Ludwell–Paradise House | |
---|---|
![]() Front of the house | |
![]() | |
Former names | Paradise House Slater House |
General information | |
Status | Private rental residence |
Architectural style | Early Georgian architecture |
Address | 207 E Duke of Gloucester Street, Williamsburg, Virginia |
Coordinates | 37°16′17.4″N 76°41′54.7″W / 37.271500°N 76.698528°W |
Named for | Philip Ludwell III John Paradise |
Year(s) built | 1752–1753 |
Owner | Colonial Williamsburg Foundation |
Height | 27.27 feet (8.31 m) |
Technical details | |
Material | Brick, wood |
Floor count | 2 |
Design and construction | |
Architecture firm | Perry, Shaw and Hepburn, Architects (restoration) |
The Ludwell–Paradise House, often also called the Paradise House,[note 1] is a historic home along Duke of Gloucester Street and part of Colonial Williamsburg in Williamsburg, Virginia. The home was built in 1752–1753 for Philip Ludwell III. In December 1926, it became the first property John D. Rockefeller Jr. authorized W. A. R. Goodwin to purchase as part of the Colonial Williamsburg restoration campaign. After being restored, the Ludwell–Paradise House held the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Collection from 1935 to 1956. The building now serves as a rented private residence in the Williamsburg historic area.
Philip Ludwell II purchased the lot where the Ludwell–Paradise House was constructed in September 1700. Possibly built on the site of a prior house that was constructed between 1680 and 1690, timbers in the surviving structure were dated as being felled in 1752 and brickwork indicates the entire building was completed simultaneously. After being used as a rental property, a tavern that once hosted George Washington, and a host for The Virginia Gazette newspaper, the house's ownership passed to William Lee. Though their legal claim to the house was unfounded, Philip Ludwell III's daughter Lucy Ludwell Paradise and her husband, John Paradise, were associated with the house, giving the building its name. When the house was one of several properties seized from Paradise and Lee by Patriots during the American Revolutionary War, the Paradises' friend Samuel Johnson privately quipped about "Paradise's loss".
Lucy Ludwell Paradise lived in the home from 1805 until she was institutionalized at the Williamsburg Public Hospital in 1812. On her death, her grandson, Philip Ignatius Barziza, took up residence at the home and sought Thomas Jefferson's help in an unsuccessful attempt to claim it as an inheritance. Philip Barziza's son Decimus et Ultimus Barziza, later a Confederate officer and Texas politician, was born in the house. The home was later owned by the Slater family, eventually passing to Marie Louise Stewart. Stewart, knowing of Goodwin's plan to restore Williamsburg to its 18th-century appearance, sold him the property. Briefly transferred to the College of William & Mary, it was returned to the Colonial Williamsburg project and restored in the early 1930s. The house would serve as a home to Abby Aldrich Rockefeller's folk art collection from 1935 until 1956, when a purpose-built museum was opened.
The home's restored appearance features a one-room-deep front portion that rises two stories and a single-story shed that spans the building's length on its rear, northern side. The exterior brickwork survives and is laid in the Flemish bond pattern with glazed accents. Much of the original interior woodwork has been lost, with renovations introducing paneling recovered from another 18th-century Virginia home. Reconstructed outbuildings also sit on the property.
History
18th century
The lot now containing the Ludwell–Paradise House was granted by the trustees of the new city of Williamsburg to Philip Ludwell II in September 1700. It was the eastern-most lot purchased by Ludwell at that time and fronted to Duke of Gloucester Street.[note 2] The records for Ludwell's deed unusually survived, having been stored in York County and not lost with other James City County records in the burning of Richmond during the American Civil War.[3] Because the eastern lot did not escheat to the city like the other two Ludwell had acquired at the same time, architectural historian Marcus Whiffen held that Ludwell had built a house on the property within two years; another home, constructed on the site between 1680 and 1690, was previously on the site.[4] Some later thinking–including by Colonial Williamsburg restoration architects Perry, Shaw and Hepburn–dated the still-standing house's construction to the 1710–1717 period when Ludwell was colonial deputy auditor general. However, architectural styling suggests that it dated to after 1737, the year Philip Ludwell III took over his inheritance upon coming of age.[5]
Later analysis using dendrochronology on timbers from the house's first floor dated them to 1752.[6] The house is now dated as having been constructed in 1752–1753 for use by Philip Ludwell III as a rental tenement.[note 3] Philip Ludwell III and his ancestors were among many English transatlantic business figures who spent extended periods in England while closely monitoring their interests in Virginia. In 1738, Philip Ludwell III became one of the earliest English converts to Eastern Orthodox Christianity while in London and is the first known convert to Eastern Orthodoxy in the Americas. His three daughters–Lucy, Hannah, and Frances–were baptized as Eastern Orthodox.[7] Lucy went on to marry John Paradise, who was also Eastern Orthodox.[8]
In 1755, Philip Ludwell III was advertising the house for renters in The Virginia Gazette. It would also serve as a "fashionable tavern" where the governors of Virginia would entertain guests. While on Williamsburg to serve in the House of Burgesses, George Washington stayed at the house. From the 1760s until October 1775, The Virginia Gazette newspaper was printed in the building.[9] William and Clementina Rind of Annapolis, Maryland, were tenants in the home from 1773 and participated in the printing of newspaper.[4]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ludwell%E2%80%93Paradise_House_on_Frenchman%27s_Map.jpg/290px-Ludwell%E2%80%93Paradise_House_on_Frenchman%27s_Map.jpg)
After Philip Ludwell III's death in 1767, ownership of his Williamsburg properties passed to his daughter Frances. inherited his Williamsburg properties.[note 4] Frances died the next year, and her inheritance was divided between the spouses of her sisters, Paradise and William Lee (husband of Hannah Ludwell). Ownership of the "brick house", as it was identified in correspondence, became a subject of dispute. While the Paradises still claimed the property, later renting documents and deeds indicate Lee owned the house. On Lee's 1795 death, his son William Ludwell Lee is thought to have inherited the property (though it is not explicitly mentioned in the elder Lee's will). When William Ludwell Lee died unmarried in 1803, his property passed to his sisters.[11][note 5]
Through this period, the Paradises maintained a claim to property that had belonged to the Ludwell family in Virginia. At their London home, the couple entertained figures that included Thomas Jefferson and Samuel Johnson. When their Virginia properties and the brick house in Williamsburg were seized by Patriots during the American Revolutionary War, the Paradises called upon Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin to recover their properties, though these efforts were not immediately successful. In 1778, Lee received word that his Williamsburg houses were being used by American troops as barracks. Johnson recorded the affair in his diary with the pun "Paradise's Loss".[12] John Paradise's name would come to be applied to the structure, even though he never lived in nor owned it.[13][note 6] By 1785, correspondence between William Lee and Joseph Prentis indicate Lee was again renting out the brick house, then to Louis Dormore; Lee's correspondence with Benjamin Waller in 1787 suggest that Dormore remained a tenant through 1786.[11]
19th century
![Photograph portrait of Decimus et Ultimus Barziza](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Decimus_et_Ultimus_Barziza.jpg/180px-Decimus_et_Ultimus_Barziza.jpg)
Lucy Ludwell Paradise returned to Virginia permanently in August 1805, almost ten years after her husband's death. She brought all of her portable belongings, including a piano forte, an ornamented carriage, and a mahogany table at which both Jefferson and Johnson had sat. At this time, Paradise's mental state was degrading. Jefferson–by then president of United States–was dismissive of Paradise's efforts at correspondence once she reached Virginia. She had more success with Littleton Waller Tazewell, who had been a friend of William Ludwell Lee. He arranged to rent the brick house from Lucy Ludwell Paradise's nieces to serve as her residence.[15]
The Williamsburg community soon deemed her an "eccentric" for her public behavior.[15] She would placed her carriage in a room of the house and enjoyed pretending to ride it.[16] In one episode, she took guests to the unhitched carriage and had her Black servant Henry wheel the carriage around the room for an hour before allowing the guests to disembark.[17] Alongside mental illness, her religious customs created tension with her neighbors.[18] She was institutionalized at the Williamsburg Public Hospital and declared insane in January 1812. When she died there on April 24, 1814, her will erroneously listed the brick house as among her properties. Shortly afterwards, her nieces, Mrs. Hopkins and Mrs. Hodgson, reasserted their legal claim to the property.[19]
John and Lucy Ludwell Paradise's daughter Lucy married Antonio Barziza, a Venetian count.[note 7] In 1815, Lucy and Antonio's son Philip Ignatius Barziza came to the United States at age 18 to claim the inheritance, including the Ludwell–Paradise House. To claim the inheritance, Philip Barziza surrendered his title of viscount and became an American citizen. Philip, like his grandmother, wrote to Jefferson in the hopes of his intervention. While Jefferson was sympathetic to the claim and entertained Barziza at Monticello, in 1826 the Virginia Supreme Court ultimately ruled against Philip in favor of Hopkins and Hodgson. Despite this, Barziza continued to rent the Ludwell–Paradise House with his Williamsburg-native wife, Cecile Belette. Philip Barziza eventually became a keeper at the Williamsburg Public Hospital and died sometime after 1858.[21]
Philip Barziza had ten children with Cecile. The last, a boy named Decimus et Ultimus Barziza, was born in the house. Decimus attended the College of William & Mary in town before traveling to Texas, where he joined the 4th Texas Infantry Regiment of the Confederate States Army at the start of the Civil War in 1861. Dessie Barziza would pass the house as he moved with other Confederate units during the day preceding the 1862 Battle of Williamsburg. He would survive the war and later served in the Texas state legislature.[22]
Marquis de Lafayette dined at the house during his 1824 tour of the United States.[9] Tax records indicate ownership of the house, then known as the Paradise House, passed to James Lee by 1818. By 1854, Parks Slater was listed as responsible for the house in right of his wife, Virginia Slater, the daughter of James Lee. The home then came to also be known as the Slater House. During this time, the building entered a state of disrepair. During a 19th-century renovation, Parks Slater displayed some of the house's exposed upstairs plastering that featured portions of Revolutionary War-era newspapers. The house next passed to J. C. Slater.[1]
Colonial Williamsburg
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/W._A._R._Goodwin_and_John_D._Rockefeller_Jr.%2C_1926.jpg/290px-W._A._R._Goodwin_and_John_D._Rockefeller_Jr.%2C_1926.jpg)
In 1924, Bruton Parish Church rector W. A. R. Goodwin began lobbying John D. Rockefeller Jr. for financial support for the College of William & Mary at a Phi Beta Kappa alumni event in New York City.[note 8] Rockefeller travelled to Williamsburg with his wife, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, and their children in March 1926 and the college's president, Julian A. C. Chandler, arranged for them to tour Williamsburg by car with Goodwin. Though Rockefeller initially opted to not sponsor the restoration of the college's Wren Building, John D. Rockefeller Jr. visited Williamsburg in November 1926 for the dedication of Phi Beta Kappa Hall on the college's campus. In early December 1926, Rockefeller wrote to Goodwin again, declining to pay for the Wren Building restoration but inquiring about restoring other Williamsburg buildings of colonial vintage.[25]
Later that month, Goodwin encountered real estate salesman Gardiner T. Brooks, representing the Ludwell–Paradise House's resident, Marie Louise Stewart. She had inherited the house on the death of her aunt, Kate Slater, who had resided in the house. Steward had sought to sell the house for two years.[note 9] After discussing the property with Brooks, Goodwin wrote Rockefeller on December 4, informing Rockefeller that he would need $8,000 ($137,684 in 2023) to purchase the building.[27] Rockefeller sent a telegram to Goodwin on December 7 that authorized the purchase, referring to the house as an "antique" and signing the message "David's Father"–an instance of the anonymity about his involvement in the restoration project that Rockefeller maintained until June 1928.[27] This would be the first building acquired with Rockefeller's funds for the Colonial Williamsburg project.[27]
By January 19, 1927, the architectural firm Perry, Shaw and Hepburn had, at Rockefeller's behest, taken measurements of Bruton, the Ludwell–Paradise, and other historic Williamsburg buildings.[28] Rockefeller's office determined that there were faults in the deed to the Ludwell–Paradise House's deed in January 1927, but Rockefeller opted to move forward with despite the title's uncertainty.[29] A legal agreement dated February 15, 1927, stipulated that the purchase was predicated on Virginia Slater being the sole heir to her father and that the deed had been legally passed to the sellers.[11]
After a May 1927 meeting at the Wythe House, Rockefeller authorized Goodwin to acquire further Williamsburg properties for the project. On June 2, 1927, Goodwin informed Chandler via letter of how the Ludwell–Paradise House had been purchased, describing "the cooperation of some of my friends who are interested in things colonial". The letter also sought to establish if the college would endorse further restoration efforts and take possession of restored or reconstructed properties. Rockefeller was not mentioned by name in this message and Chandler was asked to keep the letter's contents secret.[30] Soon after, the Ludwell–Paradise House was deeded to the college.[31] During the period of college ownership, the house saw several renovations, including the installation of a front porch.[32] Ultimately, the college did not participate in Colonial Williamsburg as Goodwin envisioned, but the college's colonial-era Wren Building, President's House, and Brafferton were all restored as part of the project.[33]
The house was deeded back from the college to the Colonial Williamsburg project on June 24, 1929; restoration had barely begun by early 1930.[34] Significant archival and archaeological research was performed in preparation for the restoration undertaken by Perry, Shaw and Hepburn. Among the alterations were the replacement of the pedimented wooden door added in 1920s and the return of the cellar's entrance to its original location.[35] Several of the changes made during the college's renovation of the building were undone, including alterations to the front door and windows and the porch.[32] The restoration was completed during 1931.[36]
![Photographic portrait of Abby Aldrich (later Rockefeller) in 1900](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Abby_Rockefeller_LCCN2014718060_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Abby_Rockefeller_LCCN2014718060_%28cropped%29.jpg)
Abby Rockefeller was an art collector, favoring both modern and folk art, though her husband strongly disliked the former. Both Rockefellers approved of displaying folk art in Colonial Williamsburg, with John D. Rockefeller Jr. saying that they felt the pieces were "in their proper setting". In March 1935, an exhibition of loaned portions of Abby Aldrich Rockfeller's folk art collection opened in the Ludwell–Paradise House.[note 10] The loaned pieces, along with others from her collection, were given as a gift to Colonial Williamsburg in 1939.[38][note 11] Curator Holger Cahill spent 18 months in the American South searching for additional colonial pieces to add to the Ludwell–Paradise House collection.[40] In preparation for the folk art display, woodwork and interior items were sourced from another 18th-century house that had been demolished and installed in the Ludwell–Paradise House.[41]
After his wife's 1948 death, John D. Rockefeller Jr. was unwilling to move the works from where his wife had hung them. He was eventually persuaded to move the folk art collection from the historic area. In 1954, the construction of a new, purpose-built museum building with funding from Rockefeller was announced.[42] The Ludwell–Paradise House art exhibit closed on January 1, 1956, and the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Collection opened in the new building in 1957.[43] In 1959, the house was again restored to its role as a rented private residence.[9]
Several ghost stories center on Lucy Ludwell Paradise haunting the house, with one book on Williamsburg ghosts asserting that multiple residents testified to "hearing strange sounds [...] unattributable to any known physical source". A Colonial Williamsburg vice president, Rudolph Bares, and his wife, Pauline, lived in the Ludwell–Paradise House for several years in the 20th century. Rudolph Bares later said in an interview that he and his wife heard water running and splashing from an upstairs bathtub "maybe eight, 10, or 12 separate times" despite there not being any water in the tub. They drew the conclusion that it was Lucy Ludwell Paradise on the grounds that she was reputed to have taken multiple baths a day.[44]
Design
![Photo of the Ludwell–Paradise House showing its porch](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ludwell%E2%80%93Paradise_House%2C_1926.png/220px-Ludwell%E2%80%93Paradise_House%2C_1926.png)
An example of early Georgian architecture, the Ludwell–Paradise House possesses a two-story high, one-floor deep front portion surmounted by a hip roof. Comprising five bays, the house is 60 feet (18 m) wide and just over 27 feet (8.2 m) tall.[45] There is a single-story shed along the length of the building's rear, deepening the first-floor space. The exterior of this shed's northern face is made from weatherboard rather than the brickwork present on all other exterior walls of the house. The shed's appearance led to speculation that it was a latter addition or that the whole house–including the shed–was originally designed as two-stories tall. However, the thickness of the basement walls, placement of the chimneys, and the brickwork all indicate that the structure was completed as designed in a single early 1750s building campaign.[46][note 12]
Framing for the roof and wall of the shed were refurbished with antique materials. The shed's northern exterior weatherboards were taken from a destroyed house that was on Boush Street in Norfolk. Most of the house's original interior woodwork has been lost. During 1935 work to prepare the Ludwell–Paradise House for its use as the folk art museum, 18th-century materials from Bolling House in Petersburg provided paneling for the southwestern ground-floor room.[47]
A majority of colonial-era Williamsburg buildings, including the Ludwell—Paradise House, did not utilize timber roof trusses.[48][note 13] In his December 1927 message to Rockefeller requesting funds to purchase the house, Goodwin noted that a new roof was recently installed for $598 ($10,292 in 2023).[49] Among Williamsburg building, chimney placement was not dependent on a structure's primary construction material. The brick Ludwell–Paradise House utilized terminal chimneys, in common with the wooden Archibald Blair House and as opposed to the inside chimneys of the brick Wythe House.[50] The chimneys were altered from their original form until the 1931 restoration, when they were rebuilt from just below to the roof using bricks from the Williamsburg Colonial Brick Company textured to match the originals.[32]
As with other two-story Williamsburg residences built during the city's 1750s construction boom, the house is built of brick, a prestigious material suggestive of permanence previously reserved for the city's public buildings.[51] The building's exterior brickwork is laid in Flemish bond. In this styling, the bricks are alternated between those laid with ends facing out ("headers") and those laid lengthwise ("stretchers"). In the Ludwell–Paradise House's case, the style is further accented by headers being glazed.[52] As in other Flemish bond Williamsburg buildings, adjacent unglazed headers were utilized to maintain the pattern when necessary for completing courses of brick like those terminating at the front door and the window above it. Whiffen commented that this masonry preserved the building's front from what "would amount to austerity" due to the "wide expanses of wall between the windows".[53]
The Colonial Williamsburg restoration also saw the reconstruction of outbuildings, including an outside kitchen and a stable. Brick foundations, including some colonial in appearance, for outbuildings were discovered during archaeological excavations behind the house in early 1931, with one building posited as a kitchen. The Frenchman's Map also indicated a structure on that location. Outdoor kitchens were a common way to keep the heat of cooking away from the main building and other Williamsburg residences feature similar structures.[note 14] During the 1930s, the carriage house (also called the "coach house") across the adjacent garden held two carriages which were used by hostesses for transport.[54] During college ownership, a wellhead was installed at a site on the garden; the Colonial Williamsburg restoration removed this wellhead and rebuilt one on the well's original location.[32]
-
Front of house from Duke of Gloucester Street
-
One-story shed on rear of the house
-
Flemish bond brickwork on the house
-
Cellar door at restored eastern wall location, wellhead and toolhouse visible down path
-
Kitchen and garden
-
Stable
Notes
- ^ A book on antebellum Williamsburg indicates that the building was known as the Slater House during the 19th century.[1]
- ^ Philip Ludwell II was then resident at the large Green Spring Plantation, located six miles to Williamsburg's west. The plantation had previously been the residence of William Berkeley, a colonial governor of Virginia, from 1642 to 1677. While two of Ludwell's lots were along the main thoroughfare of Duke of Gloucester Street and had a normal depth of 16 poles (260 ft), the third, westernmost lot was one of four granted along Market Square and had a depth of 11 poles (180 ft). John Reps identified this lot as evidence that Williamsburg's city planning, by Francis Nicholson, had originally laid out the streets in a later-abandoned royal cypher design of W and M for King William III and Queen Mary II.[2]
- ^ Colonial Williamsburg Foundation resident architect Nicholas A. Pappas ordered the dendrochronological analysis.[6]
- ^ Philip Ludwell III served in the House of Burgesses, representing Jamestown, and was the last of the male Ludwell family in Virginia.[10]
- ^ Maps, dating to c. 1784 and 1800 indicate the Ludwell-Paradise House's lot as "Lee" and an adjacent lot as "Paradise".[11]
- ^ Archibald Shepperson, in his biography of John and Lucy Ludwell Paradise, described the Ludwell–Paradise House as building which "for two generations belonged to one of the richest and most influential families in the Colony. The name, however, which has been associated with it for more than a century is that of a man who never owned or occupied it".[14]
- ^ Lucy Barziza would die estranged from her parents in Venice in 1800; her marriage to Antonio Barziza had reduced John and Lucy Ludwell Paradise's incomes to only their Virginia concerns. The Paradises' other child, Philippa, was born in 1774 and had died in 1787.[20]
- ^ Phi Beta Kappa had been founded at William & Mary.[23] Goodwin had been fundraising to raise $200,000 ($3.56 million in 2023) to fund Blow Hall and Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall.[24]
- ^ Steward, aware of his interest in restoring colonial Williamsburg buildings, had first approached Goodwin in early 1924 about the possible sale of the Ludwell–Paradise House.[26]
- ^ The displayed works included those of Amos Doolittle and Edward Hicks, as well as other 18th- and 19th-century works and cigar store Indians.[37]
- ^ When the collection was given to Colonial Williamsburg in 1939, Abby Rockefeller gave 54 pieces to the Museum of Modern Art. Some of these pieces were subsequently given to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. David Rockefeller, working with both museums, returned these pieces to the collection in Williamsburg in 1956.[39]
- ^ Either one or both of the house's chimneys may have come from the house that was constructed on the site sometime between 1680 and 1690.[4]
- ^ Other brick buildings in Williamsburg–including the Wythe House, Palmer House, and Prentis Store–do utilize trusses for their roofs.[48]
- ^ The kitchen's architecture follows the pattern of an 18th-century smokehouse, particularly that present at Tazewell Hall. The excavated foundations of the original structure indicated that it utilized English bond brickwork, with the Colonial Williamsburg reconstruction following this pattern. Weatherboard was used in the structure's siding, as was moulding from a Surry County property.[32]
References
Citations
- ^ a b Charles 1928, pp. 43–44; Yost 1990
- ^ Whiffen 1960, p. 113; Reps 1972, pp. 166–170
- ^ Whiffen 1960, p. 113; Reps 1972, p. 167–168
- ^ a b c Colonial Williamsburg 2002
- ^ Whiffen 1960, p. 113; Perry, Shaw and Hepburn, Architects 1935, p. 433
- ^ a b Kopper 1986, p. 232
- ^ Yetter & Lounsbury 2019, p. 153; Holy Trinity Monastery 2012
- ^ Struve 1949
- ^ a b c Howard 2004, p. 61
- ^ Tyler 1915
- ^ a b c d Yost 1990
- ^ Shepperson 1942, pp. 113, 135; Yost 1990; Stevens 1938, p. 289
- ^ Shepperson 1942, p. 4; Stevens 1938, p. 289
- ^ Shepperson 1942, p. 4
- ^ a b Shepperson 1942, pp. 433–443
- ^ Whiffen 1960, p. 214
- ^ Shepperson 1942, pp. 446
- ^ Geraghty 2019; Daily Press 2021
- ^ Howard 2004, p. 61; Shepperson 1942, pp. 446–447; Yost 1990
- ^ Shepperson 1942, pp. 439–440, 456
- ^ Hudson Jr. 1997, p. 48; Stevens 1938, p. 291; Shepperson 1942, p. 447, 456
- ^ Shepperson 1942, p. 448; Hudson Jr. 1997, pp. 48–49
- ^ Gonzales 1991
- ^ Montgomery 1998, pp. 146–147
- ^ Montgomery 1998, pp. 157–158, 170–171; Sherman 1993, pp. 556–557
- ^ Montgomery 1998, pp. 147
- ^ a b c Montgomery 1998, pp. 171–173; Greenspan 2009, pp. 19–21; Sherman 1993, p. 557; Kopper 1986, p. 154
- ^ Montgomery 1998, pp. 178
- ^ Montgomery 1998, pp. 179
- ^ Sherman 1993, p. 557
- ^ Montgomery 1998, pp. 184–185
- ^ a b c d e Moorehead 1990
- ^ Sherman 1993, pp. 557–559; Greenspan 2009, p. 52
- ^ Montgomery 1998, pp. 235–237
- ^ Yetter & Lounsbury 2019, p. 154; Perry, Shaw and Hepburn, Architects 1935, p. 433
- ^ Whiffen 1960, p. 114
- ^ Stevens 1938, pp. 293–294
- ^ Theobald 2020; Rumsford & Weekly 1989, pp. 10–11
- ^ Rumsford & Weekly 1989, p. 11
- ^ Time 1938; Rumsford & Weekly 1989, pp. 10–11
- ^ Yetter & Lounsbury 2019, p. 154
- ^ Rumsford & Weekly 1989, p. 15
- ^ Barry 2017
- ^ Daily Press 2021
- ^ Whiffen 1960, pp. 113–114; Colonial Williamsburg 2002
- ^ Whiffen 1960, p. 114; Howard 2004, p. 64
- ^ Whiffen 1960, p. 115; Yetter & Lounsbury 2019, p. 154
- ^ a b Whiffen 1960, p. 67
- ^ Montgomery 1998, p. 171
- ^ Whiffen 1960, p. 49
- ^ Yetter & Lounsbury 2019, p. 14
- ^ Howard 2004, p. 63
- ^ Whiffen 1960, pp. 71, 114
- ^ Stevens 1938, pp. 291, 294; Ragland 1990; Kocher & Dearstyne 1961
Sources
- Barry, Laura Pass (January 11, 2017). "Abby Aldrich Rockefeller And Her Folk Art Museum". Incollect. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- Charles, John S. (1928). Recollections of Williamsburg: As It Appeared at the Beginning of the Civil War and Just Previously Thereto, with Some Incidents in the Life of Its Citizens. [Manuscript]
- "Eccentric, sophisticated lady at the origins of one of Williamsburg's most well-known ghost stories". Daily Press. Williamsburg, VA. October 29, 2021. Archived from the original on April 4, 2024. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
- Geraghty, Brenna (March 14, 2019). "Lucy Ludwell Paradise: Revolution at Chippokes". Virginia State Parks. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
- Gonzales, Donald J. (1991). The Rockefellers at Williamsburg: Backstory with the Founders, Restorers and World-Renowned Guests. McLean, VA: EPM Publications. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-939009-58-7.
- Greenspan, Anders (2009) [2002]. Creating Colonial Williamsburg: The Restoration of Virginia's Eighteenth-Century Capital (2nd ed.). University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-5987-2.
- Howard, Hugh (2004). Colonial Houses: The Historic Homes of Williamsburg. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. ISBN 0-8109-4339-5.
- Hudson Jr., Carson O. (1997). Civil War Williamsburg. Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-2707-5.
- Kocher, A. Lawerence; Dearstyne, Howard (1961) [1949]. Colonial Williamsburg: Its Buildings and Gardens (Revised ed.). Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. pp. 84–85.
- Kopper, Philip (1986). Colonial Williamsburg. New York City: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
- "Ludwell–Paradise House". Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. 2002. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012.
- Montgomery, Dennis (1998). A Link Among the Days: The Life and Times of the Reverend Doctor W. A. R. Goodwin, the Father of Colonial Williamsburg. Richmond, VA: Dietz Press. ISBN 0-87517-094-3.
- Moorehead, Singleton P. (1990) [1933]. Ludwell-Paradise House Report, Block 18 Building 7. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Library Research Report Series. Vol. 1410. Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Library.
- "A Panikhida is Served for Phillip Ludwell III". Jordanville, NY: Holy Trinity Monastery. March 2012. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
- Perry, Shaw and Hepburn, Architects (December 1935). "The Restoration of Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia". Architectural Record (Reprinted ed.). New York City.
- Ragland, H. S. (1990) [1931]. Ludwell–Paradise House Archaeological Report, Block 18-1 Building 7. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Library Research Report Series. Vol. 1408. Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Library.
- Reps, John W. (1972). Tidewater Towns: City Planning in Colonial Williamsburg and Maryland. Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. ISBN 0-910412-87-1. LCCN 77-154342.
- Rumsford, Beatrix T.; Weekly, Carolyn J. (1989). Treasures of American Folk Art from the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Center. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, Bulfinch Press with Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. ISBN 0-8212-1726-7.
- Shepperson, Archibald Bolling (1942). John Paradise and Lucy Ludwell of London and Williamsburg. Richmond, VA: Dietz Press, Colonial Williamsburg.
- Sherman, Richard B. (1993). "Part V–Entering the Modern World, 1919–1945: Chapter 1–Julian A. C. Chandler and the Transformation of William and Mary". The College of William & Mary: A History. Vol. II. Williamsburg, VA: King and Queen Press, Society of the Alumni, College of William & Mary. ISBN 0-9615670-4-X.
- Stevens, William Oliver (1938). Old Williamsburg and Her Neighbors. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company.
- Struve, Gleb (October 1949). "John Paradise: Friend of Doctor Johnson, American Citizen and Russian 'Agent': An Episode in Anglo-Russian Relations". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 57 (4): 360–362. JSTOR 4245654.
- Theobald, Mary Miley (July 24, 2020). "Our Little Colonial House: Abby Aldrich Rockefeller and Bassett Hall". Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
- "In the Business District". Time. Vol. 32, no. 10. 1938. pp. 35–38.
- Tyler, Lyon Gardiner, ed. (1915). "Ludwell, Philip". Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography. Vol. I. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company. pp. 160–161.
- Whiffen, Marcus (1960). The Eighteenth-Century Houses of Williamsburg: An Architectural History. Williamsburg Architectural Studies. Williamsburg, Holt, Rinehart & Winston: Colonial Williamsburg. ISBN 0-910412-05-7.
- Yetter, George Humphrey; Lounsbury, Carl R. (2019). Restoring Williamsburg: A Revised and Expanded Edition of Williamsburg Before and After. Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation; Yale University Press. ISBN 9780879352950. LCCN 2018022120.
- Yost, Genevieve (1990) [1940]. Ludwell-Paradise House Historical Report, Block 18 Building 7 Lot 45. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Library Research Report Series. Vol. 1407. Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Library.