m →Pre-Colombian era: replace with featured version |
2806:2f0:97a1:f35b:adcb:26d:689d:89d7 (talk) No edit summary Tag: Visual edit |
||
(833 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Short description|State of Mexico}} |
|||
{{otheruses}} |
|||
{{About|the Mexican state|the peninsula as a whole|Yucatán Peninsula|other uses|Yucatán (disambiguation)}} |
|||
{{Infobox Settlement |
|||
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}} |
|||
<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> |
|||
{{CS1 config|mode=cs1}} |
|||
<!-- Basic info ----------------> |
|||
{{expand Spanish|date=January 2023|topic=geo}} |
|||
|name = Yucatán |
|||
{{Infobox settlement |
|||
|other_name = |
|||
| |
| name = Yucatán |
||
| native_name = {{nativename|yua|Yúukatan}} |
|||
|nickname = Yucatán |
|||
| official_name = {{raise|0.2em|Free and Sovereign State of Yucatán}}<br />{{nobold|''Estado Libre y Soberano de Yucatán'' {{small|([[Mexican Spanish|Spanish]])}}}}<br />{{nobold|''U Péetluʼumil Yucatán'' {{small|([[Yucatec Maya language|Yucatec Maya]])}}}} |
|||
|settlement_type = [[Political divisions of Mexico|State]]<!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |
|||
| native_name_lang = |
|||
|motto = |
|||
| settlement_type = [[List of states of Mexico|State]] |
|||
<!-- images and maps -----------> |
|||
| image_shield = Coat of arms of Yucatan.svg |
|||
|image_skyline = |
|||
| |
| shield_size = 80px |
||
| image_flag = Flag of the Republic of Yucatan.svg <!--per https://elcronistayucatan.mx/2023/09/13/bandera-escudo-e-himno-yucatecos-ya-son-oficiales/ , but source is needed for official act from legislature--> |
|||
|image_caption = |
|||
| |
| flag_size = 120px |
||
| |
| flag_alt = [[Flag|Flag of the Republic of Yucatán]] |
||
| nickname = <br>''La Hermana República de Yucatán''<br><small>(''The sister Republic of Yucatán'')</small><ref>{{cite web |title=La bandera de Yucatán |url=http://www.yucatan.com.mx/especiales/banderadeyucatan/04040001.asp |publisher=Diario de Yucatán |access-date=August 30, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20091224160636/http://www.yucatan.com.mx/especiales/banderadeyucatan/04040001.asp |archive-date=December 24, 2009 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=La historia de la República de Yucatán |url=http://www.sobrino.net/Dzidzantun/la_historia_de_la_rep_yuc.htm |publisher=Portal Electronico de Dzidzantun Yucatán |access-date=August 30, 2010 |archive-date=June 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606142635/http://www.sobrino.net/Dzidzantun/la_historia_de_la_rep_yuc.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
|||
|image_seal = |
|||
| image_map = {{switcher | [[File:Yucatan in Mexico (location map scheme).svg|frameless]] | Location in Mexico | [[File:Conflicto Limitrofe Yucatan Campeche Quintana Roo.PNG|frameless]] | Yucatán and its neighbors: *[[Campeche]] *[[Quintana Roo]] }} |
|||
|seal_size = |
|||
| |
| map_caption = |
||
| coordinates = {{Coord|21.0|N|89.6|W|region:MX-YUC_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}} |
|||
|shield_size = 80px |
|||
| coor_pinpoint = |
|||
| coordinates_footnotes = |
|||
|image_map = Mexico map, MX-YUC.svg |
|||
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] |
|||
|mapsize = |
|||
| subdivision_name = [[Mexico]] |
|||
|map_caption = Location within Mexico |
|||
| subdivision_type1 = [[Capital city|Capital]]<br>{{nobold|and [[List of cities in Mexico|largest city]]}} |
|||
|image_map1 = |
|||
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]] |
|||
|mapsize1 = |
|||
| subdivision_type2 = [[Metropolitan area|Largest metro]] |
|||
|map_caption1 = |
|||
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mérida, Yucatán|Greater Mérida]] |
|||
|image_dot_map = |
|||
| subdivision_type3 = [[Municipalities of Mexico|Municipalities]] |
|||
|dot_mapsize = |
|||
| subdivision_name3 = [[Municipalities of Yucatán|106]] |
|||
|dot_map_caption = |
|||
| established_title = [[Sovereign state|Admission]] |
|||
|dot_x = |dot_y = |
|||
| established_date = December 23, 1823<ref name=diputaciones /><ref>{{cite book |author1=Nettie Lee Benson |author-link1=Nettie Lee Benson |author2=Colegio de México. Centro de Estudios Históricos |author3=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México |title=La diputación provincial y el federalismo mexicano |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_GK_-6deKIC&pg=PA227 |access-date=February 20, 2011 |year=1994 |publisher=UNAM |isbn=978-968-12-0586-7 |pages=227– |archive-date=October 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018194103/https://books.google.com/books?id=i_GK_-6deKIC&pg=PA227#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> |
|||
|pushpin_map = <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |
|||
| established_title2 = [[Territorial evolution of Mexico|Order]] |
|||
|pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |
|||
| established_date2 = [[Political divisions of Mexico#States|8th]]{{efn|Joined the federation under the name ''Federated Republic of Yucatán'', and included the modern states of Yucatán, [[Campeche]] and [[Quintana Roo]].}} |
|||
|pushpin_map_caption = |
|||
| |
| founder = |
||
| seat_type = |
|||
<!-- Location ------------------> |
|||
| |
| seat = |
||
| government_footnotes = |
|||
|subdivision_name = {{MEX}} |
|||
| |
| leader_party = |
||
| |
| leader_title = [[List of Mexican state governors|Governor]] |
||
| leader_name = [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|link= National Action Party (Mexico)|23px]] [[Mauricio Vila Dosal]] |
|||
|subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Mexico|Municipalities]] |
|||
| leader_title1 = [[Senate of Mexico|Senators]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Senadores por Yucatán LXIV y LXV Legislatura |url=http://www.senado.gob.mx/64/senadores/por_entidad_federativa/yucatan#info |publisher=Senado de la República |access-date=March 24, 2019 |archive-date=June 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615132528/http://www.senado.gob.mx/64/senadores/por_entidad_federativa/yucatan#info |url-status=live }}</ref> |
|||
|subdivision_name2 = [[#Municipalities|106]] |
|||
| leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[File:PRI logo (Mexico).svg|link=Institutional Revolutionary Party |23px]] [[Jorge Carlos Ramírez Marín]]<br />[[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|link=Morena (political party) |23px]] [[Verónica Noemí Camino Farjat|Verónica Camino Farjat]]<br />[[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|link=Morena (political party) |23px]] [[Raúl Paz Alonzo]]}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Les comparto este importante mensaje |url=https://twitter.com/RaulPazMx/status/1572383151477096451 |publisher=Raúl Paz |access-date=September 21, 2022 |archive-date=September 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921053913/https://twitter.com/RaulPazMx/status/1572383151477096451 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
|||
|subdivision_type3 = <!-- [[List of cities in Mexico|Largest City]] --> |
|||
| leader_title2 = [[Chamber of Deputies of Mexico|Deputies]] |
|||
|subdivision_name3 = |
|||
| |
| leader_name2 = {{Collapsible list |
||
|title = [[LXV Legislature of the Mexican Congress#Chamber of Deputies 2|Federal Deputies]] |
|||
|subdivision_name4 = |
|||
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |
|||
<!-- Politics -----------------> |
|||
|title_style = <!-- (optional) --> |
|||
|government_footnotes = |
|||
|list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |
|||
|government_type = |
|||
|1 = {{nowrap|• [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|link= National Action Party (Mexico)|23px]] [[Sergio Chalé Cauich]] ([[I Federal Electoral District of Yucatán|1st]])}} |
|||
|leader_title =[[List of Mexican state governors|Governor]] |
|||
|2 = {{nowrap|• [[File:Logo Partido Verde (México).svg|link= Ecologist Green Party of Mexico|23px]] [[Mario Xavier Peraza Ramírez]] ([[II Federal Electoral District of Yucatán|2nd]])}} |
|||
|leader_name =[[Ivonne Ortega Pacheco]] [[Institutional Revolutionary Party|PRI]] |
|||
|3 = {{nowrap|• [[File:Morena logo (Mexico).svg|link= Morena (political party)|23px]] [[Rommel Pacheco]] ([[III Federal Electoral District of Yucatán|3rd]])}} |
|||
|leader_title1 = [[Chamber of Deputies of Mexico|Federal Deputies]] |
|||
| |
|4 = {{nowrap|• [[File:PAN Party (Mexico).svg|link= National Action Party (Mexico)|23px]] [[Beatriz Zavala]] ([[IV Federal Electoral District of Yucatán|4th]])}} |
||
|5 = {{nowrap|• [[File:Logo Partido Verde (México).svg|link= Ecologist Green Party of Mexico |23px]] [[Consuelo del Carmen Navarrete Navarro]] ([[V Federal Electoral District of Yucatán|5th]])}} |
|||
|leader_title2 =[[Senate of Mexico|Federal Senators]] |
|||
}} |
|||
|leader_name2 = [[Beatriz Zavala Peniche]] (PAN)<br>[[Alfredo Rodríguez y Pacheco|Alfredo Rodríguez]] (PAN)<br>[[Cleominio Zoreda Novelo|Cleominio Zoreda]] (PRI) |
|||
| |
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> |
||
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Resumen |url=http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/coah/default.aspx?tema=me&e=05 |publisher=Cuentame INEGI |access-date=February 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419033226/http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/coah/default.aspx?tema=me&e=05 |archive-date=April 19, 2013 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> |
|||
|leader_name3 = |
|||
| area_total_km2 = 39524 |
|||
|leader_title4 = |
|||
| |
| area_land_km2 = |
||
| area_water_km2 = |
|||
|established_title = <!-- Settled --> |
|||
| area_water_percent = |
|||
|established_date = |
|||
| area_note = [[List of Mexican states by area|Ranked 20th]] |
|||
|established_title2 = |
|||
| elevation_max_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Relieve |url=http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/yuc/territorio/relieve.aspx?tema=me&e=31 |publisher=Cuentame INEGI |access-date=October 20, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723192253/http://cuentame.inegi.gob.mx/monografias/informacion/yuc/territorio/relieve.aspx?tema=me&e=31 |archive-date=July 23, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> |
|||
|established_date2 = |
|||
| elevation_max_m = 210 |
|||
|established_title3 = |
|||
| elevation_max_ft = |
|||
|established_date3 = |
|||
| elevation_min_m = |
|||
<!-- Area ---------------------> |
|||
| elevation_min_ft = |
|||
|area_magnitude = |
|||
| population_footnotes = <ref name="México en cifras">{{Cite web |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/areasgeograficas/#tabMCcollapse-Indicadores |title=México en cifras |date=January 2016 |access-date=January 26, 2021 |archive-date=July 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718104723/https://www.inegi.org.mx/app/areasgeograficas/#tabMCcollapse-Indicadores |url-status=live }}</ref> |
|||
|unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |
|||
| population_total = 2,320,898 |
|||
|area_footnotes =</br> [[List of Mexican states by area|Ranked 20th]] |
|||
| population_as_of = 2020 |
|||
|area_total_km2 = 38402<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |
|||
| population_density_km2 = auto |
|||
|area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |
|||
| population_density_rank = [[List of Mexican states by population density|17th]] |
|||
|area_water_km2 = |
|||
| population_demonym = Yucateco (a) |
|||
|area_total_sq_mi = |
|||
| population_note = |
|||
|area_land_sq_mi = |
|||
| population_rank = [[List of Mexican states by population|21st]] |
|||
|area_water_sq_mi = |
|||
| demographics_type2 = GDP |
|||
|area_water_percent = |
|||
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.banamex.com/sitios/analisis-financiero/pdf/revistas//IRAE/IRAE2023.pdf|title=Indicadores Regionales de Actividad Económica 2023|author=Citibanamex|language=es|date=June 13, 2023|access-date=August 13, 2023}}</ref> |
|||
|area_urban_km2 = |
|||
| demographics2_title1 = Total |
|||
|area_urban_sq_mi = |
|||
| demographics2_info1 = MXN 428 billion<br />(US$21.3 billion) (2022) |
|||
|area_metro_km2 = |
|||
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita |
|||
|area_metro_sq_mi = |
|||
| demographics2_info2 = (US$8,996) (2022) |
|||
|area_blank1_title = |
|||
| |
| timezone1 = [[Central Time Zone|CST]] |
||
| |
| utc_offset1 = −6 |
||
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Mexico|Postal code]] |
|||
<!-- Population -----------------------> |
|||
| |
| postal_code = 97 |
||
| area_code_type = [[Area code]] |
|||
|population_footnotes = |
|||
| |
| area_code = {{Collapsible list |
||
| |
|title = [[Area codes in Mexico by code (900-999)|Area codes]] |
||
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |
|||
|population_density_km2 = |
|||
|title_style = <!-- (optional) --> |
|||
|population_density_sq_mi = |
|||
|list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |
|||
|population_metro = |
|||
|1 = • 969 |
|||
|population_density_metro_km2 = |
|||
|2 = • 985 |
|||
|population_density_metro_sq_mi = |
|||
| |
|3 = • 986 |
||
|4 = • 988 |
|||
|population_density_urban_km2 = |
|||
|5 = • 991 |
|||
|population_density_urban_sq_mi = |
|||
| |
|6 = • 997 |
||
| |
|7 = • 999 |
||
}} |
|||
|population_density_blank1_km2 = |
|||
| iso_code = MX-YUC |
|||
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |
|||
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] |
|||
<!-- General information ---------------> |
|||
| blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.752 <span style="color:#0c0;">high</span> <small>[[List of Mexican states by HDI|Ranked 19th of 32]]</small> |
|||
| timezone = [[Central Standard Time|CST]] |
|||
| website = {{URL|http://www.yucatan.gob.mx/|Official website}} |
|||
| utc_offset = -6 |
|||
| timezone_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]] |
|||
| utc_offset_DST = -5 |
|||
|latd= |latm= |lats= |latNS= |
|||
|longd= |longm= |longs= |longEW= |
|||
|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> tags--> |
|||
|elevation_m = |
|||
|elevation_ft = |
|||
<!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |
|||
|postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |
|||
|postal_code = |
|||
|area_code = |
|||
|blank_name =[[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2004) |
|||
|blank_info =0.7778 - <span style="color:#fc0">medium</span><br>[[List of Mexican states by HDI|Ranked 19th]] |
|||
|blank1_name =[[ISO 3166-2]] |
|||
|blank1_info =MX-YUC |
|||
|blank2_name =Postal abbr. |
|||
|blank2_info =Yuc. |
|||
|blank3_name = |
|||
|blank3_info = |
|||
|website = http://www.yucatan.gob.mx |
|||
|footnotes = |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
'''Yucatán''' is one of the [[States of Mexico|31 states]] of [[Mexico]], located on the north of the [[Yucatán Peninsula]]. The term ''the Yucatán'' is incorrect usage, as would be the term ''the Florida''. The Yucatan peninsula includes the three Mexican states: Yucatán, [[Campeche]], and [[Quintana Roo]]; all three modern states were formerly part of the larger historic state of Yucatán in the 19th century. The state capital of Yucatán is [[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]]. |
|||
'''Yucatán''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|j|uː|k|ə|ˈ|t|ɑː|n}},<ref name="Collins">{{cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/yucatan |title=Yucatán |work=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |access-date=26 July 2019 |archive-date=July 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726172308/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/yucatan |url-status=live }}</ref> <small>also</small> {{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|j|ʊ|k|-}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Yucat%C3%A1n |title=Yucatán |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|-|ˈ|t|æ|n|,_|ˌ|j|uː|k|ɑː|ˈ|t|ɑː|n}},<ref name="Collins"/><ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Yucatán |access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Yucatán|access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref> {{IPA-es|ɟʝukaˈtan|lang| Yucatán.ogg}}; {{lang-yua|Yúukatan}} {{IPA-myn|ˈjúːkatan|}}), officially the '''Estado Libre y Soberano de Yucatán''' ({{lang-en|Free and Sovereign State of Yucatán}}),{{efn|{{lang-es|link=no|Estado Libre y Soberano de Yucatán}}; {{lang-yua|link=no|U Péetluʼumil Yucatán}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U Noj Aʼalmajtʼaanil U Péetluʼumil Yucatán |trans-title=Political Constitution of the State of Yucatán |url=https://www.tsjyuc.gob.mx/pdf/ConstitucionYucMaya.pdf |access-date=2023-10-18 |language=yua |format=PDF |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405120655/https://www.tsjyuc.gob.mx/pdf/ConstitucionYucMaya.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}} is one of the 31 states which, along with [[Mexico City]], constitute the 32 [[Political divisions of Mexico|federal entities]] of [[Mexico]]. It comprises 106 separate [[Municipalities of Yucatán|municipalities]], and its capital city is [[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]]. |
|||
==Geography== |
|||
The State of Yucatán is located on the [[Yucatán Peninsula]]. It borders the states of [[Campeche (state)|Campeche]] to the southwest, [[Quintana Roo]] to the east and southeast, and the [[Gulf of Mexico]] to the north and west. As a whole, the state is extremely flat with little or no topographic variation. The exception are the [[Puuc]] hills, located in the southern portion of the state. |
|||
It is located on the northern part of the [[Yucatán Peninsula]]. It is bordered by the states of [[Campeche]] to the southwest and [[Quintana Roo]] to the southeast, with the [[Gulf of Mexico]] off its northern coast. |
|||
==Government and politics== |
|||
The Constitution of the State of Yucatán provides that the [[government]] of Yucatán, like the government of every other state in Mexico, consists of three [[political power|powers]]: the [[executive (government)|executive]], the [[legislature|legislative]] and the [[judiciary]]. |
|||
Before the arrival of [[Conquistador|Spaniards]], the peninsula was a very important region for the [[Maya civilization]], which reached the peak of its development here, where the Maya founded the cities of [[Chichen Itza]], [[Izamal]], [[Motul, Yucatán|Motul]], [[Mayapan]], [[Ek' Balam]], and [[Ichkanzihóo]] (also called T'ho), now Mérida. |
|||
Executive power rests in the [[governor of Yucatán]], who is directly elected by the citizens, using a secret ballot, to a 6-year term with no possibility of reelection. Legislative power rests in the [[Congress of Yucatán]] which is a [[unicameral legislature]] composed of 25 deputies. Judicial power is invested in the Superior Court of Justice of Yucatán. |
|||
After the [[Spanish conquest of Yucatán]] (early 16th to late 17th centuries), the Yucatán peninsula became a single administrative and political entity, the [[Captaincy General of Yucatán]]. Following Mexican independence in 1821 the local Governor proclaimed independence. Yucatán became part of the [[First Mexican Empire]] in December 1821. After the collapse of the Empire in March 1823, the [[Republic of Yucatan#Federal pact with Mexico|first Republic of Yucatán]] (founded in May 1823) voluntarily negotiated annexation to the [[First Mexican Republic|Federal Republic of United Mexican States]] on December 21, 1823. On March 16, 1841, as a result of cultural and political conflicts around the federal pact, Yucatán declared its independence from Mexico. forming a second [[Republic of Yucatán]]. Eventually on July 14, 1848, Yucatán was forced to rejoin Mexico. In 1858, in the middle of the [[Caste War of Yucatán]], the state of Yucatán was divided for the first time, establishing [[Campeche]] as a separate state (officially in 1863). During the [[Porfiriato]], in 1902, the state of Yucatán was divided again to form the Federal territory that later became the present state of [[Quintana Roo]]. |
|||
The most recent local election in Yucatán was held on [[May 20]], [[2007]]. (''See main article: [[Yucatán state election, 2007]].'') |
|||
== Etymology == |
|||
{{ |
{{See also|Yucatán Peninsula#Etymology}} |
||
Before the arrival of [[Conquistador|Spaniards]] in the Yucatán Peninsula, the name of this region was ''Mayab''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=de San Buenaventura |first1=Joseph |title=Historias de la conquista del Mayab, 1511–1697 |year=1994 |isbn=968-6843-59-0 |page=183 |publisher=Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas}}</ref> In the [[Yucatec Maya]] language, ''mayab'' means "flat",<ref>{{cite book |last=Bricker |first=Victoria |year=1998 |title=Dictionary Of The Maya Language: As Spoken in Hocabá, Yucatán |publisher=University of Utah Press |page=181 |isbn=978-0874805697}}</ref> and is the source of the word "Maya" itself. |
|||
The State of Yucatán is divided into 106 municipalities, each headed by a [[municipal president]] (mayor). Usually municipalities are named after the city that serves as municipal seat; e.g. the municipal seat of the Municipality of Mérida is the City of [[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]]. |
|||
The name Yucatán, also assigned to the [[Yucatán peninsula|peninsula]], came from early explorations of the [[Conquistadors]] from Europe. Three different explanations for the origin of the name have been proposed. |
|||
==Major communities== |
|||
*[[Hunucmá]] |
|||
*[[Kanasín]] |
|||
*[[Maxcanú]] |
|||
*[[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]] |
|||
*[[Motul|Motul de Carrillo Puerto]] |
|||
*[[Oxkutzcab]] |
|||
*[[Progreso, Yucatán|Progreso]] |
|||
*[[Tekax|Tekax de Álvaro Obregón]] |
|||
*[[Ticul]] |
|||
*[[Tizimín]] |
|||
*[[Umán]] |
|||
*[[Valladolid, Yucatán|Valladolid]] |
|||
The first two state that the name resulted from confusion between the [[Maya people|Mayan inhabitants]] and the first Spanish explorers around 1517: |
|||
== Food == |
|||
* According to one of them, Spaniards gave the name of Yucatán to the region because the Maya answered their questions with the phrase ''uh yu ka t'ann'', which in the [[Yucatec Maya language|Maya language]] means ''hear how they talk''. |
|||
Yucatecan food is its own unique style and is very different from what most people would consider "Mexican" food. It includes influences from the local Mayan culture, as well as Caribbean, Mexican, European (French) and Middle Eastern cultures. |
|||
* It is also said that it came from the answer of an indigenous Maya to the question of a Spanish explorer, who wanted to know the name of the region. The Maya probably replied ''Ma'anaatik ka t'ann'' which means in the Maya language ''I do not understand your speech'' or ''I do not understand you''. |
|||
Probably the first person to propose the "I do not understand" version was the friar [[Toribio de Benavente|Toribio de Benavente Motolinía]]. In his book ''Historia de los indios de la Nueva España'' (''History of the Indians of New Spain'') he says |
|||
There are many regional dishes. Some of them are: |
|||
<blockquote>because talking with those Indians of the coast, whatever the Spanish asked the Indians responded: ''Tectetán, Tectetán'' which means ''I don't understand you, I don't understand you''; they corrupted the word, and not understanding what the Indians said, they said: ''Yucatán is the name of this land''; and the same happened in a place, a cape, which they also called [[Cabo Catoche|Cape Cotoch]]; and ''Cotoch'' in that language means ''house''.<ref>{{Harvard citation|de Motolinía|1858|p=196|sp=yes}}</ref></blockquote> |
|||
The third proposed explanation comes from [[Bernal Díaz del Castillo]]. In his book ''[[Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España]]'' (''True History of the Conquest of New Spain''), he says ''Yucatá'' means "land of [[Cassava|yucas]]",<ref>{{Harvard citation|Díaz del Castillo|2005|p=22|sp=yes}}</ref> a plant that was cultivated by the Maya and was an important food source for them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.menendezymenendez.com/2007/09/cmo-se-alimentaron-las-multitudes-mayas.html |title=¿Cómo se alimentaban los mayas? |access-date=May 4, 2010 |archive-date=June 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615151253/http://www.menendezymenendez.com/2007/09/cmo-se-alimentaron-las-multitudes-mayas.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |
|||
<li>''Poc Chuc'', a Mayan/Yucateco version of barbecued pork. |
|||
<li>''Salbutes and Panuchos''. Salbutes are soft, cooked tortillas with lettuce, tomato, turkey and avocado on top. Panuchos feature fried tortillas filled with black beans, and topped with turkey or chicken, lettuce, avocado and pickled onions. [[Habanero]] chiles accompany most dishes, either in solid or purée form, along with fresh limes and corn tortillas. |
|||
<li>''Queso Relleno'' is a "gourmet" dish featuring ground pork inside of a carved edam cheese ball served with tomato sauce |
|||
<li>''Pavo en Relleno Negro'' is turkey meat stew cooked with a black paste made from roasted chiles, a local version of the mole de guajalote found throughout Mexico. The meat soaked in the black soup is also served in tacos, sandwiches and even in panuchos or salbutes. |
|||
<li>''Sopa de Lima'' A turkey, lime and tortilla soup. |
|||
<li>''Papadzules''. Egg "tacos" bathed with Pumpkin Seed sauce and Tomatoes. |
|||
<li>''[[Cochinita pibil|Cochinita Pibil]]'' is a marinated pork dish and by far the most renowned from the yucatecan food. |
|||
== History == |
== History == |
||
=== Pre-Colombian era === |
|||
[[Image:El Castillo Stitch 2008 Edit 2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[El Castillo]] at [[Chichen Itza]], one of the most impressive Mayan ruins on the Yucatán.]] |
|||
{{main|Maya civilization}} |
|||
{{further|[[Mesoamerican chronology]]}} |
|||
Before the arrival of the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] in the area, Yucatán was the home of the [[Maya civilization]], and in particular the Yucatecan [[Maya people]]. [[archaeological site|Archaeological remains]] show ceremonial [[Mesoamerican architecture|architecture]] dating back some 3000 years; some [[Maya hieroglyphics|Maya hieroglyphic]] inscriptions found in the area date back to the Maya [[Mesoamerican chronology|Preclassic period]] ([[200]] [[Before Christ|B.C.]]). Maya cities of Yucatán continued to flourish after the [[Geography of Mesoamerica#Maya Region|central and southern lowland]] [[Mesoamerican chronology|Classic period]] Maya cities collapsed ([[circa|c]]. [[Anno Domini|A.D.]] [[900]]), including the [[Puuc]] flouresence during the [[Mesoamerican chronology|Terminal Classic]], the rise of [[Chichen Itza]] at roughly the same time, and the subsequent rise of other sites, such as [[Mayapan]], during the [[Mesoamerican chronology|Postclassic]]. Several sites continued to be occupied up to and beyond the [[Spanish conquest of Yucatán|16th century arrival of the Spanish]]. The ruins of well over a hundred Maya sites of varying sizes can still be found on the peninsula, such as [[Chichen Itza]] and [[Uxmal]], though most sites have not been extensively investigated. Other important ancient Maya cities were built over by the Spanish, and their sites are still occupied today, such as [[Izamal]] (''Itsmal'' in Yucatecan Maya) and Mérida (''T'ho'' in Yucatecan Maya). |
|||
=== |
=== Pre-Columbian era === |
||
[[File:Chichen-Itza-Castillo-Seen-From-East.JPG|thumb|220px|[[El Castillo, Chichen Itza|Temple of Kukulcan]] in [[Chichén Itzá]], locally called "El Castillo".]] |
|||
{{main|Spanish conquest of Yucatán}} |
|||
{{Main|Maya civilization}} |
|||
:''See also: [[Archdiocese of Yucatán]]''. |
|||
{{See also|Itzamna|Chichen Itza}} |
|||
According to [[Hernan Cortes]]' first letter ([[Cartas de relacion]]) to the King of Spain, "Yucatan" represents a mis-naming of the land by his political antagonist [[Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar|Diego Velazquez]]. Cortes alleges that when Velazquez initially landed in Yucatan and asked about the name of the well-populated land, the indigenous people answered, "We don't understand your language." This was supposedly rendered as Yucatan by the Spaniards, who were unfamiliar with the phonetics of Mayan. However, there was political antagonism between Cortes and Velazquez, and this story evidently represents an attempt to defame Velazquez. The actual source of the name "Yucatan" is the [[Nahuatl language|Nahuatl]] (Aztec) word ''Yokatlān'', "place of richness." |
|||
The origin of the first settlements has not been scientifically confirmed, although the presence of first humans in the area dates from the late [[Pleistocene]] or [[Quaternary glaciation|ice age]] (about 10,000–12,000 years), according to the findings in the [[Loltun Cave|Loltún caves]] and caverns of [[Tulum]] (Women of the Palms).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://especiales.yucatan.com.mx/especiales/rutapuuc/lol-tun_historia.asp |title=La Ruta Puuc |access-date=May 4, 2010 |author=Diario de Yucatán |date=January 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100330015616/http://especiales.yucatan.com.mx/especiales/rutapuuc/lol-tun_historia.asp |archive-date=March 30, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> |
|||
The first Maya moved to the Peninsula circa 250 CE, from the [[Petén Basin|Petén]] (today northern [[Guatemala]]), to settle the southeastern peninsula in the modern [[Bacalar, Quintana Roo]].<ref>{{Harvard citation|Silva|2006|p=62|sp=sí}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation|de Landa|1984|p=19|sp=sí}}</ref> In 525, the [[Chané people|Chanés]] (Mayan tribe that preceded the [[Itza people|Itza]]), moved to the east of the peninsula, founding [[Chichén Itzá]], [[Izamal]], [[Motul, Yucatán|Motul]], [[Ek' Balam]], [[T'Hó|Ichcaanzihó]] (modern Mérida) and [[Champotón, Campeche|Champotón]].<ref name="MSolís33">{{Harvard citation|Molina Solís|1896|p=33|sp=yes}}</ref> Later, [[Tutul Xiues|Tutul Xiúes]], [[Toltec]] descent, who came from the coast of the [[Gulf of Mexico]], settled in the region causing displacement of the Itza and Cocomes—a diversified branch of Itzá—and finally, after years and many battles, the [[League of Mayapan]] (composed of the Itza, the Xiús and Cocomes) was formed, which eventually disintegrated circa 1194,<ref>{{Harvard citation|Molina Solís|1896|p=10|sp=sí}}</ref> giving way to a period of anarchy and fragmentation into small domains which the Spanish conquistadors found in the 16th century.<ref>{{Harvard citation|Silva|2006|p=63|sp=sí}}</ref> |
|||
The conquest of the Maya city-states took decades of long fighting. |
|||
=== Exploration by Spanish soldiers === |
|||
African slaves brought by the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] also played a major role <!--how so? explain--> during Yucatan conquest, many of them declaring themselves free after a revolt led by [[Gaspar Yanga]] took place. A lot of the freed slaves settled in small towns called [[Palenque (village)|Palenques]] and declared themselves independent. They also interacted with the indigenous Maya mixing both cultures in to what is now know as [[Zambo]] or [[Afro-indigenous]] ancestry. {{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
|||
In 1513, [[Juan Ponce de León]] had already conquered the island of Borinquén (now [[Puerto Rico]]) and had visited Florida.<ref>{{cite web |author=Peck, Douglas T |title=Misconceptions and Myths Related to the Fountain of Youth and Juan Ponce de Leon's 1513 Exploration Voyage |url=http://www.newworldexplorersinc.org/FountainofYouth.pdf |publisher=New World Explorers, Inc |access-date=May 5, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409062720/http://www.newworldexplorersinc.org/FountainofYouth.pdf |archive-date=April 9, 2008 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[Antón de Alaminos]], who was with Ponce de León on this latest discovery, suspected that west of [[Cuba]] they could find new land. Under their influence, [[Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar]], supported by the governor of Cuba, organized an expedition commanded by [[Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)|Francisco Hernández de Córdoba]] to explore the seas west of the island.<ref>{{Harvard citation|López de Cogolludo|2007|p=21|sp=sí}}</ref> |
|||
This expedition sailed from port of Ajaruco on February 8, 1517, to [[La Habana]] and after circling the island and sailing southwest by what is now known as the [[Yucatán Channel]], the expedition made landfall at the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] on March 1. There are discrepancies about where the first explorers arrived. Some say it was in [[Isla Mujeres]]. [[Bernal Díaz del Castillo]] places it at [[Cabo Catoche]], where they saw a great city which they named the «Gran Cairo».<ref>{{Harvard citation|López de Cogolludo|2007|p=22|sp=sí}}</ref> |
|||
Three Spanish expeditions explored the coastal areas of Yucatan from 1517 to 1519, but no major effort was made to conquer the country until 1527 when the first expedition under [[Francisco de Montejo]] landed with Spanish crown authority to conquer and colonize Yucatán. While the chiefs of some states quickly pledged allegiance to the Spanish crown, others waged war against the Spanish. Montejo was forced to retreat from Yucatán in 1528. He came back with a large force in 1531, briefly established a capital at Chichén Itzá, but was again driven from the land in 1535. Montejo turned over his rights to his son, also named Francisco, who invaded Yucatán with a large force in 1540. In 1542 the younger Montejo set up his capital in the Maya city of T'ho, which he renamed [[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]]. The lord (also known as Tutul Xiu in the [[Yucatec Maya language]]) of Mani converted to [[Roman Catholicism]] and became an ally, which greatly assisted in the conquest of the rest of the peninsula. When the Spanish and Xiu defeated an army of the combined forces of the states of eastern Yucatán in 1546, the conquest was officially complete. |
|||
=== Spanish conquest === |
|||
As of 1564 Yucatan became a [[captaincy|captaincy general]] and from 1786 an [[Intendente|''intendencia'']], as a result of the [[Bourbon Reforms]] in the administration of the Indies. |
|||
{{Main|Spanish conquest of Yucatán}} |
|||
The conquest of Yucatán was completed two decades after the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]]; by [[Francisco de Montejo|Francisco de Montejo "el Adelantado"]], his son [[Francisco de Montejo y León (el Mozo)|Francisco de Montejo y León "el Mozo"]] and his nephew, [[Francisco de Montejo (the Nephew)|Francisco de Montejo "el Sobrino"]]. ''El Adelantado'' was in the expedition of [[Juan de Grijalva]] and was with [[Hernán Cortés]] in the third expedition that eventually became the Conquest of the Aztec Empire.<ref>{{Harvard citation|López de Cogolludo|2007|p=68|sp=yes}}</ref> He was subsequently appointed for the conquest of the Maya of Yucatán, but failed in his first attempt in 1527–28. In 1529 he was appointed Governor of [[Tabasco]], with the order to pacify Tabasco and conquer Yucatán and [[Cozumel]]. |
|||
The Spaniards were granted land and natives to work it for their benefit. Priests and monks set to bringing the population into the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. The first [[bishop]] of Yucatán, [[Diego de Landa]], burned all the [[Maya codices|Maya books]] that could be located (saying "they contained nothing but the lies of the [[Devil]]") and suppressed any remnants of pagan beliefs with such vigour that he was for a time recalled to Spain to answer charges of improper harshness. The book he wrote (in the [[1560s]]) in his defense, ''Relación de las cosas de Yucatán'' ("Relation of the Things of Yucatán"), is one of the single-most detailed accounts of Yucatán and of indigenous life from the time of the Conquest. Segments of this work would much later prove to be of instrumental value in the much-later [[decipherment]] of the pre-Columbian Maya [[writing system]]. |
|||
From Tabasco, Montejo led a new campaign to Yucatán from the west (1531–35) and failed again in his attempt for conquest. Circa 1535, after many bloody battles with the natives, he reached the complete pacification of the Province of Tabasco and began planning his new foray to Yucatán. |
|||
While the Maya embraced [[Christianity]], many took it on as an addition to rather than a replacement of pre-Columbian beliefs, and some Christian Maya continue to offer prayers to the ancient agricultural deities in addition to the Christian God and saints. |
|||
''El Adelantado'' was appointed governor of [[Honduras]] and then of [[Chiapas]]. Therefore, he gave his son "El Mozo", the mission to consummate the conquest of Yucatán. Francisco de Montejo y León "el Mozo" founded the cities of [[Campeche, Campeche|San Francisco de Campeche]] on October 4, 1540, and [[Mérida (Yucatán)|Mérida]] on January 6, 1542 (in honor of [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]], Extremadura). The city of Mérida was founded over the ruins of the Mayan city of [[Ichkanzihóo]] (T'ho) and the stones of old Mayan pyramids were used for the new buildings. Later, government powers were changed from ''Santa María de la Victoria'', Tabasco, to Mérida on June 11, 1542.<ref>{{Harvard citation|Ancona|1878|p=6|sp=yes}}</ref> The newly founded Mérida was besieged by the Mayan troops of [[Nachi Cocom]] (overlord or 'Halach uinik' in [[Yucatec Maya language|Mayan language]]). It was a definitive battle for the Conquest of Yucatán. With that victory, the Spaniards consolidated their control of the western part of the peninsula. |
|||
There were periodic native revolts against Spanish rule, including a large one led by Can Ek in 1761. |
|||
Francisco de Montejo "El Adelantado" appointed his nephew, Francisco de Montejo "el Sobrino", to head the conquest of the eastern Yucatán, which was achieved after many bloody battles, ending with the foundation of the city of [[Valladolid, Yucatán|Valladolid]] on May 28, 1543. |
|||
=== Independence and the turbulent 1840s === |
|||
=== Canek rebellion, during the colonial Yucatán === |
|||
In February 1821, Mexico achieved independence from Spain. On [[2 November]] of that year, Yucatán became part of independent Mexico. The State of Yucatán at that time included the territory of what is now the states of Campeche and Quintana Roo as well. |
|||
{{Main|Jacinto Canek}} |
|||
Oppressive policies of inequality and prejudice were imposed on the native [[Maya peoples|Maya]] by the Spanish colonial government. In November 1761, [[Jacinto Canek]], a Mayan from the town of Cisteil (now located in [[Yaxcabá Municipality]]), led an armed uprising against the government, which was quickly put down. Captured insurgents were taken to [[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]], where they were tried and tortured. As a warning to the population against rebellion, Cisteil was burned and covered with salt. |
|||
This abortive rebellion was not of great consequence to the colonial regime, but it marked the history of the peninsula and clearly delineated anti-colonial tensions in the region. The uprising was a precursor to the social upheaval that would explode less than a century later, as the [[Caste War of Yucatán|Caste War]]. The Canek rebellion is remembered today as a symbol of the racial and social conflict that predominated for centuries in the Spanish colonies. |
|||
In 1835, a conservative unitary system of government was instituted in Mexico (a centralized dictatorship unconstitutionally brought forth and held by the then-President: Santa Anna). Yucatán became a department, and authority was imposed from the center. Discontent increased and an insurrection erupted in [[Tizimín]] in May 1838, advocating Yucatecan independence. In 1840, the local Congress approved a declaration of independence of Yucatán. At first, Governor [[Santiago Méndez]] blocked it, saying that Yucatán would again recognize the rule of the central government in Mexico City if the [[1824 Constitution of Mexico|Mexican Constitution of 1824]] were reinstated. [[Andrés Quintana Roo]], sent to Mérida in 1841 by President [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]], succeeded in settling the differences and signed a treaty with the local government. [[Image:Republic of Yucatan flag.svg|right|thumb|150px|Flag of the Republic of Yucatán]] But when Santa Anna later ignored the provisions of this treaty, hostilities resumed, and Governor Méndez ordered all Mexican [[flag]]s removed from Yucatecan buildings and shipping in favor of the flag of the "sovereign nation of the Republic of Yucatán", two red and one white stripe, with a [[quincunx]] of stars in a green field. The Yucatecan Constitution was modeled in part on the 1824 Mexican Constitution and the Yucatán state constitution of 1825. |
|||
=== Yucatán in independent Mexico === |
|||
Santa Anna refused to recognize Yucatán's independence, and he barred Yucatecan ships and commerce in Mexico and ordered Yucatán's ports blockaded. He sent an army to invade Yucatán in 1843. The Yucatecans defeated the Mexican force, but the loss of economic ties to Mexico deeply hurt Yucatecan commerce. Yucatán's governor [[Miguel Barbachano]] decided to use the victory as a time to negotiate with Santa Anna's government from a position of strength. It was agreed that Yucatán would rejoin Mexico so long as various assurances of right to self-rule and adherence to the 1825 Constitution within the Peninsula were observed by Mexico City. The treaty reincorporating Yucatán into Mexico was signed in December 1843. |
|||
[[File:Political divisions of Mexico 1824 (location map scheme).svg|thumb|220px|right|Yucatán in Mexico, 1824.]] |
|||
{{Main|Mexican War of Independence}} |
|||
Because of its geographical remoteness from the center of [[New Spain]], especially from [[Mexico City]], Yucatán was not militarily affected by the Mexican War of Independence, though the influence was felt in other ways. In 1820 Lorenzo de Zavala, member of Sanjuanistas (a group of creoles who met at the church of San Juan in downtown Mérida), created the ''Patriotic Confederation'', which eventually divided into two groups: the supporters of the Spanish government under the [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|Cádiz Constitution]] and another led by Zavala, which sought outright independence from Spain. Mariano Carrillo Albornoz then Governor of Yucatán, sent Zavala and Manuel García Sosa as deputies of the [[Cortes of Cádiz]] to [[Madrid]], while the other liberals were imprisoned. While this was happening in Yucatán, the [[Plan of Iguala]] was proclaimed in the current state of [[Guerrero]] (at that time part of the Intendency of Mexico). |
|||
On September 15, 1821, in the Hall of Councils of the City of Mérida, Yucatán declared its independence from Spain.<ref>{{cite news |title=Datos de Interes |url=http://www.merida.gob.mx/historia/datos.html |language=es |access-date=April 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716104004/http://www.merida.gob.mx/historia/datos.html |archive-date=July 16, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Almost immediately, Governor Juan María Echeverri sent two representatives to negotiate the incorporation of Yucatán into the [[First Mexican Empire|Mexican Empire]]. The incorporation took place on November 2, 1821.<ref>Jaime Oroza Diaz (1982) ''Historia de Yucatán'', Ed. UADY, {{ISBN|968-6160-00-0}}</ref> |
|||
Once more, the central government rescinded earlier concessions and in 1845 Yucatán again renounced the Mexican government, declaring independence effective [[1 January]] [[1846]]. When the [[Mexican-American War]] broke out, Yucatán declared its neutrality. |
|||
==== Republic of Yucatán ==== |
|||
In 1847 the so-called "[[Caste War of Yucatan|Caste War]]" (''Guerra de Castas'') broke out, a major revolt of the [[Maya people]] against the Hispanic population in political and economic control. At one point in 1848, this revolt was successful to the point of driving all Hispanic Yucatecans out of almost the entire peninsula other than the walled cities of Mérida and Campeche. |
|||
{{Main|Republic of Yucatán}} |
|||
The Mexican Empire was quickly overthrown (1823) under the [[Plan of Casa Mata]], and the provinces of the erstwhile empire became independent states. The first Republic of Yucatán, declared on May 29, 1823, joined the Federal Republic of the [[United Mexican States]] as the '''Federated Republic of Yucatán''' on December 23, 1823.<ref name=diputaciones>{{cite news |title=Las Diputaciones Provinciales |url=http://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx/libros/6/2920/11.pdf |page=15 |language=es |access-date=April 11, 2011 |archive-date=May 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528111641/http://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx/libros/6/2920/11.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=La Historia de la República de Yucatán |url=http://www.sobrino.net/Dzidzantun/la_historia_de_la_rep_yuc.htm |language=es |access-date=October 31, 2010 |archive-date=June 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606142635/http://www.sobrino.net/Dzidzantun/la_historia_de_la_rep_yuc.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=La Diputación Provincial y el Federalismo Mexicano |isbn=9789681205867 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_GK_-6deKIC&q=22%20De%20Mayo%20De%201824%20durango&pg=PA227 |language=es |last1=Benson |first1=Nettie Lee |year=1994 |access-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-date=October 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020054309/https://books.google.com/books?id=i_GK_-6deKIC&q=22%20De%20Mayo%20De%201824%20durango&pg=PA227#v=snippet&q=22%20De%20Mayo%20De%201824%20durango&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> |
|||
The second Republic of Yucatán{{efn|Usually when historians talk about of the Republic of Yucatán, they are talking about the second republic.}} emerged when the federal pact signed by Yucatán and endorsed in the Constitution of Yucatán of 1825 was broken by the [[Centralized government|centralist government]] of Mexico from 1835. In 1841 the state of [[Tabasco]] decreed its separation from Mexico and [[Miguel Barbachano]], then governor of Yucatán, sent a commission headed by [[Justo Sierra O'Reilly]] to meet with Tabasco authorities to propose the creation of an independent federal republic from Mexico formed by the two states. The idea failed when Tabasco rejoined Mexico in 1842. |
|||
The government in Mérida appealed for foreign help in suppressing the revolt, with Governor Méndez taking the extraordinary step of sending identical letters to [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[Spain]], and the [[United States]], offering sovereignty over Yucatán to whatever nation first provided sufficient aid to quash the Maya revolt. The proposal received serious attention in [[Washington, D.C.]]—the Yucatecan ambassador was received by [[President of the United States|US President]] [[James K. Polk]] and the matter was debated in the [[Congress of the United States|Congress]], with no action taken other than an invocation of the [[Monroe Doctrine]] to warn off any European power from interfering in the peninsula. |
|||
On August 22, 1846, Mexican interim president [[José Mariano Salas]] restored the [[1824 Constitution of Mexico|1824 constitution]] and federalism. Two years later, during the government of president [[José Joaquín de Herrera]], [[Miguel Barbachano]] ordered the reinstatement of Yucatán to Mexico under the Constitution of Yucatán of 1825. A decisive factor for the reinstatement was the [[Caste War]], which forced Yucatán to seek outside help. In 1852 due to internal struggles between opposing political factions, the ''Territory of Campeche'' was created. On April 29, 1863, during the government of Mexican President [[Benito Juárez]], Campeche gained its current status as an independent state.<ref>{{cite news |title=SEP |url=http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=29&mes=4 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026155634/http://www2.sepdf.gob.mx/efemerides/consulta_efemerides.jsp?dia=29&mes=4 |archive-date=October 26, 2011 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> |
|||
[[Image:Yucatan1910s.jpg|thumb|right|Map of Yucatán, circa 1910]] |
|||
==== Flag of the Republic of Yucatán ==== |
|||
After the end of the Mexican-American War, Governor Barbachano appealed to Mexican President [[José Joaquín de Herrera]] for help in suppressing the revolt, and in exchange Yucatán again recognized the central government's authority. Yucatán was again reunited with Mexico on [[17 August]] [[1848]]. |
|||
[[File:Bandera yucateca en Mérida.png|thumb|240px|[[Flag of the Republic of Yucatán]], civil insignia of the Yucatecan without legal recognition.]] |
|||
{{Main|Flag of the Republic of Yucatán}} |
|||
The flag of Yucatán was raised on March 16, 1841. The period of the Republic of Yucatán was the only one in which the banner was officially used by the authorities of Yucatán. |
|||
[[Rodolfo Menéndez de la Peña]], historian, describes the flag of Yucatán: "The flag of Yucatán was divided into two parts: green on left, the right, with three divisions, red up and down and white in the middle. In the green field highlighted, five stars, symbolizing the five departments that Yucatan was divided by decree of November 30, 1840: Mérida, Izamal, Valladolid, Tekax and Campeche."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://especiales.yucatan.com.mx:80/especiales/banderadeyucatan/14090001.asp |title=Las estrellas y la vigencia de la bandera de Yucatán |last=Esquivel |first=Duran |date=2002-09-14 |website=Diario de Yucatán |language=es |trans-title=The Stars and Effect of the Flag of Yucatan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520062633/http://especiales.yucatan.com.mx/especiales/banderadeyucatan/14090001.asp |archive-date=May 20, 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=2017-05-11 |quote=... la bandera yucateca se dividió en dos campos: a la izquierda, uno de color verde, y a la derecha, otro con tres divisiones, de color rojo arriba y abajo y blanco en medio. En el campo o lienzo verde de la bandera se destacaban cinco hermosas estrellas que simbolizaban a los cinco departamentos en que se dividía Yucatán por Decreto del 30 de noviembre de 1840, a saber: Mérida, Izamal, Valladolid, Tekax y Campeche... |df=mdy-all}}</ref> |
|||
Frequent skirmishes and occasional large battles between the forces of the Yucatecan government and independent Maya of the eastern part of the peninsula continued through [[1901]], when the Mexican army occupied the Maya capital of [[Chan Santa Cruz]]. Some Maya communities in Quintana Roo continued to refuse to acknowledge [[Black Ladino|Ladino]] or Mexican sovereignty as late as the [[1910s]]. |
|||
The flag does not have official recognition in the state, however, it has a strong recognition among the people of the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yucatan.com.mx/especiales/banderadeyucatan/14090001.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100225084559/http://www.yucatan.com.mx/especiales/banderadeyucatan/14090001.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 25, 2010 |title=160 aniversario de la Bandera de Yucatán |author=Diario de Yucatán |access-date=August 10, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yucatan.com.mx/vidasocial.asp?cx=4$1306000000$4235820&f=20100130 |title=Buenos Aires City, anfitrión de un evento al estilo de Las Vegas |author=Diario de Yucatán |access-date=August 26, 2010}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''De facto'' state flag, in any case, according to a convention led by former president [[Ernesto Zedillo]], is a white flag with the shield of the state in the middle. |
|||
''See also [[Caste War of Yucatán]].'' |
|||
==== Caste War ==== |
|||
=== Mid-19th century through mid-20th century === |
|||
{{Main|Caste War of Yucatán}} |
|||
In [[1857]] [[Campeche]] broke off from Yucatán to become a separate state. On [[24 November]], [[1902]], President [[Porfirio Díaz]] proclaimed the creation of the territory of [[Quintana Roo]], separating that territory from the state of Yucatán. |
|||
The Caste War of Yucatán was a conflict that lasted from 1847 to 1901. It began with the revolt of native Maya people led by Maya chiefs [[Jacinto Pat]] and [[Cecilio Chi]], against the population of European descent called "Yucatecos", who had political and economic control. A lengthy war ensued between the Yucateco forces in the north-west of the Yucatán and the independent Maya in the south-east. It officially ended with the occupation of the Maya capital of [[Chan Santa Cruz]] by the Mexican army in 1901, although skirmishes with villages and small settlements that refused to acknowledge Mexican control continued for over another decade. |
|||
Adam Jones wrote: "This ferocious race war featured genocidal atrocities on both sides, with up to 200,000 killed."<ref>Nicholas A. Robins, Adam Jones (2009). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=AX3UCk_PdEwC Genocides by the Oppressed: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice]''". Indiana University Press. p. 50. {{ISBN|0253220777}}</ref> |
|||
[[Sisal]] for making rope was probably the first major export crop of the Yucatán Peninsula. The region prospered from this lucrative crop until alternative [[rope]] materials came into wider use after [[World War I]] and [[henequen]] (sometimes called "green gold") was planted in other places around the world, setting up competing industries. The decades of the henequen boom was a fairly progressive era for Yucatán; the city of Mérida had electric streetlights and trolley cars before [[Mexico City]]. It is said there were more millionaires in Mérida at that time than anywhere else in the Americas. Today, the Paseo de Montejo, an avenue patterned after the [[Champs-Élysées]] in Paris, is lined with both abandoned and renovated mansions from that era. And the Yucatan countryside has over 300 [[haciendas]], also built during that time, which are also in varying states of disrepair and renovation. |
|||
Because of the conflict, on November 24, 1902, Yucatán had a second territorial division when [[Porfirio Díaz]] decreed the creation of the '''Federal Territory of Quintana Roo''',<ref name="Yucatán en el tiempo">{{Cite book |last1=Casares G. Cantón, Raúl |title=Yucatán en el tiempo |last2=Duch Colell, Juan |last3=Zavala Vallado, Slvio |year=1998 |isbn=970-9071-04-1 |location=Mérida, Yucatán |author-link3=Silvio Zavala}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.quintanaroo.gob.mx/qroo/Estado/Historia.php |title=Historia |author=Gobierno del Estado de Quintana Roo |access-date=August 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529005651/http://www.quintanaroo.gob.mx/qroo/Estado/Historia.php |archive-date=May 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> with capital in the port of ''Payo Obispo'' (today [[Chetumal]]). In little more than half a century, Yucatán lost more than two thirds of its original territory. |
|||
=== Late 20th century: An end to relative isolation === |
|||
Until the mid-20th century most of Yucatán's contact with the outside world was by sea; trade with the [[United States|USA]] and [[Cuba]], as well as Europe and other Caribbean islands, was more significant than that with the rest of Mexico. In the 1950s Yucatán was linked to the rest of Mexico by railway, followed by highway in the 1960s, ending the region's comparative isolation. Today Yucatán still demonstrates a unique culture from the rest of Mexico, including its own style of food. |
|||
==== The henequen industry ==== |
|||
[[File:Plantsisal.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Agave fourcroydes]], commonly known as [[henequén]] in Yucatán, [[sisal]] elsewhere and ''ki'' in [[Yucatec Maya language|Maya language]]]] |
|||
{{main|Henequen industry in Yucatán}} |
|||
In the late 19th century, the henequen industry grew to unprecedented power in the Yucatan. The henequen grown in the Yucatan was used around the world for rope and twine, and became known as sisal rope, named after the seaside town of Sisal, from where the rope was shipped. Today Sisal is a sleepy fishing village, being rediscovered by locals and visitors as a beach location for vacation homes. The henequen industry provided financial autonomy to the isolated Yucatán. The fiber of the [[henequén]] plant (known as ''sosquil'' (maya: ''sos kí'')) was manufactured into twine and rope, used in riggings, string, sacks, rugs, and many other items. It became the chief export item of the Yucatán, making many local families very wealthy. That wealth is today evident in the architecture of the colonial city of Mérida, as well as in the more than 150 haciendas that are spread throughout the Yucatán Peninsula. |
|||
[[Koreans in Mexico|Korean immigration]] to Mexico began in 1905. The first Korean migrants settled in Yucatán as workers in henequen plantations. Labour brokers began advertising in newspapers in the Korean port city of [[Incheon]] in 1904 for workers willing to go to Mexico to work on henequen plantations for four- or five-year contracts.{{cn|date=March 2023}} A total of more than one thousand were recruited and departed from Incheon on board a British cargo ship on 4 April 1905, despite efforts by the Korean government to block their departure. Once their contracts were up, most settled in Mexico, either continuing to work on henequen plantations or moving to various cities in the country.{{cn|date=March 2023}} |
|||
Hundreds of prosperous [[hacienda]]s abounded in the state until the advent of synthetic products after World War II, the cultivation of henequén in other parts of the world and the self-serving actions of some of the leading henequen-growing families led to the gradual decline of the Yucatan's monopoly on the industry.{{cn|date=March 2023}} |
|||
The great influx of wealth during that period from the henequen industry focused mainly on Mérida, the capital of Yucatán State. It allowed the city of Mérida to install [[street light]]s and a tram system even before [[Mexico City]]. It is said that in the early 20th century, the city had the largest number of millionaires per capita in the world. Today, [[Paseo de Montejo]] (inspired by the Parisian avenue [[Champs-Élysées]]), is lined with the elegant houses built during that time. These houses are mostly now renovated and serve as everything from private homes to banks, hotels and restaurants. Many of the haciendas today<ref>{{cite web |last=Fields |first=Ellen |title=Haciendas of the Yucatan |url=http://www.yucatanliving.com/destinations/yucatan-haciendas.htm |work=Yucatan Living |access-date=May 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506005012/http://www.yucatanliving.com/destinations/yucatan-haciendas.htm |archive-date=May 6, 2015 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> have also been renovated and now serve as private homes, event venues and upscale luxury hotels. |
|||
=== Late 20th century === |
|||
Until the mid-20th century most of Yucatán's contact with the outside world was by sea; trade with the US and Cuba, as well as Europe and other Caribbean islands, was more significant than that with the rest of Mexico. In the 1950s Yucatán was linked to the rest of Mexico by railway, followed by highway in the 1960s, ending the region's comparative isolation. Today Yucatán still demonstrates a unique culture from the rest of Mexico, including its own style of food. |
|||
Commercial jet airplanes began arriving in Mérida in the 1960s, and additional international airports were built first in [[Cozumel]] and then in the new planned resort community of [[Cancún]] in the 1980s, making tourism a major force in the economy of the Yucatán Peninsula. |
Commercial jet airplanes began arriving in Mérida in the 1960s, and additional international airports were built first in [[Cozumel]] and then in the new planned resort community of [[Cancún]] in the 1980s, making tourism a major force in the economy of the Yucatán Peninsula. |
||
Line 227: | Line 209: | ||
The first Maya governor of Yucatán, [[Francisco Luna Kan]], was elected in 1976. |
The first Maya governor of Yucatán, [[Francisco Luna Kan]], was elected in 1976. |
||
Today, the Yucatán Peninsula is a major |
Today, the Yucatán Peninsula is a major tourism destination, as well as home to one of the largest indigenous populations in Mexico, the [[Maya peoples|Maya people]]. |
||
== Geography == |
|||
The State of Yucatán is located on the [[Yucatán Peninsula]]. It borders the states of [[Campeche]] to the southwest, [[Quintana Roo]] to the east and southeast, and the [[Gulf of Mexico]] to the north and west. As a whole, the state is extremely flat with little or no [[topographic]] variation, with the exception of the [[Puuc]] hills, located in the southern portion of the state. |
|||
<div align=center> |
|||
{| class="toc" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2" style="width:800px; float:center" |
|||
| colspan="5" style="background:#4b6791; color:white; font-size:120%; text-align:center;"|'''Flora and fauna of Yucatán''' |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#f9f9f9;"|[[File:Cactus wren in Joshua Tree NP.jpg|125px]] |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#f9f9f9;"|[[File:Black-tailed deer at Marymoor Park.jpg|125px]] |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#f9f9f9;"|[[File:Hawksbill Turtle.jpg|125px]] |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#f9f9f9;"|[[File:Lightmatter flamingo2.jpg|125px]] |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#f9f9f9;"|[[File:Cairina moschata.jpg|125px]] |
|||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e5ebf2;" |
|||
||[[Yucatan wren]] |
|||
||[[White-tailed deer]] |
|||
||[[Hawksbill sea turtle]] |
|||
||[[American flamingo]] |
|||
||[[Muscovy duck]] |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#f9f9f9;"|[[File:Standing jaguar.jpg|120px]] |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#f9f9f9;"|[[File:Meleagris ocellata1.jpg|120px]] |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#f9f9f9;"|[[File:Tayassu pecari -Brazil-8.jpg|120px]] |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#f9f9f9;"|[[File:Ocelot (Jaguatirica) Zoo Itatiba.jpg|120px]] |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#f9f9f9;"|[[File:Boa imperator 169102259.jpg|120px]] |
|||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e5ebf2;" |
|||
||[[Jaguar]] |
|||
||[[Ocellated turkey]] |
|||
||[[White-lipped peccary]] |
|||
||[[Ocelot]] |
|||
||''[[Boa imperator]]'' |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#f9f9f9;"|[[File:Ceiba pentandra 0008.jpg|120px]] |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#f9f9f9;"|[[File:Árbol de Guancaste.jpg|120px]] |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#f9f9f9;"|[[File:Aloe Vera.jpg|120px]] |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#f9f9f9;"|[[File:Cylindropuntia spinosior, with flower, Albuquerque.jpg|120px]] |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#f9f9f9;"|[[File:Bixa orellana with fruits in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 1453.jpg|120px]] |
|||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e5ebf2;" |
|||
||''[[Ceiba pentandra]]'' |
|||
||''[[Enterolobium cyclocarpum]]'' |
|||
||''[[Aloe vera]]'' |
|||
||''[[Cylindropuntia imbricata]]'' |
|||
||''[[Bixa orellana]]'' |
|||
|- |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#f9f9f9;"|[[File:Morelet's Crocodile.jpg|125px]] |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#f9f9f9;"|[[File:Howler monkey20020316 cropped.jpg|125px]] |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#f9f9f9;"|[[File:YucatanNeotropicalRattlesnake CincinnatiZoo.jpg|125px]] |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#f9f9f9;"|[[File:Pristis pristis - Georgia Aquarium Jan 2006.jpg|125px]] |
|||
| style="text-align:center; background:#f9f9f9;"|[[File:Iguana Manual Antonio.jpg|125px]] |
|||
|- style="text-align:center; background:#e5ebf2;" |
|||
||[[Morelet's crocodile]] |
|||
||[[Guatemalan black howler]] |
|||
||''[[Crotalus simus]]'' |
|||
||[[Smalltooth sawfish]] |
|||
||''[[Ctenosaura similis]]'' |
|||
|} |
|||
</div> |
|||
== Demography == |
|||
===Largest cities=== |
|||
{{Largest cities |
|||
| country = Yucatán |
|||
| stat_ref = Source:<ref name=YUCATANINEGI>{{cite web |url=https://inegi.org.mx/contenidos/programas/ccpv/2020/tabulados/cpv2020_b_yuc_01_poblacion.xlsx |title=Censo Yucatán 2020 |access-date=June 6, 2023 |archive-date=June 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606075032/https://inegi.org.mx/contenidos/programas/ccpv/2020/tabulados/cpv2020_b_yuc_01_poblacion.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref> |
|||
| list_by_pop = |
|||
| div_name = |
|||
| div_link = Municipalities of Yucatán{{!}}Municipality |
|||
| city_1 = Mérida, Yucatán{{!}}Mérida| div_1 = Mérida Municipality{{!}}Mérida| pop_1 = 921,771 | img_1 = UADY.jpg |
|||
| city_2 = Kanasín | div_2 =Kanasín Municipality{{!}}Kanasín| pop_2 = 139,753| img_2 = Kanasín,_Yucatán_(04).JPG |
|||
| city_3 =Valladolid, Yucatán{{!}}Valladolid| div_3 =Valladolid Municipality, Yucatán{{!}}Valladolid| pop_3 = 56,494| img_3 = Monastery_of_San_Bernardino_de_Siena,_Valladolid,_Mexico.jpg |
|||
| city_4 = Umán| div_4 = Umán Municipality{{!}} Umán| pop_4 =56,409|img_4 = Umán,_Yucatán_(02).jpg |
|||
| city_5 = Tizimín| div_5 = Tizimín Municipality{{!}}Tizimín| pop_5 =52,593 |
|||
| city_6 = Progreso, Yucatán{{!}}Progreso| div_6 =Progreso Municipality, Yucatán{{!}}Progreso| pop_6 = 41,965 |
|||
| city_7 = Ticul| div_7 = Ticul Municipality{{!}}Ticul| pop_7 = 35,183 |
|||
| city_8 = Tekax{{!}}Tekax de Álvaro Obregón| div_8 =Tekax Municipality{{!}}Tekax| pop_8 = 28,461 |
|||
| city_9 = Hunucmá| div_9 =Hunucmá Municipality{{!}}Hunucmá| pop_9 = 28,412 |
|||
| city_10 = Oxkutzcab| div_10 = Oxkutzcab Municipality{{!}}Oxkutzcab| pop_10 = 26,175 |
|||
}} |
|||
{{clear|right}} |
|||
{{Historical populations |
|||
|type = |
|||
|footnote = |
|||
|1895<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/subspop/mx-pop.aspx |title=Mexico: extended population list |publisher=GeoHive |access-date=2011-07-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311141056/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/subspop/mx-pop.aspx |archive-date=March 11, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> | 298569 |
|||
|1900 | 309652 |
|||
|1910 | 339613 |
|||
|1921 | 358221 |
|||
|1930 | 386096 |
|||
|1940 | 418210 |
|||
|1950 | 516899 |
|||
|1960 | 614049 |
|||
|1970 | 758355 |
|||
|1980 | 1063733 |
|||
|1990 | 1362940 |
|||
|1995 | 1556622 |
|||
|2000 | 1658210 |
|||
|2005 | 1818948 |
|||
|2010 | 1955577 |
|||
|2015 | 2097175 |
|||
|2020<ref name="México en cifras"/> | 2320898 |
|||
}} |
|||
=== Languages === |
|||
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Manuel speaking Yucatecan.webm|thumb|A Yucatec Maya speaker.]] |
|||
The most widespread indigenous language of Yucatán is [[Yucatec Maya]], spoken natively by approximately 800,000 people in Yucatán and adjacent Quintana Roo and Campeche, especially in rural areas. The Spanish spoken in Yucatán has lexical and some phonological borrowing from Mayan and employs many words of Mayan origin, such as ''{{lang|myn|purux}}'' ("fat"), ''{{lang|myn|tuch}}'' ("navel") and ''{{lang|myn|wixar}}'' ("urinate"). |
|||
=== Korean immigration === |
|||
In 1905, 1,003 Korean immigrants, which included 802 men and 231 women and children, departed from the port of [[Incheon|Chemulpo]], Incheon aboard the ship ''Ilford'' to Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, Mexico. The journey took 45 days, after which they took a train to [[Coatzacoalcos (municipality)|Coatzacoalcos]], Veracruz. In the Veracruz port, another boat was taken to the port of [[Progreso Municipality, Yucatán|Progreso]] with the final destination being the capital city of [[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]], Yucatan.<ref>{{Citation |last=CorMexCamp |title=Inmigración coreana a México |date=2010-01-19 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUHhp7pATt8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211107/YUHhp7pATt8 |archive-date=2021-11-07 |url-status=live |access-date=2016-06-14}}{{cbignore}}</ref> They arrived in May 1905, with previously signed contracts for four years' work as indentured laborers on the Yucatán [[Agave fourcroydes|henequen]] haciendas. Many of these Koreans were distributed throughout the Yucatán in 32 henequen haciendas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Yucatecos en Cuba: Etnografía de una migración |last=Novelo |first=Victoria |publisher=CIESAS/Conaculta/Instituto de Cultura de Yucatán/La Casa Chata, Serie Antropológicas. |year=2009 |location=Yucatan,Mexico}}</ref> The town of [[Motul, Yucatán|Motul]], Yucatan, located in the heart of the henequen zone, was a destination for many of the Korean immigrants. Subsequently, in 1909, at the end of their contracts, they began a new stage in which they scattered even further.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dávila Valdés |first=Claudia |date=2015 |title=Socio-Economic Trajectory and Geographical Mobility of Lebanese and Koreans: From Motul to Mérida |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1665-89062015000200004&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=es |journal=Migraciones Internacionales |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=103–131 |access-date=June 13, 2016 |archive-date=August 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810111545/http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1665-89062015000200004&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=es |url-status=live }}</ref> Thus, the majority of those who came were single men who made or remade their family lives with Yucatecan especially Maya women. While Korean girls were much more subject to marriages arranged by Korean parents, males had greater freedom when it came to making a family. This rapid intermarriage by Koreans, coupled with geographic dispersal, prevented the establishment of close social networks among these migrants and therefore provided the basis for Korean descendants among the Yucatan Peninsula.<ref name=":0" /> After that 1905 ship, no further entries of Koreans into Mexico were recorded until many years later, leading to a new community of Koreans with completely different characteristics from those who entered in 1905.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hyong-Ju |first=Kim |date=2003 |title=La experiencia migratoria de la nueva comunidad coreana en México |journal=Second Meeting on Korean Studies in Latin America, Centro de Estudios de Asia y África, Korea Foundation/Colmex/UBA}}</ref> |
|||
== Government and politics == |
|||
=== Government === |
|||
The [[Constitution of Yucatán]] provides that the government of Yucatán, like the government of every other state in Mexico, consists of three [[political power|powers]]: the executive, the [[legislature|legislative]] and the [[judiciary]]. |
|||
Executive power rests in the [[governor of Yucatán]], who is directly elected by the citizens, using a secret ballot, to a six-year term with no possibility of reelection. Legislative power rests in the [[Congress of Yucatán]] which is a [[unicameral legislature]] composed of 25 deputies. Judicial power is invested in the High Court of Justice of Yucatán and its district courts. |
|||
=== Municipalities === |
|||
{{Main|Municipalities of Yucatán}} |
|||
The State of Yucatán is divided into 106 municipalities, each headed by a [[municipal president]] (mayor). Usually municipalities are named after the city that serves as municipal seat; e.g. the municipal seat of the [[Mérida (municipality)|Municipality of Mérida]] is the City of [[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]]. |
|||
=== Politics === |
|||
The most recent local election in Yucatán was held on June 6, 2021. |
|||
<div align=center> |
|||
<!-- galería de imágenes --> |
|||
{| class="toc" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=2 width=800px style="float:center; margin: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.5e" |
|||
|colspan=5 style="background:#4b6791; color:white; font-size:120%" align=center|'''Tourism in Yucatán''' |
|||
|- |
|||
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="#f9f9f9"|[[File:Chichen Itza 3.jpg|125x125px]] |
|||
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="#f9f9f9"|[[File:Panoramica Uxmal.jpg|125x125px]] |
|||
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="#f9f9f9"|[[File:Dzibilchaltun.jpg|125px]] |
|||
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="#f9f9f9"|[[File:Ek Balam1.jpg|125px]] |
|||
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="#f9f9f9"|[[File:Temple of the Masks, Kabah (8264867094).jpg|125x125px]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|style="background:#e5ebf2;" align=center|[[Chichen Itza]] |
|||
|style="background:#e5ebf2;" align=center|[[Uxmal]] |
|||
|style="background:#e5ebf2;" align=center|[[Dzibilchaltun]] |
|||
|style="background:#e5ebf2;" align=center|[[Ek' Balam]] |
|||
|style="background:#e5ebf2;" align=center|[[Kabah (Maya site)|Kabah]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="#f9f9f9"|[[File:Anthropologisches Museum, Merida.JPG|120px]] |
|||
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="#f9f9f9"|[[File:Church of the Three Kings.jpg|120px]] |
|||
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="#f9f9f9"|[[File:Valladolid Mexico Cathedral.jpg|120px]] |
|||
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="#f9f9f9"|[[File:Progreso Beach.jpg|120px]] |
|||
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="#f9f9f9"|[[File:Izamal Convento.jpg|120px]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|style="background:#e5ebf2;" align=center|[[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]] |
|||
|style="background:#e5ebf2;" align=center|[[Tizimín]] |
|||
|style="background:#e5ebf2;" align=center|[[Valladolid, Yucatán|Valladolid]] |
|||
|style="background:#e5ebf2;" align=center|[[Progreso, Yucatán|Progreso]] |
|||
|style="background:#e5ebf2;" align=center|[[Izamal]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="#f9f9f9"|[[File:Grutas de Loltun 1.JPG|120px]] |
|||
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="#f9f9f9"|[[File:Cuzama.jpg|120px]] |
|||
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="#f9f9f9"|[[File:12Cenote Dzitnup.jpg|120px]] |
|||
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="#f9f9f9"|[[File:Cenote-ik-kil.png|120px]] |
|||
|align=center valign=center bgcolor="#f9f9f9"|[[File:Sacred Cenote Chichen Itza.JPG|120px]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|style="background:#e5ebf2;" align=center|[[Loltun Cave|Loltun]], [[Oxkutzcab]] |
|||
|style="background:#e5ebf2;" align=center|Bolón-Chohol, [[Cuzamá]] |
|||
|style="background:#e5ebf2;" align=center|Dzitnup, [[Valladolid, Yucatán|Valladolid]] |
|||
|style="background:#e5ebf2;" align=center|Ik Kil, Kaua |
|||
|style="background:#e5ebf2;" align=center|Sacred Cenote, [[Chichen Itza]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|} |
|||
</div> |
|||
==Media== |
|||
[[List of newspapers in Mexico|Newspapers]] of Yucatán include: ''Artículo 7'', ''De Peso (Mérida)'', ''Diario de Yucatán'', ''La I Noticias para Mí Mérida'', ''Milenio Novedades (Antes El Mundo al Día)'', and ''Por Esto! (Yucatán).''<ref name=SIC>{{cite web |work=Sistema de Información Cultural |publisher=Gobierno de Mexico |language=es |access-date=March 7, 2020 |url=https://sic.gob.mx/lista.php?table=impresos&disciplina=&estado_id=31 |title=Publicaciones periódicas en Yucatán |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302220530/https://sic.gob.mx/lista.php?table=impresos&disciplina=&estado_id=31 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://libguides.utsa.edu/latamnews |title=Latin American & Mexican Online News |work=Research Guides |publisher=[[University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries]] |location=US |archive-date=March 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307192643/http://libguides.utsa.edu/latamnews}}</ref> |
|||
== Food == |
|||
Yucatecan food is its own unique style and is very different from what most people would consider Mexican food. It includes influences from the local Mayan culture,<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Yucatán Adventure |url=https://www.foodandwine.com/news/a-yucatan-adventure |access-date=2021-08-17 |website=Food & Wine |language=en |archive-date=August 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817222121/https://www.foodandwine.com/news/a-yucatan-adventure |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as Caribbean, European (Spanish), (North) African, and Middle Eastern cultures, as well as influence from the cuisine of other parts of Mexico. |
|||
There are many regional dishes. Some of them are: |
|||
*''[[Poc Chuc]]'', a Mayan/Yucatecan version of barbecued pork. |
|||
*''[[Salbute]]s and [[Panucho]]s''. ''Salbutes'' are soft, cooked tortillas with lettuce, tomato, turkey, and avocado on top. ''Panuchos'' feature fried tortillas filled with black beans and topped with turkey or chicken, lettuce, avocado and pickled onions. [[Habanero chili|Habanero]] chiles accompany most dishes, either in solid or puréed form, along with fresh limes and corn tortillas. |
|||
*''[[Queso relleno]]'', a "gourmet" dish featuring ground pork inside of a carved Edam cheese ball served with tomato sauce and gravy. |
|||
*''Pavo en Relleno Negro'', a turkey meat stew cooked with a black paste made from roasted chiles, a local version of the ''mole de guajalote'' found throughout Mexico. The meat soaked in the black soup is also served in tacos, sandwiches and even in ''panuchos'' or ''salbutes'' and is usually referred to as "Relleno negro". |
|||
*''[[Lime soup|Sopa de Lima]]'', a lime-flavored soup with meat (turkey, chicken, or pork), served with tortilla chips. |
|||
*''[[Papadzule]]s'', egg tacos covered in pumpkin seed sauce and tomatoes. |
|||
*''[[Cochinita pibil|Cochinita Pibil]]'', a marinated pork dish and by far the most renowned of Yucatecan food. |
|||
*''[[Xcatik]]'', a type of chili. |
|||
*''Pavo en Relleno Blanco'' (or simply "Relleno Blanco"), a turkey stew almost like ''Pavo en Relleno Negro''. |
|||
*[[Xnipec]], a fiery hot salsa or relish similar to [[pico de gallo]], made with habanero chiles and [[Seville orange]] juice |
|||
== Safety == |
|||
{{see also|Yucatán State Police}} |
|||
[[File:Dodge Charger 2014 SSP Yucatán.JPG|thumb|A [[Dodge Charger]] squad car of the State Police]] |
|||
{{as of|2016}} the Mexican National Public Security System ranked Yucatán among the safest Mexican states.<ref>{{cite book |title=Explore Cancun & the Yucatan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=feycDwAAQBAJ |series=Insight Guides |date=November 2018 |publisher=Apa Publications (UK) Limited |publication-date=2018 |page= |isbn=9781789192872 |access-date=4 August 2022 |quote=2016 The Mexican National Public Security System calls Yucatán one of the safest states in Mexico. |archive-date=October 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020054312/https://books.google.com/books?id=feycDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
|||
Mérida was awarded ''City of Peace'' in 2011. It is one of the two states the U.S. advises its citizens to exercise normal precautions, alongside neighbouring [[Campeche]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/mexico-travel-advisory.html |website=Mexico Travel Advisory |title=Travel Advisory |publisher=U.S. Department of State |access-date=September 1, 2023 |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831115434/https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/mexico-travel-advisory.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Yucatán is the safest state in Mexico<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.puntomedio.com.mx/noticias/yucatan-estado-mas-seguro-del-pais-2069/ |title=Yucatán, el Estado más seguro del país |publisher=Punto Medio |access-date=April 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816155908/http://www.puntomedio.com.mx/noticias/yucatan-estado-mas-seguro-del-pais-2069 |archive-date=August 16, 2010 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sipse.com/noticias/21626-confirman-yucatan-como-estado-seguro.html |title=Confirman a Yucatán como estado más seguro |publisher=Grupo Sipse |access-date=April 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008210836/http://www.sipse.com/noticias/21626-confirman-yucatan-como-estado-seguro.html |archive-date=October 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> and Mérida was awarded ''City of Peace'' in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vanguardia.com.mx/declararanameridaciudaddelapaz-624965.html |title=Declararán a Mérida ciudad de la paz |publisher=Vanguardia |access-date=April 10, 2010 |archive-date=April 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413235100/https://vanguardia.com.mx/declararanameridaciudaddelapaz-624965.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yucatan.com.mx/fullBanner.php?ixsx=9&ur=http%3A//www.yucatan.com.mx/20110123/nota-9/66789-aprovecha-merida-nombramiento-de-ciudad-de-la-paz-para-atraer-inversiones.htm |title=Aprovecha Mérida nombramiento de 'Ciudad de la Paz' para atraer inversiones |publisher=Diario de Yucatán |access-date=April 10, 2010 |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118193225/http://www.yucatan.com.mx/fullBanner.php?ixsx=9&ur=http%3A//www.yucatan.com.mx/20110123/nota-9/66789-aprovecha-merida-nombramiento-de-ciudad-de-la-paz-para-atraer-inversiones.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
|||
The [[Yucatán State Police]] is the law enforcement agency inside the state.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ssp.yucatan.gob.mx/quienes.somos.php?t=MISION |title=Misión |language=es |access-date=July 14, 2015 |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714180241/http://ssp.yucatan.gob.mx/quienes.somos.php?t=MISION |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[security]] in the interior of the state was praised multiple times by former [[President of México|president]] [[Felipe Calderón Hinojosa]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.yucatan.com.mx/20110521/nota-9/124202-resalta-el-presidente-calderon-la-seguridad-en-yucatan.htm |title=Resalta el presidente Calderón la seguridad en Yucatán |author=Diario de Yucatán |access-date=9 June 2011 |date=21 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615004714/http://www.yucatan.com.mx/20110521/nota-9/124202-resalta-el-presidente-calderon-la-seguridad-en-yucatan.htm |archive-date=June 15, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> local and foreign businessmen,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.larevista.com.mx/noticias/elogian-empresarios-seguridad-yucatan-18609/ |title=Elogian empresarios seguridad de Yucatán |author=La Revista Peninsular |access-date=9 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127001417/http://www.larevista.com.mx/noticias/elogian-empresarios-seguridad-yucatan-18609/ |archive-date=November 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> as well as by governor [[Ivonne Ortega Pacheco]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oem.com.mx/laprensa/notas/n2065860.htm |title=Yucatán, el estado más seguro: Ivonne Ortega |author=Organización Editorial Mexicana |date=5 May 2011 |access-date=9 June 2011 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135734/http://www.oem.com.mx/laprensa/notas/n2065860.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.puntomedio.com.mx/noticias/cultura-deporte-seguridad-pilares-del-gobierno-ivonne-ortega-15628/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126234819/http://www.puntomedio.com.mx/noticias/cultura-deporte-seguridad-pilares-del-gobierno-ivonne-ortega-15628/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 November 2011 |title=Cultura, deporte y seguridad, pilares del gobierno de Ivonne Ortega |author=puntomedio.com.mx |date=17 September 2010 |access-date=9 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/804909.html |title=Resalta Ivonne Ortega seguridad en Yucatán |author=El Universal |date=28 October 2011 |access-date=28 November 2011 |author-link=El Universal (México) |archive-date=September 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903132825/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/804909.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
|||
==Notable people== |
|||
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> |
|||
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---> |
|||
*[[Bennetto Payne]] (1909–1987), professional boxer |
|||
== See also == |
== See also == |
||
{{Portal|Geography|North America|Latin America|Mexico}} |
|||
*[[Chicxulub Crater]] |
|||
*[[Spanish conquest of Yucatán]] |
|||
*[[Caste War of Yucatán]] |
*[[Caste War of Yucatán]] |
||
*[[Cenote]] |
|||
*[[Chicxulub crater]] |
|||
*[[Governor of Yucatán]] |
*[[Governor of Yucatán]] |
||
*[[Himno de Yucatán]] |
|||
*[[Municipalities of Yucatán]] |
*[[Municipalities of Yucatán]] |
||
*[[Spanish conquest of Yucatán]] |
|||
*[[Villa Carlota, Mexico]] |
|||
*[[Yucatán State Police]] |
|||
{{clear}} |
|||
== |
== Notes == |
||
{{ |
{{notelist}} |
||
*[http://www.photoglobe.info/spc_guatemala_yucatan.html Picture from Space] |
|||
* {{es icon}} [http://cp.alternativo.net/yuc.php Towns, cities, and postal codes in Yucatán] |
|||
*[http://www.yucatantradicional.com Traditions of Yucatan] |
|||
== References == |
|||
{{coor title dms|20|50|0|N|89|0|0|W|region:MX-ZAC_type:adm1st}} |
|||
{{reflist}} |
|||
==Sources== |
|||
* {{cite book |last=Ancona |first=Eligio |author-link=Eligio Ancona |title=Historia de Yucatán: Desde la época más remota hasta nuestros días |url=http://www.archive.org/stream/historiadeyucat00ancogoog#page/n12/mode/1up |editor=M. Heredia Argüelles |date=1878 |location=Mérida, México |oclc=2688499}} |
|||
* {{cite book |last=Díaz del Castillo |first=Bernal |author-link=Bernal Díaz del Castillo |title=Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España: Manuscrito "Guatemala" |date=2005 |orig-date=1568 |publisher=UNAM |url={{GBurl|XZJWZjfg7KQC}} |isbn=9681211960}} |
|||
* {{cite book |first=Juan Francisco |last=Molina Solís |date=1896 |title=Historia del descubrimiento y conquista de Yucatán, con una reseña de la historia antigua de esta península |place=Mérida de Yucatán |publisher=Impr. y lit. R. Caballero |oclc=6955452 |url=http://cdigital.dgb.uanl.mx/la/1080018056/1080018056.html |edition=1st |ol=23361775M}} |
|||
* {{cite book |last=de Landa |first=Diego |author-link=Diego de Landa |title=Relación de las cosas de Yucatán |date=1984 |publisher=Consejo Editorial de Yucatán |oclc=17926841}} |
|||
* {{cite book |last=López de Cogolludo |first=Diego |author-link=Diego López de Cogolludo |title=Historia de Yucatán |date=2007 |orig-date=1688 |publisher=Linkgua ediciones S. L. |url={{GBurl|GmGpuQTNyPkC}} |isbn=978-84-9816-640-8}} |
|||
* {{cite book |last=de Motolinía |first=Toribio |title=Historia de los Indios de la Nueva España |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aJO9I27esrQC |date=1985 |orig-date=1858 |editor=George Baudot |publisher=Castalia |isbn=84-7039-464-9 |ref={{sfnref|de Motolinía|1858}}}} |
|||
* {{cite book |last=Silva |first=Oswaldo |title=Civilizaciones prehispánicas de América |date=2006 |publisher=Editor Universitaria |location=Santiago de Chile, Chile |oclc=494412139 |url={{GBurl|143UtTmfshMC}} |isbn=9561118572}} |
|||
== External links == |
|||
{{Commons category}} |
|||
{{EB1911 poster|Yucatan}} |
|||
{{wikivoyage|Yucatán}} |
|||
*{{osmrelation|2614435}} |
|||
{{States of Mexico}} |
{{States of Mexico}} |
||
{{Yucatán}} |
|||
{{Authority control}} |
|||
[[Category:Yucatán|*]] |
|||
[[Category:States of Mexico|Yucatan]] |
|||
[[Category:1540 in Mexico|Yucatan]] |
|||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yucatan}} |
|||
[[ro:Yucatán (stat Mexic)]] |
|||
[[Category:Yucatán| ]] |
|||
[[ar:ولاية يوكاتان]] |
|||
[[Category:States of Mexico]] |
|||
[[bg:Юкатан (щат)]] |
|||
[[ |
[[Category:Yucatán Peninsula]] |
||
[[Category:1823 establishments in Mexico]] |
|||
[[da:Yucatán (delstat)]] |
|||
[[Category:States and territories established in 1823]] |
|||
[[de:Yucatán (Bundesstaat)]] |
|||
[[Category:1540 in New Spain]] |
|||
[[es:Yucatán (estado)]] |
|||
[[eo:Jukatanio]] |
|||
[[eu:Yucatan]] |
|||
[[fa:یوکاتان]] |
|||
[[fr:Yucatán]] |
|||
[[gl:Estado de Iucatán]] |
|||
[[hr:Yucatán (savezna država)]] |
|||
[[id:Yucatán]] |
|||
[[it:Yucatán]] |
|||
[[kw:Yucatán]] |
|||
[[la:Iucatania]] |
|||
[[lt:Jukatano valstija]] |
|||
[[nah:Yucatán]] |
|||
[[nl:Yucatán (staat)]] |
|||
[[ja:ユカタン州]] |
|||
[[no:Yucatán (delstat)]] |
|||
[[pms:Yucatán]] |
|||
[[pl:Jukatan (stan)]] |
|||
[[pt:Iucatã (estado)]] |
|||
[[ru:Юкатан (штат)]] |
|||
[[sr:Јукатан (држава)]] |
|||
[[fi:Yucatán]] |
|||
[[tr:Yucatan]] |
|||
[[uk:Юкатан (штат)]] |
|||
[[zh:尤卡坦州]] |
Revision as of 23:28, 20 June 2024
Yucatán
Yúukatan (Yucatec Maya) | |
---|---|
Free and Sovereign State of Yucatán Estado Libre y Soberano de Yucatán (Spanish) U Péetluʼumil Yucatán (Yucatec Maya) | |
Nickname(s): | |
Coordinates: 21°00′N 89°36′W / 21.0°N 89.6°W | |
Country | Mexico |
Capital and largest city | Mérida |
Largest metro | Greater Mérida |
Municipalities | 106 |
Admission | December 23, 1823[3][4] |
Order | 8th[a] |
Government | |
• Governor | Mauricio Vila Dosal |
• Senators[6] | Jorge Carlos Ramírez Marín Verónica Camino Farjat Raúl Paz Alonzo[5] |
• Deputies | |
Area | |
• Total | 39,524 km2 (15,260 sq mi) |
Ranked 20th | |
Highest elevation | 210 m (690 ft) |
Population (2020)[9] | |
• Total | 2,320,898 |
• Rank | 21st |
• Density | 59/km2 (150/sq mi) |
• Rank | 17th |
Demonym | Yucateco (a) |
GDP | |
• Total | MXN 428 billion (US$21.3 billion) (2022) |
• Per capita | (US$8,996) (2022) |
Time zone | UTC−6 (CST) |
Postal code | 97 |
Area code | |
ISO 3166 code | MX-YUC |
HDI | 0.752 high Ranked 19th of 32 |
Website | Official website |
Yucatán (/ˌjuːkəˈtɑːn/,[11] also UK: /ˌjʊk-/,[12] US: /-ˈtæn, ˌjuːkɑːˈtɑːn/,[11][13][14] Spanish: [ɟʝukaˈtan] ; Yucatec Maya: Yúukatan [ˈjúːkatan]), officially the Estado Libre y Soberano de Yucatán (English: Free and Sovereign State of Yucatán),[b] is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, constitute the 32 federal entities of Mexico. It comprises 106 separate municipalities, and its capital city is Mérida.
It is located on the northern part of the Yucatán Peninsula. It is bordered by the states of Campeche to the southwest and Quintana Roo to the southeast, with the Gulf of Mexico off its northern coast.
Before the arrival of Spaniards, the peninsula was a very important region for the Maya civilization, which reached the peak of its development here, where the Maya founded the cities of Chichen Itza, Izamal, Motul, Mayapan, Ek' Balam, and Ichkanzihóo (also called T'ho), now Mérida.
After the Spanish conquest of Yucatán (early 16th to late 17th centuries), the Yucatán peninsula became a single administrative and political entity, the Captaincy General of Yucatán. Following Mexican independence in 1821 the local Governor proclaimed independence. Yucatán became part of the First Mexican Empire in December 1821. After the collapse of the Empire in March 1823, the first Republic of Yucatán (founded in May 1823) voluntarily negotiated annexation to the Federal Republic of United Mexican States on December 21, 1823. On March 16, 1841, as a result of cultural and political conflicts around the federal pact, Yucatán declared its independence from Mexico. forming a second Republic of Yucatán. Eventually on July 14, 1848, Yucatán was forced to rejoin Mexico. In 1858, in the middle of the Caste War of Yucatán, the state of Yucatán was divided for the first time, establishing Campeche as a separate state (officially in 1863). During the Porfiriato, in 1902, the state of Yucatán was divided again to form the Federal territory that later became the present state of Quintana Roo.
Etymology
Before the arrival of Spaniards in the Yucatán Peninsula, the name of this region was Mayab.[16] In the Yucatec Maya language, mayab means "flat",[17] and is the source of the word "Maya" itself.
The name Yucatán, also assigned to the peninsula, came from early explorations of the Conquistadors from Europe. Three different explanations for the origin of the name have been proposed.
The first two state that the name resulted from confusion between the Mayan inhabitants and the first Spanish explorers around 1517:
- According to one of them, Spaniards gave the name of Yucatán to the region because the Maya answered their questions with the phrase uh yu ka t'ann, which in the Maya language means hear how they talk.
- It is also said that it came from the answer of an indigenous Maya to the question of a Spanish explorer, who wanted to know the name of the region. The Maya probably replied Ma'anaatik ka t'ann which means in the Maya language I do not understand your speech or I do not understand you.
Probably the first person to propose the "I do not understand" version was the friar Toribio de Benavente Motolinía. In his book Historia de los indios de la Nueva España (History of the Indians of New Spain) he says
because talking with those Indians of the coast, whatever the Spanish asked the Indians responded: Tectetán, Tectetán which means I don't understand you, I don't understand you; they corrupted the word, and not understanding what the Indians said, they said: Yucatán is the name of this land; and the same happened in a place, a cape, which they also called Cape Cotoch; and Cotoch in that language means house.[18]
The third proposed explanation comes from Bernal Díaz del Castillo. In his book Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España (True History of the Conquest of New Spain), he says Yucatá means "land of yucas",[19] a plant that was cultivated by the Maya and was an important food source for them.[20]
History
Pre-Columbian era
The origin of the first settlements has not been scientifically confirmed, although the presence of first humans in the area dates from the late Pleistocene or ice age (about 10,000–12,000 years), according to the findings in the Loltún caves and caverns of Tulum (Women of the Palms).[21]
The first Maya moved to the Peninsula circa 250 CE, from the Petén (today northern Guatemala), to settle the southeastern peninsula in the modern Bacalar, Quintana Roo.[22][23] In 525, the Chanés (Mayan tribe that preceded the Itza), moved to the east of the peninsula, founding Chichén Itzá, Izamal, Motul, Ek' Balam, Ichcaanzihó (modern Mérida) and Champotón.[24] Later, Tutul Xiúes, Toltec descent, who came from the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, settled in the region causing displacement of the Itza and Cocomes—a diversified branch of Itzá—and finally, after years and many battles, the League of Mayapan (composed of the Itza, the Xiús and Cocomes) was formed, which eventually disintegrated circa 1194,[25] giving way to a period of anarchy and fragmentation into small domains which the Spanish conquistadors found in the 16th century.[26]
Exploration by Spanish soldiers
In 1513, Juan Ponce de León had already conquered the island of Borinquén (now Puerto Rico) and had visited Florida.[27] Antón de Alaminos, who was with Ponce de León on this latest discovery, suspected that west of Cuba they could find new land. Under their influence, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, supported by the governor of Cuba, organized an expedition commanded by Francisco Hernández de Córdoba to explore the seas west of the island.[28]
This expedition sailed from port of Ajaruco on February 8, 1517, to La Habana and after circling the island and sailing southwest by what is now known as the Yucatán Channel, the expedition made landfall at the Yucatán Peninsula on March 1. There are discrepancies about where the first explorers arrived. Some say it was in Isla Mujeres. Bernal Díaz del Castillo places it at Cabo Catoche, where they saw a great city which they named the «Gran Cairo».[29]
Spanish conquest
The conquest of Yucatán was completed two decades after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire; by Francisco de Montejo "el Adelantado", his son Francisco de Montejo y León "el Mozo" and his nephew, Francisco de Montejo "el Sobrino". El Adelantado was in the expedition of Juan de Grijalva and was with Hernán Cortés in the third expedition that eventually became the Conquest of the Aztec Empire.[30] He was subsequently appointed for the conquest of the Maya of Yucatán, but failed in his first attempt in 1527–28. In 1529 he was appointed Governor of Tabasco, with the order to pacify Tabasco and conquer Yucatán and Cozumel.
From Tabasco, Montejo led a new campaign to Yucatán from the west (1531–35) and failed again in his attempt for conquest. Circa 1535, after many bloody battles with the natives, he reached the complete pacification of the Province of Tabasco and began planning his new foray to Yucatán.
El Adelantado was appointed governor of Honduras and then of Chiapas. Therefore, he gave his son "El Mozo", the mission to consummate the conquest of Yucatán. Francisco de Montejo y León "el Mozo" founded the cities of San Francisco de Campeche on October 4, 1540, and Mérida on January 6, 1542 (in honor of Mérida, Extremadura). The city of Mérida was founded over the ruins of the Mayan city of Ichkanzihóo (T'ho) and the stones of old Mayan pyramids were used for the new buildings. Later, government powers were changed from Santa María de la Victoria, Tabasco, to Mérida on June 11, 1542.[31] The newly founded Mérida was besieged by the Mayan troops of Nachi Cocom (overlord or 'Halach uinik' in Mayan language). It was a definitive battle for the Conquest of Yucatán. With that victory, the Spaniards consolidated their control of the western part of the peninsula.
Francisco de Montejo "El Adelantado" appointed his nephew, Francisco de Montejo "el Sobrino", to head the conquest of the eastern Yucatán, which was achieved after many bloody battles, ending with the foundation of the city of Valladolid on May 28, 1543.
Canek rebellion, during the colonial Yucatán
Oppressive policies of inequality and prejudice were imposed on the native Maya by the Spanish colonial government. In November 1761, Jacinto Canek, a Mayan from the town of Cisteil (now located in Yaxcabá Municipality), led an armed uprising against the government, which was quickly put down. Captured insurgents were taken to Mérida, where they were tried and tortured. As a warning to the population against rebellion, Cisteil was burned and covered with salt.
This abortive rebellion was not of great consequence to the colonial regime, but it marked the history of the peninsula and clearly delineated anti-colonial tensions in the region. The uprising was a precursor to the social upheaval that would explode less than a century later, as the Caste War. The Canek rebellion is remembered today as a symbol of the racial and social conflict that predominated for centuries in the Spanish colonies.
Yucatán in independent Mexico
Because of its geographical remoteness from the center of New Spain, especially from Mexico City, Yucatán was not militarily affected by the Mexican War of Independence, though the influence was felt in other ways. In 1820 Lorenzo de Zavala, member of Sanjuanistas (a group of creoles who met at the church of San Juan in downtown Mérida), created the Patriotic Confederation, which eventually divided into two groups: the supporters of the Spanish government under the Cádiz Constitution and another led by Zavala, which sought outright independence from Spain. Mariano Carrillo Albornoz then Governor of Yucatán, sent Zavala and Manuel García Sosa as deputies of the Cortes of Cádiz to Madrid, while the other liberals were imprisoned. While this was happening in Yucatán, the Plan of Iguala was proclaimed in the current state of Guerrero (at that time part of the Intendency of Mexico).
On September 15, 1821, in the Hall of Councils of the City of Mérida, Yucatán declared its independence from Spain.[32] Almost immediately, Governor Juan María Echeverri sent two representatives to negotiate the incorporation of Yucatán into the Mexican Empire. The incorporation took place on November 2, 1821.[33]
Republic of Yucatán
The Mexican Empire was quickly overthrown (1823) under the Plan of Casa Mata, and the provinces of the erstwhile empire became independent states. The first Republic of Yucatán, declared on May 29, 1823, joined the Federal Republic of the United Mexican States as the Federated Republic of Yucatán on December 23, 1823.[3][34][35]
The second Republic of Yucatán[c] emerged when the federal pact signed by Yucatán and endorsed in the Constitution of Yucatán of 1825 was broken by the centralist government of Mexico from 1835. In 1841 the state of Tabasco decreed its separation from Mexico and Miguel Barbachano, then governor of Yucatán, sent a commission headed by Justo Sierra O'Reilly to meet with Tabasco authorities to propose the creation of an independent federal republic from Mexico formed by the two states. The idea failed when Tabasco rejoined Mexico in 1842.
On August 22, 1846, Mexican interim president José Mariano Salas restored the 1824 constitution and federalism. Two years later, during the government of president José Joaquín de Herrera, Miguel Barbachano ordered the reinstatement of Yucatán to Mexico under the Constitution of Yucatán of 1825. A decisive factor for the reinstatement was the Caste War, which forced Yucatán to seek outside help. In 1852 due to internal struggles between opposing political factions, the Territory of Campeche was created. On April 29, 1863, during the government of Mexican President Benito Juárez, Campeche gained its current status as an independent state.[36]
Flag of the Republic of Yucatán
The flag of Yucatán was raised on March 16, 1841. The period of the Republic of Yucatán was the only one in which the banner was officially used by the authorities of Yucatán.
Rodolfo Menéndez de la Peña, historian, describes the flag of Yucatán: "The flag of Yucatán was divided into two parts: green on left, the right, with three divisions, red up and down and white in the middle. In the green field highlighted, five stars, symbolizing the five departments that Yucatan was divided by decree of November 30, 1840: Mérida, Izamal, Valladolid, Tekax and Campeche."[37]
The flag does not have official recognition in the state, however, it has a strong recognition among the people of the state.[38][39] De facto state flag, in any case, according to a convention led by former president Ernesto Zedillo, is a white flag with the shield of the state in the middle.
Caste War
The Caste War of Yucatán was a conflict that lasted from 1847 to 1901. It began with the revolt of native Maya people led by Maya chiefs Jacinto Pat and Cecilio Chi, against the population of European descent called "Yucatecos", who had political and economic control. A lengthy war ensued between the Yucateco forces in the north-west of the Yucatán and the independent Maya in the south-east. It officially ended with the occupation of the Maya capital of Chan Santa Cruz by the Mexican army in 1901, although skirmishes with villages and small settlements that refused to acknowledge Mexican control continued for over another decade.
Adam Jones wrote: "This ferocious race war featured genocidal atrocities on both sides, with up to 200,000 killed."[40]
Because of the conflict, on November 24, 1902, Yucatán had a second territorial division when Porfirio Díaz decreed the creation of the Federal Territory of Quintana Roo,[41][42] with capital in the port of Payo Obispo (today Chetumal). In little more than half a century, Yucatán lost more than two thirds of its original territory.
The henequen industry
In the late 19th century, the henequen industry grew to unprecedented power in the Yucatan. The henequen grown in the Yucatan was used around the world for rope and twine, and became known as sisal rope, named after the seaside town of Sisal, from where the rope was shipped. Today Sisal is a sleepy fishing village, being rediscovered by locals and visitors as a beach location for vacation homes. The henequen industry provided financial autonomy to the isolated Yucatán. The fiber of the henequén plant (known as sosquil (maya: sos kí)) was manufactured into twine and rope, used in riggings, string, sacks, rugs, and many other items. It became the chief export item of the Yucatán, making many local families very wealthy. That wealth is today evident in the architecture of the colonial city of Mérida, as well as in the more than 150 haciendas that are spread throughout the Yucatán Peninsula.
Korean immigration to Mexico began in 1905. The first Korean migrants settled in Yucatán as workers in henequen plantations. Labour brokers began advertising in newspapers in the Korean port city of Incheon in 1904 for workers willing to go to Mexico to work on henequen plantations for four- or five-year contracts.[citation needed] A total of more than one thousand were recruited and departed from Incheon on board a British cargo ship on 4 April 1905, despite efforts by the Korean government to block their departure. Once their contracts were up, most settled in Mexico, either continuing to work on henequen plantations or moving to various cities in the country.[citation needed]
Hundreds of prosperous haciendas abounded in the state until the advent of synthetic products after World War II, the cultivation of henequén in other parts of the world and the self-serving actions of some of the leading henequen-growing families led to the gradual decline of the Yucatan's monopoly on the industry.[citation needed]
The great influx of wealth during that period from the henequen industry focused mainly on Mérida, the capital of Yucatán State. It allowed the city of Mérida to install street lights and a tram system even before Mexico City. It is said that in the early 20th century, the city had the largest number of millionaires per capita in the world. Today, Paseo de Montejo (inspired by the Parisian avenue Champs-Élysées), is lined with the elegant houses built during that time. These houses are mostly now renovated and serve as everything from private homes to banks, hotels and restaurants. Many of the haciendas today[43] have also been renovated and now serve as private homes, event venues and upscale luxury hotels.
Late 20th century
Until the mid-20th century most of Yucatán's contact with the outside world was by sea; trade with the US and Cuba, as well as Europe and other Caribbean islands, was more significant than that with the rest of Mexico. In the 1950s Yucatán was linked to the rest of Mexico by railway, followed by highway in the 1960s, ending the region's comparative isolation. Today Yucatán still demonstrates a unique culture from the rest of Mexico, including its own style of food.
Commercial jet airplanes began arriving in Mérida in the 1960s, and additional international airports were built first in Cozumel and then in the new planned resort community of Cancún in the 1980s, making tourism a major force in the economy of the Yucatán Peninsula.
The first Maya governor of Yucatán, Francisco Luna Kan, was elected in 1976.
Today, the Yucatán Peninsula is a major tourism destination, as well as home to one of the largest indigenous populations in Mexico, the Maya people.
Geography
The State of Yucatán is located on the Yucatán Peninsula. It borders the states of Campeche to the southwest, Quintana Roo to the east and southeast, and the Gulf of Mexico to the north and west. As a whole, the state is extremely flat with little or no topographic variation, with the exception of the Puuc hills, located in the southern portion of the state.
Demography
Largest cities
Rank | Municipality | Pop. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mérida Kanasín |
1 | Mérida | Mérida | 921,771 | Valladolid Umán | ||||
2 | Kanasín | Kanasín | 139,753 | ||||||
3 | Valladolid | Valladolid | 56,494 | ||||||
4 | Umán | Umán | 56,409 | ||||||
5 | Tizimín | Tizimín | 52,593 | ||||||
6 | Progreso | Progreso | 41,965 | ||||||
7 | Ticul | Ticul | 35,183 | ||||||
8 | Tekax de Álvaro Obregón | Tekax | 28,461 | ||||||
9 | Hunucmá | Hunucmá | 28,412 | ||||||
10 | Oxkutzcab | Oxkutzcab | 26,175 |
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1895[45] | 298,569 | — |
1900 | 309,652 | +3.7% |
1910 | 339,613 | +9.7% |
1921 | 358,221 | +5.5% |
1930 | 386,096 | +7.8% |
1940 | 418,210 | +8.3% |
1950 | 516,899 | +23.6% |
1960 | 614,049 | +18.8% |
1970 | 758,355 | +23.5% |
1980 | 1,063,733 | +40.3% |
1990 | 1,362,940 | +28.1% |
1995 | 1,556,622 | +14.2% |
2000 | 1,658,210 | +6.5% |
2005 | 1,818,948 | +9.7% |
2010 | 1,955,577 | +7.5% |
2015 | 2,097,175 | +7.2% |
2020[9] | 2,320,898 | +10.7% |
Languages
The most widespread indigenous language of Yucatán is Yucatec Maya, spoken natively by approximately 800,000 people in Yucatán and adjacent Quintana Roo and Campeche, especially in rural areas. The Spanish spoken in Yucatán has lexical and some phonological borrowing from Mayan and employs many words of Mayan origin, such as purux ("fat"), tuch ("navel") and wixar ("urinate").
Korean immigration
In 1905, 1,003 Korean immigrants, which included 802 men and 231 women and children, departed from the port of Chemulpo, Incheon aboard the ship Ilford to Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, Mexico. The journey took 45 days, after which they took a train to Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz. In the Veracruz port, another boat was taken to the port of Progreso with the final destination being the capital city of Mérida, Yucatan.[46] They arrived in May 1905, with previously signed contracts for four years' work as indentured laborers on the Yucatán henequen haciendas. Many of these Koreans were distributed throughout the Yucatán in 32 henequen haciendas.[47] The town of Motul, Yucatan, located in the heart of the henequen zone, was a destination for many of the Korean immigrants. Subsequently, in 1909, at the end of their contracts, they began a new stage in which they scattered even further.[48] Thus, the majority of those who came were single men who made or remade their family lives with Yucatecan especially Maya women. While Korean girls were much more subject to marriages arranged by Korean parents, males had greater freedom when it came to making a family. This rapid intermarriage by Koreans, coupled with geographic dispersal, prevented the establishment of close social networks among these migrants and therefore provided the basis for Korean descendants among the Yucatan Peninsula.[47] After that 1905 ship, no further entries of Koreans into Mexico were recorded until many years later, leading to a new community of Koreans with completely different characteristics from those who entered in 1905.[49]
Government and politics
Government
The Constitution of Yucatán provides that the government of Yucatán, like the government of every other state in Mexico, consists of three powers: the executive, the legislative and the judiciary.
Executive power rests in the governor of Yucatán, who is directly elected by the citizens, using a secret ballot, to a six-year term with no possibility of reelection. Legislative power rests in the Congress of Yucatán which is a unicameral legislature composed of 25 deputies. Judicial power is invested in the High Court of Justice of Yucatán and its district courts.
Municipalities
The State of Yucatán is divided into 106 municipalities, each headed by a municipal president (mayor). Usually municipalities are named after the city that serves as municipal seat; e.g. the municipal seat of the Municipality of Mérida is the City of Mérida.
Politics
The most recent local election in Yucatán was held on June 6, 2021.
Tourism in Yucatán | ||||
Chichen Itza | Uxmal | Dzibilchaltun | Ek' Balam | Kabah |
Mérida | Tizimín | Valladolid | Progreso | Izamal |
Loltun, Oxkutzcab | Bolón-Chohol, Cuzamá | Dzitnup, Valladolid | Ik Kil, Kaua | Sacred Cenote, Chichen Itza |
Media
Newspapers of Yucatán include: Artículo 7, De Peso (Mérida), Diario de Yucatán, La I Noticias para Mí Mérida, Milenio Novedades (Antes El Mundo al Día), and Por Esto! (Yucatán).[50][51]
Food
Yucatecan food is its own unique style and is very different from what most people would consider Mexican food. It includes influences from the local Mayan culture,[52] as well as Caribbean, European (Spanish), (North) African, and Middle Eastern cultures, as well as influence from the cuisine of other parts of Mexico.
There are many regional dishes. Some of them are:
- Poc Chuc, a Mayan/Yucatecan version of barbecued pork.
- Salbutes and Panuchos. Salbutes are soft, cooked tortillas with lettuce, tomato, turkey, and avocado on top. Panuchos feature fried tortillas filled with black beans and topped with turkey or chicken, lettuce, avocado and pickled onions. Habanero chiles accompany most dishes, either in solid or puréed form, along with fresh limes and corn tortillas.
- Queso relleno, a "gourmet" dish featuring ground pork inside of a carved Edam cheese ball served with tomato sauce and gravy.
- Pavo en Relleno Negro, a turkey meat stew cooked with a black paste made from roasted chiles, a local version of the mole de guajalote found throughout Mexico. The meat soaked in the black soup is also served in tacos, sandwiches and even in panuchos or salbutes and is usually referred to as "Relleno negro".
- Sopa de Lima, a lime-flavored soup with meat (turkey, chicken, or pork), served with tortilla chips.
- Papadzules, egg tacos covered in pumpkin seed sauce and tomatoes.
- Cochinita Pibil, a marinated pork dish and by far the most renowned of Yucatecan food.
- Xcatik, a type of chili.
- Pavo en Relleno Blanco (or simply "Relleno Blanco"), a turkey stew almost like Pavo en Relleno Negro.
- Xnipec, a fiery hot salsa or relish similar to pico de gallo, made with habanero chiles and Seville orange juice
Safety
As of 2016 the Mexican National Public Security System ranked Yucatán among the safest Mexican states.[53] Mérida was awarded City of Peace in 2011. It is one of the two states the U.S. advises its citizens to exercise normal precautions, alongside neighbouring Campeche.[54] Yucatán is the safest state in Mexico[55][56] and Mérida was awarded City of Peace in 2011.[57][58]
The Yucatán State Police is the law enforcement agency inside the state.[59] The security in the interior of the state was praised multiple times by former president Felipe Calderón Hinojosa,[60] local and foreign businessmen,[61] as well as by governor Ivonne Ortega Pacheco.[62][63][64]
Notable people
- Bennetto Payne (1909–1987), professional boxer
See also
- Caste War of Yucatán
- Cenote
- Chicxulub crater
- Governor of Yucatán
- Himno de Yucatán
- Municipalities of Yucatán
- Spanish conquest of Yucatán
- Villa Carlota, Mexico
- Yucatán State Police
Notes
- ^ Joined the federation under the name Federated Republic of Yucatán, and included the modern states of Yucatán, Campeche and Quintana Roo.
- ^ Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Yucatán; Yucatec Maya: U Péetluʼumil Yucatán.[15]
- ^ Usually when historians talk about of the Republic of Yucatán, they are talking about the second republic.
References
- ^ "La bandera de Yucatán". Diario de Yucatán. Archived from the original on December 24, 2009. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
- ^ "La historia de la República de Yucatán". Portal Electronico de Dzidzantun Yucatán. Archived from the original on June 6, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
- ^ a b "Las Diputaciones Provinciales" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 28, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
- ^ Nettie Lee Benson; Colegio de México. Centro de Estudios Históricos; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (1994). La diputación provincial y el federalismo mexicano. UNAM. pp. 227–. ISBN 978-968-12-0586-7. Archived from the original on October 18, 2023. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
- ^ "Les comparto este importante mensaje". Raúl Paz. Archived from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved September 21, 2022.
- ^ "Senadores por Yucatán LXIV y LXV Legislatura". Senado de la República. Archived from the original on June 15, 2019. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
- ^ "Resumen". Cuentame INEGI. Archived from the original on April 19, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
- ^ "Relieve". Cuentame INEGI. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ a b "México en cifras". January 2016. Archived from the original on July 18, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
- ^ Citibanamex (June 13, 2023). "Indicadores Regionales de Actividad Económica 2023" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved August 13, 2023.
- ^ a b "Yucatán". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on July 26, 2019. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
- ^ "Yucatán". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.[dead link]
- ^ "Yucatán". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
- ^ "Yucatán". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
- ^ "U Noj Aʼalmajtʼaanil U Péetluʼumil Yucatán" [Political Constitution of the State of Yucatán] (PDF) (in yua). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ de San Buenaventura, Joseph (1994). Historias de la conquista del Mayab, 1511–1697. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas. p. 183. ISBN 968-6843-59-0.
- ^ Bricker, Victoria (1998). Dictionary Of The Maya Language: As Spoken in Hocabá, Yucatán. University of Utah Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0874805697.
- ^ (de Motolinía 1858, p. 196)
- ^ (Díaz del Castillo 2005, p. 22)
- ^ "¿Cómo se alimentaban los mayas?". Archived from the original on June 15, 2010. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
- ^ Diario de Yucatán (January 2001). "La Ruta Puuc". Archived from the original on March 30, 2010. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
- ^ (Silva 2006, p. 62)
- ^ (de Landa 1984, p. 19)
- ^ (Molina Solís 1896, p. 33)
- ^ (Molina Solís 1896, p. 10)
- ^ (Silva 2006, p. 63)
- ^ Peck, Douglas T. "Misconceptions and Myths Related to the Fountain of Youth and Juan Ponce de Leon's 1513 Exploration Voyage" (PDF). New World Explorers, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 9, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
- ^ (López de Cogolludo 2007, p. 21)
- ^ (López de Cogolludo 2007, p. 22)
- ^ (López de Cogolludo 2007, p. 68)
- ^ (Ancona 1878, p. 6)
- ^ "Datos de Interes" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved April 11, 2011.
- ^ Jaime Oroza Diaz (1982) Historia de Yucatán, Ed. UADY, ISBN 968-6160-00-0
- ^ "La Historia de la República de Yucatán" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on June 6, 2017. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
- ^ Benson, Nettie Lee (1994). "La Diputación Provincial y el Federalismo Mexicano" (in Spanish). ISBN 9789681205867. Archived from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
- ^ "SEP" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 26, 2011.
- ^ Esquivel, Duran (September 14, 2002). "Las estrellas y la vigencia de la bandera de Yucatán" [The Stars and Effect of the Flag of Yucatan]. Diario de Yucatán (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 20, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
... la bandera yucateca se dividió en dos campos: a la izquierda, uno de color verde, y a la derecha, otro con tres divisiones, de color rojo arriba y abajo y blanco en medio. En el campo o lienzo verde de la bandera se destacaban cinco hermosas estrellas que simbolizaban a los cinco departamentos en que se dividía Yucatán por Decreto del 30 de noviembre de 1840, a saber: Mérida, Izamal, Valladolid, Tekax y Campeche...
- ^ Diario de Yucatán. "160 aniversario de la Bandera de Yucatán". Archived from the original on February 25, 2010. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
- ^ Diario de Yucatán. "Buenos Aires City, anfitrión de un evento al estilo de Las Vegas". Retrieved August 26, 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Nicholas A. Robins, Adam Jones (2009). "Genocides by the Oppressed: Subaltern Genocide in Theory and Practice". Indiana University Press. p. 50. ISBN 0253220777
- ^ Casares G. Cantón, Raúl; Duch Colell, Juan; Zavala Vallado, Slvio (1998). Yucatán en el tiempo. Mérida, Yucatán. ISBN 970-9071-04-1.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Gobierno del Estado de Quintana Roo. "Historia". Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
- ^ Fields, Ellen. "Haciendas of the Yucatan". Yucatan Living. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015. Retrieved May 11, 2015.
- ^ "Censo Yucatán 2020". Archived from the original on June 6, 2023. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
- ^ "Mexico: extended population list". GeoHive. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
- ^ CorMexCamp (January 19, 2010). Inmigración coreana a México. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
- ^ a b Novelo, Victoria (2009). Yucatecos en Cuba: Etnografía de una migración. Yucatan,Mexico: CIESAS/Conaculta/Instituto de Cultura de Yucatán/La Casa Chata, Serie Antropológicas.
- ^ Dávila Valdés, Claudia (2015). "Socio-Economic Trajectory and Geographical Mobility of Lebanese and Koreans: From Motul to Mérida". Migraciones Internacionales. 8 (2): 103–131. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
- ^ Hyong-Ju, Kim (2003). "La experiencia migratoria de la nueva comunidad coreana en México". Second Meeting on Korean Studies in Latin America, Centro de Estudios de Asia y África, Korea Foundation/Colmex/UBA.
- ^ "Publicaciones periódicas en Yucatán". Sistema de Información Cultural (in Spanish). Gobierno de Mexico. Archived from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
- ^ "Latin American & Mexican Online News". Research Guides. US: University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries. Archived from the original on March 7, 2020.
- ^ "A Yucatán Adventure". Food & Wine. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
- ^ Explore Cancun & the Yucatan. Insight Guides. Apa Publications (UK) Limited (published 2018). November 2018. ISBN 9781789192872. Archived from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved August 4, 2022.
2016 The Mexican National Public Security System calls Yucatán one of the safest states in Mexico.
- ^ "Travel Advisory". Mexico Travel Advisory. U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on August 31, 2023. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
- ^ "Yucatán, el Estado más seguro del país". Punto Medio. Archived from the original on August 16, 2010. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
- ^ "Confirman a Yucatán como estado más seguro". Grupo Sipse. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
- ^ "Declararán a Mérida ciudad de la paz". Vanguardia. Archived from the original on April 13, 2019. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
- ^ "Aprovecha Mérida nombramiento de 'Ciudad de la Paz' para atraer inversiones". Diario de Yucatán. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
- ^ "Misión" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
- ^ Diario de Yucatán (May 21, 2011). "Resalta el presidente Calderón la seguridad en Yucatán". Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- ^ La Revista Peninsular. "Elogian empresarios seguridad de Yucatán". Archived from the original on November 27, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- ^ Organización Editorial Mexicana (May 5, 2011). "Yucatán, el estado más seguro: Ivonne Ortega". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- ^ puntomedio.com.mx (September 17, 2010). "Cultura, deporte y seguridad, pilares del gobierno de Ivonne Ortega". Archived from the original on November 26, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- ^ El Universal (October 28, 2011). "Resalta Ivonne Ortega seguridad en Yucatán". Archived from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
Sources
- Ancona, Eligio (1878). M. Heredia Argüelles (ed.). Historia de Yucatán: Desde la época más remota hasta nuestros días. Mérida, México. OCLC 2688499.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Díaz del Castillo, Bernal (2005) [1568]. Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España: Manuscrito "Guatemala". UNAM. ISBN 9681211960.
- Molina Solís, Juan Francisco (1896). Historia del descubrimiento y conquista de Yucatán, con una reseña de la historia antigua de esta península (1st ed.). Mérida de Yucatán: Impr. y lit. R. Caballero. OCLC 6955452. OL 23361775M.
- de Landa, Diego (1984). Relación de las cosas de Yucatán. Consejo Editorial de Yucatán. OCLC 17926841.
- López de Cogolludo, Diego (2007) [1688]. Historia de Yucatán. Linkgua ediciones S. L. ISBN 978-84-9816-640-8.
- de Motolinía, Toribio (1985) [1858]. George Baudot (ed.). Historia de los Indios de la Nueva España. Castalia. ISBN 84-7039-464-9.
- Silva, Oswaldo (2006). Civilizaciones prehispánicas de América. Santiago de Chile, Chile: Editor Universitaria. ISBN 9561118572. OCLC 494412139.
External links
- Geographic data related to Yucatán at OpenStreetMap