Minnehanonck / Varken Eylandt[a] ("Hog Island") / Manning's Island / Blackwell's Island / Welfare Island | |
---|---|
![]() Seen in July 2017 looking southward | |
![]() Location in New York City | |
Geography | |
Location | East River, Manhattan, New York, United States |
Coordinates | 40°45′41″N 73°57′03″W / 40.76139°N 73.95083°W |
Area | 0.23 sq mi (0.60 km2) |
Length | 2 mi (3 km) |
Width | 0.15 mi (0.24 km) |
Highest elevation | 23 ft (7 m) |
Administration | |
![]() | |
State | ![]() |
City | New York City |
Borough | Manhattan |
Demographics | |
Population | 11,722 (2020) |
Pop. density | 50,965/sq mi (19677.7/km2) |
Ethnic groups | 36.3% white, 10.6% black, 12.3% Hispanic, 33.2% Asian or Pacific Islander, and 7.0% other races (as of 2020) |
Roosevelt Island is an island in New York City's East River, within the borough of Manhattan. It lies between Manhattan Island to the west, and the borough of Queens, on Long Island, to the east. It is about 2 miles (3.2 km) long, with an area of 147 acres (0.59 km2), and had a population of 11,722 as of the 2020 United States Census. It consists of two largely residential communities: Northtown and Southtown. Roosevelt Island is owned by the city but was leased to the New York State Urban Development Corporation (UDC) for 99 years in 1969.
The island was called Minnehanonck by the Lenape and Varken Eylandt[a] (Hog Island) by the Dutch during the colonial era and later Blackwell's Island. During much of the 19th and 20th centuries, the island was used by hospitals and prisons, with very limited access. It was renamed Welfare Island in 1921. Following several proposals to redevelop Welfare Island in the 1960s, the UDC leased the island, renamed it after former U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1973, and redeveloped it as a series of residential neighborhoods. The first phase of Northtown, the island's first community, was completed in 1974, followed by the second phase (Northtown II) in 1989. Southtown was developed in the early 21st century, along with the Cornell Tech higher-education campus.
In addition to residential towers, the island has several buildings that predate the residential development, including six that are New York City designated landmarks. The island is accessible by numerous modes of transport, including a bridge, an aerial tram, and the city's subway and ferry systems. Many government services, such as emergency services, are provided from Queens, but the island also has a post office and a pneumatic garbage-disposal system. There are several parks on Roosevelt Island as well, including a promenade around the island's perimeter and Four Freedoms Park at its southern end. In addition to Cornell Tech, the island contains an elementary school. Several houses of worship are located on Roosevelt Island, and numerous community organizations have been founded there.
Geography
Roosevelt Island is located in the middle of the East River, between Manhattan Island to the west and Queens to the east.[5] The island's southern tip faces 47th Street on Manhattan Island, while its northern tip faces 86th Street on Manhattan Island.[6] It is about 2 miles (3.2 km) long,[b] with a maximum width of 800 feet (240 m).[8][9][3] The island was 107 acres (43 ha) prior to the 18th century[7][10] but has been expanded to 147 acres (0.59 km2).[8][5][11] Administratively, it is part of the New York City borough of Manhattan.[12][13] Together with Mill Rock, Roosevelt Island constitutes Manhattan's Census Tract 238, which has a land area of 0.279 sq mi (0.72 km2).[14]
The island is one of the southernmost locations in New York City where Fordham gneiss, a type of bedrock commonly found beneath the South Bronx,[15] can be seen above ground.[7][16] The gneiss outcropping was surrounded by dolomite, which was worn down by East River currents, creating the current island.[7] The layer of bedrock is shallow and is covered by glacial till, and a 2012 study found no evidence of ponds or streams on the island.[17] Since the 19th century, the island's natural topography has been modified drastically, and fill has been added to Roosevelt Island to increase its area.[18] An ancient fault line, known as Cameron's Line, runs within the East River between Roosevelt Island and Queens.[19]
Roosevelt Island's street layout is based on a master plan designed in 1969 by the architects Philip Johnson and John Burgee. Main Street runs the length of the island, splitting into a loop around Southtown;[6] it was the island's only road until 1989.[20] The street is paved in red brick.[21][22] Main Street, along with the island's parks, was intended to be a communal area for the island's various ethnic groups and socioeconomic classes.[23] The island's residences and businesses are largely clustered around Main Street.[22] Roosevelt Island is surrounded by a seawall of Fordham gneiss, quarried from the island itself.[7]
History
Early history
Lenape use
According to archaeological digs, the area around Roosevelt Island was settled by Paleo-Indians up to 12,000 years ago.[24] In particular, the area was the homeland of the Mareckawick, a group of Lenape Native Americans,[8][25] who called it Minnehanonck.[3][4] The name is variously translated as "long island" or "It's nice to be on the island".[4] The historian Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes claimed that the Minnehanonck name referred to Randalls Island, but this claim has not been corroborated.[25]
The Lenape may have visited the island.[26][8] Archeological studies have found shell middens just opposite the island, along both the Queens and Manhattan shores, and the Lenape are known to have had settlements around waterways.[26][27] However, the island likely did not have any Lenape settlements because of the lack of freshwater.[8] There is little evidence of Native American activities on the island from before the Archaic period (which ended around 1000 BCE).[26][28]
Dutch colonization
There are disputes over who owned the island after the European colonization of New Netherland in the 17th century.[1] According to several sources, Dutch Governor Wouter van Twiller was said to have purchased the island from the Lenape in 1637.[29][30] A study from 1988 found that Van Twiller's deed referred to what is now Randalls and Wards Islands further north,[1] but a subsequent study said that Van Twiller acquired Randalls, Wards, Roosevelt, and Governors islands simultaneously.[31] In any case, Roosevelt Island was known in early modern Dutch as Varcken[s],[1][2][3] Varken,[4] or Verckens Eylandt,[1] all of which are translated in modern English as Hog Island (Varkens eiland).[32][a]
By 1639, Jan Claessen Alteras was known to have farmed Hog Island.[1][33] Reports indicate that Alteras had made improvements to the island by 1642, though the nature of the work is not known.[34] New Netherland director-general Peter Stuyvesant took over the island in 1642.[1][33] The following year, it was leased to Francois Fyn.[1][34][33] Fyn, in turn, leased the island to Laurens Duyts, who developed further structures on the island. Duyts defaulted on his lease in 1658 and was deported for "gross immoralities", and Fyn's lawyer took back the island.[34]
Manning and Blackwell ownership
After the Dutch surrendered to the British in 1664,[1][29] a British military captain named John Manning acquired the island in 1668.[34][4][29][c] In 1673, Manning surrendered to Dutch forces who had wanted to retake New Netherland; as punishment, he had to live on the island in exile.[4][36][1] After Manning's banishment,[34] the isle became known as Manning's Island.[35][37] Manning had a mansion near the island's southern tip, where he served rum punch to visitors.[38] The island was then conveyed to Manning's stepdaughter Mary in 1676[1][31] or 1685.[39] Mary was married to Robert Blackwell,[11] who became the island's new owner and namesake.[40] [4] The Brooklyn Times-Union wrote that the island had gained the Blackwell name "by a mere chance, or the result of a marriage".[37]
The Blackwell family settled the island over four generations.[39] At the beginning of the 18th century, Blackwell built his farmhouse, the Blackwell House, on the island.[41][42] Blackwell's Island was not a major battleground in the American Revolutionary War, though British troops tried to take the island after the 1776 Battle of Long Island.[1][38] The British briefly seized control on September 2–4, 1776, after which the American troops took over.[39] A British prison inspector proposed using the island as a prison in the early 1780s, but it is not known whether this happened.[43][38] Blackwell's sons took over the island in 1780 and tried to sell it, at which point Blackwell's Island had several buildings and was several miles removed from New York City.[44][10] By the mid-1780s, the island included two houses, orchards, a cider mill, and other farm structures.[31][44] Contemporary sources do not mention any structures on the northern half of the island.[44] A public auction was held in 1785, but no one bought the island.[44] In 1796, Blackwell's great-grandson Jacob Blackwell constructed the Blackwell House, one of Manhattan's oldest houses.[40] James L. Bell paid the Blackwells $30,000 for the island in 1823, but Blackwell took back control two years later, upon Bell's death.[45] One source indicated that Bell never fulfilled the terms of the sale.[44]
Hospital and prison island
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Blackwell%27s_Island_prison.jpg/220px-Blackwell%27s_Island_prison.jpg)
By 1826, the city almshouse at Bellevue Hospital was overcrowded, prompting city officials to consider moving that facility to Blackwell's Island.[46] The city government purchased the island for $32,000 (equivalent to $887,855 in 2023)[3][45][47] on July 19, 1828.[48] Ownership of the island remained unresolved for another 16 years while Bell's widow sued the city.[49] Through the 19th century, the island housed several hospitals and a prison.[4][11] At one point there were 26 institutions on the island.[11]
1830s to 1860s
The city government erected a penitentiary on the island, which opened August 3, 1830.[49] There were proposals to construct a canal to split male and female prisoners; though the canal was not built, an unknown architect did build a separate building for female prisoners.[50] The island's prison population already numbered in the hundreds by 1838, whereas there were only 24 staff members (including those not assigned to guard duties).[50] By 1839, the New York City Lunatic Asylum opened, including the Octagon Tower.[51] The asylum, with two wings made of locally quarried Fordham gneiss,[52][53] at one point held 1,700 inmates, twice its designed capacity.[40] Prisoners frequently tried to swim away from the island.[50] Almshouses, or housing for the poor, were constructed in 1847.[48] Other hospitals were soon developed on the island, including a 600-bed prison hospital that was finished in 1849.[31] Thomas Story Kirkbride, who oversaw some of the island's hospitals, described the island as having fallen into "degradation and neglect" by 1848.[54]
A workhouse was built on the island in 1852,[55] followed by the Smallpox Hospital in 1856.[31] The Asylum burned down in 1858 and was rebuilt on the same site,[40] and the prison hospital was destroyed in the same fire.[31] Two pipes provided fresh water from the Croton Aqueduct to the island by 1860, and maps indicate that Blackwell's Island had two reservoirs as well.[56] The prison hospital was replaced with City Hospital (later known as Charity Hospital),[31] which was completed in 1861 and served both prisoners and New York City's poorer population.[40] A "hospital for incurables" followed in 1866.[55]
1870s to 1890s
Prisoners built the Blackwell Island Light on the island's northern tip in 1872.[57] In 1877, the hospital opened a School of Nursing, the fourth such training institution in the nation.[31][58]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Blackwells_Island%2C_East_River._From_Eighty_Sixth_Street%2C_New_York_%28NYPL_Hades-1803582-1659256%29.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Blackwells_Island%2C_East_River._From_Eighty_Sixth_Street%2C_New_York_%28NYPL_Hades-1803582-1659256%29.tiff.jpg)
Late-19th-century editions of the Appleton's Dictionary of New York described Blackwell's Island's penitentiary as having a "feudal character".[50][59] Conditions in some of the hospitals declined significantly enough that the island as a whole gained a poor reputation.[60] The women's hospital on the island was completed in 1881.[55] Inmates from the Smallpox Hospital were moved to North Brother Island in 1885, and the Smallpox Hospital building became a nurses' training school and dormitory.[61] In addition, a male nurse's training school opened in 1887 and operated for 16 years.[62] The Chapel of the Good Shepherd opened on the island in 1889.[55][40]
The Strecker Memorial Laboratory was constructed in 1892 for the City Hospital.[61] The next year, the city began sending typhus patients to the island.[63] During the decade, city officials found the almshouse and City Hospital dilapidated and overcrowded,[64] and a grand jury declared the women's asylum a "disgrace" to New York City.[65] The asylum's inmates were transferred to Wards Island in the mid-1890s,[40] and Wards Island's Homeopathic Hospital relocated to Blackwell's Island, becoming the Metropolitan Hospital.[66] A proposal to build a power plant on the island in 1895 was unsuccessful,[67] and the city began planning to expand the island's prisons the next year.[68] Work began on new structures for the City Hospital and the almshouse in early 1897,[69] and eleven new almshouse buildings opened that October.[70] There were also plans to add eight pavilions to the island's infants' hospital.[71] The prison's hospital burned down in 1899.[72] At the end of the century, the island housed 7,000 people across seven institutions.[48]
1900s and 1910s
By the 20th century, Blackwell's Island had received the nickname of "Farewell Island" because of its connotations with fear and despair,[73] and it was also known as simply "The Island".[60] At the time, the island contained a poorhouse, the city jail, and several hospitals.[60][73] The United States Department of the Navy proposed a drill ground and training facility at Blackwell's Island's northern end in 1901,[74] although city officials opposed it.[75] The following year, there was a proposal to turn the island over to the federal government[76] and raze many of the existing structures;[77] the city's controller was also against this plan.[78] Other proposals for the island in the first decade of the 20th century included new tuberculosis (consumptive) hospitals,[79] additional almshouses,[80] an electric power plant,[80][81] and general hospitals.[82] A tuberculosis ward at Metropolitan Hospital opened on the island in 1902,[83] followed by an expanded nurses' school the next year.[84] By the mid-1900s, the Louisville Courier-Journal called the island "the world's best guarded prison",[85] and the New-York Tribune described the island as unsanitary.[86] The city's controller recommended the construction of a new hospital to alleviate the poor conditions.[87]
A proposal to convert the island into a park resurfaced in 1907.[3] By the end of the decade, thousands of elderly residents voluntarily traveled to the island for "vacations" every year.[88] The island's prisoners manufactured goods for the city, such as beds, brushes, and clothes,[89] and the Russell Sage Foundation set up a short-lived pathology institute on the island in 1907.[90] The Queensboro Bridge, crossing Blackwell's Island, opened in 1909,[91] but it did not provide direct access to the island until the late 1910s.[3][6] In addition, in the early 1910s, several buildings were added at the island's City and Metropolitan hospitals,[92] and a Catholic chapel was developed on the island.[93] City corrections commissioner Katharine Davis announced plans to construct a prison hospital on the island in 1915; there was very little vacant land on the island by then.[94]
By the 1910s, twenty-five thousand prisoners passed through the island's jail annually,[95] and Mayor William Jay Gaynor proposed shutting the jail.[96] There were also proposals to move the penitentiary to Hart Island, freeing up Blackwell's Island for hospitals and charitable institutions.[97] The city's deputy correction correctioner called the island's penitentiary "unfit for pigs" in a 1914 report criticizing the unsanitary and overcrowded conditions,[98] and a grand jury investigation the same year found that the jail was severely mismanaged.[99] Blackwell's Island Penitentiary was negatively affecting the reputation of the island's other facilities, to the point where a renaming of the island was under discussion.[100] The women's penitentiary underwent reforms during the mid-1910s,[101] and some prisoners were sent off the island to other jails.[102] Bird S. Coler ordered that the island's buildings be refurbished after he became the city's public welfare commissioner in 1918.[103]
1920s and 1930s
In 1921, the city began using Blackwell's Penitentiary to detain women who were awaiting trial.[104] The island's prison hospital was severely understaffed, and the prison was described as "a disgrace to the City of New York".[105] That April, the New York City Board of Aldermen renamed Blackwell's Island to Welfare Island.[55][106] The aldermen hoped the new name would improve the island's reputation,[106][32] though the United States Board on Geographic Names did not recognize the name change for four decades.[107] The state's prison commission recommended converting the island to a park in 1924,[108] and the city began planning to move Welfare Island's inmates to a new jail complex on Rikers Island further north.[109] By then, the Welfare Island penitentiary lacked plumbing, had rat infestations, and was susceptible to fire.[110] The prison's hospital was so overcrowded that ill inmates had to be treated in their cells.[111] Prison staff were poorly compensated, and the prison received little to no maintenance.[112]
A chapel was dedicated on the island in 1925,[113] followed by a synagogue in 1926.[114] The city government also expanded the island's Cancer Institute in the 1920s.[115] The State Department of Correction described the island in the early 1930s as "absolutely unsuitable for the purpose for which it is now used".[116] The Board of Estimate rezoned the island in 1933 to allow redevelopment.[117] At the time, officials were planning a children's hospital and nurses' dormitory on the island.[118] Municipal prison commissioner Austin MacCormick reformed the island's prison in 1934 following a series of uprisings.[119] By then, the old almshouse (the City Home) was so overcrowded that patients were being housed in abandoned portions of the Lunatic Asylum.[120] Welfare Island's jail was scheduled to be relocated, and city parks commissioner Robert Moses proposed converting the jail site to a public park.[121] A city committee instead recommended a plan by city hospital commissioner S. S. Goldwater, who proposed expanding the island's hospital facilities.[122]
After the Rikers Island jail complex opened,[123][124] workers demolished the Welfare Island jail,[125][126] and all inmates had been relocated by February 1936.[127] The city announced plans for a chronic care hospital complex in 1936.[128] When the Welfare Island Hospital for Chronic Diseases, later Goldwater Memorial Hospital, opened in July 1939,[129] the Central and Neurological Hospital closed.[130] An eight-building camp also opened in 1939.[131]
1940s to 1960s
During the mid-1940s, plans were filed for a combined laundry, garage, and firehouse building;[132] a hospital at Welfare Island's northern tip;[133] a nurses' training school;[134] and a chronic-disease ward at the Metropolitan Hospital.[135] A girls' shelter on the island opened in late 1945.[136] By the late 1940s, mayor William O'Dwyer described conditions at some of the island's hospitals as "frightful",[137] mainly because of their age.[138] A chronic-care hospital and a laundry building were developed on Welfare Island during that era.[139][140] The laundry building began construction in 1948[141] and was completed the next year.[142] Work on a 2,000-bed facility, later known as the Bird S. Coler Hospital,[143] also began in 1948.[144] Further projects were proposed in the late 1940s, including the Welfare Island Bridge to Queens,[145] a laboratory for Goldwater Hospital,[139] and two hospitals with a combined 1,500 beds.[140][146] The bridge was intended to relieve traffic caused by the island's new hospitals,[147] while the additional hospitals would serve the city's growing elderly population.[148]
During the early 1950s, the city planned a 1,500-bed hospital on the island[149] and wished to convert the island's Cancer Institute into a tuberculosis hospital.[150] After Coler Hospital opened in 1952,[151][152] patients were relocated there from the City Home for Dependents.[46] City Home was emptied out by 1953.[120][153] The Welfare Island Bridge opened in May 1955,[154][155] and a bus began serving the island.[156] The Metropolitan Hospital moved to mainland Manhattan later that year,[157] while the City Hospital was replaced in 1957 by Elmhurst Hospital Center in Queens.[125][158] Several medical facilities on the island opened during the mid-1950s, including an elderly rehabilitation center at Goldwater Hospital,[159] a polio treatment center at Goldwater,[160] and a children's rehabilitation center at Coler Hospital.[161] There were also proposals to establish a "fire college"[162] and a women's jail on the island.[163] Another medical facility for chronically ill and elderly patients opened on Welfare Island in 1958.[164]
By 1960, half of Welfare Island was abandoned,[165] and the Goldwater and Bird S. Coler hospitals were the only remaining institutions there.[73][166] The city government had been trying since 1957, without success, to obtain $1 million to demolish the abandoned buildings.[165] The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) opened a training school in 1962,[167][168] using 90 abandoned buildings for training purposes.[3] One reporter in 1967 called Welfare Island a "ghost town, vacant lot, woodland and mausoleum for unhappy memories".[73]
Redevelopment plans
Early- and mid-1960s proposals
The businessman and politician Frederick W. Richmond announced a proposal in 1961 to redevelop the island with residences for 70,000 people. The plan would have cost $450 million and would have included a two-level platform supporting buildings as tall as 50 stories.[169][170] The American Institute of Architects' New York chapter proposed that the island instead become a park,[171] while yet another plan called for the island to become housing for United Nations staff.[172][173] Other plans included those for a college campus or a smaller-scale residential area.[174] A New York City Subway station on Welfare Island was announced in February 1965 as part of the new 63rd Street lines under the East River;[175] the subway announcement spurred additional plans for the island's redevelopment.[173][176] There were plans to rename Welfare Island because the public generally associated the name negatively with the island's hospitals,[2][32] and even the hospital's patients wanted the island to be renamed.[177]
The city government ordered the demolition of six dilapidated buildings on the island in 1965.[178] The city took over another 45 abandoned hospital buildings via condemnation in June 1966,[156] and the New York City Board of Estimate applied for $250,000 in federal funds for a feasibility study on the island's redevelopment later that year.[179] The New York state government proposed in December 1967 to convert most of the island into a public park, except for senior citizens' housing at the north end.[180] The United Nations International School considered developing a campus at the island's southern end,[181] and the New York Board of Trade pushed to redevelop the island as a city park.[182] Other plans included a mix of recreational facilities and low-density housing;[183] an amusement park similar to Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen;[183][184] an underground nuclear power plant;[185][173] a cemetery;[186] and a "city of the future".[187]
Johnson and Burgee plan
In February 1968, mayor John V. Lindsay named a committee to make recommendations for the island's development,[173][188] at which point one newspaper called it "the most expensive wasteland in the world".[189] The state government established the Welfare Island Development Corporation (WIDC; later the Roosevelt Island Development Corporation or RIDC) that April.[190] Early the next year, the state government canceled plans for a state park encompassing Welfare Island,[191] and Lindsay's committee recommended renaming the island and developing housing units and recreational facilities there.[192] Land clearing began that April,[184][193] and Lindsay asked the New York State Urban Development Corporation (UDC) to help redevelop the island in May.[194] The city and state governments formally presented their proposal for Welfare Island in October 1969.[166][186][195] After the Board of Estimate approved the plan later that month,[186][196] the UDC signed a 99-year lease with the city that December.[197] The city could pay either two percent of the development cost or 40 percent of any profits.[198] The UDC issued $250 million in bonds to help finance the project.[190] The state hoped to finish the project within eight years.[186]
The architects Philip Johnson and John Burgee designed the master plan for Welfare Island, which called for two neighborhoods named Northtown and Southtown, separated by a common area.[186][199][200] The island was to become a car-free area with apartments, stores, community centers, and a waterfront promenade.[166][186][201] The apartments ranged in size from studios to four-bedroom units and were a mixture of rental and cooperative units.[202] There would be a hotel, public schools, stores, and office space,[199] and several existing buildings would be retained.[186][203] Services such as parks and schools were near every residence,[202][6] and there was a pneumatic trash collection system.[204][205] The first apartment buildings banned dogs,[206] but this prohibition was not applied to buildings developed later.[207][208] Additionally, the hospitals on the island still needed vehicular access,[209][210] so the car ban was ultimately repealed.[211]
By the early 1970s, the families of Welfare Island's three chaplains were the only people living on the island, excluding hospital patients.[212] Models of Johnson and Burgee's proposal were exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in late 1970.[213][214] The UDC modified some of Johnson and Burgee's designs after they were publicized; for example, it added more buildings on the waterfront.[215][214] The redevelopment attracted residents who wanted a better quality of life.[205] Critics expressed concerns about the fact that lower- and upper-income residents were placed on opposite sides of Main Street,[216] and they also questioned whether the project's $400 million construction budget could have been spent on other projects.[205][217]
Redevelopment
Renaming and development of Northtown
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Roosevelt_Island-1889_Chapel.jpg/220px-Roosevelt_Island-1889_Chapel.jpg)
The first phase of the development, Northtown, was to accommodate about 2,100 families.[204][205] The law professor Adam Yarmolinsky was hired to lead the WIDC in late 1970,[218] but he resigned after just over a year.[219] Work formally began in mid-1971,[214][190] and the state approved the construction of the first buildings the same year.[220] The UDC hired at least 17 architectural and engineering companies to design the structures,[202] though many of the architects resigned during construction.[214] The WIDC approved a proposal for 1,100 middle-income and luxury apartments in April 1972;[221] the UDC decided to build the residences as housing cooperatives after unsuccessfully looking for a private developer.[215] The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development formally designated Welfare Island as a "new town" in December 1972, making it eligible for additional funds.[222]
UDC considered renaming the island to attract new residents;[223] the Four Freedoms Foundation proposed renaming it for U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt.[224] The City Council approved the name change in July 1973,[225] and Welfare Island was renamed Roosevelt Island on August 20, 1973.[226] Officials began planning the Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park as well;[227] although the island had been renamed in anticipation of the park's construction, the project was delayed for the next several decades.[228] By the middle of 1973, one building had topped out, and the island had been expanded by 4 acres (1.6 ha) using dirt from the 63rd Street Tunnel's construction.[229] UDC head Edward J. Logue and project manager Robert Litke convinced multiple developers to sign 40-year leases for buildings on the island.[6] Parts of the project were delayed by disputes over the relocation of a laundry building.[230] By the end of the year, an advisory group recommended that the state legislature halt all UDC financing for the unbuilt phases of the Roosevelt Island development, citing the state's financial shortfalls.[231] At least one of the residential structures' builders had also gone bankrupt.[232] Construction proceeded steadily through 1974, and renting began that October.[233][203] In addition, the existing Blackwell House and Chapel of the Good Shepherd were renovated.[234]
After Logue was fired in early 1975, there was uncertainty over whether additional buildings would ever be built,[235] especially given the UDC's financial troubles.[236][237] The UDC decided to complete the first phase of the island's development, on which it had already spent $180 million,[23] and the New York State Division of Housing and Community Renewal took over the UDC's residential developments, including Roosevelt Island.[238] Following an architectural design competition,[234] the UDC hired four architecture firms to design the second phase of Northtown that year.[239][240] Residents began moving into Roosevelt Island's first building in April 1975.[233][237][241] Initially, there were no stores on the island,[237][210] and residents had to pass through Queens to go anywhere else.[242][243] Although people were not incentivized to move to Roosevelt Island because of the lack of public transportation,[233] the island was home to 170 families by the end of 1975.[241] The first four buildings in Northtown were all completed by mid-1976,[210] while the storefronts were slowly being rented.[244]
Development of Northtown II
No new buildings were completed between 1976 and 1989,[245] due to delays in the subway line's opening and the city's financial troubles.[246] The Roosevelt Island Tramway to Manhattan opened in May 1976,[247] and the U.S. government provided a grant the same year to fund the construction of parks on the island.[248] Rivercross, the only cooperative apartment building in Northtown, generally attracted upper-class families because of its high monthly fees, while the other buildings attracted middle-class residents.[249] The FDNY training school moved to Randalls Island in 1977, and the old Roosevelt Island campus was razed.[167] There were over 3,000 residents by early 1977[250][251] and 5,500 residents by 1978.[240] Two-thirds of the island's storefronts were still empty by the end of 1977, even as almost all of the rental apartments and most of the cooperative apartments were occupied.[252] The UDC leased some land in late 1977 to the Starrett Corporation, which planned to erect three additional buildings with a combined 1,000 apartments.[253] Starrett and the UDC signed an agreement in June 1979, in which Starrett agreed to build the three buildings, collectively known as Northtown II, for $82 million.[254]
New York state comptroller Edward V. Regan published a report in 1980, saying that the Roosevelt Island redevelopment suffered from severe cost overruns and was losing money.[255] Starrett continued to modify its plans for Northtown II,[256] and, by 1982, the New York state government planned to begin developing Northtown II.[257] The opening of the subway, which would support the island's increasing population, had been repeatedly delayed,[257] even as residents expressed concerns that the subway would cause the island's low crime rate to increase.[21][258] By then, the island had 5,000 residents and 1,800 hospital patients, but relatively few businesses.[258] The state legislature created the Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation (RIOC) to operate the island in 1984.[40][259]
The UDC re-approved the Northtown II plan in July 1984,[260] and RIOC approved it in 1986.[261] The revised plans called for five buildings,[262] containing a total of 1,100 apartments.[263] Opponents of the Northtown II project wanted to maintain the island's character and expressed concerns about the lack of mass transit options;[264][265] following a lawsuit to block Northtown II, a judge approved it in late 1986.[266][264] Work on Northtown II commenced at the end of 1987,[264] financed by a $176 million mortgage loan from the city.[238] The Northtown II towers, known as Manhattan Park, opened in 1989.[11][246] While the new apartments initially sold at a slower-than-expected pace,[267] Northtown II was 70 percent occupied by early 1990.[268]
1990s developments
The opening of the Roosevelt Island subway station, in late 1989,[269] allowed further development to proceed.[268] Officials announced the Southtown development in October 1989.[270] Designed by Raquel Ramati Associates,[271][272] it was to consist of 1,956 apartments, split evenly between market-rate and affordable apartments.[245][272] The development would span 19 acres (7.7 ha) and house up to 5,000 people.[272] The New York City Board of Estimate approved plans for Southtown in August 1990,[273] but the project had been placed on hold by 1991 because RIOC had not been able to secure a developer.[271] For much of the 1990s, no large buildings were completed on Roosevelt Island.[274]
In part because of the lack of development, the island's population remained lower than expected, requiring it to be subsidized.[275] By the mid-1990s, the island had 8,200 residents, less than half the 20,000 that the state government had originally envisioned,[274] and there were around 20 small stores.[276] To attract visitors, RIOC developed several recreational facilities and parks and sought to restore the island's oldest buildings.[277] RIOC also planned to remove about 1 acre (0.40 ha) of land to make way for a seawall.[278] The architect Santiago Calatrava was hired to design a visitor center in the 1990s,[279] but this was never built.[280]
RIOC proposed selling off the Southtown site in 1997,[281] and the Related Companies and Hudson Companies signed an agreement to develop Southtown.[5][282] The plans for Southtown were subsequently redrawn;[275] the revised plan called for three buildings to the east of Main Street, six buildings to the west, and new recreational fields.[283] Southtown's development also entailed reducing the size of the existing Blackwell Park, which prompted opposition from Northtown residents who used the park.[283] A 26-story hotel with a convention center was proposed on the island in 1998, though this plan was controversial.[276] There was also growing discontent with RIOC.[275] As a result, mayor Rudy Giuliani proposed having the city take over the island in 1999,[284] and state legislator Pete Grannis also proposed legislation to allow the island to govern itself.[285] A contractor was hired to build the first section of Southtown in May 1999,[286] and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center indicated that it would build a tower in Southtown to house its staff.[287]
2000s to present
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Roosevelt_Island_td_%282019-11-03%29_016_-_Riverwalk_Place_%28455_Main_Street%29.jpg/220px-Roosevelt_Island_td_%282019-11-03%29_016_-_Riverwalk_Place_%28455_Main_Street%29.jpg)
By the 2000 United States census, Roosevelt Island had a population of 9,520.[288] Some of the island's original buildings, which were part of the Mitchell–Lama affordable housing program, were planned to be converted to market-rate housing during the time.[289][13] Southtown's first buildings, including two structures for medical workers were announced in early 2001.[290][283] The first two Southtown buildings were completed in 2002,[291] and a proposal to redevelop the Octagon tower as an apartment building was announced that year.[292] The largely inaccessible Southpoint Park was opened year-round in 2003, a year after Governor George Pataki signed legislation designating several parks on the island.[293] The island's first two condominium buildings, both in Southtown, and the Octagon were developed next.[294][295] All three structures had been completed by 2007, increasing the island's population to around 12,000.[296] Southtown's fifth and sixth buildings were completed by 2008.[297] By the late 2000s, there were long waiting lists for residences on the island,[297][296] and people quickly moved into the new residential buildings.[298] Although the Roosevelt Island Residents Association expressed concerns that the new developments would cause gentrification, the island largely retained its middle-class housing stock.[299]
Work commenced on Four Freedoms Park in 2009,[300] along with a redesign of Southpoint Park.[301] Southpoint Park reopened in 2011,[302] and Four Freedoms Park was finished the next year.[303] A RIOC survey from 2010 found that only 12 percent of residents shopped on the island,[304] and RIOC leased the island's largely vacant retail space to the Related Companies and Hudson Companies the next year.[298][304] Related and Hudson renovated 33 storefronts,[305] while RIOC waived food-truck permit fees to entice food vendors.[306] The city government selected Technion – Israel Institute of Technology and Cornell University in late 2011 to develop the Cornell Tech research center on the island;[307] the proposal included three towers, a hotel, and a conference center.[308] The campus replaced the outmoded Goldwater Memorial Hospital,[309] which closed in 2013.[310] Work on Cornell Tech itself began in 2015,[311][312] and the campus opened two years later.[313] Graduate students moved to the island after Cornell Tech opened.[314]
Meanwhile, the island's population had grown to 11,661 by the 2010 United States census.[315] Some of the Mitchell–Lama apartments were converted to market-rate housing in the 2010s, while development of additional residential structures continued.[312] The seventh Riverwalk building was finished in 2015,[5][211] followed by the eighth in 2019.[316] Firefighters Field was renovated with the development of the eighth Riverwalk building.[317] To attract visitors, RIOC announced in 2018 that it would create an "art trail" around the island.[318] RIOC began soliciting plans for a memorial to the journalist Nellie Bly in 2019;[319] it ultimately commissioned The Girl Puzzle monument by Amanda Matthews,[320] which was dedicated in December 2021.[321] There was an additional influx of residents during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, particularly among those looking for open space.[314] The final building in Southtown, Riverwalk 9, began construction in November 2022[322] and topped out the next year.[323] In March 2024, plans were announced for a 2,700-square-foot (250 m2) "healing forest" at the southern end of the island.[324]
Demographics
When the first residential buildings opened, Roosevelt Island's amenities and wheelchair accessibility made it attractive to disabled residents and families with children.[325] Many of the first residents were white, middle-income families,[326] and disabled patients from the island's hospitals moved into the apartments as well.[327] The island also attracted residents who wanted to live in a racially integrated neighborhood, as well as those who wanted to avoid housing discrimination in other areas.[268]
Due to its proximity to the headquarters of the United Nations, Roosevelt Island attracted UN employees almost as soon as the first building opened.[6] A New York Times article from 1999 described Roosevelt Island's diverse demographics as being another factor in its popularity among diplomatic staff.[328] The island has been home to many diplomatic staff over the years,[259][315] including Kofi Annan when he was United Nations Secretary General.[329] One of every three Roosevelt Island residents was foreign-born by 2000.[296]
The 2020 United States census showed that Roosevelt Island had a population of 11,722,[330] across three census tracts.[331] The racial makeup of Roosevelt Island's three census tracts was 36.3% (4,251) White, 10.6% (1,237) African American, 33.2% (3,897) Asian, 2.8% (333) from other races, and 4.8% (564) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.3% (1,440) of the population.[331] In the 2020 census data from the New York City Department of City Planning, Roosevelt Island is grouped as part of the Upper East Side-Lenox Hill-Roosevelt Island neighborhood tabulation area.[332][333] The neighborhood tabulation area had 59,200 residents.[331]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/United_Nations_Headquarters_in_New_York_City%2C_view_from_Roosevelt_Island.jpg/700px-United_Nations_Headquarters_in_New_York_City%2C_view_from_Roosevelt_Island.jpg)
Community
Roosevelt Island's redevelopment in the 1970s spurred the creation of a community distinct from the rest of Manhattan.[258][334] Following Northtown's completion, an architectural critic wrote for Architectural Design that Roosevelt Island "seems to be more of a hermetically sealed suburb than an integral part of New York City".[335] One newspaper from 1989 described the island as a "small, self-contained, family-oriented community", with its own Little League Baseball team, newspaper, and library.[334] A Washington Post article from the same year described the island as having the feel of a small town but with a closer connection to Manhattan.[11] A New York Times article from 1999 said the island had the feel of "a postwar suburb of some European city", distinct from the rest of New York City.[328] In 2008, the New York Daily News described the island as a "fantastic and peaceful place to live", albeit with many disputes among residents.[297]
Over the years, several dozen volunteer groups have been developed on the island.[259] These include the Roosevelt Island Garden Club, which consists of 120 plots tended by members.[336] There is also a farmer's market.[337] in addition to organizations such as the Roosevelt Island Visual Art Association[312][338] and the Main Street Theatre & Dance Alliance.[312][339] A historical society, the Roosevelt Island Historical Society, has archival material about the island's history.[340] The island has a biweekly newspaper, The Main Street Wire,[341][13] which was founded in 1981;[342] it originally had a column with pieces about the history of Roosevelt Island.[343]
There have been community traditions on Roosevelt Island, such as Halloween parades, Black History Month events, and Lunar New Year celebrations.[20][265] Various activities take place on the island throughout the year, such as picnics and concerts,[296] in addition to annual Roosevelt Island Day celebrations since 1995.[344] The island has also hosted events like the Roosevelt Island Table Tennis Tournament[345] and the Figment NYC festival.[346] Every summer since 2015, the Manhattan Park Pool Club has commissioned a mural for the Manhattan Park development's pool deck.[347] Roosevelt Island has sometimes been used as a filming location, such as for the films Spider-Man (2002)[348] and Dark Water (2005).[349]
Buildings
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/INTERIOR%2C_SECOND_FLOOR%2C_SPIRAL_STAIRCASE_AND_CENTRAL_STAIRWELL_-_Welfare_Island%2C_Insane_Asylum%2C_New_York%2C_New_York_County%2C_NY_HABS_NY%2C31-WELFI%2C6-5.tif/lossy-page1-170px-INTERIOR%2C_SECOND_FLOOR%2C_SPIRAL_STAIRCASE_AND_CENTRAL_STAIRWELL_-_Welfare_Island%2C_Insane_Asylum%2C_New_York%2C_New_York_County%2C_NY_HABS_NY%2C31-WELFI%2C6-5.tif.jpg)
The 1969 master plan divided the island into two residential communities: Northtown and Southtown.[166][201] The plan received mixed reviews. A writer for New York magazine wrote that the Johnson–Burgee design was "a nice plan for a very nice community", while an Architectural Forum reviewer called it "purposefully schematic and architecturally nonspecific".[6] The Wall Street Journal wrote of the buildings on the island: "Their physical surfaces are harsh but the streetscapes aren't."[211] In 1977, the City Club of New York gave Roosevelt Island's buildings a special honor award for the quality of their designs.[350] Although most of the residential structures contain rental apartments, there are also condominiums and cooperative housing.[5] Roosevelt Island generally has more wheelchair-accessible housing than other neighborhoods, in part because of its past use as a hospital island.[351]
Northtown
The first phase of Roosevelt Island's development was called Northtown, with about 2,140 apartments.[6][352] Northtown consists of four housing complexes: Westview, Island House, Rivercross, and Eastwood.[210][353] The architectural firm of Sert, Jackson & Associates designed the Island House and Rivercross buildings east of Main Street, while John Johansen and Ashok Bhavnani designed the Eastwood and Westfield buildings on the west side.[354][244] All four structures are U-shaped buildings, which measure up to 20 stories high and are faced in concrete or corrugated brick.[244][355] Three of the buildings were rental apartment complexes: Island House, Westview, and Eastwood (the latter of which had affordable housing). Rivercross was structured as a housing cooperative.[326][250] All of these buildings, except Rivercross, were originally subsidized under the state's Mitchell–Lama Housing Program.[13] The first apartments included built-in heating and air-conditioning units,[356] while the buildings themselves included health clubs.[352] Westview and Eastwood also had skip-stop elevators that stopped at three-floor intervals; this allowed for more flexible apartment layouts on floors that were not served by elevators.[355][244]
Northtown II (also known as Manhattan Park[297]), located north of Northtown and on the west side of Main Street,[238] was developed by the Starrett Corporation and designed by the firm Gruzen Samton.[357] Completed in 1989,[245] it occupies 8.5 acres (3.4 ha) and consists of five buildings.[334] The complex comprises around 1,100 rental apartments,[263] split into about 220 affordable apartments and about 880 market-rate apartments.[357] The affordable apartments are clustered within one building. In all five structures, the apartments range from one to three bedrooms.[334] There are also a garden, picnic space, community center, playgrounds, and daycare center.[357] Near the north end of the island is a 500-unit apartment building known as the Octagon, which is centered around a remaining portion of the Lunatic Asylum.[297][5]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Roosevelt_Island-Main_Street.jpg/170px-Roosevelt_Island-Main_Street.jpg)
In addition to the apartment buildings, the northern part of Roosevelt Island contains the Metropolitan Hospital's former church, which was built in the 1920s and became a wedding venue in 2021.[358] A stone structure, Chapel of St. Dennis, was built near the Octagon around 1935–1940; little else is known about this chapel.[359]
Southtown and southern end
Southtown (also referred to as Riverwalk[295][322]) was developed starting in 2001.[290][283] When complete, Southtown will have 2,000 units in nine buildings.[299][360] As of 2022, eight of Southtown's nine planned buildings had been completed, while the last structure was under construction.[322] Some of the buildings house medical staff who work in Manhattan.[5][13] The structures contain a total of over 2,000 apartments, of which 40 percent are affordable housing.[361] Some of the buildings in Southtown are condominiums, including Riverwalk Place and Riverwalk Court.[296] In contrast to the older Northtown buildings, which were developed in groups, the Riverwalk structures were constructed as standalone buildings; the Wall Street Journal regarded Southtown as lacking the "coherent streetscapes" of Northtown.[211]
The southern end of the island also contains four buildings, which are part of the Cornell Tech graduate-school campus and research center.[362] The $2 billion facility includes 2 million square feet of space on an 11-acre (4.5 ha) site.[363] The first phase of the campus includes a main academic building, a graduate housing tower, and an innovation hub/tech incubator.[362] The 26-story Cornell Tech residential tower has 350 apartments and was intended as the world's largest passive house residential tower when it was built.[364] Cornell Tech's first phase also includes a conference center and a hotel.[365] The hotel is 18 stories high, with 224 rooms, and is known as the Graduate Roosevelt Island; it opened in 2021 as the island's first hotel.[366]
Designated landmarks
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Welfare_Island%2C_Lighthouse%2C_New_York_%28New_York_County%2C_New_York%29.jpg/170px-Welfare_Island%2C_Lighthouse%2C_New_York_%28New_York_County%2C_New_York%29.jpg)
Roosevelt Island has six buildings and structures that are New York City designated landmarks,[312][367] all of which are also on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).[368][d] The Blackwell House at Main Street, one of the city's few remaining farmhouses,[41][369] was built between 1796 and 1804 for James Blackwell.[41][42] Also along Main Street is the Chapel of the Good Shepherd, an Episcopal church from 1889.[42][370] Blackwell Island Light, an octagonal Gothic-style lighthouse at the northern end of the island, was built in 1872;[371][372] it measures 50 feet (15 m) tall and was designed by Renwick.[57]
The remaining three official city landmarks are former hospitals.[367][41] At the island's southern tip are the Smallpox Hospital, a Gothic-style ruin built in 1857 as the first smallpox hospital in the U.S., and the Strecker Laboratory, a Romanesque Revival-style electrical substation built in 1892 as a laboratory. At the northern end is the Octagon, the sole remaining structure from the 1839 Lunatic Asylum.[371][372] The ruins of the City Hospital, a mid-19th-century building on the southern tip of the island, had been listed on the NRHP,[373] but were razed in 1994 due to extreme neglect.[374]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Roosevelt_Island_buildings.jpg/700px-Roosevelt_Island_buildings.jpg)
Governance and infrastructure
The neighborhood is part of Manhattan Community District 8. In the 1970s, when the city's community districts were being redrawn, there were disputes over whether the island should be served by a district in Manhattan or Queens.[375] While the island was ultimately placed within a Manhattan community district, it received emergency services from Queens.[376][13] The island's other services come from Manhattan; for example, it was still assigned a ZIP Code and an area code from Manhattan.[11] The island has a ZIP Code of 10044, and residents are assigned area codes 212, 332, 646,[e] and 917.[378] The United States Postal Service operates the Roosevelt Island Station at 694 Main Street;[379] the island's post office opened in October 1976.[250] The firm of Kallman and McKinnell designed the post office, along with a small fire station and a set of stores.[214]
The Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation, a state public-benefit corporation, operates the island's infrastructure and oversees its development.[259][380] RIOC manages transportation and private security on the island, and it is also responsible for leasing out stores, developing apartments, and preserving the island's landmarked buildings.[380] Although RIOC is a state agency, its members are appointed rather than elected,[282][381] though straw polls for positions on RIOC's board were hosted starting in 2008.[382] By law, five of RIOC's nine members must be island residents,[382] but not RIOC's CEO.[383] Much of RIOC's income comes from fees collected from private developers.[282]
Utilities
Parts of New York City Water Tunnel No. 3, which provides fresh water to much of New York City, pass underneath the island; the section under Roosevelt Island opened in 1998[384][385] and travels as much as 780 feet (240 m) under the island.[385] Roosevelt Island also had its own steam plant behind the Roosevelt Island Tramway's terminal until 2013.[386] In addition, Verdant Power installed tidal turbines under the East River's eastern channel in the 2000s as part of the Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy project;[387] The turbines powered small parts of the island.[388] Three new turbines were installed in the 2020s.[389]
Waste disposal
Before the 1970s, raw waste from Roosevelt Island was dumped directly into the East River.[229] Garbage on Roosevelt Island is collected by an automated vacuum collection (AVAC) system, which consists of pneumatic tubes measuring either 20 inches (510 mm),[390] 22 inches (56 cm),[391] or 24 inches (61 cm) wide.[392] Manufactured by Swedish firm Envac and installed in 1975, it was the second AVAC system in the U.S. at the time of its installation, after the Disney utilidor system.[390][392] It is one of the world's largest AVAC systems,[391] collecting trash from 16 residential towers.[390] Trash from each tower is transported to the Central Collections and Compaction Plant[391] at up to 60 miles per hour (97 km/h).[390] The collection facility contains three turbines that spin the garbage;[392] the trash is then compacted and sent to a landfill.[390][392] The pneumatic tube system collects 6 short tons (5.4 t)[392] or 10 short tons (9.1 t) of trash each day.[391] On several occasions, tenants have damaged the system by throwing large objects, such as strollers and Christmas trees, into the tubes.[390][392]
Emergency services
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ruins_of_the_Smallpox_Hospital_2007.jpg/220px-Ruins_of_the_Smallpox_Hospital_2007.jpg)
NYC Health + Hospitals/Coler is located in the northern portion of the island[5] and has been Roosevelt Island's only public hospital since 2013, when Goldwater Memorial Hospital closed.[393] Although the 1969 plan for Roosevelt Island called for dedicated fire and police stations,[186] as of 2024 the island receives all of its emergency services from Queens.[394] Roosevelt Island is patrolled by the 114th Precinct of the New York City Police Department,[395] located at 34-16 Astoria Boulevard in Astoria, Queens.[396] The Roosevelt Island Public Safety Department also patrols the island;[21][13] its officers can make arrests but do not carry weapons.[397]
Roosevelt Island has no firehouse.[398] Fire protection services are provided by Engine Company 260 of the New York City Fire Department (FDNY),[399] located at 11-15 37th Avenue in Astoria.[400] The FDNY maintains its Special Operations Command facility at 750 Main Street on the island.[401] Engine Company 261, in Long Island City, served the island until it closed in 2003.[402] There was controversy over the firehouse's closure,[403] and a New York Supreme Court judge subsequently ruled that the closure was illegal.[404] In 2019, mayor Bill de Blasio's office told reporters that the firehouse would not reopen because the island had additional emergency resources.[399][405]
Recreation and green spaces
Parks
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/FDR_Four_Freedoms_Park.jpg/220px-FDR_Four_Freedoms_Park.jpg)
When Roosevelt Island was redeveloped in the 1970s, about a quarter of the land area was set aside for parks.[23] The island has four primary parks: Lighthouse, Octagon, Southpoint, and Four Freedoms parks.[312] At the northern tip of Roosevelt Island is Lighthouse Park, named after the Blackwell Island Light.[406] Octagon Park, a 15-acre (6.1 ha) green space, contains a prow-shaped performance stage facing the East River's west channel;[407] it was originally planned as an ecological park with bedrock outcrops.[408] Near the south end of the island is Southpoint Park, a seven-acre (2.8 ha) green space containing the Strecker Lab and Smallpox Hospital buildings.[409] The four-acre (1.6 ha) Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park, a New York State Park,[410] opened in 2012 at the southern end of the island.[303][411] Four Freedoms Park was designed by Louis Kahn in 1974[412] and consists of two rows of trees converging toward a granite "room" at the island's southern tip.[412][411]
There is a smaller park located around the Blackwell House.[258] The southern tip of Roosevelt Island was formerly occupied by a fountain,[413] which was donated by publisher George T. Delacorte Jr. in mid-1967[2][414] and dedicated in 1969.[413] The fountain sprayed water from the East River 400 to 600 feet (120 to 180 m) into the air.[415] A local group planted trees at the southern tip of the island in 1985, which quickly died due to blasts from the Delacorte fountain;[416] the fountain was itself taken apart in the late 1980s.[280] The entire island is circled by a publicly accessible waterfront promenade.[258][417] Because of its greenery, Roosevelt Island received a Tree City USA designation for several years in the 1990s and 2000s.[276][20]
Recreational facilities
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Roosevelt_Island_td_%282019-11-03%29_036_-_Firefighters_Field.jpg/220px-Roosevelt_Island_td_%282019-11-03%29_036_-_Firefighters_Field.jpg)
There are four outdoor recreational fields on Roosevelt Island:[418]
- Capobianco Field, located south of the Roosevelt Island Bridge ramp; measures 175 by 230 feet (53 by 70 m)[418]
- Firefighters Field, located next to the ferry terminal north of Queensboro Bridge; measures 303 by 178 feet (92 by 54 m)[418]
- McManus Field, located across from the New York City Department of Sanitation building at the north end of the island.[419] Originally known as Octagon Park,[420] it contained soccer, tennis, and baseball facilities, as well as areas for picnics and barbecues.[277] The park was renamed from Octagon Field in October 2019 to honor Jack McManus, the former Chief of the Roosevelt Island Public Safety Department.[420]
- Pony Field, located east of the Octagon; measures 250 by 230 feet (76 by 70 m)[418]
The Roosevelt Island Racquet Club is located near the Roosevelt Island Tramway stop[421][422] and was developed in the early 1990s, with 11 courts underneath a pair of domes.[277][422] Also next to the tram stop is the Sportspark indoor recreation center, with a studio, swimming pool, gym, and recreation room.[423] There are additional tennis courts in Octagon Park, next to the Octagon.[424]
Education
Schools and higher education
Roosevelt Island is served by the New York City Department of Education.[425] When it was redeveloped as a residential community in the 1970s, the island was planned with up to 16 schools serving grades K-12, each accommodating 180 to 300 students.[426] Roosevelt Island's schools were spread across several apartment buildings.[426][427] The school system taught fine arts as part of a partnership with Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, and each school taught a foreign language as well.[23]
The first school on Roosevelt Island opened in 1975 with a single student and two teachers.[428] By the 1980s, the island had five school buildings, each serving two grades.[258] All of the island's schools were combined in 1992 into PS/IS 217 Roosevelt Island School,[40] which is located on Main Street.[425] By the 21st century, PS/IS 217 was the only public school on the island, serving students from pre-kindergarten to grade 8.[296][337] High-school students on the island generally went to schools in Manhattan.[296] The Child School and Legacy High School serves special needs children with learning and emotional disabilities.[429]
In 2011, Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced that Cornell Tech, a Cornell University-Technion-Israel Institute of Technology graduate school of applied sciences, would be built on the island.[307] The first phase of Cornell Tech opened in 2017.[363]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/LLRoosevelt.jpg/220px-LLRoosevelt.jpg)
Library
The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates the Roosevelt Island branch at 504 Main Street.[430] The library was founded in the 1970s as a volunteer initiative.[430][431] Two residents, Dorothy and Herman Reade, founded the island's first library within a rented space in 1976; the collection had moved to 625 Main Street by 1977.[432] The Reades' library was unusual in that it used a custom classification system, rather than the Dewey Decimal Classification system, which the Reades did not know much about.[431] The library moved to its own building at 524 Main Street in 1979[430] or the 1980s.[431] The library on Main Street was named the Dorothy and Herman Reade Library of Roosevelt Island in the early 1980s.[433] Residents originally paid dues to access the library.[341]
The library became a branch of the NYPL system in 1998, allowing the branch to access the NYPL's much larger collection.[431] The Empire State Center for the Book dedicated a plaque on the island in 2016, marking the island's literary connections.[434] The current NYPL branch at 504 Main Street opened in January 2021 and covers 5,200 square feet (480 m2).[435][436]
Religion
There have been churches and chapels for several Christian denominations on the island.[437] The Chapel of the Good Shepherd, a Late Victorian Gothic style structure,[370] was Roosevelt Island's first church and operated until 1958 as an Episcopal church.[437][438] The chapel reopened in 1975 as a community center.[370][438] The Chapel of Our Lady, Consoler of the Afflicted dated to 1909[437] and was a Gothic-style stone building serving the island's Catholic community.[439] The Church of the Good Samaritan was developed for the Lutheran community in 1917. Both the Chapel of Our Lady and the Church of the Good Samaritan have since been demolished.[437] At the Metropolitan Hospital was an Episcopal chapel, the Chapel of the Holy Spirit (consecrated 1925),[113] and a Catholic chapel, the Chapel of the Sacred Heart.[437]
Welfare Island originally contained the Council Synagogue, which opened in 1926[114] and was described as having a "pleasing exterior" and a "simple, dignified interior".[440] Following the residential redevelopment, the Roosevelt Island Jewish Congregation was founded c. 1987; the Chabad Lubavitch Center of Roosevelt Island moved into the RIJC's space in 2006.[441] Chabad of Roosevelt Island also operates a Chabad Jewish student organization in association with Cornell Tech, which accommodates many international students from Israel.[442] There is also a mosque operated by the Islamic Society of Roosevelt Island.[443]
Transportation
Until its development in the late 20th century, Roosevelt Island was largely inaccessible from the outside world, and a guard banned most visitors, including all children under age 12.[6] The island was accessed solely by rowboat until the early 20th centuries.[444] Even through the 1950s, the only modes of transit to and from the island were a ferry from 78th Street in Manhattan and an elevator from the Queensboro Bridge.[6]
As of 2024, the island is accessible via bridge, aerial tramway, ferry, and subway.[445] Although the tramway and subway stations are both wheelchair-accessible, both modes of transit can experience outages that occasionally make it impossible for disabled residents to travel to and from the island.[446] Furthermore, despite the existence of several modes of transit, the island still had a reputation for being hard to access during the 21st century.[314]
Pedestrian and vehicular access
Although Roosevelt Island is located directly under the Queensboro Bridge, it is no longer directly accessible from the bridge itself. A trolley previously connected passengers from Queens and Manhattan to a stop in the middle of the bridge, where passengers took an elevator down to the island. The trolley operated from the bridge's opening in 1909 until April 7, 1957.[447] An elevator building, on the bridge's north side, was finished in 1918[6] or 1919.[447] The elevator was closed to the public in 1957, after the Roosevelt Island Bridge opened,[447] but was not demolished until 1970.[448] As late as August 1973, another passenger elevator ran from the Queens end of the bridge to the island,[449][450]
The Roosevelt Island Bridge, a vertical-lift bridge over the East River's eastern channel to Astoria, Queens, opened in 1955.[154] It is the only vehicular route to the island[451][452] and also contains a sidewalk.[452] News media said in 2001 that the bridge was almost never lifted,[444][451] though it was lifted more frequently starting in the 2000s.[398] There is a bike lane on the bridge.[453]
Roosevelt Island's main parking facility is the Motorgate Garage,[454] which was designed by the firm of Kallman & McKinnell and originally had 1,000 parking spaces.[214] It is designed in a brutalist style, with a concrete facade, and also included the island's first post office and fire station.[455] There are also parking meters along Main Street,[454][456] but parking is limited to 20 minutes.[5] Since 2020, the island has also had Citi Bike bikeshare stations.[457]
Mass transit
The New York City Subway's 63rd Street Line was proposed in 1965 with a station directly serving the island.[175] Service on the 63rd Street Line began in October 1989,[269] but the line had no direct subway access to much of Queens until 2001.[458] The line's Roosevelt Island station (served by the F and <F> train) is one of the deepest stations below sea level in the system, at more than 100 feet (30 m) below ground level.[459] The BMT 60th Street Tunnel (N, R, and W trains) and the IND 53rd Street Line (E and M trains) both pass under Roosevelt Island, without stopping, on their way between Manhattan and Queens.[460] There are emergency exit shafts to the island from both the 53rd Street and 60th Street tunnels.[461]
The Roosevelt Island Tramway was proposed in the 1970s after delays in the subway's construction.[229][462] It was completed in May 1976, providing access to Midtown Manhattan,[247] and had been intended as a temporary mode of transport until the subway station opened.[455][11] The tram was completely reconstructed in 2010.[463]
When the island was being redeveloped in the 1970s, the UDC had planned to operate 20-seat electric minibuses there.[464] As of 2023, MTA Bus's Q102 route operates between the island and Queens, making a loop around Roosevelt Island.[465][466] RIOC also operates the Red Bus, a shuttle bus service that circulates around the island.[466] The latter service is fare-free,[467] connecting apartment buildings to the subway and tramway.[466][468]
A ferry service ran from Welfare Island to Manhattan from 1935 to June 1956,[469] although the island's old ferry terminal remained standing for several years.[470] A ferry route ran directly to Lower Manhattan briefly during 1986.[471] Roosevelt Island has been served by NYC Ferry's Astoria route since August 2017.[472] The ferry landing is on the east side of the island near the tramway station.[473]
Notable people
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Taylor_Map_-_Roosevelt_Island.jpg/220px-Taylor_Map_-_Roosevelt_Island.jpg)
Prisoners
- George Appo – pickpocket and con artist[474]
- Ethel Byrne – sentenced to 30 days for distribution of information about birth control;[475] became the first woman in the U.S. ever to be force-fed in prison after going on a hunger strike there[476]
- Ida Craddock – convicted for obscenity under the Comstock laws[477]
- Ann O'Delia Diss Debar – served six months for fraud as a medium[478]
- George Washington Dixon – served six months for libel against Reverend Francis L. Hawks[479]
- Fritz Duquesne – Nazi spy and leader of the Duquesne Spy Ring, the largest convicted espionage case in United States history[480]
- Becky Edelson – for "using threatening language" during a speech[481]
- Carlo de Fornaro – for criminal libel[482]
- Emma Goldman – several times, for activities in support of anarchism and birth control and against the World War I draft[483]
- Billie Holiday – served on prostitution charges[484]
- Mary Jones – 19th-century transgender prostitute who was a center of media attention for coming to court wearing feminine attire[485]
- Eugene Reising – firearms designer convicted of violating the Sullivan Act[486]
- Madame Restell – for performing abortions[487]
- Margaret Sanger – sentenced to 30 days for distribution of information about birth control; jailed after her sister Ethel Byrne[475][488]
- Boss Tweed – served one year on corruption-related charges; had a private room and secretary on the island[50]
- Mae West – served eight days on public obscenity charges for her play Sex[489]
Visitors
- Charles Dickens – described conditions at the "Octagon", an asylum for the mentally ill then located on the northern portion of the island, in his American Notes (1842)[11]
- William Wallace Sanger – physician-in-chief at the Blackwell's Island Hospital[490]
- Joseph Lister - near the end of his trip to the United States, performed an operation at Charity Hospital on Blackwell's Island (1876)[491]
- Nellie Bly – went undercover as a patient in the Women's Lunatic Asylum and reported what happened in the New York World as well as her book Ten Days in a Mad-House (1887)[492]
- Egon Erwin Kisch – visited the Welfare Island penitentiary under a false name (Mister Becker) for the report "Prisons on an Island on East River" as part of his reportage Volume "Paradise America" (1930)[493]
Residents
- Kofi Annan (1938–2018) – United Nations Secretary-General[494]
- Michelle Bachelet (born 1951) – president of Chile and Executive Director of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women)[495]
- Jonah Bobo (born 1997) – actor[496]
- Michael Brodsky (born 1948) – author[497]
- Perry Chen (born 1976) – entrepreneur, best known for being the creator and principal founder of Kickstarter, the online crowdfunding platform for creative ideas[498]
- Alice Childress (1912–1994) – playwright and author[499]
- Billy Crawford (born 1982) – singer, songwriter and actor[500]
- Roy Eaton (born 1930) – pianist[501]
- Mike Epps (born 1970) – stand-up comedian, actor, film producer, writer and rapper, best known for playing Day-Day Jones in Next Friday and its sequel, Friday After Next[502]
- Paul Feinman (1960–2021) – associate judge of the New York Court of Appeals[503]
- Wendy Fitzwilliam (born 1972) – former Miss Universe and Miss Trinidad and Tobago[504]
- Amanda Forsythe (born 1976) – light lyric soprano known for her interpretations of baroque music and the works of Rossini[505]
- Buddy Hackett (1924–2003) – comedian and actor[506]
- Anna-Maria Henckel von Donnersmarck (born 1940) – German political activist[507]
- Count Leo-Ferdinand Henckel von Donnersmarck (1935–2009) – German businessman and official of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta[507]
- Count Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck (born 1973) – German film director[507]
- Tim Keller (1950–2023) – Christian author and minister[508]
- Al Lewis (1923–2006) – actor, best known as "Grandpa" in The Munsters[509][510]
- Sarah Jessica Parker (born 1965) – actress[511]
- Andrea Rosen (born 1974) – comedian[512]
- Jon Sciambi (born 1970) – ESPN broadcaster[513]
- Lyndsey Scott – model, actress, iOS mobile app software developer[514]
See also
References
Notes
- ^ a b c "Eylandt" is the early-modern Dutch spelling; the word for "island" in 21st-century Dutch is eiland. In addition, different sources give slightly different spellings.[1][2][3][4]
- ^ A 1989 study gave a length of 1.97 miles (3.17 km).[7]
- ^ Another source gives 1666 as the year of Manning's takeover.[35]
- ^ The Queensboro Bridge, which crosses the island, is als a city landmark and iso listed on the NRHP.[8][57]
- ^ The area codes 646 and 332 are overlays of the original 212 area code, which serves Manhattan.[377]
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kearns, Kirkorian & Schaefer 1989, p. 6.
- ^ a b c d Hanson, Kitty (October 24, 1967). "Welfare Island Seeks New Life and New Name". New York Daily News. p. 192. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 18, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 641.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Pollak, Michael (December 14, 2012). "Name that Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 11, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Hughes, C. J. (October 4, 2017). "Roosevelt Island: Part of Manhattan, but Apart from It". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bailey, Anthony (December 1, 1974). "Manhattan's other island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 12, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Kearns, Kirkorian & Schaefer 1989, p. 4.
- ^ a b c d e f Louis Berger & Associates Inc. 1998, p. 2.
- ^ Picht, Jennifer (June 23, 2016). "Guide to Roosevelt Island, NYC, including parks and attractions". Time Out New York. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ a b Barlow 1971, pp. 129–130.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Conn, Stephen R. (April 23, 1989). "Roosevelt Island: A Tram Ride, A World Apart". The Washington Post. p. E1. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 140041265. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
- ^ "Roosevelt Island: Town Within a City". The New York Times. January 25, 1979. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g Polner, Robert (September 10, 2004). "Small town life in the big city, With family feel, many parks and affordable housing, it's hard to believe Roosevelt Island is part of Manhattan". Newsday. p. D07. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 279839082.
- ^ "U.S. Census website". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
- ^ AKRF Inc. 2012, p. 4.
- ^ Barlow 1971, p. 123.
- ^ AKRF Inc. 2012, p. 5.
- ^ AKRF Inc. 2012, pp. 4–5.
- ^ Sullivan, Walter (April 5, 1986). "New Seismic Studies in City Increase Concern". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
- ^ a b c Segall, Rebecca (July 30, 2002). "Close Up On: Roosevelt Island". The Village Voice. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ a b c Goldman, John J. (February 2, 1982). "New York's 'Little Apple': Problems Ahead in Paradise?: Growth May Change Cozy Roosevelt Island". The Hartford Courant. p. A8. ISSN 1047-4153. ProQuest 546607111.
- ^ a b Zengota, Eric (July 22, 2005). "The oasis in the East River ; Roosevelt Island: an in-city getaway". The Record. p. G30. ProQuest 425932028.
- ^ a b c d Claiborne, William (June 25, 1975). "Money Woes Threaten N. Y.'s 'Other Island'". The Washington Post. p. A5. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 146226799.
- ^ AKRF Inc. 2012, p. 7.
- ^ a b John Milner Associates Inc. 2007, p. 5.
- ^ a b c Kearns, Kirkorian & Schaefer 1989, p. 5.
- ^ Louis Berger & Associates Inc. 1998, pp. 2–3.
- ^ AKRF Inc. 2012, p. 10.
- ^ a b c Barlow 1971, p. 127.
- ^ Rodriguez-Nava, Gabriel (2003). "The Rise of a Healthy Community". NYC24. Columbia University School of Journalism. Archived from the original on August 1, 2009; Burrows, Edwin G. and Wallace, Mike (1999). Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29. ISBN 0-195-11634-8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Louis Berger & Associates Inc. 1998, p. 4.
- ^ a b c Jones, Frank N. (June 11, 1966). "Topics: A Backward Glance at Welfare Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ a b c Stokes, Isaac Newton Phelps), 1867–1944 (1915). The iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498-1909 : compiled from original sources and illustrated by photo-intaglio reproductions of important maps, plans, views, and documents in public and private collections. Vol. 2. p. 207. Retrieved April 7, 2024 – via Internet Archive.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e John Milner Associates Inc. 2007, p. 6.
- ^ a b The New Yorker (January 13, 1928). ""Captain Manning's Island"". The New Yorker. p. 13. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
- ^ Barlow 1971, pp. 127–129.
- ^ a b "Origin of the Name Blackwell's Island". Times Union. July 27, 1908. p. 8. Retrieved April 4, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c Barlow 1971, p. 129.
- ^ a b c John Milner Associates Inc. 2007, p. 7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Timeline of Island History". The Main Street Wire. Archived from the original on September 1, 2010.
- ^ a b c d Diamonstein-Spielvogel 2011, p. 84.
- ^ a b c White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, p. 953.
- ^ Kearns, Kirkorian & Schaefer 1989, pp. 6–7.
- ^ a b c d e Kearns, Kirkorian & Schaefer 1989, p. 7.
- ^ a b Kearns, Kirkorian & Schaefer 1989, pp. 7–8.
- ^ a b "City's Bleak House is Ending Its Days; Welfare Island Home Dickens Assailed Will Be Replaced by a Modern Hospital". The New York Times. June 18, 1952. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024; "City Is Closing Welfare Island's Old Almshouse: 218 -Year- Old Institution Will Begin Moving I-ts 1.500 Patients on July 1". New York Herald Tribune. June 18, 1952. p. 23. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1319913684.
- ^ "Et Cetera". New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. November 21, 1994. p. 131. ISSN 0028-7369. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ a b c John Milner Associates Inc. 2007, p. 8.
- ^ a b Kearns, Kirkorian & Schaefer 1989, p. 8.
- ^ a b c d e Gray, Christopher (February 9, 2012). "Streetscapes-The Penitentiary on Roosevelt Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
- ^ Brockmann, Jorg; Harris, Bill (2002). One Thousand New York Buildings. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal. p. 268. ISBN 978-1-57912-237-9.
- ^ Horn 2018, p. 6.
- ^ "The Lunatic Asylum, at Blackwell's Island". Gleason's Pictorial Drawing – Room Companion. Vol. 4, no. 8. February 19, 1853. p. 113. ProQuest 124063735.
- ^ McGrath, Patrick (June 28, 2018). "A Dumping Ground for the Poor, the Criminal and the Mad". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e "Want Black Well's Island Name Back; Historians Resent Change by Mayor and Aldermen to Welfare Island". The New York Times. May 1, 1921. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ Kearns, Kirkorian & Schaefer 1989, p. 11.
- ^ a b c "Blackwell's Island (Roosevelt Island), New York City (U.S. National Park Service)". NPS.gov Homepage (U.S. National Park Service). March 16, 1972. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Finding Women in the Archives: Student Nurses". Women at the Center. New-York Historical Society. January 9, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
- ^ "Appleton's dictionary of New York and its vicinity". D. Appleton & Co. 1879. pp. 31–32. Retrieved March 27, 2024 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ a b c "From Blackwell's Island, Where Abe Hummel is Confined, It is Almost Impossible for a Prisoner to Escape: at One Time During Early Years Criminals Were Treated So Inhumanly as to Make the Place a Horror—tales of Attempts to Break Away". Detroit Free Press. June 9, 1907. p. 6. ProQuest 563947513.
- ^ a b John Milner Associates Inc. 2007, p. 9.
- ^ Louis Berger & Associates Inc. 1998, pp. 5–7.
- ^ "To Care for Typhus Patients; Blackwell's Island Maternity Hospitals Will Be Used". The New York Times. February 2, 1893. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
- ^ "City's Hapless Wards; Money Needed that There be Decent Charity Administered". The New York Times. November 10, 1895. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
- ^ "Is a Disgrace to the City; So Declares the Grand Jury of the Blackwell's Island Asylum for Female Lunatics". The New York Times. June 2, 1893. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
- ^ Haller, J. (2005). The History of American Homeopathy: The Academic Years, 1820-1935. Pharmaceutical Products Press Pharmaceutical Heritage. Taylor & Francis. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-7890-2660-6.
- ^ Horn 2018, p. 257.
- ^ "To Enlarge City Prisons: Plans for Additions to the Tombs and the Blackwell's Island Penitentiary". New-York Tribune. October 28, 1896. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 574226923; "Mayor William L. Strong". The New York Times. October 25, 1896. p. 10. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
- ^ "Improvements for Charities; Work on New Buildings on Blackwell's Island Begins To-day". The New York Times. February 15, 1897. Retrieved April 18, 2024; "For the City's Wards: Improvements Planned by the Commissioners of Charities". New-York Tribune. April 18, 1897. p. 8. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 574296265.
- ^ "New Almshouse Buildings; Opened on Blackwell's Island by the Mayor and Commissioners of Charity". The New York Times. October 29, 1897. Retrieved April 18, 2024; "Comforts for Paupers". The World. October 29, 1897. p. 9. Retrieved April 18, 2024.
- ^ "Blackwell's Island Improvements". New-York Tribune. August 19, 1897. p. 4. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 574337124.
- ^ "Blackwell's Island Fire; Prison Hospital, Erected in 1828, Completely Destroyed". The New York Times. April 21, 1899. Retrieved April 18, 2024; "Patients Saved From Fire: Brave Conduct of Convicts on Blackwell's Island". New-York Tribune. April 21, 1899. p. 14. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 574594467.
- ^ a b c d Hanson, Kitty (October 23, 1967). "Welfare Island: Stepchild With Sordid Past". New York Daily News. p. 413. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 18, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "The Navy is After Blackwell's Island; Secretary Long's Suggestion for a Park and Parade Ground. Capt. Taylor and Chaplain Chidwick Lay the Proposition Before Mayor Van Wyck". The New York Times. January 26, 1901. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
- ^ "Opposed to Navy Plan; City Officials Do Not Want a Drill Ground on Blackwell's Island". The New York Times. January 27, 1901. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 3, 2024; "Would Use It as a Hospital: Controller Opposed to Suggestion to Turn Blackwell's Island Over to Navy Department". New-York Tribune. January 27, 1901. p. 6. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 570899212.
- ^ "Would Sell Blackwell's Island for Navy Yard; Plan Approved by City Authorities Provides for Public Park Maintained by Federal Government". The New York Times. March 12, 1902. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 3, 2024; "Cantor Defends His Action in Matter of Proposed Blackwells Island Change". The Standard Union. March 12, 1902. p. 12. Retrieved April 3, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Blackwell's Island Plan Will Cost City $10,000,000". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. March 4, 1902. p. 20. Retrieved April 3, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Blackwell's Island Bill; Controller Grout and President Cantor Disagree About It. The Controller Urges Amendment Designed to Insure a Big Price – Federal Government's Plan for Naval Station". The New York Times. March 14, 1902. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 3, 2024; "Grout Opposes Cantor: Controversy Over the Blackwell's Island Park Bill". New-York Tribune. March 14, 1902. p. 6. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571176679.
- ^ "Consumptive Home Plan: Commissioner Folks Would Use Blackwell's Island". New-York Tribune. January 19, 1902. p. 7. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571046262; "For the City's Consumptive Poor". The Standard Union. February 9, 1902. p. 3. Retrieved April 3, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "Mayor Low Discusses City's Charity System". The Brooklyn Citizen. September 18, 1902. p. 3. Retrieved April 3, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "City Lighting Plant Bill; Proposal to Locate the Power House on Blackwell's Island Will Be Opposed at Albany". The New York Times. March 18, 1903. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
- ^ "Need More Hospitals Investigators Say; State Charities Aid Committee Would Establish Emergency Wards at Once". The New York Times. June 28, 1908. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
- ^ "To Isolate Consumptives". New-York Tribune. February 1, 1902. p. 7. Retrieved April 3, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "Consumptives Isolated". The Buffalo Commercial. February 1, 1902. p. 1. Retrieved April 3, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Nurses' School Opened; Ceremonies at the New Buildings on Blackwell's Island. Houses Named After Women Who Have Been Active in Encouraging the Work – Letter from President Roosevelt". The New York Times. December 3, 1903. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 3, 2024; "Nurses' Training School Opens New Buildings". The Standard Union. December 2, 1903. p. 2. Retrieved April 3, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Blackwell's Island the World's Best Guarded Prison: Whirlpool Currents Drown Prisoners Who Try To Escape". Courier-Journal. December 18, 1904. p. D2. ProQuest 1012387435.
- ^ "Health Protective at Work: Finds Sanitary Conditions on Blackwell's Island Bad". New-York Tribune. December 6, 1905. p. 4. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571781871.
- ^ "Metz Visits Blackwell's Island". New-York Tribune. April 1, 1908. p. 4. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 572086457.
- ^ "Vacation: for the Homeless of Greater New York Women in Hard Luck Seek Blackwell's Island Curious Summer Resort for Poor of Metropolis Pennies to Buy "Luxuries."". Courier-Journal. August 21, 1908. p. 3. ProQuest 1035302457.
- ^ "Blackwell's Island Prisoners Save City $150,000 a Year; Over $20,000 Will Be Saved This Year on Street Cleaning Brooms Manufactured by Them – Varied Trades at Which Prisoners Work". The New York Times. October 15, 1911. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
- ^ "Threatens to Oust the Sage Institute; Charities Commissioner Drummond Says Its Directors Have Evaded the City's Control". The New York Times. January 5, 1911. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
- ^ Gray, Christopher (November 24, 2002). "Streetscapes/The Queensboro Bridge; Spanning the East River, With a Sense of Drama". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ "Great City's Charities Tell Wonderful Story". The Brooklyn Citizen. October 17, 1909. p. 22. Retrieved April 4, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "To a Friend of City's Poor". The New York Times. November 28, 1910. p. 11. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 4, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "Memorial for Priest". New-York Tribune. November 28, 1910. p. 7. Retrieved April 4, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Dr. Davis Picks Site of Prison Hospital; Selects Also a Place for New "Disciplinary" Quarters on Blackwell's Island". The New York Times. April 3, 1914. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
- ^ "Urging Colony Plan to Cure New York's Inebriates; Former Judge Julius M. Mayer and B.B. Burritt Favor a Project Tried with Success in Other States". The New York Times. November 27, 1910. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
- ^ "Text of New Charter Proposed for N. Y. City". Times Union. September 6, 1911. p. 6. Retrieved April 4, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Better Prisons for City Urged; State Commission Points Out Evils of Overcrowding and Presents Building Programme". The New York Times. September 6, 1914. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 4, 2024; "Outlines Plan for Wage to Prisoners". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. November 6, 1914. p. 16. Retrieved April 4, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Vile Conditions on Blackwell's Island: Cells for Insane Prisoners Unfit for Pigs". The Hartford Courant. March 27, 1914. p. 19. ISSN 1047-4153. ProQuest 556081726; "Blackwell's Island a Prison Terrible; Treatment of Convicts There Is Vile and Inhuman, Commissioner Davis Reports". The New York Times. March 27, 1914. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
- ^ "Prisoners Ill-treated on Blackwell's Island: Indictments Expected to Follow Secret Inquiry". The Hartford Courant. December 16, 1913. p. 1. ISSN 1047-4153. ProQuest 556053346; "Investigates Penitentiary; Whitman Looking Into Charges of Cruelty on Blackwell's Island". The New York Times. December 16, 1913. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
- ^ Berdy, Judith (June 13, 2015). "The Rocky History of Roosevelt Island". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ "Women on Island See Better Days: Reforms Change Inmates From Sullen Mob to Friendly Family". New-York Tribune. April 17, 1916. p. 5. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 575556509.
- ^ "Shift Under Way at Blackwell's: Twenty Prisoners Transferred Under New System to City Farm". New-York Tribune. September 19, 1916. p. 7. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 575616398.
- ^ "Welfare Island Improvements". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. January 28, 1923. p. 25. Retrieved March 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Jail for Women Prisoners; Mayor Hylan Forbids New Order to Send Them to Blackwell's Island". The New York Times. July 2, 1921. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024; "Hylan Forced To Give Women Prisoners Aid". New-York Tribune. July 2, 1921. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 576434547.
- ^ "Prison Hospital Seen as Pest House; Commissioners Say Diseased, Criminal and Voluntary Patients Mingle in Blackwell Cells". The New York Times. January 19, 1921. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ a b "Question Renaming Blackwells Island". The Standard Union. April 19, 1921. p. 8. Retrieved March 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "Blackwell's Is Name of Horror". The Brooklyn Citizen. April 19, 1921. p. 5. Retrieved March 28, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Blackwell's Island Renamed Welfare". The New York Times. January 3, 1965. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024; "It's Welfare Island Again". New York Daily News. January 3, 1965. p. 46. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 18, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Milliken, H. O. (January 6, 1924). "Site for an Art Center: Welfare Island Suggested as a Suitable Location for Civic Museums and Monuments". New York Herald Tribune. p. A5. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1221769286; "Plan to Make a Park of Welfare Island; Suggestion in Albany to Abandon Penitentiary and Make a Playground There". The New York Times. January 11, 1924. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Island Playground Favored by Walker; But Sees Many Obstacles to Plan to Transform Welfare Area, He Says After Tour". The New York Times. September 18, 1926. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024; "Mayor Considers Penitentiary on Riker's Island". New York Herald Tribune. September 18, 1926. p. 28. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1112616271.
- ^ "New Corrective Colony Projected by the City; Estimate Board Working Out Plans for Abandoning Penitentiary of Blackwell's Island and Making a Self-Supporting Institution on Riker's Island". The New York Times. May 24, 1925. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Welfare Island Fire Peril Hit By Prison Board". New York Herald Tribune. December 1, 1926. p. 5. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1112658277.
- ^ "Welfare Island Hit by State Commission; Conditions at Old Penitentiary Condemned in Report, Which Criticizes the City". The New York Times. December 4, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024; "Welfare Island Scored in State Board's Report: Commission of Correction Assails Lack of Keepers, Poor Pay, Bad Ventilation; Makes Recommendations". New York Herald Tribune. December 4, 1927. p. 10. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1132218837.
- ^ a b "Chapel is Consecrated; Bishop Manning Presides at Ceremonies on Welfare Island". The New York Times. June 5, 1925. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024; "Manning Blesses Welfare Island Hospital Chapel". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. June 5, 1925. p. 17. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1112918191.
- ^ a b "Synagogue for the City; Mayor Accepts New Building for Jewish Inmates on Welfare Island". The New York Times. December 13, 1926. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024; "Walker at Dedication Riles: Mayor Lauds New Synagogue on Welfare Island Site". New York Herald Tribune. December 13, 1926. p. 12. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1112666664.
- ^ "Cancer Institute Begun: City Lays Cornerstone on Welfare Island". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. May 21, 1925. p. 15. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1112960743; "Cancer Institute Gets New Pavilion; Cornerstone Laid on Welfare Island by Commissioner Coler and City Officials". The New York Times. May 24, 1925. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Welfare Island Hospital Called Too Old to Use: Report to Albany Also Condemns Continuation of Riker's Island Dumping". New York Herald Tribune. October 29, 1931. p. 36. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1114261489.
- ^ "Welfare Island Rezoned; Loses Residential Classification and Becomes Unrestricted Area". The New York Times. May 20, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Children's Hospital for Welfare Island: $870,000 Nine-story Structure Will Be Added to East River Institutional Group". The New York Times. January 5, 1932. p. 47. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 99743480.
- ^ Jones, Lamoyne (April 29, 1934). "Welfare Island's Whole System Modernized and Reformed as Sequel to Raid by MacCormick". New York Herald Tribune. p. A4. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1114818008.
- ^ a b Horn 2018, Epilogue.
- ^ "Huge Sports Field to Replace Prison; Moses Announces Plan to Use 35 Acres on Welfare Island for 'Intensive Play'". The New York Times. October 1, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024; "Moses Speeds Welfare Island Park Project". New York Herald Tribune. October 1, 1934. p. 7. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1242997122.
- ^ "Goldwater's Plan for Island Upheld; City Planning Committee Will Declare Against Moses in Report to Mayor Today". The New York Times. March 4, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024; "Report Backs Welfare Island Hospitals Plan: Mayor's Committee Asks All of Land Be Used for Care of Indigent Sick". New York Herald Tribune. March 4, 1935. p. 12. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1243097382.
- ^ Seitz & Miller 2011, p. 203.
- ^ Phelps, S. (2002). World of Criminal Justice. Gale Group. p. 634. ISBN 978-0-7876-5072-8.
- ^ a b Louis Berger & Associates Inc. 1998, p. 7.
- ^ "New York's Island 'Pen' Is Passing: Health Center Will Replace Century-Old Forbidding Penitentiary in East River". The Hartford Courant. December 25, 1935. p. 27. ISSN 1047-4153. ProQuest 558664374; "Prison Demolition Starts Next Week; Welfare Island Penitentiary to Make Way for a Health Center for Chronic Sick". The New York Times. December 21, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Welfare Island Prison Is Just a Bad Memory". New York Herald Tribune. February 8, 1936. p. 3A. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1237375087.
- ^ "City Outlines Plans for New Hospital; Series of Four-Story Buildings Will Stretch Almost Across Welfare Island". The New York Times. May 23, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024; "City Lends a Hand to Medicine: Chronic Disease Research Unit Joins Welfare Island Center". New York Herald Tribune. May 31, 1936. p. B3. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1330807502.
- ^ "New Hospital Gets First City Patients; Two Veteran Inmates of Old Institution on Welfare Island Transferred". The New York Times. July 7, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Hospital to Open July 6; Central and Neurological Unit on Welfare Island to Close". The New York Times. June 25, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024; "Welfare Island Health Plants Ready to Open". New York Herald Tribune. June 25, 1939. p. A1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1243018312.
- ^ "City Day Camp Is Reopened for Convalescents: Welfare Island Institution Begins Second Season With Only 20 Patients". New York Herald Tribune. May 2, 1940. p. 40. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1260920748.
- ^ "Welfare Island to Get Large Garage, Laundry". The New York Times. October 12, 1944. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "New Hospital To Replace City Home for Aged: Welfare Island Project Will House 1,800 Now Living in Century-Old Buildings No. 1 Post-War Project of the Department of Hospitals". New York Herald Tribune. January 14, 1945. p. 29. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1267833957; "Hospital on Welfare Is, Will Cost $6,000,000". The New York Times. January 13, 1945. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ "Architects File Building Plans; Projects Include Training School for Nurses on Welfare Island". The New York Times. December 8, 1945. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ "Backs Hospital Unit Here; Expediter Approves $1,250,000 Welfare island Project". The New York Times. May 27, 1947. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ "Wayward Girls To Be Housed at Welfare Island: Mayor Reveals Plan to Use Cottages; Assails Stand of Borough S. P. C. C.s". New York Herald Tribune. October 1, 1945. p. 26A. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1313530455; "Shelter for Girls Due to Open Today; City Department to Administer Welfare Island Camp, La Guardia Announces". The New York Times. October 1, 1945. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ Irwin, Don (August 21, 1947). "O'Dwyer Tours Welfare Island, Calls Old Hospitals Frightful': Mayor and Board of Estimate Inspect Hospital Buildings on Welfare Island". New York Herald Tribune. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1319867205; "O'Dwyer in Tour of Old Hospitals; Observes 'Frightful' Conditions in Some of the Buildings on Welfare Island". The New York Times. August 21, 1947. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ "Mayor Clarifies Views; Welfare Island Buildings Not Filthy Inside, He Says". The New York Times. August 24, 1947. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ a b "City Speeds Work on New Hospitals; Buildings and Facilities That Will Cost $41,936,000 Are Being Added to System". The New York Times. June 4, 1949. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ a b "New Projects Shaping Up on Welfare Island". New York Daily News. March 6, 1949. p. 131. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved April 1, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Welfare Island Laundry Cornerstone Is Laid". New York Herald Tribune. October 15, 1948. p. 25. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1335288991; "Stone Laid for Unit on Welfare Island". The New York Times. October 15, 1948. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ "Facilities Dedicated on Welfare Island". The New York Times. September 24, 1949. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ "Hospital Expense Upheld by O'Dwyer; Cornerstone for $17,000,000 Bird S. Coler Memorial Laid on Welfare Island". The New York Times. October 11, 1949. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024; "Coler Hospital Is Dedicated on Welfare Island: Mayor Talks at Ceremony; 2,000-Bed Unit, Largest in City, Ready Next Year". New York Herald Tribune. October 11, 1949. p. 16. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327502948.
- ^ "Big City Hospital Gets Under Way". The New York Times. March 3, 1948. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ "City Urges Bridge to Welfare Island; $3,000,000 Project Advanced as Best Aid to Traffic on Queensboro Span". The New York Times. February 11, 1949. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ "Kogel Pleads for $150,000,000 Hospital Construction Program". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 30, 1949. p. 20. Retrieved April 1, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Welfare Island Bridge Slated By' 53 to Queens: City Receives Low Bid of $6,434,900 for 3-Lane 418-Foot Highway Link". New York Herald Tribune. December 13, 1951. p. 35. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1322063141; "City Speeds Welfare Island Bridge Plans; Hopes to Begin Building by First of Year". The New York Times. September 24, 1951. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ Dwyer, Robert (June 15, 1950). "Welfare I. Builds Aged Sick Haven". New York Daily News. p. 680. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved April 1, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "City Orders Plans for Tb Hospital; Proposed $21,300,000 Hospital for Welfare Island". The New York Times. October 15, 1950. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ "City Hospital for Cancer Dedicated And Merged With Memorial Center". The New York Times. August 24, 1950. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ "City Shifts Women to Coler Hospital; $20,000,000 Unit for Aged and III on Welfare Island Gets First Patients, 42 to 95". The New York Times. July 16, 1952. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2024; "City Transfers 36 Aged Women To a New Home: They Quit Dingy Quarters for Bird Coler Hospital; 1,600 Will Move in Year Coronation Mug". New York Herald Tribune. July 16, 1952. p. 34. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1322253719.
- ^ "History". NYC Health + Hospitals. June 25, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ "Aged Completing City Home Exodus; Ward 1 Closes as Last 25 Men Ride to New Coler Hospital, Also on Welfare Island". The New York Times. May 13, 1953. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ a b "Bridges over Smaller Waterways". NYC DOT. January 1, 1980. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ Poteete, Robert A. (May 19, 1955). "Welfare Island to Queens Bridge Is Opened by City". New York Herald Tribune. p. 25. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327021020; "Welfare Island Gets Own Bridge; $6,500,000 Link With Long Island City Is Opened by Jack and Lundy". The New York Times. May 19, 1955. p. 33. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
- ^ a b Hofmann, Paul (June 5, 1966). "City Moves to Restore Desolate Welfare Island; City Moves to Restore Desolate Welfare Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ "Metropolitan Hospital Dedicated On New Site in Upper Manhattan". The New York Times. October 29, 1955. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ "Elmhurst Hospital to Open Soon". New York Herald Tribune. March 15, 1957. p. A1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1336872761; "City Completing Queens Hospital; Elmhurst General, Costing $26,000,000, Will Replace Welfare Island Center Staff of 1,000 Also Shifting". The New York Times. March 8, 1957. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ "Health Door Open for 100 Oldsters; Rehabilitation Service for Those Over 60 Operating on Welfare Island". The New York Times. June 16, 1954. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ "Matzkin Hails New Post-Polio Center on Welfare Island". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. June 30, 1954. p. 11. Retrieved April 1, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Palsy Unit to Open; 84-Bed Center in Operation Tuesday at Welfare Island". The New York Times. June 19, 1955. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ "Fire College Seen Ready At End of '58: Cavanagh Sees Money Saving". New York Herald Tribune. December 9, 1957. p. 14. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327308712; "New Site Sought for Fire College; Cavanagh Plans to Replace Three Schools With One on Welfare Island". The New York Times. November 25, 1957. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ "City Acts to Move Women's Prison; Would Shift Village Facility to North Brother Island and Addicts to Welfare Island Women's Court Proposed". The New York Times. January 30, 1956. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ "City Patients Get Bright New Home; Dedication Held at Welfare Island Unit for the Aged -Decor Is Loewy's Work". The New York Times. March 15, 1958. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ a b Ross, Don (July 4, 1960). "Welfare Island Only Half Used: Weeds and Shells of Buildings Cover Invaluable Land". New York Herald Tribune. p. 4. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1337903204.
- ^ a b c d Huxtable, Ada Louise (October 10, 1969). "A Plan for Welfare Island Is Unveiled". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ a b Kearns, Kirkorian & Schaefer 1989, p. 12.
- ^ "Training Tower Dedicated on Welfare Island". New York Herald Tribune. October 3, 1962. p. 29. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1325813729; Devlin, John C. (October 3, 1962). "Fire College Site Dedicated by City; Giant 'Blaze' and Rescue Shown on Welfare Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ "Housing Development Planned on City-Owned Island Near Manhattan: Project on Welfare Island, Would Have 20,000 Units and Involve $455 Million of Construction". The Wall Street Journal. May 17, 1961. p. 9. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 132695641; Ross, Don (May 17, 1961). "Welfare Island Plan Would House 70,000". New York Herald Tribune. p. 17. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1326994001; Sibley, John (May 17, 1961). "Welfare Island Town of 70,000 Proposed at 450 Million Cost". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, pp. 641–642.
- ^ "Welfare Island Sought as Park; Architects Here Attack a Plan for Housing Project". The New York Times. July 17, 1961. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024; "Bitterly Opposing Housing, Top Architects Endorse East River Recreation Isles". Kings County Chronicle. August 22, 1961. p. 5. Retrieved March 18, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Ross, Don (December 12, 1961). "A Refuge in Time of World Tension: Welfare Island Proposed as Home for UN Staff". New York Herald Tribune. p. 6. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1326183217.
- ^ a b c d Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 642.
- ^ Sibley, John (June 28, 1961). "Welfare Island Awaits Its Fate; Families That Remain Amid the Quiet and Weeds Fear Plan for Huge Project". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ a b "$3.3 Million Subway Station To Link Welfare Island to City". Newsday. February 17, 1965. p. 27. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 914427515; Perlmutter, Emanuel (February 17, 1965). "Welfare Island to Be on Subway; Station to Be Built in New 63d St. Tunnel to Queens". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ Bobbins, Villia (February 21, 1965). "Proposed Subway on Welfare Island Revives a Dream; Industrialist Hopes Plan tor Sub. City Will Be Realized". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ "Hospital Patients Say Welfare Island Is Degrading Name". The New York Times. March 4, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ "Doom 6 Buildings on Welfare Island". New York Daily News. August 11, 1965. p. 89. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 18, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Moritz, Owen (November 6, 1966). "City's No. 1 Welfare Case: That Island". New York Daily News. p. 856. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 18, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Witkin, Richard (December 18, 1967). "6 Sites Proposed by State For Its First Parks in City; Transport Key Factor". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ Teltsch, Kathleen (April 2, 1965). "Southern Tip of Welfare Island Proposed as Site of U.N. School; 17-Acre Tract Would Be Used Instead of 48th St. Park – Mayor Backs Change". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ "Trade Board Fights For Welfare Island As City Park Land". The New York Times. March 11, 1965. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ a b Kempner, Mary Jean (August 6, 1967). "A New Life For the River That Isn't a River; The River That Isn't (Cont.)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ a b Weinbrenner, Donald; Murphy, John (April 2, 1969). "City to Build Houses on Sewerless Island". New York Daily News. p. 5. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 18, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Bird, David (October 7, 1968). "Nuclear Plant Proposed Beneath Welfare Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024; "Con Ed A-Plant Seen Far in Future". New York Daily News. October 8, 1968. p. 16. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 18, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "Con Ed Proposes A-Plant in City". Newsday. October 7, 1968. p. 21. ISSN 2574-5298. Retrieved March 18, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 645.
- ^ Fox, Sylvan (July 10, 1969). "' Think Tank' Director Proposes $2-Billion Plan to Develop Welfare Island as 'City of the Future'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ "Welfare Island's Future Studied". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 116, no. 32. February 14, 1968. p. 8. ProQuest 1565012497; "Welfare Island to be Restudied" (PDF). The New York Times. February 11, 1968. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
- ^ Fulton, William (January 16, 1968). "Report From New York: Bleak East River Island May Be in for a Sprucing Up". Chicago Tribune. p. 19. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 170396471.
- ^ a b c Goldman, John J. (July 29, 1971). "Welfare Island's New City Begins to Rise". Los Angeles Times. p. 17. ISSN 0458-3035. ProQuest 156826842.
- ^ Fraser, C. Gerald (January 12, 1969). "State Vetoes 4 of 6 Proposed Parks in the City as Unsuitable". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ King, Seth S. (February 13, 1969). "Mayor Discloses Welfare is. Plan; Public Agency Will Develop Parks and Housing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024; "Park and Housing Eyed in Welfare Island Plan". The Daily Item. February 13, 1969. p. 13. Retrieved March 18, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Mayor Wide-Eyed As Razing Begins On Welfare Island". The New York Times. April 24, 1969. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ "Urban Agreement Reached; State Urban Agency Is Invited To Join in Eight City Projects". The New York Times. May 22, 1969. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024; "City and State to Build 11,000 Housing Units". New York Daily News. May 22, 1969. p. 14. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 18, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Miele, Alfred (October 10, 1969). "Parks, Pedestrians 1st in Welfare Isle Plan". New York Daily News. p. 3. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 18, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "City to Develop Welfare Island". Newsday. October 10, 1969. p. 23. ISSN 2574-5298. Retrieved March 18, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Welfare Island Lease Approved". Women's Wear Daily. Vol. 119, no. 86. November 3, 1969. p. 19. ProQuest 1523584024; Burks, Edward C. (October 30, 1969). "Board Votes Plan for Welfare Isle; Critics Charge Undue Haste on Plan to Construct 5,000 Housing Units There Board Votes Plan for Welfare Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ "City Turns Over Welfare Island For State to Build Apartments". The New York Times. December 25, 1969. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024; "Minority Group Hails Welfare Island Lease". New York Daily News. December 25, 1969. p. 60. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 18, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Cost to City of Welfare Island Project May Lessen". The New York Times. January 11, 1970. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ a b Dennis, Landt (January 2, 1970). "River town for 20,000 families?: Optimism voiced Plan explained Landmarks to stay". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 17. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 511204190.
- ^ Bruning, Fred (June 15, 1973). "The Big Town is Getting a New Town". Newsday. pp. 148, 163. ISSN 2574-5298. Retrieved November 23, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Von Eckardt, Wolf (October 26, 1969). "A New Town on Welfare Island". The Washington Post, Times Herald. p. 170. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 143628766.
- ^ a b c Bruning, Fred (June 15, 1973). "The Big Town Is Getting a New Town". Newsday. pp. 148, 163. ISSN 2574-5298. Retrieved March 20, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "'Frightening track' meets UDC schedule" (PDF). Progressive Architecture. Vol. 55. October 1974. pp. 32–33.
- ^ a b Von Eckardt, Wolf (July 14, 1974). "2,100 Families Awaited at New York Island Town". The Atlanta Constitution. p. 16H. ProQuest 1615900941.
- ^ a b c d "'Utopian' island next door to Manhattan: Isolation valued Some nearly complete". The Christian Science Monitor. December 6, 1974. p. 9. ISSN 0882-7729. ProQuest 511743504; "Island 'Utopia' Rises Off Manhattan". The Buffalo News. December 3, 1974. p. 71. Retrieved March 21, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Moritz, Owen (June 3, 1974). "There'll Be No Dogs in City of the Future on Roosevelt Island". New York Daily News. p. 215. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 21, 2024 – via newspapers.com; "Barring a friend". The Journal News. June 10, 1974. p. 16. Retrieved March 21, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Stone, David (May 23, 2022). "Dogs: Another Roosevelt Island Battle That Shouldn't Be". Roosevelt Island, New York, Daily News. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ Sacks, Amy (November 16, 2002). "Dogs Voted Off This Island". New York Daily News. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ Anekwe, Simon (November 13, 1982). "Workers oppose parking limits". New York Amsterdam News. p. 1. ProQuest 226485033.
- ^ a b c d Schuman, Wendy (May 2, 1976). "Roosevelt Island Becoming a Reality". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 23, 2023. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
- ^ a b c d Paletta, Anthony (October 29, 2015). "Roosevelt Island Nears Completion". The Wall Street Journal. p. A.22. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
- ^ Lichtenstein, Grace (February 24, 1970). "For 3 Families, Welfare Island Is Haven". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ "Drawings and Models Put On Display at Metropolitan". The New York Times. October 7, 1970. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 646.
- ^ a b Weisman, Steven R. (June 4, 1972). "Doubts Linger, but Welfare Island Venture Moves Ahead". The New York Times. p. R1. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 119409313.
- ^ "Island Awaits New Chapter in History". Newsday. January 7, 1975. p. 36. ISSN 2574-5298. Retrieved March 21, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Asbury, Edith Evans (November 16, 1974). "Soon-to-Be Residents of Roosevelt Is. (Nee Welfare Is.) Inspect Their Homes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Yarmolinsky Named to Head Welfare Island Development". The New York Times. August 13, 1970. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024; "Professor Has Top Post in U.S. Project". The Times Record. August 14, 1970. p. 15. Retrieved March 18, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Asbury, Edith Evans (February 16, 1972). "Welfare Is.: A Problem For Housing". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ "Building Systems Inc. Unit". The Wall Street Journal. December 23, 1971. p. 2. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 133557567.
- ^ "Welfare Island Will Get Co-ops". The New York Times. April 28, 1972. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024; Moritz, Owen (April 28, 1972). "Promise for '74: 1,100 New Co-ops on Welfare Island". New York Daily News. p. 33. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 18, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Asbury, Edith Evans (December 29, 1972). "Housing Project Gets U.S. Priority". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024; "E. River Frontier Dream Is Real". New York Daily News. December 29, 1972. p. 33. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 18, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Moritz, Owen (March 5, 1973). "New Deal on Welfare Isle: They'd Call It FDR". New York Daily News. p. 119. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 18, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Roosevelt Memorial Set for Welfare I.". The New York Times. April 13, 1972. p. 31. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 119456117.
- ^ Siegel, Max H. (July 18, 1973). "Welfare Island to Be Renamed Roosevelt". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ "Welfare Island Name Changed to Roosevelt". The New York Times. August 21, 1973. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 19, 2023.
- ^ "Plans for Memorial at Roosevelt Island Announced During Dedication Ceremony at Site". The New York Times. September 25, 1973. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024; Moritz, Owen (September 25, 1973). "Welfare Island Taken in the Name of FDR". New York Daily News. p. 111. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 18, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Plans revived to dedicate NYC memorial to FDR". NBC News. November 25, 2007. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ a b c Buckley, Tom (August 22, 1973). "Roosevelt Island: Town in Making". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ Darnton, John (June 10, 1974). "Beame Assistants Unsure of Duties". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2024; Toscano, John (November 20, 1974). "Island Laundry's in a Wringer". New York Daily News. p. 7. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 21, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Montgomery, Paul L. (December 27, 1974). "Wilson Unit Asks Halt in New Financing by U.D.C." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
- ^ Goodman, George Jr. (April 18, 1982). "'Bungled' Roosevelt I. Housing to Be Repaired". The New York Times. p. 39. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 121905797. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
- ^ a b c Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 649.
- ^ a b Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 655.
- ^ Moritz, Owen (January 12, 1975). "A Dream Project's Awakening". New York Daily News. p. 239. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 21, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Kaufman, Michael T. (February 27, 1975). "A Backwash of Worry Rolls Over Roosevelt I." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2024; Bruning, Fred (April 7, 1975). "Another Island, Another Life". Newsday. pp. 68, 69. ISSN 2574-5298. Retrieved March 21, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c Young, Lynn; Malamud, Phyllis (July 14, 1975). "O Pioneers!". Newsweek. Vol. 86, no. 2. pp. 55–56. ProQuest 1882516706.
- ^ a b c Peterson, Iver (October 16, 1988). "For Roosevelt Island, a New Residential Complex: The approaching addition of 1,500 new residents to the 5,200 already on the island stirs concern". The New York Times. p. R9. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 110467699.
- ^ Goldberger, Paul (April 29, 1975). "4 Architects Win U.D.C. Competition For Housing Designs for Roosevelt I." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ a b Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 656.
- ^ a b Shepard, Richard F. (November 26, 1975). "About New York". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ Fried, Joseph P. (June 24, 1975). "Roosevelt Island Hailed By First New Residents". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
- ^ King, Martin (October 17, 1975). "Strikes Leave Tram Up in Air". New York Daily News. p. 7. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved November 20, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c d Goldberger, Paul (May 18, 1976). "New Urban Environment". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ a b c Goldberger, Paul (April 8, 1990). "Architecture View; an Island of Idealism in a Sea of Disdain". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 23, 2023. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
- ^ a b Yarrow, Andrew L. (October 27, 1989). "Metropolitan Baedeker; Getting to Know A Quirky Island Off Manhattan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 23, 2023. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
- ^ a b Ferretti, Fred (May 18, 1976). "Aerial Tram Ride to Roosevelt Island Is Opened With a Splash-on O'Dwyer". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 18, 2023. Retrieved November 18, 2023; Moritz, Owen (May 18, 1976). "Come On & Take the A Tram!". New York Daily News. p. 3. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved November 20, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Metropolitan Briefs". The New York Times. January 2, 1976. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ "Roosevelt I. Co-op Buyers Eager for Utopia to Begin". The New York Times. May 15, 1977. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ a b c "Island Apartments Going Fast". New York Daily News. January 22, 1977. p. 183. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 21, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Johnston, Laurie (May 20, 1977). "First Anniversary of Tramway Finds Real Community on Roosevelt Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ Wald, Matthew L. (December 25, 1977). "Many Roosevelt I. Shops Still Empty". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ Goldberger, Paul (September 26, 1977). "A Broader Horizon Is in the Offing for Roosevelt Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ "Roosevelt I. Developer to Enlarge Project by 1,000 Housing Units". The New York Times. June 5, 1979. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2024; Moritz, Owen (June 5, 1979). "New units okayed on Roosevelt". New York Daily News. p. 15. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 21, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Goldman, Ari L. (March 21, 1980). "Audit Says Roosevelt Island Is a Burden to the Taxpayer; $86 Million Cost Overruns". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2024; Howell, Ron (March 21, 1980). "Roosevelt Is. a likely net loss to city". New York Daily News. p. 673. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 21, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Noble, Kenneth B. (November 22, 1981). "Roosevelt Island to Add New Units". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ a b Gaiter, Dorothy J. (November 8, 1982). "State Renews Push for Growth on Roosevelt Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Specter, Michael (July 11, 1982). "If You're Thinking of Living in; Roosevelt Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Seitz & Miller 2011, p. 163.
- ^ Gottlieb, Martin (July 20, 1984). "U. D. C. Backs $162 Million Housing Development Plan for Roosevelt Island". The New York Times. p. B.1. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 425137283. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
- ^ Chavez, Lydia (May 23, 1986). "1,108 More Apartments for Roosevelt I. Voted". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
- ^ Blair, William G. (December 22, 1985). "New Cluster Planned for Roosevelt I." The New York Times. p. A.34. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 425721428. Retrieved March 22, 2024; Moritz, Owen (December 18, 1985). "Roosevelt I. complex shown". New York Daily News. p. 7. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 22, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Oser, Alan S. (March 17, 1985). "A New Way of Creating Mixed-income Developments". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2024; Moritz, Owen (November 21, 1985). "More apartments for Roosevelt Isle". New York Daily News. p. 12. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 22, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b c Ladd, Scott (December 4, 1987). "Roosevelt Island Sheds Its Image". Newsday. p. 35. ISSN 2574-5298. Retrieved March 22, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Applebome, Peter (January 2, 1986). "Trying to Preserve a Village in the Middle of the East River". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
- ^ "Metro Datelines; Roosevelt I. Housing Approved by Judge". The New York Times. December 30, 1986. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
- ^ Grant, Peter (May 15, 1989). "Unshackled, Starrett Raises New Hopes". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 5, no. 20. p. 3. ProQuest 219109860.
- ^ a b c Finder, Alan (April 26, 1990). "Roosevelt Island: A 'Wonderful' Experiment Still Building". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
- ^ a b Lorch, Donatella (October 29, 1989). "The 'Subway to Nowhere' Now Goes Somewhere". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 19, 2011. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
- ^ Peterson, Iver (October 12, 1989). "A Mix of Roosevelt Island Housing Planned". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 23, 2023. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
- ^ a b Dunlap, David W. (March 4, 1991). "Big Developments Stalled in New York's Real-Estate Slump". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 25, 2022. Retrieved April 25, 2022.
- ^ a b c Lebow, Joan (August 21, 1989). "Developer of Project on Roosevelt Island Off Manhattan Faces Unusual Challenge". The Wall Street Journal. p. 1. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 398098510.
- ^ Foran, Katherine (August 19, 1990). "Board OKs Roosevelt I. Plan". Newsday. p. 35. ISSN 2574-5298. Retrieved November 23, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Ramirez, Anthony (February 4, 1996). "Neighborhood Report;Roosevelt Islanders Fear Pataki Will Pull Plug". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
- ^ a b c Stamler, Bernard (March 7, 1999). "Tempest on the River; It Was Supposed to Be an Urban Utopia. Today, Roosevelt Island Is a Battleground". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 24, 2024.
- ^ a b c Goldman, John J. (June 23, 1998). "Roosevelt Island Residents Wage Battle Against Development". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
- ^ a b c Bazzi, Mohamad (February 19, 1993). "Closeup They're Good Sports for Redevelopment Roosevelt Island Officials Tout Attractions". Newsday. p. 27. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 278581237.
- ^ Lambert, Bruce (January 29, 1995). "Neighborhood Report: Roosevelt Island; Returning a Bit of the City to Nature". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
- ^ Sullivan, Ann C. (December 1995). "Calatrava's American works in progress". Architecture: The AIA Journal. Vol. 84, no. 12. p. 22. ProQuest 227854235.
- ^ a b "The Delacorte Fountain was here, The Calatrava Artpiece was not here". Roosevelt Island Historical Society. March 24, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ Ramirez, Anthony (November 2, 1997). "Neighborhood Report: Roosevelt Island; After 26 Years, Turbulence for an Urban Experiment". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
- ^ a b c Garber, Nick (February 5, 2024). "Embattled Roosevelt Island leader put on leave from state post while allegations are reviewed". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 40, no. 5. p. 11. ProQuest 2923429272.
- ^ a b c d Hevesi, Dennis (January 14, 2001). "An Island With a History of Change Awaits Its Latest Transformation". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ Jacobs, Andrew (May 21, 1999). "Giuliani Plans to See if City Can Control Roosevelt Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 24, 2024.
- ^ Friedman, Andrew (January 14, 2001). "Neighborhood Report: Roosevelt Island; Roosevelt Island Report: A Cry for Independence . . ". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ "New York". Engineering News-Record. Vol. 242, no. 21. May 31, 1999. p. 167. ProQuest 235667299.
- ^ Sandler, Linda (December 15, 1999). "For Hospitals, the Emergency Is Housing --- Rise in Residential Prices Prompts Rush to Build Homes for Medical Staff". The Wall Street Journal. p. B18:1. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 398688398.
- ^ "Community". Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation. Archived from the original on October 31, 2006. Retrieved June 16, 2006.
- ^ McDowell, Edwin (April 29, 2001). "Tenants and Owners Battle Over Defecting From Mitchell-Lama". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ a b "Roosevelt I.'s Southtown will provide 2,000 new apartments". Real Estate Weekly. February 7, 2001. Retrieved March 18, 2024 – via Free Online Library.
- ^ Eckhouse, Brian (June 26, 2002). "Homes Grow on Roosevelt Isle". New York Daily News. p. 4. ISSN 2692-1251. ProQuest 305715880; Garbarine, Rachelle (June 30, 2002). "Posting: As 2 on Roosevelt I. Near Completion; 2 Residences Planned for Southtown". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 23, 2023. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
- ^ "Neighborhood Report: Roosevelt Island; Unsavory Past, Great Design and a Makeover Looms". The New York Times. March 3, 2002. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ Kinetz, Erika (May 11, 2003). "Neighborhood Report: Roosevelt Island; The Gate Swings Open On a Mostly Locked Park". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ Croghan, Lore (December 12, 2005). "Rentals rise on Roosevelt". New York Daily News. p. 45. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 25, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Brozan, Nadine (December 4, 2005). "The Changing Landscape of Roosevelt Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g Hughes, C. J. (September 2, 2007). "An Island Joins the Mainstream". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Sheftell, Jason (January 25, 2008). "Roosevelt Island. Is This the Start of a New Look for the Neighborhood?". New York Daily News. p. 4. ISSN 2692-1251. ProQuest 306162548.
- ^ a b Fung, Amanda (May 23, 2011). "Life's a new deal on Roosevelt Island". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 27, no. 21. p. 16. ProQuest 871792674; Shallwani, Pervaiz (September 30, 2011). "Property – Block Party: Roosevelt Island Shops for More Stores". The Wall Street Journal. p. A.20. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 894801063.
- ^ a b Bellafante, Ginia (June 20, 2014). "Roosevelt Island Maintains Its Mix". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
- ^ Hughes, C. J. (June 25, 2009). "Work to Begin on Long-Delayed Louis Kahn Park". Architectural Record. Retrieved March 25, 2024; Lee, Felicia R. (June 25, 2009). "Phase 1 Approved for Roosevelt Park". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ "Plans move forward for Roosevelt Island park". Poughkeepsie Journal. May 29, 2009. p. 8. Retrieved March 25, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Babin, Janet (August 2, 2011). "Park Reopens on Roosevelt Island". WNYC. Archived from the original on August 8, 2011. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
- ^ a b Foderaro, Lisa W. (October 17, 2012). "Dedicating Park to Roosevelt and His View of Freedom". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 10, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2012; Broome, Beth (October 17, 2012). "A Memorial to FDR, a Tribute to Louis Kahn". Architectural Record. Retrieved March 27, 2024; Ilnytzy, Ula (October 17, 2012). "Decades late, FDR memorial park dedicated in NYC". Yahoo! News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 10, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
- ^ a b Cohen, Joyce (May 1, 2012). "Roosevelt Island to Upgrade Shopping Strip". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
- ^ Kusisto, Laura (April 18, 2012). "Roosevelt Island Stores Set". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
- ^ Palmer, Chris (July 24, 2012). "On Roosevelt Island, Food Options Roll In". City Room. Retrieved March 27, 2024; Leighton, Hannah (June 27, 2012). "Food Trucks". Eater NY. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
- ^ a b Pérez-Peña, Richard (December 19, 2011). "Cornell Bid Formally Chosen for Science School in City". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 19, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2017; Henely, Rebecca (December 19, 2011). "Cornell, Technion win bid for Roosevelt Island campus: Mayor". QNS.com. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ Christensen, Ken M. (June 18, 2012). "New York's Silicon Subway line". Crain's New York Business. Vol. 28, no. 25. p. 12. ProQuest 1022004371; Chaban, Matt (October 15, 2012). "For Its Roosevelt Island Tech Campus, Cornell Pursues Some Cutting-Edge Designs by Thom Mayne and SOM". Observer. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
- ^ Zimmer, Amy (May 3, 2012). "Hospital patients forced out as Roosevelt Island tech campus moves in". dnainfo.com. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
- ^ Dzhambazova, Boryana (November 22, 2013). "As a Specialty Care Hospital Prepares to Close, Patients Wonder What's Next". City Room. Retrieved March 21, 2024; Mays, Jeff (December 17, 2013). "Former Goldwater Hospital Patients Arrive at $285M East Harlem Facility". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ Pereira, Ivan (November 17, 2015). "Cornell Tech campus construction on pace for 2017 phase 1 opening". amNewYork. Retrieved March 28, 2024; McKnight, Jenna (June 18, 2015). "New Cornell Tech campus breaks ground on Roosevelt Island". Dezeen. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Laterman, Kaya (May 2, 2015). "Roosevelt Island Gets a Makeover". The Wall Street Journal. p. A17. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ Harris, Elizabeth A. (September 13, 2017). "High Tech and High Design, Cornell's Roosevelt Island Campus Opens". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved September 13, 2017.
- ^ a b c Krueger, Alyson (June 17, 2021). "Why Roosevelt Island Wants Tourists". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ a b Ganeeva, Anastasiya (May 30, 2013). "Economic, Racial & Religious Diversity on Roosevelt Island". The Stewardship Report. Archived from the original on November 1, 2014.
- ^ "Related and Hudson top out $135.8 million Riverwalk Park project; 21-story, 340-unit building on Roosevelt Island designed by Handel Architects". NYREJ. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ Diduch, Mary (January 16, 2019). "Hudson, Related land 'complex' financing package for next Riverwalk building". The Real Deal. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ Weaver, Shaye (June 6, 2018). "Roosevelt Island officials plan 'art trail' in an effort to boost tourism and business". amNewYork. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ "Nellie Bly Memorial Call for Artists". Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation of New York. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
- ^ "Amanda Matthews of Prometheus Art Selected to Create Monument to Journalist Nelly Bly on Roosevelt Island" (Press release). Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation of New York. October 16, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
- ^ Rahmanan, Anna (December 16, 2021). "A new monument honoring journalist Nellie Bly is now on Roosevelt Island". Time Out New York. Retrieved March 18, 2024; "Monument honoring journalist Nellie Bly opens: "This installation is spiritual"". CBS News. December 11, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ a b c Johnston, Charis (November 15, 2022). "Final building of Roosevelt Island's Riverwalk neighborhood closed on by two companies". amNewYork. Retrieved March 18, 2024; Garber, Nick (November 21, 2022). "New 28-Story Roosevelt Island Tower To Complete Decades-Long Project". Upper East Side, NY Patch. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ "430 Main Street Tops Out on Roosevelt Island". BLDUP. December 5, 2023. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ Buckley, Cara (March 11, 2024). "Coming Soon to Manhattan, a Brand-New Tiny Forest". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 12, 2024; Rahmanan, Anna (March 15, 2024). "A "mini forest" is opening on Roosevelt Island this spring". Time Out New York. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ Herman, Robin (January 25, 1979). "Roosevelt Island: Town Within a City". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ a b Oser, Alan S. (February 11, 1976). "About Real Estate". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ Clines, Francis X. (July 5, 1977). "About Newyork". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ a b Hall, Trish (November 14, 1999). "Habitats/Roosevelt Island; An Apartment in the City, But a Little Bit Out of It". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 24, 2024.
- ^ Janet, Spencer King (March 15, 2012). "A life on Roosevelt Island". Cornell Chronicle. Archived from the original on October 10, 2014. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
- ^ "U.S. Census website". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 26, 2022.
- ^ a b c "NYC Planning Population FactFinder". NYC Population FactFinder. Retrieved December 21, 2023.
- ^ "Key Population & Housing Characteristics; 2020 Census Results for New York City" (PDF). New York City Department of City Planning. August 2021. pp. 21, 25, 29, 33. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Keefe, John; Wolfe, Daniel; Hernandez, Sergio (August 14, 2021). "Map: Race and ethnicity across the US". CNN. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Sherman, Beth (March 10, 1988). "Roosevelt Island: a Small Town in the Urban Mainstream". Newsday. p. 1. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 277910428.
- ^ Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 659.
- ^ Yee, Vivian (April 13, 2013). "Turmoil at the Roosevelt Island Garden Club". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
- ^ a b Jacobson, Aileen (November 5, 2014). "The Quiet Manhattan: Roosevelt Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
- ^ Weaver, Shaye (September 22, 2016). "Roosevelt Island Can Be 'Mini-Chelsea' With New Art Gallery, Founder Says". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ U.S. Government Printing Office 1998, p. 88.
- ^ Antos, Jason D. (January 3, 2018). "The Roosevelt Island Historical Society Is Rich With Archival Material". Queens Gazette. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
- ^ a b U.S. Government Printing Office 1998, p. 87.
- ^ Lazar, Louie (September 16, 2015). "News for and From Roosevelt Island". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
- ^ Dunning, Jennifer (September 9, 1983). "New York's Sidewalks: a Choice of Tours". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
- ^ Brosh, Brendan (June 8, 2007). "Roosevelt Isle's day to shine". New York Daily News. p. 137. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 25, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Trapasso, Clare (February 4, 2011). "Table tennis titan brings tournament to Roosevelt Island". New York Daily News. p. 36. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 27, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Stapinski, Helene (May 31, 2019). "Art Festival Is Welcome, but Not the Huge Crowds". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024; "Roosevelt Island lost FIGMENT, but you can still see it –..." Roosevelt Island, New York, Daily News. May 27, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ Stamp, Elizabeth; Touhey, Max (June 11, 2019). "This Vibrant Public Swimming Pool Gives NYC's Concrete Jungle Some Much-Needed Color". Architectural Digest. Retrieved March 28, 2024; Gannon, Devin (August 11, 2020). "Roosevelt Island's colorful Manhattan Park Pool Club is back and open to the public". 6sqft. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ Anderson, John (May 3, 2002). "'Spider-Man' Is Just Marvel-ous / A fun spin on action, humor, romance". Newsday. p. B11. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 279530720.
- ^ Gill, John Freeman (July 17, 2005). "... And on Roosevelt Island, Being Afraid, Really Afraid". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 18, 2023. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
- ^ Horsley, Carter B. (June 16, 1977). "Architecture Award Honors 8 Projects". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ Lagnado, Lucette (January 22, 2003). "Calling a Hospital Home: Some Patients Stay for Years At New York's Coler-Goldwater; Many Have Nowhere Else to Go". The Wall Street Journal. p. B1. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 2436457063.
- ^ a b "New Town Rising On N.Y. Island". The Atlanta Constitution. June 20, 1976. p. 4H. ProQuest 1557748290.
- ^ "Tour North 5: UDC Housing". Roosevelt Island Historical Society. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 651.
- ^ a b Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, pp. 651–652.
- ^ "Electric Heat Units Planned in Projects Being Built by City". The New York Times. February 20, 1972. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ a b c Brooks, Andree (December 18, 1987). "About Real Estate; A Rental Complex for Roosevelt Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
- ^ Vadukul, Alex (May 20, 2023). "New York's Hottest Destination Wedding Is Roosevelt Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
- ^ "F.Y.I." The New York Times. April 14, 1996. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ "Riverwalk on Roosevelt Island". hudsoninc.com. Hudson, Inc. Archived from the original on June 1, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
- ^ Small, Eddie (June 21, 2023). "Exclusive: Related, Hudson ink $63M refi for Roosevelt Island complex". Crain's New York Business. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ a b McKnight, Jenna (September 25, 2017). "Cornell Tech campus opens on New York's Roosevelt Island". Dezeen. Retrieved March 21, 2024; Weinstein, Matt (September 13, 2017). "CORNELL TECH: Cornell University opens New York City campus". Ithaca. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ a b Warerkar, Tanay (June 5, 2017). "Cornell Tech's Roosevelt Island campus readies for its September debut". Curbed New York. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
- ^ Gregor, Alison (June 12, 2015). "World's Tallest Passive House Breaks Ground on Roosevelt Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2024; Warerkar, Tanay (June 21, 2016). "Tour Cornell Tech's residential building, the world's tallest passive house". Curbed NY. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ Nonko, Emily (March 12, 2018). "Construction begins on Snøhetta-designed hotel on Roosevelt Island". Curbed New York. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
- ^ Leasca, Stacey (June 1, 2021). "The First Hotel on NYC's Roosevelt Island Is Now Open". Travel + Leisure. Retrieved March 21, 2024; Bair, Diane; Wright, Pamela (October 14, 2021). "New hotel offers unique NYC escape; no smallpox or criminal record necessary". Boston Globe. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ a b White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, pp. 952–954.
- ^ "Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. November 7, 2014. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
- ^ "Blackwell House". New York Landmarks Conservancy. December 12, 2022. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ a b c Diamonstein-Spielvogel 2011, pp. 84–85.
- ^ a b Diamonstein-Spielvogel 2011, p. 85.
- ^ a b White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, p. 954.
- ^ Dunlap, David W. (July 14, 1986). "Historic Roosevelt I. Building Faces Demolition as a Hazard". The New York Times. p. B1. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 110867298. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
- ^ Gray, Christopher (October 16, 1994). "Streetscapes/Charity Hospital on Roosevelt Island; Piles of Rubble Where Grim Gray Walls Once Stood". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
- ^ Brass, Dick (June 15, 1976). "Roosevelt Isle: Unattached & Needing a Connection". New York Daily News. p. 386. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 21, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Toscano, John (December 20, 1976). "See Delay in Voting on Community Lines". New York Daily News. p. 7. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 21, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Levine, Alexandra S. (June 9, 2017). "New York Today: Welcoming a New Area Code". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
- ^ Finnegan, J. (2007). Newcomer's Handbook for Moving to and Living in New York City: Including Manhattan, Brooklyn, The Bronx, Queens, Staten Island, and Northern New Jersey. Newcomer's Handbook Series. First Books. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-912301-72-3.
- ^ "Find Locations: Roosevelt Island". usps.com. United States Postal Service. Archived from the original on May 25, 2018. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
- ^ a b Lambert, Bruce (June 19, 1994). "Neighborhood Report: Roosevelt Island; In Search of Democracy for Roosevelt Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
- ^ Poblete, Gabriel (March 5, 2024). "Roosevelt Island Revolt: Residents Call for Governance Changes Amid Corporation Chaos". THE CITY – NYC News. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
- ^ a b Brosh, Brendan (February 10, 2008). "The People Vote, but for What, on Roosevelt Island?". New York Daily News. p. 38. ISSN 2692-1251. ProQuest 306173289.
- ^ Garber, Nick (April 3, 2023). "Claims of 'chaos,' corruption engulf Roosevelt Island governing body". Crain's New York Business. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ Armistead, Thomas F. (July 13, 1998). "New Route for New York Water Will Be Opened This Month". Engineering News-Record. Vol. 241, no. 2. p. 16. ProQuest 235769376.
- ^ a b "New York opens first segment of 3rd water tunnel 60-mile, $6 billion project will be done in about 20 years". Baltimore Sun. August 21, 1998. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
- ^ Young, Michelle (October 22, 2013). "Community Group Hopes to Turn Roosevelt Island's Steam Plant Into a Museum for Technology, Art and Science". Untapped New York. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
- ^ Urbina, Ian (July 10, 2004). "In Search of New Power Source, City Looks Underwater". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 25, 2024; Frangoul, Anmar (November 24, 2020). "In New York's East River, a tidal power project takes shape". CNBC. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
- ^ Brosh, Brendan (May 1, 2007). "That's Flower Power. Roosevelt Island Gets Green Light as Turbines Harness East River Current". New York Daily News. p. 1. ISSN 2692-1251. ProQuest 306103455.
- ^ Kadet, Anne (September 15, 2020). "The East River Becomes a New Energy Source for New York City". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved March 28, 2024; "Experimental Tidal Turbines In East River To Be Replaced As Part Of Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy Project". CBS New York. May 4, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Mason, Betsy (August 16, 2010). "New York City's Trash-Sucking Island". WIRED. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
- ^ a b c d Chaban, Matt A.V. (August 3, 2015). "Garbage Collection, Without the Noise or the Smell". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
While vehicles still found their way onto the island, garbage trucks were largely banished, thanks to the pneumatic tube system, one of the largest in the world. It sucks up roughly 10 tons of trash from the island's 12,000 residents each day.... After they drop garbage down chutes in their buildings, it collects at the bottom until a trapdoor is activated, releasing the waste into 22-inch-wide red steel tubes that run underground.
- ^ a b c d e f Bodarky, George (July 26, 2017). "How New York's Roosevelt Island Sucks Away Summer Trash Stink". NPR. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
- ^ Gartland, Michael (November 23, 2018). "Exclusive: Last public hospital on NYC's Roosevelt Island could be closed". New York Daily News. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ "Emergency Response". Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation of the State of New York. November 7, 2014. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ "Is there a NYPD precinct on Roosevelt Island?". Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation of the State of New York. November 7, 2014. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ "NYPD – 114th Precinct". www.nyc.gov. New York City Police Department. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
- ^ Wilson, Michael (December 10, 2011). "On Roosevelt Island, Burglaries Bring a Sense of Unease". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ a b Murphy, William (August 14, 2004). "Roosevelt Island, Stuck Bridge Fuels Fire Fears, After Losing Access, FDNY to Employ Full-time Engine Company on Island Until After Convention". Newsday. p. A04. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 279811446.
- ^ a b Chung, Christine (August 21, 2019). "Discussions for reviving a long-shuttered engine company stall, despite FDNY acknowledgment the booming area needs more emergency responders". THE CITY - NYC News. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ "Engine Company 260". FDNYtrucks.com. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
- ^ "Special Operations Command". www.FDNYtrucks.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
- ^ Cooper, Michael (May 22, 2003). "Six Firehouses Receive Order to Close by Sunday Morning, as Lawsuit to Save Them Proceeds". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 25, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
- ^ Cardwell, Diane (May 29, 2003). "Metro Briefing | New York: Brooklyn: Judge Rules On Firehouse". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
- ^ Archibold, Randal C. (July 3, 2003). "Judge Says Closing of Queens Firehouse Is Illegal". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
- ^ "Locals, lawmakers push to reopen Long Island City firehouse". FOX 5 New York. August 23, 2019. Retrieved April 6, 2022.
- ^ "BBQ in Lighthouse Park | Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation of the State of New York". rioc.ny.gov. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
- ^ "F.Y.I." The New York Times. March 5, 2000. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ Barlow 1971, p. 125.
- ^ "Experience Southpoint Park | Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation of the State of New York". rioc.ny.gov. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
- ^ "Section O: Environmental Conservation and Recreation, Table O-9". 2014 New York State Statistical Yearbook (PDF). The Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government. 2014. p. 672. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 16, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
- ^ a b Tyrnauer, Matt; Meier, Raymond (October 19, 2012). "Architecture: The Stunning Louis I. Kahn Design of the Long-Awaited F.D.R. Memorial". Vanity Fair. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
- ^ a b Goldberger, Paul (April 25, 1974). "Design by Kahn Picked for Roosevelt Memorial Here". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
- ^ a b "Welfare Island to Get a 'Geyser'; Fountain, Delayed by Health Hazard, to Spout Monday". The New York Times. November 28, 1969. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ "Welfare Island to Get Fountain; Delacorte Will Build It and Pay for Its Upkeep". The New York Times. July 16, 1967. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ "Delacorte Fountain in Last Stage". The New York Times. January 3, 1969. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
- ^ Roberts, Sam (September 28, 1987). "Metro Matters; Good Intentions On Quirky Geyser Go Slightly Awry". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ "Waterfront Access Map". www1.nyc.gov. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
- ^ a b c d "Fields | Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation of the State of New York". rioc.ny.gov. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
- ^ "Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation of the State of New York". Archived from the original on June 20, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
- ^ a b Dowling, Rachel (October 8, 2019). "Octagon Field Renamed McManus, Tensions Remain". The Main Street Wire. Archived from the original on July 19, 2022. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
Last week, over a year after its abrupt closure last August, the Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation (RIOC) re-opened Octagon Field and re-naming it Jack McManus Field in honor of the recently retired Chief of the Island's Public Safety Department (PSD).
- ^ "Roosevelt Island Racquet Club – New York Tennis Magazine". New York Tennis Magazine. March 22, 2024. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
- ^ a b "Postings: Roosevelt Island; Tennis by the Tram". The New York Times. July 14, 1991. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
- ^ "Sportspark". Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation of the State of New York. November 7, 2014. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
- ^ "Tennis Information". Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation of the State of New York. November 7, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2024; Lin, Thomas (August 5, 2010). "Tennis in New York Is Knowing Where to Look". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 26, 2024.
- ^ a b "PS/IS 217 Roosevelt Island". New York City Department of Education. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
- ^ a b "2 Minischools Open Herein Fall To Serve Roosevelt I. Housing". The New York Times. April 7, 1974. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
- ^ The Management of Publicly Owned Land in Urban Areas. Document (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1979. p. 56. ISBN 978-92-64-12008-2. Archived from the original on December 28, 2023. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
- ^ Swertlow, Eleanor (May 8, 1975). "Little Red-Ink Schoolhouse". New York Daily News. p. 4. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 21, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Child School Legacy High School". Bloomberg. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
- ^ a b c "About the Roosevelt Island Library". The New York Public Library. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
- ^ a b c d Coleman, Chrisena (June 5, 1998). "Library to hit big time". New York Daily News. p. 49. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 24, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Clines, Francis X. (September 15, 1977). "About New York". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ Farrell, William E. (February 4, 1981). "About New York; Two Who Created a Library on Roosevelt Island". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
- ^ "Literary Landmark: Roosevelt Island Branch, New York Public Library – various". United for Libraries. October 19, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
- ^ Weaver, Shaye (January 25, 2021). "See inside the stunning new public library coming to Roosevelt Island". Time Out New York. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
- ^ Garber, Nick (January 25, 2021). "Roosevelt Island Public Library Opens After Years Of Work". Upper East Side, NY Patch. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Berdy, Judith (2003). Roosevelt Island. Images of America. Arcadia. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-7385-1238-9.
- ^ a b "1889 Chapel Is Restored In Rite on Roosevelt I." The New York Times. October 20, 1975. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 21, 2024; King, Martin (October 20, 1975). "Bagpiper Shepherds an Interfaith Flock". New York Daily News. p. 7. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved March 21, 2024 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Messenger of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. 1908. p. 646.
- ^ Friend, Ida Weis (1928). "The President's Desk". The Jewish Woman. No. v. 8–11. Council of Jewish Women. p. 7. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ Spiro, Amy (April 1, 2010). "'Main Street USA,' Just Across the River". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ "Chabad @ Cornell Tech". Chabad of Roosevelt Island. Archived from the original on September 22, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
- ^ "Islamic Society of Roosevelt Island". Prayers Connect. March 18, 2024. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ a b Lippincott, E.E. (January 11, 2001). "R.I. Bridge From Queens Will Be Converted To Fixed Status". Queens Chronicle. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ "Transportation". Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation of the State of New York. November 7, 2014. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- ^ Kirby, David (October 22, 2000). "Neighborhood Report: Roosevelt Island; Disabled Say Island Is Even More So With Old Elevators". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ a b c McCandlish, Phillips (April 7, 1957). "City's Last Trolley at End of Line; Buses Will Replace 49-Year Route on Queensboro Span". The New York Times. p. 1. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 25, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
- ^ "Transportation". Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation. Retrieved July 10, 2010.
- ^ Welch, Mary Scott (July 2, 1973). "Walking the City's Bridges". New York. p. 31. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
- ^ Petroff, John (August 27, 1973). "Bridge Bits" (letter to the editor)". New York. p. 5. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
- ^ a b "Neighborhood Report: Roosevelt Island; . . . and a Recommendation to Make Its Only Bridge an Immovable Object". The New York Times. January 14, 2001. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 24, 2024.
- ^ a b "Bridges over Smaller Waterways". NYC DOT. January 1, 1980. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
- ^ "Roosevelt Island Bridge bike lane now covered for a safer, smoother ride". amNewYork. December 13, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ a b "Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation of the State of New York". Driving. November 7, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ a b Stern, Mellins & Fishman 1995, p. 652.
- ^ U.S. Government Printing Office 1998, p. 129.
- ^ Kallos, Ben (June 24, 2020). "Citi Bike Stations Arrive on Roosevelt Island Just in Time for Summer 2020". Ben Kallos, New York City Council Member (Press release). Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ Kershaw, Sarah (December 17, 2001). "V Train Begins Service Today, Giving Queens Commuters Another Option". The New York Times. p. F1. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 17, 2020. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
- ^ "The Deepest and Highest Subway Stations in NYC: 191st St, 190th Street, Smith & 9th". Untapped Cities. June 26, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
- ^ Lynch, Andrew (2020). "New York City Subway Track Map" (PDF). vanshnookenraggen.com. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
- ^ "2 Welfare Island Shafts Already Reach Subways". The New York Times. February 21, 1965. p. R10. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 116785436.
- ^ Holcomb, Charles (September 18, 1977). "Roosevelt Island is a NYC success story". The Reporter Dispatch. p. 6. Retrieved November 20, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Grynbaum, Michael M. (November 30, 2010). "Roosevelt Island Tramway Reopens After Renovations". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 18, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
- ^ "20 Seat, Battery-Run Minibuses Studied for Welfare Island Community". The New York Times. May 23, 1973. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 20, 2024; "Electric Bus Tries Out in Manhattan; May Be Used in Planned Community". The Hartford Courant. May 23, 1973. p. 61. ISSN 1047-4153. ProQuest 551617316.
- ^ "Queens Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
- ^ a b c "RIOC Red Bus & Q102". Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation of the State of New York. November 7, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ Bashan, Yoni (April 3, 2014). "Save Your Change: This Ride on New York's Roosevelt Island is Free". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
- ^ Ramasubramanian, L.; Albrecht, J. (2017). Essential Methods for Planning Practitioners: Skills and Techniques for Data Analysis, Visualization, and Communication. The Urban Book Series. Springer International Publishing. p. 64. ISBN 978-3-319-68041-5. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ "Ferry Depot Doomed; Razing of Welfare island Terminal Due in 2 Weeks". The New York Times. October 3, 1957. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ "Old Ferry Slip Rots on Welfare Island". The New York Times. May 30, 1959. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
- ^ Brooke, James (August 13, 1986). "Roosevelt Island-Wall St. Run Joins Ferry Revival". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 22, 2024; Hayden, Van A. (August 13, 1986). "From Roosevelt Island, Ship-to-Shore Service". Newsday. p. 17. ISSN 2574-5298. Archived from the original on November 22, 2023. Retrieved November 22, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Barone, Vin (August 28, 2017). "Astoria's NYC Ferry route launches Tuesday". am New York. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017; Evelly, Jeanmarie (August 29, 2017). "SEE IT: NYC Ferry Service Launches New Astoria Route". DNAinfo New York. Archived from the original on August 30, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
- ^ "Routes and Schedules: Astoria". ferry.nyc. NYC Ferry by Hornblower. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
- ^ Gilfoyle, Timothy J. (2006). A Pickpocket's Tale: The Underworld of Nineteenth-Century New York. W. W. Norton Company. ISBN 978-0393329896.
- ^ a b Armstrong, H.L. (2021). Encyclopedia of Sex and Sexuality: Understanding Biology, Psychology, and Culture. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 484. ISBN 979-8-216-14384-0. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
- ^ Loue, S.; Sajatovic, M. (2004). Encyclopedia of Women's Health. Springer US. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-306-48073-7. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
- ^ Burton, Shirley J. (1993). "Obscene, Lewd, and Lascivious: Ida Craddock and the Criminally Obscene Women of Chicago, 1873–1913". Michigan Historical Review. 19 (1). Central Michigan University: 1–16. doi:10.2307/20173370. ISSN 0890-1686. JSTOR 20173370. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ "Sent to the Island.; Ann O'Delia and Her Consort Get Six Months Each". The New York Times. June 19, 1888. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ Cockrell, Dale (July 28, 1997). Demons of Disorder. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-521-56828-9.
- ^ "Milestones, Jun. 4, 1956". Time. June 4, 1956. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ "Free Becky Edelson; Funeral Plans Off; Friends Give a Bond for Agitator Who Has Been on a Hunger Strike in Prison". The New York Times. August 21, 1914. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
- ^ "De Fornaro Must Serve His Sentence; Certificate of Reasonable Doubt Denied in Caricaturist's Conviction for Libel". The New York Times. November 28, 1909. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ "American Experience". PBS. December 19, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ Meares, Hadley Hall (February 8, 2021). "Good Morning Heartache: The Life and Blues of Billie Holiday". Vanity Fair. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ "The "Man-Monster" by Jonathan Ned Katz · Peter Sewally/Mary Jones, June 11, 1836 · OutHistory: It's About Time". outhistory.org. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
- ^ "4 in Cowboy Gang Up for Pleading". New York Daily News. October 28, 1925. p. 2. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved April 2, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ "Review | The story of a 19th-century firebrand who stood up to abortion foes". Washington Post. December 14, 2023. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ "Mrs. Sanger Starts Term; Her Sister, Mrs. Byrne, Condemns Conditions on Island". The New York Times. February 7, 1917. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
- ^ Meares, Hadley Hall (June 16, 2020). ""When I'm Bad, I'm Better": Mae West's Sensational Life, in Her Own Words". Vanity Fair. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ Klem, M.; McDowell, M. (2023). Pity for Evil: Suffrage, Abortion, and Women's Empowerment in Reconstruction America. Encounter Books. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-64177-340-9. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ Horn 2018, p. 204.
- ^ Markel, Dr. Howard (May 5, 2018). "How Nellie Bly went undercover to expose abuse of the mentally ill". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ Kisch, E.E.; Segel, H.B. (1997). Egon Erwin Kisch, the Raging Reporter: A Bio-anthology. Central European Studies. Purdue University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-55753-100-1. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ Karmin, Craig (July 23, 2010). "Roosevelt Island Pitch: Better than the 'Burbs". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
- ^ Insunza, Andrea; Ortega, Javier (October 24, 2013). "Cuánto ha cambiado Bachelet". Qué Pasa (in Spanish). Retrieved October 25, 2013.
- ^ Bechet, Matilde (February 27, 2019). "Senior composes and plans original musical". The Ithacan. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
Though a musical seems grandiose and monumental under the pageantry of performance and bright stage lights, every production begins with just an idea. For senior Jonah Bobo, the idea for him to write his own musical came nearly three years ago.... Hayat, a playwright and graduate from SUNY Purchase, grew up in Roosevelt Island, New York, a few houses down from Bobo, her brother's friend.
- ^ Cohen, Joshua (April 2008). "The Bank Teller's Game – Michael Brodsky". Zeek. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
Called by Library Journal 'one of the most important writers working today,' Michael Brodsky is very much a writer for an idealized tomorrow. He was born in the Bronx in 1951, and lives in the seclusion nearest to Manhattan, namely Roosevelt Island.
- ^ Johnson, Eric (May 3, 2019). "Kickstarter co-founder Perry Chen's advice to startup founders and investors: Don't lie to each other". Vox. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
No, I grew up in the city, but I grew up on Roosevelt Island, actually.
- ^ Ashley, Dottie (October 12, 1977). "Playwright Comes 'Home'". The Columbia Record. Retrieved July 19, 2022 – via newspapers.com.
Ms Childress now lives on the recently renewed Roosevelt Island a small community of modern apartment buildings and swimming pools in the middle of Manhattan's East River.
- ^ "Billy, Coleen address 'racist' prenup photos". ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs. March 12, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
Crawford also assured the public that he is familiar with racism, and said they mean no harm. 'I grew up in a very diverse city (Roosevelt Island), and had experienced bullying and racism in my youth because of my being "an Asian." Trust me, we meant no harm,' he said.
- ^ "Biography". The History Makers. June 17, 2019. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
- ^ "Mike Epps Unleashes His Wrath On A Heckler!!". Hip Hop News Uncensored. August 2, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
Epps was born on November 18, 1970 in Indianapolis, Indiana. Epps family moved to Roosevelt Island, New York when he was young.
- ^ McKinley Jr., James C. (June 21, 2017). "First Openly Gay Judge Confirmed for New York's Highest Court". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
So the choice of Paul G. Feinman, an associate justice of the Appellate Division of the State Supreme Court in Manhattan, to fill the seat left open by the death of Judge Sheila Abdus-Salaam in April was a watershed for gay New Yorkers.... Justice Feinman and his husband, Robert Ostergaard, a web publisher, live on Roosevelt Island.
- ^ "Thank You Letters of Secretary-General to Goodwill Ambassadors" (PDF). United Nations Archives Search Engine. United Nations Archives and Records Management Section. November 10, 2000. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
Ms. Wendy Fitzwilliam 40 River Road #16J Roosevelt Island, NY 10044
- ^ Dyer, Richard (December 31, 2004). "Soprano Amanda Forsythe voices her love of opera". The Boston Herald. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
Forsythe was elegant, poised, focused, and determined as she talked recently about her emerging career. She grew up on Roosevelt Island, alongside Manhattan, and sang in high school choirs without ever taking her vocal potential very seriously.
- ^ Trott, William C. (August 13, 1986). "Hackett Goes To Sea". United Press International. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
Buddy Hackett loves his Roosevelt Island. He got up early Tuesday to be on the maiden voyage of a ferry that runs from the island down the East River to Wall Street on Manhattan. The rotund comedian lives on Roosevelt when in New York City and said he wanted to be on the ferry's 'maiden voyage because I want to go down in history like Christopher Columbus.'
- ^ a b c Goodyear, Dana (January 14, 2019). "An Artist's Life, Refracted in Film". The New Yorker. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
Donnersmarck's father was among the first in the family to need a job. He became an executive at Lufthansa, and when Florian was one and his brother, Sebastian, was three the family moved to Roosevelt Island, as part of a social experiment to establish an economically diverse colony on 'Welfare Island.'
- ^ Hooper, Joshua (November 25, 2009). "Tim Keller Wants to Save Your Yuppie Soul". New York. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
On a sunny morning not long ago, Keller greets me at his upper-floor apartment on Roosevelt Island and ushers me into his study.
- ^ Homme, Alexander (October 30, 2009). "Roosevelt Island". Manhattan Style. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011.
Al Lewis was also known as the unofficial mayor of Roosevelt Island
- ^ Senft, Bret (September 23, 2006). "With Style, a Goodbye to Grampa Al". The Main Street Wire. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014.
- ^ Nussbaum, Emily (May 2, 2008). "How 'Sex and the City' Made Sarah Jessica Parker the Poster Girl for the New Manhattan – New York Magazine – Nymag". New York Magazine. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
- ^ Glazer, Eliot (October 11, 2007). "Inside With: Andrea Rosen". The Apiary. Archived from the original on February 10, 2008. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
- ^ Brown, David (May 18, 2018). "AA Q&A: Jon Sciambi talks baseball, redheads, the ESPN TV job he didn't get and the ALS charity he helped to start". Awful Announcing. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
Jon Sciambi grew up in a unique part of New York City, playing ball on tiny Roosevelt Island and rooting for the Philadelphia Phillies.
- ^ Ross, Barbara (August 31, 2016). "Victoria's Secret model being sued for 'misleading' Airbnb listing defends her Roosevelt Island apartment". New York Daily News. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
That's what a Victoria's Secret model insisted Wednesday about her Roosevelt Island apartment that was the subject of a new lawsuit by an unhappy Airbnb customer. However, the model, Lyndsey Scott, said she 'acknowledges' the complaints of attorney Christian Pugaczewski and is 'working closely with Airbnb to ensure that this is settled in a fair and just manner.'
Sources
- Barlow, Elizabeth (1971). The forests and wetlands of New York City. Boston, Little, Brown – via Internet Archive.
- Diamonstein-Spielvogel, Barbaralee (2011). The Landmarks of New York (5th ed.). Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-1-4384-3769-9.
- Governors Island: Options for Reuse After Federal Government Departure : Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Government Management, Information, and Technology of the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, First Session, July 14, 1997. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1998. ISBN 978-0-16-056314-0.
- Geismar, Joan H. An Archaeological Evaluation of the Northtown Phase II Project Area, Roosevelt Island, New York (PDF) (Report). The Starrett Housing Development Corporation – via nyc.gov.
- Horn, Stacy (2018). Damnation Island: Poor, Sick, Mad, and Criminal in 19th-Century New York. Algonquin Books. ISBN 978-1-61620-828-8.
- Kearns, Betsy; Kirkorian, Cece; Schaefer, Richard (July 31, 1989). Board of Education: Roosevelt Island School Site PS/IS 217 CEQR No. 88-102M (Revised) Archaeological Assessment Report (PDF) (Report). Historical Perspectives – via nyc.gov.
- Phase 1a Archaeological Documentary Study Cornell NYC Tech Roosevelt Island Campus Block 1373, Lot 20 and Block 1371, Lot 1 (part), New York, New York (PDF) (Report). AKRF Inc. March 2012 – via nyc.gov.
- Phase 1a Archaeological Study Installation of Duct Banks South End of Roosevelt Island New York, New York (PDF) (Report). Louis Berger & Associates Inc. April 1998 – via nyc.gov.
- Phase 1a Archaeological Sensitivity Assessment for Southpoint Park Roosevelt Island New York, New York (PDF) (Report). John Milner Associates Inc. November 2007 – via nyc.gov.
- Seitz, Sharon; Miller, Stuart (2011). The Other Islands of New York City: A History and Guide (Third ed.). Countryman Press. ISBN 978-1-58157-886-7.
- Stern, Robert A. M.; Fishman, David; Tilove, Jacob (2006). New York 2000: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Bicentennial and the Millennium. New York: Monacelli Press. ISBN 978-1-58093-177-9. OCLC 70267065. OL 22741487M.
- Stern, Robert A. M.; Mellins, Thomas; Fishman, David (1995). New York 1960: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Second World War and the Bicentennial. New York: Monacelli Press. ISBN 1-885254-02-4. OCLC 32159240. OL 1130718M.
- White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7.
External links
- Official website for RIOC, Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation
- Parks & Recreation Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation's website for Events, memberships, permits
- Roosevelt Island Residents Association
- 1903 Panorama of Blackwell's Island, N.Y., Library of Congress, Thomas A. Edison motion picture
- The Island Nobody Knows, a fully digitized exhibition catalog about Roosevelt Island from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries