic oppression of the Filipino masses.<ref>http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/sanjuan180906.html</ref>}} |
{{cquote |[The] U.S....fashioned..."[[low-intensity warfare]]" to deal with upheavals in the post-Vietnam period. Its military field manuals endorsed tactical tools of...[[psychological warfare]], forced mass evacuations or "hamletting," imprisonment of whole communities in military garrisons, militarization of villages, selective assassinations, [[forced disappearances |disappearances]], [[massacre |mass executions]], etc. Tried in Indochina, Korea, Central America, it continues to be implemented in Colombia, Iraq, and the Philippines....With U.S. help, the AFP mobilized vigilante and [[paramilitary]] [[death squads]] with license to kill revolutionary militants, immune from prosecution. U.S. military force midwived the restoration of U.S.-backed oligarchic oppression of the Filipino masses.<ref>http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/sanjuan180906.html</ref>}} |
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From the beginning -- as early as 2001 -- the U.S. State Department knew that "Members of the [Philippines'] security services were responsible for [[extra-judicial]] killings, disappearances, [[torture]], and arbitrary arrest and detention." <ref>http://www.fpif.org/commentary/2003/0302philippines.html</ref> In the same report, the State Department admitted that the presence of [[United States Special Operations Forces |U.S. Special Forces]] and other military advisers had "helped create an environment in which [[human rights]] abuses increased", commenting that 'there were allegations by human rights groups that these problems worsened as the Government sought to intensify its campaign against the [[terrorist]] [[Abu Sayyaf]] Group (ASG).'"<ref>http://www.fpif.org/commentary/2003/0302philippines.html</ref> Further, in 2003 the U.S. government -- in anticipation that its military personnel would be charged with human rights abuses -- offered the Philippines' government an extra US $30 million of military aid in exchange for "an agreement that would exempt U.S. soldiers operating in the Philippines from the [[International Criminal Court]]". <ref>http://www.fpif.org/commentary/2003/0302philippines.html</ref> |
From the beginning -- as early as 2001 -- the U.S. State Department knew that "Members of the [Philippines'] security services were responsible for [[extra-judicial]] killings, disappearances, [[torture]], and arbitrary arrest and detention." <ref>http://www.fpif.org/commentary/2003/0302philippines.html</ref> In the same report, the State Department admitted that the presence of [[United States Special Operations Forces |U.S. Special Forces]] and other military advisers had "helped create an environment in which [[human rights]] abuses increased", commenting that 'there were allegations by human rights groups that these problems worsened as the Government sought to intensify its campaign against the [[terrorist]] [[Abu Sayyaf]] Group (ASG).'"<ref>http://www.fpif.org/commentary/2003/0302philippines.html</ref> Further, in 2003 the U.S. government -- in anticipation that its military personnel would be charged with human rights abuses -- offered the Philippines' government an extra US $30 million of military aid in exchange for "an agreement that would exempt U.S. soldiers operating in the Philippines from the [[International Criminal Court]]". <ref>http://www.fpif.org/commentary/2003/0302philippines.html</ref> |
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In May 2006 the Philippines and the |
In May of 2006 the Philippines and the US approved an agreement to establish a formal board to "determine and discuss the possibility of holding joint US-Philippine [[military exercises]] against terrorism and other '''non-traditional security concerns'''."<ref>http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/HH23Ae01.html</ref>(emphasis added) |
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=====Arroyo and the U.S.===== |
=====Arroyo and the U.S.===== |
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According to commentators [[James Petras]] and Robin Eastman-Abaya, "Human rights groups provide evidence that Filipino death squads operate under the protective umbrella of regional military commands, especially the US-trained Special Forces."<ref>http://www.counterpunch.org/petras03172006.html</ref> |
According to commentators [[James Petras]] and Robin Eastman-Abaya, "Human rights groups provide evidence that Filipino death squads operate under the protective umbrella of regional military commands, especially the US-trained Special Forces."<ref>http://www.counterpunch.org/petras03172006.html</ref> |
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=====Response of the Arroyo Government and |
=====The Response of the Arroyo Government and Investigative Findings===== |
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{{cquote |Right from the beginning, Arroyo's ascendancy was characterized by rampant human rights violations. Based on the reports of numerous fact-finding missions, Arroyo has presided over an unprecedented series of harassments, warrantless arrests, and assassinations of journalists, lawyers, church people, peasant leaders, legislators, doctors, women activists, youthful students, indigenous leaders, and workers.<ref>http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2006ahrcinnews/865/</ref>}} |
{{cquote |Right from the beginning, Arroyo's ascendancy was characterized by rampant human rights violations. Based on the reports of numerous fact-finding missions, Arroyo has presided over an unprecedented series of harassments, warrantless arrests, and assassinations of journalists, lawyers, church people, peasant leaders, legislators, doctors, women activists, youthful students, indigenous leaders, and workers.<ref>http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2006ahrcinnews/865/</ref>}} |
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With 185 dead, 2006 is so far (2007) the highest annual mark for extra-judicial government murders.<ref>http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae02.html</ref> Of the 2006 killings, the dead were "mostly left-leaning activists, murdered without trial or punishment for the perpetrators."<ref>http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae02.html</ref> 2006 is also the year President Arroyo issued Presidential Proclamation 1017. According to [[Asia Times Online]], this proclamation "grants exceptional unchecked powers to the executive branch", placing the country in a state of emergency and permitting the police and security forces to "conduct warrantless arrests against enemies of the state, including...members of the political opposition and journalists from critical media outlets."<ref>http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae02.html</ref> As [[Asia Times Online]] and several other independent observers have noted, the issuance of the proclamation conspicuously coincided with a dramatic increase in political violence and extra-judicial killings.<ref>http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae02.html</ref> The Ecumenical Movement for Justice and Peace, a non-denominational Christian network of Filipino churches, stated in their regular Promotion of Church People's Response (PCPR, Feb 24, 2007) that "[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's] record of political killings and violations of civil liberties, especially with her Calibrated Preemptive Response scheme, is now the worst since the downfall of Marcos. . . . President Arroyo's Proclamation 1017 constitutes a flagrant violation of the Philippine Constitution via the pretext of a 'National Emergency.'"<ref>http://lists.portside.org/cgi-bin/listserv/wa?A2=ind0602c&L=portside&P=2580</ref> |
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The Arroyo government initially made no response to the dramatic increase in violence and killings; as Dr. E. San Juan, Jr, writes, "Arroyo has been tellingly silent over the killing and abduction of countless members of opposition parties and popular organizations."<ref>http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2006ahrcinnews/865/</ref> In 2007, however, Arroyo was forced by popular outcry to appointed an independent commission led by the Philippine's former Supreme Court Chief Justice Jose Melo. The Melo commission found that the military was responsible for the "majority" of the killings and that the superior officers of the perpetrators could be held accountable for the crimes.<ref>http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae01.html</ref> Later, in February 2007, UN Special Rapporteur Philip Alston implicated the Philippine police and military as responsible for the crimes.<ref>http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2007ahrcinnews/1130/</ref> Alston charged in his report that Arroyo’s propaganda and counter-insurgency strategy “encourage or facilitate the extra-judicial killings of activists and other enemies” of the state.<ref>http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2007ahrcinnews/1130/</ref> |
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With 185 dead, 2006 is so far (2007) the highest annual mark for extra-judicial government murders.<ref>http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae02.html</ref> Of the 2006 killings, the dead were "mostly left-leaning activists, murdered without trial or punishment for the perpetrators."<ref>http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae02.html</ref> 2006 is also the year President Arroyo issued Presidential Proclamation 1017. According to [[Asia Times Online]], this proclamation "grants exceptional unchecked powers to the executive branch", placing the country in a state of emergency and permitting the police and security forces to "conduct warrantless arrests against enemies of the state, including...members of the political opposition and journalists from critical media outlets."<ref>http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae02.html</ref> As [[Asia Times Online]] and several other independent observers have noted, the issuance of the proclamation conspicuously coincided with a dramatic increase in political violence and extra-judicial killings.<ref>http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae02.html</ref> The Ecumenical Movement for Justice and Peace, a non-denominational Christian network of Filipino churches, stated in their regular Promotion of Church People's Response (PCPR, Feb 24, 2007) that "[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's] record of political killings and violations of civil liberties, especially with her Calibrated Preemptive Response scheme, is now the worst since the downfall of [[Ferdinand Marcos|Marcos]]. . . . President Arroyo's Proclamation 1017 constitutes a flagrant violation of the Philippine Constitution via the pretext of a 'National Emergency.'"<ref>http://lists.portside.org/cgi-bin/listserv/wa?A2=ind0602c&L=portside&P=2580</ref> |
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In March 2007, the Permanent People’s Tribunal at The Hague, Belgium, rendered a judgment of guilty for “crimes against humanity” against the Philippine government and its chief backer, the Bush administration.<ref>http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2007ahrcinnews/1130/</ref> |
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The Arroyo government initially made no response to the dramatic increase in violence and killings; as Dr. E. San Juan, Jr, writes, "Arroyo has been tellingly silent over the killing and abduction of countless members of opposition parties and popular organizations."<ref>http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2006ahrcinnews/865/</ref> In 2007, however, Arroyo was forced by popular outcry to appointed an independent commission led by the Philippine's former Supreme Court Chief Justice Jose Melo. The Melo commission found that the military was responsible for the "majority" of the killings and that the superior officers of the perpetrators could be held accountable for the crimes.<ref>http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/IB13Ae01.html</ref> Later, in February 2007, UN Special Rapporteur Philip Alston implicated the Philippine police and military as responsible for the crimes.<ref>http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2007ahrcinnews/1130/</ref> Alston charged in his report that Arroyo’s propaganda and counter-insurgency strategy “encourage or facilitate the extra-judicial killings of activists and other enemies” of the state.<ref>http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2007ahrcinnews/1130/</ref> |
|||
In March 2007, the [[Permanent People’s Tribunal]] at The Hague, Belgium, rendered a judgment of guilty for “crimes against humanity” against the Philippine government and its chief backer, the Bush administration.<ref>http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2007ahrcinnews/1130/</ref> |
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==Quotes== |
==Quotes== |
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{{reflist|2}} |
{{reflist|2}} |
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==Further reading== |
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Gareau, Frederick H. "[http://www.bookmasters.com/clarity/b0023.htm State Terrorism and the United States]". |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
Revision as of 06:01, 4 July 2007
Template:State terrorism The United States of America has been accused of funding, training, and harboring individuals and groups who engage in terrorism by legal scholars, other governments, and human rights organizations,[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] among others. Some scholars, such as linguist and U.S. foreign policy critic, Noam Chomsky, argue that the U.S. has been legally found guilty of international terrorism based on the verdict by International Court of Justice in Nicaragua v. United States, which condemned the United States federal government not for terrorism per se, but for its "unlawful use of force".[6][7][8][9][10][11] Critics claim the U.S. government is hypocritical because it regularly asserts a public image and agenda of anti-terrorism.[12][13]
Definition of the term state terrorism
The definition of terrorism and state terrorism remain controversial, as is the distinction between them. Among nations there is as yet no international consensus or treaty on what constitutes a terrorist act, how to define a terrorist organization, or whether the definition of terrorism even applies to acts by sovereign governments.[14] The Britannica Concise states that terrorism is "Systematic use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring about a particular political objective."[15]
As an example, the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation bases its definition on U.S. Code, Title 18, Chapter 113B[16], and reads as follows:
- Domestic terrorism refers to activities that involve acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any state; appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; to influence the policy of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States. [18 U.S.C. § 2331(5)]
- International terrorism involves violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or any state, or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or any state. These acts appear to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination or kidnapping and occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States or transcend national boundaries in terms of the means by which they are accomplished, the persons they appear intended to intimidate or coerce, or the locale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum. [18 U.S.C. § 2331(1)]
U.S. State Department Definition of Terrorism:
- The term "terrorism" means premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.
- The term "international terrorism" means terrorism involving citizens or the territory of more than one country.
- The term "terrorist group" means any group practicing, or that has significant subgroups that practice, international terrorism.
- The US Government has employed this definition of terrorism for statistical and analytical purposes since 1983.
The United Nations has never agreed on a single definition of terrorism but has four proposed definitions. One, by terrorism analyst Alex P. Schmid states:
Terrorism is an anxiety-inspiring method of repeated violent action, employed by (semi-) clandestine individual, group or state actors, for idiosyncratic, criminal or political reasons, whereby - in contrast to assassination - the direct targets of violence are not the main targets. The immediate human victims of violence are generally chosen randomly (targets of opportunity) or selectively (representative or symbolic targets) from a target population, and serve as message generators. Threat- and violence-based communication processes between terrorist (organization), (imperiled) victims, and main targets are used to manipulate the main target (audience(s)), turning it into a target of terror, a target of demands, or a target of attention, depending on whether intimidation, coercion, or propaganda is primarily sought.[18]
Application of the United States government's own definitions
Noam Chomsky, noted professor of linguistics at MIT and a Senior Scholar at the Institute for Policy Studies, has characterized the tactics used by agents of the US government and their proxies in their execution of US foreign policy — in such countries as Nicaragua, Chile, Costa Rica, Honduras, Argentina, Colombia, Turkey, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia — as a form of terrorism. Chomsky has also described the U.S as "a leading terrorist state."[19] Chomsky has in turn been criticized for allegedly ignoring or justifying terrorism by nations such as the People's Republic of China, Vietnam, and Cambodia.[20] After President George W. Bush began using the term "War on Terrorism", Chomsky stated in an interview:
The U.S. is officially committed to what is called "low-intensity warfare... If you read the definition of low-intensity conflict in army manuals and compare it with official definitions of "terrorism" in army manuals, or the U.S. Code, you find they're almost the same.[19]
Similarly Daniele Ganser, a military and security studies academic,[21][22][23][24] has written[25] that "the covert action department of the CIA" is, "according to the definition of the FBI...a terrorist organization." Dr. Ganser argues that according to the FBI, "`Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objective'," and that the directive which created the covert actions section of the CIA clearly fits this characterization.[26] The relevant document -- also quoted by Ganser -- is the 1948 U.S. National Security Council directive, 10/2, where the activity of the CIA covert (psychological) operations bureau is defined as follows:
[To] Plan and conduct covert operations which are conducted or sponsored by this government against hostile foreign states or groups or in support of friendly foreign states or groups but which are so planned and conducted that any US Government responsibility for them is not evident to unauthorized persons and that if uncovered the US Government can plausibly disclaim any responsibility for them. Covert action shall include any covert activities related to: propaganda; economic warfare; preventive direct action, including sabotage, anti-sabotage, demolition, and evacuation measures; subversion against hostile states, including assistance to underground resistance movements, guerrillas and refugee liberation groups, and support of indigenous anti-Communist elements in threatened countries of the free world. Such operations should not include armed conflict by recognized military forces, espionage, counter-espionage, and cover and deception for military operations.[27][26]
Ganser has in turn been criticized by the US State Department for being "fooled" by a Soviet forgery, the "US Army Field Manual 30-31B."[28]
Allegations
Latin America
Cuba
Cuban government officials have accused the United States Government of being an accomplice and protector of terrorism against Cuba on many occasions.[29][30][31] According to Ricardo Alarcón, President of Cuba’s national assembly "Terrorism and violence, crimes against Cuba, have been part and parcel of U.S. policy for almost half a century.”[32] The claims formed part of Cuba's $181.1 billion lawsuit in 1999 against the United States on behalf of the Cuban people which alleged that for over 40 years, "terrorism has been permanently used by the U.S. as an instrument of its foreign policy against Cuba," and it "became more systematic as a result of the covert action program."[33] The lawsuit detailed a history of terrorism allegedly supported by the United States. The United States has long denied any involvement in the acts named in the lawsuit.[34]
The claims center around allegations of "concrete advance intelligence" the CIA had of operations against Cuba from the early Sixties to mid-Seventies, notably the bombing of Cubana Flight 455 in 1976 which killed all 73 people aboard and a series of attacks on tourist sites in the 1990s. For example, the FBI had multiple contacts with one of the bombers but provided him with a visa to the U.S. five days before the bombing, despite suspicions that he was engaged in terrorist activities. [36]
The allegations also claim U.S. involvement in the paramilitary group Omega 7, the CIA undercover operation known as Operation 40, and the umbrella group the Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations. Cuban Counterterrorism investigator Roberto Hernández testified in a Miami court that the bomb attacks were "part of a campaign of terror designed to scare civilians and foreign tourists, harming Cuba's single largest industry."[37]
In 2001, Cuban Ambassador to the UN Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla called for UN General Assembly to address all forms and manifestations of terrorism in every corner of the world, including - without exception - State terrorism. He alleged to the UN General Assembly that 3,478 Cubans have died as a result of aggressions and terrorist acts.[38] He also alleged that the United States had provided safe shelter to "those who funded, planned and carried out terrorist acts with absolute impunity, tolerated by the United States Government." [38] The Cuban government also asserted that in the 1990s, a total of 68 acts of terrorism were perpetrated against Cuba.[38]
The Cuban Government, its supporters and some outside observers believe that the group Alpha 66, whose former secretary general Andrés Nazario Sargén acknowledged terrorist attacks on Cuban tourist spots in the 1990s[39] and conducted training sessions at a secluded camp near the Florida Everglades,[40] has been supported by the National Endowment for Democracy, the US International Development Agency and, more directly, according to Cuba's official newspaper Granma, the CIA.[41]
A secret plan, Operation Northwoods, was approved by the Pentagon and Joint Chiefs of Staff and submitted for action to Robert McNamara[42] then Secretary of Defense, and subsequently president of the World Bank. This plan included acts of violence on US soil or against US interests, such as plans to kill innocent people and commit acts of terrorism in U.S. cities; blowing up a U.S. ship, and contemplated causing U.S. military casualties, writing: "We could blow up a U.S. ship in Guantanamo Bay and blame Cuba," and, "The US could follow up with an air/sea rescue operation covered by US fighters 'evacuate' remaining members of the non-existent crew. Casualty lists in U.S. newspapers would cause a helpful wave of national indignation." The plan was rejected by the administration prior to President Kennedy's assassination but after the Bay of Pigs Invasion.[43][44]
In 1998 the Cuban government charged The Cuban American National Foundation, which was founded in 1981 at the initiative of the Reagan administration and receives U.S. government funding[45] with, according to the official government-controlled Radio Havana Cuba, the continued financing of anti-Cuban terrorist activities[46] Granma, the official newspaper of Cuba, also reported that U.S. senator Mel Martinez was meeting with Cuban American terrorists and sponsoring them via CANF.[47]
In 2006, a former board member of CANF, Jose Antonio Llama testified that leaders of the foundation had created a paramilitary group to carry out destabilizing acts in Cuba. The foundation’s general board of directors didn’t know the details of the paramilitary group, which acted autonomously, Llama said. He added that current CANF board chairman Jorge Mas Santos was never told of the plan. The plans failed after Llama and four other exiles were arrested in the United States territory of Puerto Rico in 1997 on charges of conspiracy to assassinate Castro.[48][49][50]
The US has also been criticized for failing to condemn Panama's pardoning of the alleged terrorists Novo Sampol, Pedro Remon, and Gaspar Jimenez, instead allowing them to walk free on U.S. streets.[51]
The Case of Luis Posada
The Cubans cite the admission by Luis Posada Carriles that he was recruited by the CIA into becoming a trainer of other paramilitary forces in the mid 1960s.[52] Posada, alongside Orlando Bosch, is accused by Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Cuba and Venezuela of organizing the terrorist bombing of the aircraft Cubana 455,[53]. As described by researcher Peter Kornbluh at the non-governmental research institute National Security Archive, he "is a terrorist, but he’s our terrorist," referring to Posada's relationship with the U.S. government. In 2006, the U.S. Justice Department described Posada as “an unrepentant criminal and admitted mastermind of terrorist plots and attacks on tourist sites.” [54]
The Cubans also cite the involvement of FBI attaché Joseph Leo, who admitted multiple contacts with one of the convicted bombers of Cubana 455, Hernan Ricardo, before the attack.[55]
On May 18, 2005, the National Security Archive posted additional documents that purportedly show the CIA had concrete advance intelligence, as early as June 1976, on plans by Cuban exile terrorist groups to bomb a Cubana airliner. The archive also alleges that while Posada stopped being a CIA agent in 1974, there remained "occasional contact" until June 1976, a few months before the bombing.[36] The Cuban ambassador to the U.N. claimed that Posada had been "doubly employed by the Government of the U.S." both before and after the bombing of the Cubana aircraft.[38] After escaping from prison in Venezuela, Posada, who has boasted of plans to to "hit" a Cuban airliner only days before the attack, went to work alongside CIA operative Felix Rodriguez under Richard Secord supplying the Contras.[56]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Luis_Posada_Carriles_-_1963.jpg/140px-Luis_Posada_Carriles_-_1963.jpg)
After serving 10 years for his role in the Cubana bombing and other terrorist attacks, Orlando Bosch was released from jail in Venezuela and given permission to reside in the United States with the assistance of Otto Reich, then US ambassador to Venezuela.[citation needed]
On his arrival in Miami in 1988, Bosch was honored with an "Orlando Bosch Day" celebration by the city politicians in Miami. Despite decisions made by the justice department and FBI to deport Bosch, they were overruled by President George H. W. Bush and he was allowed permanent residency.[57]
In a series of interviews with the New York Times, Posada claimed responsibility for the bombings at hotels and nightclubs in Cuba in 1997 in which an Italian tourist died and scores more were injured. Posada said his activities were directly supported by Jorge Mas Canosa, founder of the Cuban-American National Foundation. Posada stated "The FBI and the CIA don't bother me, and I am neutral with them," he said. "Whenever I can help them, I do."[58] He later denied that he was involved, stating that he had only wanted to create publicity for the bombing campaign in order to scare tourists.[59]
As more revelations were made public via declassified documents and testimonies from involved parties, journalist Robert Scheer wrote in a column in the Los Angeles Times "For almost 40 years, we have isolated Cuba on the assumption that the tiny island is a center of terrorism in the hemisphere, and year after year we gain new evidence that it is the U.S. that has terrorized Cuba and not the other way around."[60]
In an interview in 2001, Cuban Vice President Ricardo Alarcón stated: "The most quoted phrase by President Bush or ever repeated by him refers to the same idea every time he speaks. "'Those who harbor a terrorist are as guilty as the terrorist himself'".[32]
Posada was arrested in Miami in May 2005 and held for entering the US illegally. On September 28, 2005 a U.S. immigration judge ruled that Posada cannot be deported because he faced the threat of torture in Venezuela.[61] On May 8, 2007 U.S. district judge Kathleen Cardone dismissed seven counts of immigration fraud and ordered Posada's electronic bracelet removed. The ruling criticized the U.S. government's "fraud, deceit and trickery" during the interview with immigration authorities that was the basis of the charges against Posada.[62]
Nicaragua
Following the rise to power of the left-wing Sandinista government in Nicaragua, the Reagan administration ordered the CIA to organize and train the right wing guerrilla group "Contras". Florida State University professor, Frederick H. Gareau, has written that the Contras "attacked bridges, electric generators, but also state-owned agricultural cooperatives, rural health clinics, villages and non-combatants." US agents were directly involved in the fighting. "CIA commandos launched a series of sabotage raids on Nicaraguan port facilities. They mined the country's major ports and set fire to its largest oil storage facilities." In 1984 the US Congress ordered this intervention to be stopped, however it was later shown that the CIA illegally continued (See Iran-Contra affair). Professor Gareau has characterized these acts as "wholesale terrorism" by the United States.[63]
In 1984 a CIA manual for training the Nicaraguan contras in psychological operations was leaked to the media, entitled "Psychological Operations in Guerrilla War".[64][65]
The manual recommended “selective use of violence for propagandistic effects” and to “neutralize” government officials. Nicaraguan Contras were taught to lead:
...selective use of armed force for PSYOP [psychological operations] effect.... Carefully selected, planned targets — judges, police officials, tax collectors, etc. — may be removed for PSYOP effect in a UWOA [unconventional warfare operations area], but extensive precautions must insure that the people “concur” in such an act by thorough explanatory canvassing among the affected populace before and after conduct of the mission.[66]
The Guardian newspaper quoted a survivor of a Contra attack on Jinotega province:
Rosa had her breasts cut off. Then they cut into her chest and took out her heart. The men had their arms broken, their testicles cut off, and their eyes poked out. They were killed by slitting their throats and pulling the tongue out through the slit."[67]
Former State Department official William Blum has written that "American pilots were flying diverse kinds of combat missions against Nicaraguan troops and carrying supplies to contras inside Nicaraguan territory. Several were shot down and killed. Some flew in civilian clothes, after having been told that they would be disavowed by the Pentagon if captured. Some contras told American congressmen that they were ordered to claim responsibility for a bombing raid organized by the CIA and flown by Agency mercenaries."[68]
According to author William Blum the Pentagon considered US policy in Nicaragua to be a "blueprint for successful US intervention in the Third World" and it would go "right into the textbooks".[69]
Nicaragua vs. United States
The Republic of Nicaragua vs. The United States of America[70] was a case heard in 1986 by the International Court of Justice which found that the United States had violated international law by direct acts of US personnel and by the supporting Contra guerrillas in their war against the Nicaraguan government and by mining Nicaragua's harbors. The Court ruled in Nicaragua's favor, but the United States refused to abide by the Court's decision, on the basis that the court erred in finding that it had jurisdiction to hear the case.[71] The court stated that the United States had been involved in the "unlawful use of force".[72] Noam Chomsky stated in an interview in Pakistan Television that:
The World Court considered their case, accepted it, and presented a long judgment, several hundred pages of careful legal and factual analysis that condemned the United States for what it called “unlawful use of force”--which is the judicial way of saying “international terrorism”--ordered the United States to terminate the crime and to pay substantial reparations, many billions of dollars, to the victim.[73]
The ICJ used the Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare CIA manual as evidence in the case.[74]
The ICJ refused to render judgment on the imputability of any direct acts by the Contras to the United States because of lacking evidence; the court did, however, make clear that the United States could be held liable for any acts it undertook relative to the state of Nicaragua and that this might include acts by the Contras. In their judgment, the ICJ found the United States liable for the funding, training, equipping, and logistical support of the Contras; for the mining of harbors, flyovers, and military attacks; for encouraging the Contras to commit "acts contrary to general principles of humanitarian law"; and held the United States liable for reparations and immediate cessation of all such proscribed activity.[74]
Guatemala
Declassified CIA documents[75] prove that the United States was instrumental in organizing, funding, and equipping the coup which toppled the democratically elected government of Guatemala in 1954. Analysts Kate Doyle and Peter Kornbluh note that "After a small insurgency developed in the wake of the coup, Guatemala's military leaders developed and refined, with U.S. assistance, a massive counterinsurgency campaign that left tens of thousands massacred, maimed or missing."
After the US-backed coup, which toppled president Jacobo Arbenz, lead coup plotter Castillo Armas assumed power. With Armas at the head of government, “the United States began to militarize Guatemala almost immediately, financing and reorganizing the police and military...”[76] Human rights expert Michael McClintock[77] has argued that the national security apparatus Armas presided over was “almost entirely oriented toward countering subversion,” and that the key component of that apparatus was “an intelligence system set up by the United States.” [78] At the core of this intelligence system were records of communist party members, pro-Arbenz organizations, teacher associations, and peasant unions which were used to create a detailed “Black List” with names and information about some 70,000 individuals who were viewed as potential subversives. It was “CIA counter-intelligence officers who sorted the records and determined how they could be put to use.” [79] McClintock argues that this list persisted as an index of subversives for several decades and probably served as a database of possible targets for the counter-insurgency campaign that began in the early 1960’s.[80]
Guerrilla unrest in Guatemala continued into the 1960’s, which in 1962 led President John F. Kennedy to approve a “pacification program aimed at the most rebellious provinces…including both ‘civic action’ programs such as digging wells and building clinics and a sharp increase in military assistance.”[81] After a successful (U.S. backed) coup against president Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes in 1963, U.S. advisors began to work with Colonel Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio to defeat the guerrillas, borrowing “extensively from current counterinsurgency strategies and technology being employed in Vietnam.” Between the years of 1966-68 alone some 8,000 peasants were murdered by the U.S. trained forces of Colonel Osorio.[82] McClintock argues that “counter-insurgency doctrine, as imparted by the United States civil and military assistance agencies, had a tremendous influence on Guatemala’s security system and a devastating impact on Guatemala’s people.”[83] He notes:
- United States counter-insurgency doctrine encouraged the Guatemalan military to adopt both new organizational forms and new techniques in order to root out insurgency more effectively. New techniques would revolve around a central precept of the new counter-insurgency: that counter insurgent war must be waged free of restriction by laws, by the rules of war, or moral considerations: guerrilla “terror” could be defeated only by the untrammeled use of “counter-terror”, the terrorism of the state. [84]
This idea was also articulated by Colonel John Webber, the chief of the US Military Mission in Guatemala, who reportedly instigated the technique of “counter-terror.” Colonel Webber defended his policy by saying, “That’s the way this country is. The Communists are using everything they have, including terror. And it must be met.” [85]
In 1995 CIA aid was stopped. A 1996 report by the Intelligence Oversight Board stated that "Relations between the US and Guatemalan governments came under strain in 1977, when the Carter administration issued its first annual human rights report on Guatemala. The Guatemalan government rejected that report's negative assessment and refused US military aid." Relations between the two countries warmed in the mid-1980s the Reagan administration's covert funding of several wars in Central America. In December 1990, however, the Bush administration suspended almost all overt military aid."[86]
According to the Center for International Policy, "The CIA established a liaison relationship with Guatemalan security services widely known to have reprehensible human rights records, and it continued covert aid after the cutoff of overt military aid in 1990. This liaison relationship and continued covert aid occurred with the knowledge of the National Security Council, the State Department, and the Congressional oversight committees. Contrary to public allegations, CIA did not increase covert funding for Guatemala to compensate for the cut-off of military aid in 1990."[87]
Utilizing a series of formerly secret government documents, George Washington University historians Kate Doyle and Carlos Osorio [88], document U.S. training, cooperation and political support of Guatemalan Colonel Byron Lima Estrada, despite U.S. Department of State and CIA knowledge of his frequent command of and/or participation in extra-judicial killings, kidnappings and civilian massacres. Colonel Estrada would eventually rise to command D-2, the Guatemalan Military Intelligence services who were responsible for many of the terror tactics wielded throughout the 1980's against the Guatemalan people.
In 1999, an independent Guatemalan Truth Commission named "The Historical Clarification Commission" issued a damning report which, among other things, clearly stated that the "government of the United States, through various agencies including the CIA, provided direct and indirect support for some [of these] state operations." Among the report's conclusions were
...estimate[s] that the Guatemalan conflict claimed the lives of some 200,000 people with the most savage bloodletting occurring in the 1980s. Based on a review of about 20 percent of the dead, the panel blamed the army for 93 percent of the killings and leftist guerrillas for three percent. Four percent were listed as unresolved....the army committed 626 massacres against Mayan villages....[which] "eliminated entire Mayan villages...completely exterminat[ing] Mayan communities, destroy[ing] their livestock and crops."[89]
The report went on to term the Guatemalan military's campaign in the northern highlands a "genocide," and noted that besides "carrying out murder and "disappearances," the army routinely engaged in torture and rape. "The rape of women, during torture or before being murdered, was a common practice" by the military and paramilitary forces, the report found."
In the early 1990s US citizen and nun, Sister Diana Ortiz, took a US civil court case[90] against General Hector Gramajo Morales, who was then attending Harvard University[91] after having given that year's commencement speech at the SOA[92]. Sister Ortiz stated that she was abducted by police officers under Morales' command and taken to a secret prison where she was tortured and raped repeatedly.[93] A 1992 report to the United Nations General Assembly recounts her testimony,
Then she was lowered into an open pit packed with human bodies - the bodies of children, men and women, some decapitated, some lying face up and caked with blood. Some were dead, some were alive. All were swarming with rats. After hours of torture, Sister Ortiz was returned to the room of rape and interrogated where her ordeal continued. As her torturers began to rape her again, they said "Alejandro, join us and have some fun." Alejandro was a tall, light complexioned man, who spoke broken Spanish, but perfect North American English. They usually referred to him as "boss". He cursed, and ordered them to stop, because their victim was a North American nun, and her disappearance had become public. Several times Alejandro said that he was sorry about what had happened. Sister Ortiz asked what would happen to the other people she saw being tortured. He told her not to be concerned about them.[94]
While at Harvard, Gramajo-Morales stated in his defense:
"We have created a more humanitarian, less costly strategy, to be more compatible with the democratic system ... which provides development for 70 percent of the population while we kill 30 percent. Before, the strategy was to kill 100 percent."[95]
Professor Gareau argues that the School of the Americas, a US Army institution, where Morales trained as a young officer and taught in later life, is a terrorist training ground. He notes a UN report which states the school has "graduated 500 of the worst human rights abusers in the hemisphere." He further argues that people protesting against the school are frequently beaten and arrested, "By the year 2002, 71 demonstrators had served a total of 40 years of jail time for protesting in front of the School of the Americas". This includes an 88 year old nun. Gareau claims that by funding, training and supervising Guatemalan 'Death Squads' Washington was complicit in state terrorism.[96]
In their 1998 "Report On Guatemala" Rolando Alecio and Ruth Taylor condemn the "legacy of state terror" the nation has inherited from the U.S.-backed and -trained military. Similarly, journalist Minor Sinclair, writing in the Sojourner, stated that
Recent disclosures have revealed the extent of U.S. support for the Guatemalan army despite its reputation as the most repressive military in Latin America. For years Guatemala's elite military officers have been trained in the United States, and at any given time dozens are on the CIA payroll. [97]
Defenders of the former School of the Americas (reorganized as the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHINSEC) in 2001) argue that no school should be held accountable for the actions of only some of its many graduates. Before coming to WHINSEC each student is “vetted” by his/her nation and the U.S. embassy in that country. All students are now required to receive "human rights training in law, ethics, rule of law and practical applications in military and police operations."[98][99][100]
Middle East
Iran
Stephen Kinzer has written that in 1953 agent Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. oversaw Operation Ajax, which involved organized riots and the training of right-wing terrorist groups in a successful effort to overthrow the democratically-elected Iranian government of Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddeq, and reverse the nationalization of Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (later renamed BP).[101][102][103][104] According to some sources, the United States believed that, by dissolving the parliament and working with the Communist Tudeh Party, Mossadeq was making probable a communist-inspired takeover.[105]
According to an article in the Asia Times, "Sponsoring terrorist activities inside Iran has been a consistent feature of US regional policy over the past quarter-century."[106]
Iraq
The New York Times reported that, according to former U.S. intelligence officials, the CIA orchestrated a bomb and sabotage campaign between 1992 and 1995 in Iraq via one of the resistance organizations, Iyad Allawi's group. According to the Iraqi government at the time, and one former CIA officer, the bombing campaign against Baghdad included both government and civilian targets. According to this former CIA official, the civilian targets included a movie theater and a bombing of a school bus where children were killed. No public records of the secret bombing campaign are known to exist, and the former U.S. officials said their recollections were in many cases sketchy, and in some cases contradictory. "But whether the bombings actually killed any civilians could not be confirmed because, as a former C.I.A. official said, the United States had no significant intelligence sources in Iraq then."[107]
Western Europe
On October 24, 1990 Italian Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti told the Italian Parliament that NATO had long held a covert policy of training partisan groups in the event of a Soviet Invasion of Western Europe.[108][109][110] Under Operation Gladio the CIA, British MI6 and NATO trained and armed partisan groups in NATO states to fight a guerrilla war if they were captured during a future Soviet invasion. It has been alleged that these groups and individuals in them were responsible for the strategy of tension in Italy which aimed at impeding the "historic compromise" between the Christian Democracy and the Italian Communist Party (PCI), which would have allowed the Christian Democrats to invite PCI members of parliament to serve as members of the governing coalition. This strategy of tension allegedly included the 1969 Piazza Fontana bombing and the Bologna massacre (1980)[111][112] political assassinations in Belgium,[113] military coups in Greece (1967) and Turkey (1980)[114] and an attempted coup in France (1961).[115] The supposed aim of this group was to prevent Communist movements in Western Europe gaining power.
In 2000, a report from the Italian Democratic Party of the Left (formerly the Italian Communist Party) concluded that the strategy of tension had been supported by the United States to "stop the PCI (Communist Party), and to a certain degree also the PSI (Italian Socialist Party), from reaching executive power in the country." The report stated that "Those massacres, those bombs, those military actions had been organised or promoted or supported by men inside Italian state institutions and, as has been discovered more recently, by men linked to the structures of United States intelligence." The centrist Italian Republican party said the report was worthy of a 1970s Maoist group.[116][117]
The US State Department has admitted the existence of Gladio only as a plan which was to be activated in the event of Soviet occupation of Western Europe during the Cold War, but has continued to deny it qualified as terrorism. The United States maintains that several researchers have been influenced by a Soviet Cold War forgery.[28]
Asia
As of 2007, there is an increasing international awareness of the extra-judicial harassment, torture, disappearances and murder of Filipino civilian non-combatants by the Philippine's military and police. [118]
The Philippines has been considered a United States protectorate and/or colony since the late 1890's, playing a central role in the U.S. Navy's global strategic presence.[119] Since the advent of the "War on Terrorism" in 2001, the people of the Philippines have witnessed the assassinations of more than 850 mainstream journalists and other public figures and the harassment, detention, or torture of untold more. [120] The human rights watchdog KARAPATAN has documented the brutalization of 169,530 individual victims, 18,515 families, 71 communities, and 196 households. [121] There have been increasing condemnations made of U.S. influence upon the Philippine military, many of which charge the U.S. with the sponsorship of state terrorism[122][123][124][125][126][127][128] through the policies implemented by the military advisers and military aid it has delivered as part of its War on Terror.
Estimates of killings vary on the precise number, with the Government appointed Task Force Usig estimating only 114 while the independent activist party KARAPATAN placing the number much higher, at something over 874.[129] The government's specially convened Task Force Usig has notably failed to gain any convictions, and as of February 2007 had only arrested 3 suspects in the over 100 cases of assassination[130] Moreover:
[A]ccording to a recent international fact-finding mission of Dutch and Belgian judges and lawyers, Task Force Usig 'has not proven to be an independent body…the PNP has a poor record as far as the effective investigation of the killings is concerned and is mistrusted by the Philippine people.'[131]
The Political Nature of the Arrests, Disappearances, Torture, and Killings
Amnesty International reports that the more than 860 confirmed murders are clearly political in nature because of "the methodology of the attacks, including prior death threats and patterns of surveillance by persons reportedly linked to the security forces, the leftist profile of the victims and climate of impunity which, in practice, shields the perpetrators from prosecution."[132] The AI report continues:
the arrest and threatened arrest of leftist Congress Representatives and others on charges of rebellion, and intensifying counter-insurgency operations in the context of a declaration by officials in June of 'all-out-war' against the New People's Army . . . [and] the parallel public labeling by officials of a broad range of legal leftist groups as communist 'front organizations'...has created an environment in which there is heightened concern that further political killings of civilians are likely to take place.[133]
Similarly, The Ecumenical Movement for Justice and Peace reports that most of the human rights violations were committed by the AFP, the Philippine National Police, and the CAFGU (Civilian Armed Forces Government Units) under the mantle of the anti-insurgency campaign initially created as one arm of the U.S. War on Terror. [134]
Dr. E. San Juan, Jr. has noted that:
Most of those killed or "disappeared" were peasant or worker activists belonging to progressive groups such as Bayan Muna, Anakpawis, GABRIELA, Anakbayan, Karapatan, KMU, and others (Petras and Abaya 2006). They were protesting Arroyo's repressive taxation, collusion with foreign capital tied to oil and mining companies that destroy people's livelihood and environment, fraudulent use of public funds, and other anti-people measures. Such groups and individuals have been tagged as "communist fronts" by Arroyo's National Security Advisers, the military, and police; the latter agencies have been implicated in perpetrating or tolerating those ruthless atrocities.[135]
U.S. and Philippine Military Cooperation
In the period from 2000 to 2003, military loans and grants to the Philippines from the U.S. grew by 1,776 percent.[136] As of 2005, according to President Arroyo the Philippines were the largest recipient of U.S. military aid in Asia and fourth worldwide;[137] aid since then has continued to increase.[138] US Foreign Military Financing (FMF) to the Philippines almost trebled from $30 million in 2004 to $80 million in 2005, with the bulk of that money used to upgrade Philippine marine and counter-terrorism capabilities;[139] by late 2006 Washington had given roughly US$300 million of aid to the AFP and delivered hundreds of American soldiers to organize and execute extended training exercises with the Filipino police and military apparatus.[140] The United States -- through the person of National Security Adviser Stephen Hadley -- has broadly "congratulated the government of the Philippines...for [its] achievements [in anti-terror military actions] while at the same time acknowledging the valuable role of [its] partnership with the United States".[141]
Fulbright Scholar, Rockefeller Foundation Research Fellow, and director of the Philippines Forum in New York City Dr. E. San Juan, Jr. writes:
President Arroyo invited thousands of U.S. Special Forces to engage in police actions together with the AFP, thus violating an explicit Constitutional provision against the intervention of foreign troops in local affairs. She followed Fidel Ramos in implementing the Visiting Forces Agreement, together with other onerous treaties, thus maintaining U.S. control of the Philippine military via training of officers, logistics, and dictation of punitive measures against the Moro insurgents as well as the New People's Army guerrillas. The Philippines became the "second front in the war on terror," with Bush visiting the Philippines in October 2004 and citing the neocolony as a model for the rebuilding of devastated Iraq.[142]
and that:
[The] U.S....fashioned..."low-intensity warfare" to deal with upheavals in the post-Vietnam period. Its military field manuals endorsed tactical tools of...psychological warfare, forced mass evacuations or "hamletting," imprisonment of whole communities in military garrisons, militarization of villages, selective assassinations, disappearances, mass executions, etc. Tried in Indochina, Korea, Central America, it continues to be implemented in Colombia, Iraq, and the Philippines....With U.S. help, the AFP mobilized vigilante and paramilitary death squads with license to kill revolutionary militants, immune from prosecution. U.S. military force midwived the restoration of U.S.-backed oligarchic oppression of the Filipino masses.[143]
From the beginning -- as early as 2001 -- the U.S. State Department knew that "Members of the [Philippines'] security services were responsible for extra-judicial killings, disappearances, torture, and arbitrary arrest and detention." [144] In the same report, the State Department admitted that the presence of U.S. Special Forces and other military advisers had "helped create an environment in which human rights abuses increased", commenting that 'there were allegations by human rights groups that these problems worsened as the Government sought to intensify its campaign against the terrorist Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG).'"[145] Further, in 2003 the U.S. government -- in anticipation that its military personnel would be charged with human rights abuses -- offered the Philippines' government an extra US $30 million of military aid in exchange for "an agreement that would exempt U.S. soldiers operating in the Philippines from the International Criminal Court". [146]
In May of 2006 the Philippines and the US approved an agreement to establish a formal board to "determine and discuss the possibility of holding joint US-Philippine military exercises against terrorism and other non-traditional security concerns."[147](emphasis added)
Arroyo and the U.S.
According to commentators James Petras and Robin Eastman-Abaya, "Human rights groups provide evidence that Filipino death squads operate under the protective umbrella of regional military commands, especially the US-trained Special Forces."[148]
The Response of the Arroyo Government and Investigative Findings
Right from the beginning, Arroyo's ascendancy was characterized by rampant human rights violations. Based on the reports of numerous fact-finding missions, Arroyo has presided over an unprecedented series of harassments, warrantless arrests, and assassinations of journalists, lawyers, church people, peasant leaders, legislators, doctors, women activists, youthful students, indigenous leaders, and workers.[149]
With 185 dead, 2006 is so far (2007) the highest annual mark for extra-judicial government murders.[150] Of the 2006 killings, the dead were "mostly left-leaning activists, murdered without trial or punishment for the perpetrators."[151] 2006 is also the year President Arroyo issued Presidential Proclamation 1017. According to Asia Times Online, this proclamation "grants exceptional unchecked powers to the executive branch", placing the country in a state of emergency and permitting the police and security forces to "conduct warrantless arrests against enemies of the state, including...members of the political opposition and journalists from critical media outlets."[152] As Asia Times Online and several other independent observers have noted, the issuance of the proclamation conspicuously coincided with a dramatic increase in political violence and extra-judicial killings.[153] The Ecumenical Movement for Justice and Peace, a non-denominational Christian network of Filipino churches, stated in their regular Promotion of Church People's Response (PCPR, Feb 24, 2007) that "[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's] record of political killings and violations of civil liberties, especially with her Calibrated Preemptive Response scheme, is now the worst since the downfall of Marcos. . . . President Arroyo's Proclamation 1017 constitutes a flagrant violation of the Philippine Constitution via the pretext of a 'National Emergency.'"[154]
The Arroyo government initially made no response to the dramatic increase in violence and killings; as Dr. E. San Juan, Jr, writes, "Arroyo has been tellingly silent over the killing and abduction of countless members of opposition parties and popular organizations."[155] In 2007, however, Arroyo was forced by popular outcry to appointed an independent commission led by the Philippine's former Supreme Court Chief Justice Jose Melo. The Melo commission found that the military was responsible for the "majority" of the killings and that the superior officers of the perpetrators could be held accountable for the crimes.[156] Later, in February 2007, UN Special Rapporteur Philip Alston implicated the Philippine police and military as responsible for the crimes.[157] Alston charged in his report that Arroyo’s propaganda and counter-insurgency strategy “encourage or facilitate the extra-judicial killings of activists and other enemies” of the state.[158]
In March 2007, the Permanent People’s Tribunal at The Hague, Belgium, rendered a judgment of guilty for “crimes against humanity” against the Philippine government and its chief backer, the Bush administration.[159]
Quotes
One has to ask whether there was transparency in the invasion of Iraq. The world knows President Bush lied openly about Iraq having chemical weapons, They keep on bombing cities, killing children, they have become a terrorist state.--Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, 2005.[160]
Actually, who is the terrorist, who is against human rights? The answer is the United States because they attacked Iraq. Moreover, it is the terrorist king, waging war. --Indonesian Vice President Hamzah Haz, 2003[161]
Everybody's worried about stopping terrorism. Well, there's a really easy way: stop participating in it. --Noam Chomsky
Further reading
- Gareau, Frederick H. (March 2004). State Terrorism and the United States : From Counterinsurgency to the War on Terrorism. Clarity Press. ISBN 0-932863-39-6.
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See also
- Allegations of war crimes against U.S. officials
- American terrorism
- Command responsibility
- Economic terrorism
- Foreign relations of the United States
- List of acts labelled as state terrorism sorted by state
- List of terrorist incidents
- US invasions
- List of United States military history events
- Torture manuals
References
- ^ Sources:
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] - ^ Heinberg, Richard. Should the United States Renounce Terrorism?", 10-2001.
Grossman, Zoltan
History of U.S. Military Interventions since 1890"
The UN and its conduct during the invasion and occupation of Iraq - Testimony to the World Tribunal on Iraq - ^ "Noam Chomsky Interview on CBC (Part 1 of 2)". CBC. 2007-06-17. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
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"Noam Chomsky Interview on CBC (Part 2 of 2)". CBC. 2007-06-17. Retrieved 2007-06-27.{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ Terrorism, Counter-terorrism and Torture
- ^ "War Propaganda". Michel Chossudovsky. 16-01-2003. Retrieved 27-04-2007.
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and|date=
(help) - ^ Suzy Hansen (2002-01-16). "Noam Chomsky". Salon.com. Salon.com.
- ^ Noam Chomsky (2002-05-19). "Who Are the Global Terrorists?". Znet. Zmag.org.
- ^ Gareau, Frederick H. "State Terrorism and the United States".
- ^ Heinberg, Richard. "Should the United States Renounce Terrorism?", 10-2001.
- ^ Grossman, Zoltan. "History of U.S. Military Interventions since 1890".
- ^ Gowans, Stephen. "Terrorism as Foreign Policy", What's Left.
- ^ "Venezuela accuses US of 'double standard' on terrorism". Christian Science Monitor. 2005-09-29. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
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(help) - ^ "Testing the Definition of "Terrorism": Luis Posada Carriles and the U.S." Znet. 2006-10-6. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
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(help) - ^ [15]
- ^ http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9380497/terrorism
- ^ Cornell Law School, US Code, retrieved 25 May 2007
- ^ "Patterns of Global Terrorism". U.S. Department of State. 2001/2/3. Retrieved 23-06-2007.
{{cite news}}
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and|year=
(help)CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ "Definitions of Terrorism". United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
- ^ a b David Barsamian (November 6, 2001). "The United States is a Leading Terrorist State". Monthly Review. Cite error: The named reference "David" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Windschuttle, Keith. "The hypocrisy of Noam Chomsky", The New Criterion, 05-09-2003.
- ^ http://www.dedefensa.org/article.php?art_id=1370
- ^ http://www.danieleganser.ch/e/biographie/index.htm
- ^ http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/GAN412A.html
- ^ http://www.php.isn.ethz.ch/collections/coll_gladio/endorsements.cfm?navinfo=15301
- ^ http://www.isn.ethz.ch/pubs/ph/details.cfm?lng=en&size51=10&id=15251
- ^ a b "Note on U.S. Covert Actions" (PDF). U.S. Department of State.
- ^ NSC 10/2: National Security Council Directive on Office of Special Projects, June 18, 1948.
- ^ a b "Misinformation about "Gladio/Stay Behind" Networks Resurfaces". United States Department of State.
- ^ "Fidel Castro meets Caricom leaders". BBC. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
- ^ The United States is an accomplice and protector of terrorism, states Alarcón Granma News
- ^ Terrorism organized and directed by the CIA Granma
- ^ a b Interview by Saul Landau with Ricardo Alarcón 13 February 2003
- ^ "Cuba's case against Washington". Workers World Newsletter.
- ^ Cuba sues U.S. for billions, alleging 'war' damages. CNN news.
- ^ Sanchez, Marcela. "Moral Misstep", The Washington Post, 09-03-2004.
- ^ a b CIA and FBI Documents Detail Career in International Terrorism; Connection to U.S.
- ^ Investigator from Cuba takes stand in spy trial Miami Herald
- ^ a b c d Cuba Statement to the United Nations 2001 since the Cuban revolution
- ^ Alpha 66 says it carried out bomb attacks Cuba solidarity
- ^ An Era of Exiles Slips Away. The Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Alpha 66 expands its offices and training camp granma
- ^ Robert McNamara, excerpted from Class Warfare by Noam Chomsky
- ^ "Pentagon Proposed Pretexts for Cuba Invasion in 1962". The Nation Security Archives. 04-30-2001. Retrieved 27-04-2007.
{{cite news}}
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and|date=
(help) - ^ "U.S. Military Wanted to Provoke War With Cuba". ABC News. 01-05-2001. Retrieved 27-04-2007.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
and|date=
(help) - ^ "Review of Department Identified Contracts and Grants for Public Relations Services" (PDF). United States Department of Education: Office of Inspector General.
- ^ "Cubanews From radio Havana Cuba". Radio Habana Cuba.
- ^ "Scams and scandals among Miami terrorists". Cuba State News: Granma Internacional Digital.
- ^ "Top exiles in fight over anti-Castro plot funds". Miami Herald. November 26, 2006.
- ^ Bruno Rodriguez Parrilla (October 29, 2001). "Measures to eliminate international terrorism" (PDF). United Nations: general Assembly Security Council.
- ^ Jean-Guy Allard (December 6, 2004). "The Cuban American National Foundation And The Havana Bombings". Granma International.
- ^ Sanchez, Marcela (September 3). "Moral Misstep: Some Terrorists Get a Hero's Welcome". Washington Post.
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ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ Life With Luis Posada. The Atlantic online.
° Posada's CIA ties uncovered in papers. Miami herald. - ^ Cuban official demands action on Posada
- ^ Castro Foe Puts U.S. in an Awkward Spot New York Times
- ^ The Posada File. The Nation.
- ^ http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB157/index.htm National Security archives
- ^ http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0505/19/i_ins.01.html Jose Posada Carriles: Hero or Hardened Killer?.CNN.
- ^ "Posada "I'll kill Castro if it's the last thing I do"". Hartford Web Publishing (Republished).
- ^ http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0505/19/i_ins.01.html Jose Posada Carriles: Hero or Hardened Killer?.CNN.
- ^ http://www.robertscheer.com/1_natcolumn/98_columns/071498.htm A Startling Tale of U.S. Complicity.
- ^ No deportation for Cuban militant (BBC)
- ^ Judge throws out charges against anti-Castro militant cnn.com, May 8, 2007
- ^
Gareau, Frederick H. (2004). State Terrorism and the United States. London: Zed Books. pp. 16 & 166. ISBN 1-84277-535-9.
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(help) - ^ "Declassified Army and CIA Manuals". Latin American Working Group. Retrieved 2006-07-30.
- ^
Blum, William (2003). Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions since World War II. Noida, India: Zed Books. p. 290. ISBN 1-84277-369-0.
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(help) - ^ "Terrorism Debacles in the Reagan Administration". The Future of Freedom Foundation. Retrieved 2006-07-30.
- ^ The Guardian, 15 November 1984
- ^
Blum, William (2003). Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions since World War II. Noida, India: Zed Books. p. 293. ISBN 1-84277-369-0.
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(help) - ^ William Blum, p305
- ^ Official name: Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, 1984 ICJ REP. 392 June 27, 1986.
- ^ Morrison, Fred L. (January 1987). "Legal Issues in The Nicaragua Opinion". American Journal of International Law. 81: 160–166.
{{cite journal}}
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- ^ "On the War in Afghanistan Noam Chomsky interviewed by Pervez Hoodbhoy". chomsky.info. Retrieved 2006-07-30.
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- ^ "About Michael McClintock". Human Rights First. Retrieved 2007-07-03.
- ^ Michael McClintock. The American Connection Volume 2: State Terror and Popular Resistance in Guatemala. London: Zed Books Ltd., 1985, pp. 2, 32.
- ^ McClintock, American Connection, 32-33.
- ^ McClintock, American Connection, 33.
- ^ Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kinzer. Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala. New York: Doubleday, 1984, 241.
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- ^ Robert Parry. "History of Guatemala's 'Death Squads'". Retrieved 2007-06-23.
- ^ Michael Ratner. Civil Remedies for Gross Human Rights Violations
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- ^ http://harvardwarcriminals.blogspot.com/2007/05/hector-gramajo.html
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Gareau, Frederick H. (2004). State Terrorism and the United States. London: Zed Books. pp. pp22-25 and pp61-63. ISBN 1-84277-535-9.
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- ^ "Teaching democracy at the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation"
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- ^ "A Very British Coup", BBC Radio 4, 08-22-2005.
- ^ Shahrooz, Kaveh. "All The Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror" (Stephen Kinzer), Harvard Human Rights Journal, 08-01-2005.
- ^ Kinzer, Stephen (2003). All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror. John Wiley & Sons Inc. 0471265179.
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- ^ Floyd, Chris (2005). "Global Eye - Sword Play". The Moscow Times.
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ignored (help) - ^ Hans Depraetere and Jenny Dierickx, "La Guerre froide en Belgique" ("Cold War in Belgium") (EPO-Dossier, Anvers, 1986) Template:Fr icon
- ^ Selahattin Celik, Türkische Konterguerilla. Die Todesmaschinerie (Köln: Mesopotamien Verlag, 1999; see also Olüm Makinasi Türk Kontrgerillasi, 1995), quoting Cuneyit Arcayurek, Coups and the Secret Services, p.190
- ^ Pierre Abramovici and Gabriel Périès, La Grande Manipulation, éd. Hachette, 2006
- ^ "US 'supported anti-left terror in Italy'". The Guardian. 2000.
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- ^ http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2007ahrcinnews/1130/
- ^ http://www.asia-pacific-action.org/statements/2005/ran_noaid2militaryregimes_250505.htm
- ^ http://www.realityofaid.org/themeshow.php?id=11
- ^ http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/sanjuan180906.html
- ^ http://www.counterpunch.org/petras03172006.html
- ^ http://www.indcatholicnews.com/shayc218.html
- ^ http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/518/518%20roland%20g.%20simbulan.htm
- ^ http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/sanjuan180906.html
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- ^ http://www.bulatlat.com/news/6-27/6-27-war3.htm
- ^ http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engasa350062006
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- ^ http://lists.portside.org/cgi-bin/listserv/wa?A2=ind0602c&L=portside&P=2580
- ^ http://www.ahrchk.net/ahrc-in-news/mainfile.php/2006ahrcinnews/865/
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- ^ "Chavez: US is a terrorist state". Aljazeera. 2005.
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