Boško Čolak-Antić | |
---|---|
Бошко Чолак-Антић | |
![]() Boško I. Čolak-Antić c. 1903 | |
Marshal of the Royal Court of Yugoslavia | |
In office 1935–1941 | |
Monarch | Peter II of Yugoslavia |
Preceded by | Slavko Grujić |
Succeeded by | Office abolished |
Yugoslav Ambassador to Romania | |
In office 9 December 1920 – March 1935 | |
Monarch | Alexander I of Yugoslavia |
Preceded by | Djordje Nastasijević |
Succeeded by | Jovan Dučić |
Yugoslav Ambassador to Sweden | |
In office 18 February 1918 – 8 December 1920 | |
Monarch | Peter I of Serbia |
Preceded by | Milan Rakić |
Succeeded by | Milorad Stražnjicki |
Marshal of the Royal Court of Serbia | |
In office 1915–1917 | |
Succeeded by | Petar Živković |
Serbian Ambassador to Bulgaria | |
In office 1913–1915 | |
Monarch | Peter I of Serbia |
Preceded by | Miroslav Spalajković |
Succeeded by | Milan Tucaković |
Serbian Ambassador to Egypt | |
In office 1908–1912 | |
Monarch | Peter I of Serbia |
Preceded by | Jovan Jovanović Pižon |
Succeeded by | Miloš M. Bogićević |
Marshal of the Royal Court of Serbia | |
In office 1904–1907 | |
Monarch | Peter I of Serbia |
Personal details | |
Born | 21 August 1871 Kragujevac, principality of Serbia |
Died | March 24, 1949 Belgrade, Yugoslavia | (aged 77)
Relations | Čolak-Anta Simeonović |
Parent |
|
Relatives | Vojin Čolak-Antić (brother) |
Alma mater | University of Geneva (PhD, 1894) |
Occupation | Diplomat |
Boško I. Čolak-Antić (Serbian Cyrillic: Бошко Чолак-Антић; 21 August 1871 – 24 March 1949), also known as Boshko Tcholak-Antitch,[a] was a Serbian diplomat and court official who served as an ambassador and Marshal of the Court for both the Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
Čolak-Antić was born into a distinguished military family, the son of an officer and the great-grandson of Čolak-Anta Simeonović, a leader in the Serbian Uprising of 1804-1813. He attended the University of Geneva, where he earned a PhD in Law. His diplomatic career began in the Serbian Representation in the Principality of Bulgaria. Following a change in the royal dynasty, he was appointed Marshal of the Court for King Peter I of Serbia.
A skilled diplomat, Čolak-Antić played a significant role during the critical era of the First World War particularly in the negotiations to bring Bulgaria to the side of the Allies. Following the invasion of Serbia he joined the Serbian government in exile in Corfu. He later held significant diplomatic positions, including Yugoslav minister in Stockholm and Bucharest. From 1935 to 1941, he served as Marshal of the Court for King Peter II of Yugoslavia during the Regency. His brother, General Vojin Čolak-Antić, was a notable cavalry officer and military attaché.[1]
Early life and family
Boško Čolak-Antić was born in Kragujevac, Principality of Serbia, into the Čolak-Antić family, an influential Serbian family with a long military tradition.[2] He was the eldest son of Colonel Ilija Čolak-Antić, commander of the Serbian Ibar Army during the Serbo-Turkish war, and Jelena (née Matić). Čolak-Antić's maternal grandfather was Dimitrije Matić, a prominent Liberal politician and philosopher who served as President of the National Assembly when Serbia gained independence from the Ottoman Empire. Čolak-Antić had a younger brother, Vojin Čolak-Antić, a divisional general in the army, and a sister, Jovanka, who was married to writer Ilija Vukićević. He was also the great-grandson of Vojvoda Čolak-Anta Simeonović, one of the leaders of the First Serbian Uprising of 1804.[2]
After graduating from secondary school, Čolak-Antić went on to study law at the University of Geneva, where he earned his doctorate in law in 1894.[3] Upon his return to Serbia, he began his career at the Ministry of Finance before transferring to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1898.[4]
Diplomatic career
His diplomatic career began in 1899 when Čolak-Antić was appointed Secretary of the Serbian Representation in Sofia and later Minister Plenipotentiary to the Principality of Bulgaria.[2] This occurred three years after Ferdinand was recognised as King of the Bulgarians by the Great Powers, during a period of turmoil in neighbouring Turkish provinces. Čolak-Antić expressed concern to his government about the secret talks between the Bulgarians and the Ottomans regarding the unrest in Macedonia, which bypassed the three other representatives of the different communities: Serbian, Greek, and Vlach (Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians). He warned his government about Bulgaria's expansionist intentions. Macedonia being at the time the focus of diplomatic and political activity for both Bulgaria and Serbia. The rise of nationalistic visions led both countries to seek partitioning the Turkish territory and claiming it as historically theirs while preparing for war with the Ottoman Empire. Čolak-Antić's mission in Bulgaria ended in 1903. That same year, the outbreak of the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising in Macedonia, a failed rebellion organised by a Bulgarian secret revolutionary society, intensified the path towards war.[5]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Belgrade_City_Courts_Complex_c._1930.jpg/220px-Belgrade_City_Courts_Complex_c._1930.jpg)
After the change of dynasty and the coronation of Peter I of Serbia on 21 September 1904, Čolak-Antić was appointed Marshal of the Royal Court of Serbia, a position he held until 1907 while continuing to carry out diplomatic missions across Europe.[6] On 16 October 1904, Čolak-Antić accompanied the Serbian King Peter I to Sofia, Bulgaria, along with Prime Minister Sava Grujić, Minister of Foreign Affairs Nikola Pašić and Minister of War Radomir Putnik for an official visit with Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria.[7]
His subsequent appointment was in Cairo, where he served as ambassador from 1908 until 1912.[2] At this time, Egypt was an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire under British dominance.[8] During his tenure in Egypt, Čolak-Antić established a lifelong friendship with French Egyptologist Gaston Maspero, the director of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Maspero mentioned Čolak-Antić several times in his memoirs. Čolak-Antić returned to Serbia at the onset of the Balkan Wars.[9]
On 9 January 1914, royal embassies and consulates were informed via encrypted telegram that diplomatic relations between Bulgaria and Serbia had been restored. This occurred less than a year after Bulgaria had attacked its former ally and lost the Second Balkan War, marking the first restoration of diplomatic relations since Bulgaria became a kingdom. Despite the complex intertwining of Serbian and Bulgarian interests, the desire for stability in international relations and internal pressures facilitated the swift restoration of diplomatic relations between the two countries.[10] In this context, Čolak-Antić was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary in Sofia in early 1914. His nomination was accepted and validated by the Bulgarian government, and on 4 February 1914, he presented his letters of credence.[11]
First World War
On 28 June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in Sarajevo. A month later, on 28 July, Austria-Hungary began hostilities by bombarding Belgrade, effectively initiating the First World War. Although Bulgaria declared its neutrality, it simultaneously entered into secret negotiations with Austria-Hungary and Germany. In a telegram dated 1 July 1914, Čolak-Antić warned Prime Minister Nikola Pašić that a loan offered by the German Empire had bound the Bulgarian government to the camp of the Triple Alliance, thereby posing an imminent danger to Serbia.[12] He also informed Pašić that the Bulgarians had appointed eighteen vojvodes to various cities of Macedonia.[13]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/TelegramAmbassadorBo%C5%A1koTcholak-Antitch041915.jpg/137px-TelegramAmbassadorBo%C5%A1koTcholak-Antitch041915.jpg)
In August 1914, Austro-Hungarian forces penetrated deep into Serbia, occupying the northern part of the country. The government was forced to relocate, but by mid-December, Serbian forces, against all odds, defeated the invaders and expelled them from the country. The pressures of war transformed diplomacy as well. Čolak-Antić was entrusted with the crucial task of bringing new partners into the war, maintaining links between allies, and preventing them from defecting to the other side.[14] In April 1915, Čolak-Antić warned his government in a telegram that Italy was participating in secret talks with the Triple Entente about annexing lands in Dalmatia and ports in Albania in exchange for joining the Allies.[1] On 10 August, Čolak-Antić met with Bulgarian Prime Minister Vasil Radoslavov, presenting a proposal from Serbian Prime Minister Pašić for a mutual settlement to resolve all disputes between the two countries, particularly regarding prisoners of war, without the need for Allied mediation. Radoslavov rejected the proposal, asking for more time. Radoslavov then told Čolak-Antić that Bulgaria will remain completely neutral, no matter what turn the conflict between Austria and Serbia takes.[15][14] Not trusting the minister, Čolak-Antić informed his government that Bulgaria's participation on the side of the Central Powers seemed inevitable.[16] On 24 August 1915, Radoslavov signed a secret agreement with the German Empire, followed by a treaty of friendship and alliance. Later that day, Radoslavov signed a military convention with Germany and Austria-Hungary, placing Bulgaria in the camp of the Central Powers and making it an enemy of Serbia, Russia, France, and Britain, and an ally of the Ottomans.[17]
On 9 September 1915, Tsar Ferdinand and Prime Minister Radoslavov signed a decree of general mobilisation. Numerous rumours of preparations for mobilisation began to spread. Čolak-Antić warned Pašić about these rumours, but the Bulgarian government continued to deny them.[18] In Serbia, Field Marshal Radomir Putnik, the Serbian Chief of the General Staff, suggested launching a preventive attack while Bulgaria was mobilising, viewing it as their only chance before Austria attacked again. To the consternation of Čolak-Antić, British Foreign Secretary Edward Grey chose to give Bulgaria one more chance, reasoning that Bulgaria had assured the Allies of its peaceful intentions. The Triple Entente tried to calm the situation by giving an ultimatum to Bulgaria, but without success. On 23 September 1915, the Triple Entente severed diplomatic relations with Bulgaria. In response, and based on orders from his government, Serbian Plenipotentiary Minister Čolak-Antić left Bulgaria.[10]
On 6 October 1915, the combined armies of Germany and Austria-Hungary launched the invasion of Serbia. A few days later, on 11 October, without any prior declaration of war, Bulgaria joined the invaders and attacked the greatly outnumbered Serbian army from the rear. Čolak-Antić immediately returned to Serbia. On 31 October, he arrived in Raška to meet representatives of France, Great Britain, Russia, and Italy. After spending the night there, Čolak-Antić brought them to Mitrovica to meet with the King, Nikola Pašić, and the Serbian government. He joined the retreat through Albania to Corfu, where he followed the Serbian government into exile.[19]
Later that year, he relocated to Salonika with the rest of the army, where his brother Vojin Čolak-Antić, now a Colonel, commanded the 3rd Serbian Cavalry Brigade. In Salonika,[19] he took part in the controversial trial of Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević, known as Apis, and other members of the Black Hand.[17] During this time, Čolak-Antić was appointed Marshal of the Court. Of this period of intrigue, when politicians mistrusted military officers who, in turn, mistrusted the government, he famously declared:
Trust no one. Suspect everyone
— Boško Čolak-Antić, [20]
For the remainder of the war, while the government operated between Corfu, Salonika, and Nice and the army fought on the Salonika front, Serbia was divided and occupied, enduring harsh military governance by Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary.. Čolak-Antić was sent on diplomatic missions around Europe.[20]
Post-First World War diplomatic career
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dr._Bo%C5%A1ko_%C4%8Colak-Anti%C4%87_%281871%E2%80%931949%29_Stockholm_c.1919.jpg/165px-Dr._Bo%C5%A1ko_%C4%8Colak-Anti%C4%87_%281871%E2%80%931949%29_Stockholm_c.1919.jpg)
After the war and the ensuing reshuffle Čolak-Antić became the Ambassador of the newly formed Kingdom of Yugoslavia in Sweden, taking residence in Stockholm on 18 February 1918. Čolak-Antić worked on enhancing trade with Sweden, monitor developments in Russia, and maintain relations with smaller countries to safeguard common interests against the great powers in the League of Nations. In December 1918, Romanian King Ferdinand decided to honour Regent Alexander of Serbia to foster closer ties and ease tensions in the Banat, occupied by Serbian troops. Following this, Čolak Antić was invited to a court reception in Bucharest where King Ferdinand expressed his wish for Alexander to marry one of his daughters. Queen Marie of Romania urged Čolak-Antić to convey the offer to Belgrade immediately.[21]
In October 1917, the Bolsheviks seized power in Russia, sparking the Russian Civil War. On 28 December 1918, Čolak-Antić informed Crown Prince Aleksandar Karađorđević that the Bolsheviks likely took the Russian Empress and her daughters with them when they defected and that they might be alive.[22] Čolak-Antić further reported that Princess Jelena Petrovna also doubted their deaths and mentioned reports from Arkhangelsk stating that Grand Duchess Tatiana had written to Grand Duke Kirill, claiming the Russian emperor was alive, a belief shared by many at the time. He also confirmed the death of Prince Ioann Konstantinovich Romanov, the Serbian king’s son-in-law.[22]
On 21 September, Čolak-Antić asked Spalajković, the Serbian representative in Arkhangelsk, for information on Princess Jelena and her children, stating that the king was very upset and wanted to send her 20,000 francs. Spalajković falsely informed him that Princess Jelena was in Yekaterinburg and her children were with their grandmother in Petrograd. In reality, she was held as a hostage in Perm.[22] After the Norwegian envoy secured her release, she traveled from Moscow to Sweden. In December 1918, Boško Čolak-Antić hosted Princess Jelena at the Serbian embassy in Stockholm, where she received the king’s gift. She was accompanied by her mother-in-law, Grand Duchess Yelisaveta Mavrikievna, and her children. On 25 December, Princess Jelena, escorted by Čolak-Antić, arrived in Copenhagen to depart for France.[22]
On 8 December 1920, the Yugoslav Foreign Ministry abolished all diplomatic representations in the Scandinavian countries, closing the Embassies for Sweden, Denmark and Norway.[23] Čolak-Antić left the country that year.[4]
On 3 March 1920 Čolak-Antić was appointed Envoy Extraordinary then Ambassador to Romania.[2] Based in Bucharest where he represented Yugoslavia in the talks of the Little Entente with Czechoslovakia and Romania, aiming to build a common defence against Hungary. During his service in Bucharest, Čolak-Antić also played a significant role in formal receptions at the Romanian court. Alongside Dr. Momčilo Ninčić, he arranged the marriage of Princess Maria of Romania to Alexander Karadjordjević which took place in Belgrade in 1922. On 7 July 1923 in Bucharest, after the two kingdoms agreed to conclude a defence convention, Čolak-Antić, as Plenipotentiary Delegate, signed the Convention on the Defence Alliance between the Kingdom of Romania and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The first article of the Convention stipulated that: "In the case of an unprovoked attack by Hungary on either High Contracting Party, the other Party shall come to aid the attacked Party in accordance with the Treaty provided for." The collaboration between the two countries during the 1920s and the early 1930s peaked significantly, largely due to Čolak-Antić , who played a crucial role in fostering this productive political climate.[24] During his time in Bucharest, Čolak-Antić kept a record of his experiences, which was later published in a book.[25]
At the beginning of July 1929, as the head of the Yugoslav delegation, Čolak-Antić was summoned back to Belgrade to receive new instructions from the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Vojislav Marinković.[26] When Romania began to draw closer to Bulgaria and improve its relations with Hungary, Čolak-Antić demanded a meeting of the Little Entente at which Romania had to explain its position.[27] He complained about the Romanian military authorities' "lack of frankness" and increasingly questioned the military value of the Little Entente and the Romanian-Yugoslav ties.[27] Five years later, Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary would all join Germany and the Axis Powers, leaving Yugoslavia isolated in facing Nazi Germany and its allies.[28]
In March 1935, Čolak-Antić returned to Yugoslavia after being appointed Marshal of the Royal Court of King Peter II. He remained in that capacity until the Invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941.[29]
Personal life
Boško Čolak-Antić was a keen sportsman throughout his life. He founded the Serbian Cycling Society in 1885, which became the main national governing body for cycle sport in Serbia. Additionally, he was an accomplished equestrian and a practitioner of martial arts.[30]
On 13 March 1905, Čolak-Antić took offense at an article by journalist Milan Pavlović, Editor-in-Chief of the newspaper Opozicija, which he felt insulted the memory of his late father, war hero Colonel Ilija Čolak-Antić. He demanded reparations and challenged Pavlović to a duel.[31] Although Čolak-Antić preferred to fight with sabres, objections from the other party led to the decision to use pistols. The duel took place on 16 March at 4 PM on the clearing of Banovo Brdo, with the opponents standing 20 steps apart. Dr. Dr Roman Sondermajer was present along with witnesses. Both opponents arrived on time, refused to settle the dispute, fired their guns, and remarkably, both remained unharmed.[30] The event was reported by Čolak-Antić’s brother-in-law, Vladislav F. Ribnikar:, a journalist and founder of the newspaper Politika: "Yesterday at exactly 4 o'clock in the afternoon, there was a duel between Mr. Boško Čolak-Antić, Marshal of the Court and Milan Pavlović, Editor-in-Chief of Opozicija."[31] Government officials chose to remain silent on the issue, even though duels were prohibited by law. Opozicija, the fiercest critic of the government, ceased publication a month later.[30]
In July 1915, during negotiations with Bulgaria about joining the war on the Allies' side, Čolak-Antić was described as possessing "a refined courtesy and a real impartiality which dictated all the actions of his important position during a very delicate situation."[32] French historian Marcel Dunan described him as "a perfect gentleman, an aristocrat, who could have passed as a member of the Court of Henry III."[32]
Cultural depictions
In the Serbian TV series "Aleksandar of Yugoslavia", directed by Zdravko Šotra and based on the novel of the same name by Vuk Drašković.[33] Boško Čolak-Antić is portrayed by Serbian actor Marko Janjić.[34]
Publications
Notes
References
Citations
- ^ a b Foreign Office 2008, p. 1224.
- ^ a b c d e Philohistoriss, p. 134.
- ^ Ljubinka Trgovčević 2003.
- ^ a b Robert L. Jarman 1997, p. 668.
- ^ Daskalov, R.; Vezenkov, A. (2015). Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume Three: Shared Pasts, Disputed Legacies. Balkan Studies Library. Brill. p. 381. ISBN 978-90-04-29036-5.
- ^ Robert L. Jarman 1997, p. 129.
- ^ Bulgarian-Serbian Relation 2022.
- ^ Istorijski institut u Beogradu 1962, p. 726.
- ^ Foreign Office 2008, p. 777.
- ^ a b Rudić et al. 2018, p. 432.
- ^ Institute of Historical Research, Rudić & Milkić 2015, p. 74.
- ^ F.H. Hinsley & Keith Wilson 2016, p. 87.
- ^ Makar & Makar 2000, p. 196.
- ^ a b Hall 1996, p. 287.
- ^ Simić 1989, p. 133.
- ^ Adamov, E.A.; Valski, S.; Glaussel, G.; Paris, V.; Chklaver, G.; Lozinskiĭ, L.; Institut des langues orientales (Russia) (1932). Constantinople et les detroits: documents secrets de l'ancien Ministère des affaires étrangères de Russie (in French). Les Éditions internationales. p. 119.
- ^ a b Andrej Mitrović 2007, p. 187.
- ^ Mishev, D.N. (1919). Un chapitre inconnu: réponse à M. N. Pachitch (in French). Impr. Petter, Giesser & Held. p. 19.
- ^ a b Auguste Boppe 1916, pp. 757–787.
- ^ a b "Encounter With History: Apis And King Alexander". Novosti (in Serbian). 2020-07-25.
- ^ Miladinović, Ivan (2018-12-26). "He dreamed of a Russian woman, and he married a Romanian princess". in4s (in Serbian).
- ^ a b c d "Karađorđević and the end of the Romanov dynasty" (PDF). Moscow State University.
- ^ Diplomatic mission of Yugoslavia in Sweden 1918-1920 2001.
- ^ arhivelenationale 2011.
- ^ Čolak-Antić, B.; Beneš, E. (1934). Edouard Benes et La Petite Entente (in French). Melantrich.
- ^ Popi, G. (1984). Yugoslav-Romanian relations, 1918-1941. Monografije (Univerzitet u Novom Sadu. Filozofski fakultet) (in Serbian). Sloboda. p. 82.
- ^ a b Boia, E. (1993). Romania's Diplomatic Relations with Yugoslavia in the Interwar Period, 1919-1941. East European monographs. East European Monographs. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-88033-253-8.
- ^ DiNardo, R.L.; Showalter, D.E. (2005). Germany and the Axis Powers from Coalition to Collapse. Modern war studies. University Press of Kansas. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-7006-1412-7.
- ^ Branislav Gligorijević 2002, p. 7.
- ^ a b c Marta Levai (2018-05-03). "The first Belgrade duel with pistols - Once upon a time in Belgrade". 011info - najbolji vodič kroz Beograd (in Serbian).
- ^ a b Bokan, D. (2008). Politika: mit, hronika, enciklopedija (in Serbian). Politika. p. 134. ISBN 978-86-7607-091-6.
- ^ a b Marcel Dunan (1917). L'été bulgare: notes d'un témoin, juillet-octobre 1915. Chapelot. pp. 162–.
- ^ Nova, TV (2021-05-28). "Gledajte 12. epizodu "Aleksandra od Jugoslavije"". NOVA portal (in Serbian).
- ^ "Kralj (TV Series 2021)". IMDb. 2024-07-25.
- ^ Bell 1931, p. 834.
- ^ Documents diplomatiques français 2003, p. 804.
Bibliography
- Bell, H.T.M. (1931). The Near East Year Book and Who's who: A Survey of the Affairs, Political, Economic and Social, of Yugoslavia, Roumania, Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. Near East, Limited.
- Auguste Boppe (1916). Revue Des Deux Mondes, 1916, Vol. 34, 1915 — 1916 (in French). Revue Limited. ISBN 978-0-260-79909-8.
- Diplomatic mission of Yugoslavia in Sweden 1918-1920 (PDF). rs. 2011.
- Documents diplomatiques français (in French). P.I.E.-Peter Lang. 2003. ISBN 978-90-5201-111-0.
- Diplomatic mission of Yugoslavia in the Kingdom of Romania 1918-1941 (PDF). arhivelenationale.ro. 2011.
- Branislav Gligorijević (2002). King Alexander Karađorđević: In European politics (in Serbian). Institute for textbooks and teaching material. ISBN 9788617100986.
- Robert L. Jarman (1997). Yugoslavia: 1927-1937. Archive Editions Limited. ISBN 978-1-85207-950-5.
- Andrej Mitrović (2007). Serbia's Great War, 1914-1918. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-477-4.
- F.H. Hinsley; Keith Wilson (2016). Decisions For War, 1914. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-21310-8.
- Foreign Office (2008). Documents on the foreign policy of the Kingdom of Serbia (in Serbian). Vol. 2. Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
- Hall, R.C. (1996). Bulgaria's Road to the First World War. East European Monographs; 460 Translations from the Asian Cl. East European Monographs. ISBN 978-0-88033-357-3.
- Institute of Historical Research, B.I.B.; Rudić, S.; Milkić, M. (2015). First World War, Serbia, the Balkans and the Great Powers. Institute of Historical Research. ISBN 978-86-7743-111-2.
- Istorijski institut u Beogradu (1962). Jugoslovenske zemlje u XX veku (in Serbian). Istorijski institut.
- Makar, I.U.I.; Makar, J.I. (2000). The First World War : the historical destinies of the peoples of Central and Eastern Europe (in Bulgarian). Ruta. ISBN 978-966-568-299-8.
- Philohistoriss, A. Revista Philohistoriss, an VIII, nr. 12, Aprilie 2022. Asociația Philohistoriss.
- Čedomir Popov; Dragoljub Živojinović (2013). Two Centuries of Modern Serbian Diplomacy (in Serbian). Balkan Institute SANU. ISBN 978-86-7179-079-6.
- Radoeva, Snezana (2022). Visit Of King Peter Karadjordjević in Sofia In 1904 In context of the Bulgarian-Serbian Relation (PDF) (in Serbian).
- Rudić, S.; Denda, D.; Đurić, Đ.; Istorijski institut, B.; Matica srpska, N.S. (2018). The Volunteers in the Great War 1914-1918. Institute of Historical Research. ISBN 978-86-7743-129-7.
- Simić, M. (1989). S narodom "Politika" (1904-1915) (in Serbian). Naučna knj. ISBN 978-86-23-02006-3.
- Ljubinka Trgovčević (2003). Students from Serbia in European universities in the 19th century (in Serbian). Historical Institute. ISBN 9788677430405.