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* [[List of Ebola outbreaks]] |
* [[List of Ebola outbreaks]] |
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* [[2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak]] |
* [[2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak]] |
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*[[2018 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak]] |
* [[2018 Équateur province Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
Revision as of 13:05, 7 August 2018
Initial case = 1 August 2018 | |
Confirmed cases | 17[1] |
---|---|
Probable cases | 30[1] |
Suspected cases | 33[1] |
Deaths | 33[1] |
The 2018 Kivu Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak began on August 1, 2018, when it was confirmed that four cases had tested positive for Ebola virus in Kivu in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).[2][3][4]
Epidemiology
The DRC declared an Ebola outbreak on 1 August, due to 4 confirmed test from North Kivu. Additionally, 26 individuals with haemorrhagic signs, and 20 deaths were reported in the area of North Kivu.[5][6] On 2 August OXFAM indicated it would be taking part in the response to this latest outbreak in DRC.[7]
The virus has developed in multiple locations as of August 3, 2018, cases have been reported in five health zones- Beni, Butembo, Oicha, Musienene and Mabalako in North Kivu province and additionally, Mandima and Mambasa in Ituri.[8]
DRC Ministry of Public Health confirmed late on 2 August, that the new Ebola outbreak is caused by the Zaire ebolavirus species. This is the same strain that was involved in the early 2018 outbreak in western DRC.[9] Therefore, health authorities will use the ZEBOV vaccine once again.[9]
On 4 August the World Health Organization indicated that the current situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, due to several factors, warranted a high risk assessment at the national and regional level for public health.[10]
Date | Cases | Deaths | CFR | Contacts | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Confirmed | Probable | Suspected | Total | ||||
2018-08-03[6][11] | 4 | 38 | 0 | 42 | 26 | - | 879 |
2018-08-04[1][12] | 17 | 30 | 33 | 80 | 33 | - | 879 |
* numbers are subject to revision both up, when new cases are discovered, and down, when tests show cases were not Ebola-related. |
The Uganda Ministry of Health has issued an alert for extra surveilance as the neighboring outbreak in Democratic Republic of the Congo is just 100 km(62 miles) away from its border.[13]
Military conflict
The area in question, North Kivu, is also currently in the middle of the Kivu Conflict, a military conflict with thousands of displaced refugees.[14][15] The affected areas host over one million displaced people and shares borders with Rwanda and Uganda, with frequent cross border movement due to trade activities. The prolonged humanitarian crisis and deterioration of the security situation is expected to hinder response to this outbreak.[16][17]
There are about 70 armed military groups, among them l'Alliance des Patriotes pour un Congo Libre et Souverain and the Mai-Mayi Nduma défense du Congo-Rénové, in North Kivu, the armed fighting has apparently displaced thousands of individuals.[18] According to WHO , health care workers will be accompanied by military personnel for protection, additionally ring vaccination may not be possible.[19]
Virology
Zaire ebolavirus strain is the most lethal of the five known(now six with Bombali[20]) it is fatal up to 90%.[21] Both Ebola and Marburg virus are part of the Filoviridae family.[22]
Filovirus genome contains seven genes, including VP40[23]The natural reservoir of the virus is thought to be the African fruit bat,[24] which is used in many parts of Africa as bushmeat.[25]
History
On 1 August 2018 the 10th Ebola outbreak was declared in the Democratic Republic of Congo, only a few days after a prior outbreak in the same country had been declared over on 24 August.[26][27]
Date | Country | Major location | Outbreak information | Source | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strain | Cases | Deaths | CFR | ||||
Aug 1976 | Zaire | Yambuku | EBOV | 318 | 280 | 88% | [28] |
Jun 1977 | Zaire | Tandala | EBOV | 1 | 1 | 100% | [29][30] |
May–Jul 1995 | Zaire | Kikwit | EBOV | 315 | 254 | 81% | [31] |
Aug–Nov 2007 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kasai-Occidental | EBOV | 264 | 187 | 71% | [32] |
Dec 2008–Feb 2009 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kasai-Occidental | EBOV | 32 | 14 | 45% | [33] |
Jun–Nov 2012 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Orientale | BDBV | 77 | 36 | 47% | [29] |
Aug–Nov 2014 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Tshuapa | EBOV | 66 | 49 | 74% | [34] |
May–Jul 2017 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Likati | EBOV | 8 | 4 | 50% | [35] |
Apr–Jul 2018 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Équateur Province | EBOV | 54 | 33 | 61% | [36] |
Aug 2018–June 2020 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Kivu | EBOV | 3,470 | 2,280 | 66% | [37] |
June–Nov 2020 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Équateur Province | EBOV | 130 | 55 | 42% | [38] |
Feb 2021–May 2021 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | North Kivu | EBOV | 12 | 6 | 50% | [39] |
April 2022 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Équateur Province | EBOV | 5 | 5 | 100% | [40][41] |
August 2022 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | North Kivu | EBOV | 1 | 1 | 100% | [42] |
See also
- Ebola vaccine
- List of Ebola outbreaks
- 2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak
- 2018 Équateur province Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak
References
- ^ a b c d e "EBOLA RDC - Evolution de la riposte contre l'épidémie d'Ebola dans la province du Nord Kivu au Samedi 4 août 2018". mailchi.mp. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
- ^ Editorial, Reuters. "Congo declares new Ebola outbreak in eastern province". U.S. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
{{cite web}}
:|first1=
has generic name (help) - ^ "Congo announces 4 new Ebola cases in North Kivu province". Washington Post. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
- ^ "Cluster of presumptive Ebola cases in North Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
- ^ Press, Saleh Mwanamilongo, Associated. "Congo announces 4 new Ebola cases in North Kivu province". Retrieved 2018-08-05.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "The Democratic Republic of the Congo: Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak – Epidemiological Situation DG ECHO Daily Map | 03/08/2018". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
- ^ "Oxfam responds to the new Ebola Outbreak in Beni, North Kivu, DRC". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
- ^ "UNICEF DR Congo (North Kivu) Ebola Situation Report #1 - 3 August 2018". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
- ^ a b "Updated: Deadly Ebola surfaces in Africa's center yet again". Science | AAAS. 1 August 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
- ^ "Ebola virus disease – Democratic Republic of the Congo". World Health Organization. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
- ^ Editorial, Reuters. "Eastern Congo Ebola outbreak believed to have killed 33: health..." U.S. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
{{cite web}}
:|first1=
has generic name (help) - ^ "WHO AFRO Outbreaks and Other Emergencies, Week 31: 28 July - 3 August (Data as reported by 17:00; 3 August 2018)". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
- ^ "Ebola: Health ministry issues alert". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
- ^ "Ebola In A Conflict Zone". NPR.org. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
- ^ "Congo Ebola outbreak compounds already dire humanitarian crisis". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
- ^ "Ebola virus disease – Democratic Republic of the Congo: Disease outbreak news, 4 August 2018". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2018-08-05.
- ^ "Conflict in new Ebola zone of DR Congo exacerbates complexity of response: WHO emergency response chief". UN News. 2018-08-03. Retrieved 2018-08-05.
- ^ "Atrocity Alert, No. 116, 1 August 2018". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
- ^ "Out of the frying pan, into the fire with a new Ebola outbreak in Congo". Science | AAAS. 6 August 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
- ^ "| ABS-CBN News". news.abs-cbn.com. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
- ^ "Transmission of Ebola Virus Disease: An Overview". Annals of Global Health. 80 (6): 444–451. 1 November 2014. doi:10.1016/j.aogh.2015.02.005. ISSN 2214-9996. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
- ^ "Filoviridae | Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
- ^ Strauss, James H. Strauss, Ellen G. (2007). Viruses and human disease (2nd ed.). Oxford: Academic. p. 137. ISBN 9780123737410. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) – via ScienceDirect (Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.) - ^ Gonzalez, J. P.; Pourrut, X.; Leroy, E. (2007). "Ebolavirus and other filoviruses". Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 315: 363–387. ISSN 0070-217X. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
- ^ "Why West Africans keep hunting and eating bush meat despite Ebola concerns". Washington Post. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
- ^ "Media Advisory: Expected end of Ebola outbreak". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
- ^ Weber, Lauren (1 August 2018). "New Ebola Outbreak Confirmed In Democratic Republic Of Congo". Huffington Post. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
- ^ Report of an International Commission (1978). "Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 56 (2): 271–293. ISSN 0042-9686. PMC 2395567. PMID 307456.
- ^ a b "Years of Ebola Virus Disease Outbreaks". www.cdc.gov. 18 May 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ^ Heymann, D. L.; et al. (1980). "Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever: Tandala, Zaire, 1977–1978". Journal of Infectious Diseases. 142 (3): 372–76. doi:10.1093/infdis/142.3.372. PMID 7441008.
- ^ Khan, A. S.; Tshioko, F. K.; Heymann, D. L.; Le Guenno, B.; Nabeth, P.; Kerstiëns, B.; Fleerackers, Y.; Kilmarx, P. H.; Rodier, G. R.; Nkuku, O.; Rollin, P. E.; Sanchez, A.; Zaki, S. R.; Swanepoel, R.; Tomori, O.; Nichol, S. T.; Peters, C. J.; Muyembe-Tamfum, J. J.; Ksiazek, T. G. (1999). "The reemergence of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 179 Suppl 1: S76–86. doi:10.1086/514306. ISSN 0022-1899. PMID 9988168. S2CID 12364499.
- ^ "Outbreak news. Ebola virus haemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo--update". Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire. 82 (40): 345–346. 5 October 2007. ISSN 0049-8114. PMID 17918654.
- ^ "WHO | End of Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo". www.who.int. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ^ "Congo declares its Ebola outbreak over". Reuters. November 15, 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ^ "Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ^ "Ebola virus disease – Democratic Republic of the Congo: Disease outbreak news, 25 July 2018". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
- ^ "DR Congo's deadliest Ebola outbreak declared over". BBC News. 25 June 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
- ^ "UNICEF welcomes end of Ebola outbreak in the Equateur Province of the DRC". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- ^ "European Centre for Disease Prevention and Contro" (PDF). COMMUNICABLE DISEASE THREATS REPORT Week 18, 2-8 May 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
- ^ "Five Ebola virus patients in DR Congo reported dead: WHO". BERNAMA. 25 May 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
- ^ "5 Ebola virus patients in DR Congo reported dead: WHO". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
- ^ "The Democratic Republic of the Congo declares Ebola resurgence in North Kivu". WHO | Regional Office for Africa. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
Further reading
- Nanclares, Carolina; Kapetshi, Jimmy; et al. (2016). "Ebola Virus Disease, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2014". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 22 (9): 1579–1586. doi:10.3201/eid2209.160354. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 4994351.
- "Experimental Ebola vaccines elicit year-long immune response/NIH reports final data from large clinical trial in West Africa". National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH.gov. 11 October 2017.
- Kuhn, Jens H.; et al. (24 November 2014). "Nomenclature- and Database-Compatible Names for the Two Ebola Virus Variants that Emerged in Guinea and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2014". Viruses. 6 (11): 4760–4799. doi:10.3390/v6114760. ISSN 1999-4915. PMC 4246247.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)