Vladimir (English) Владимир (Russian) |
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- City[citation needed] - | |
View of Vladimir |
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![]() Location of Vladimir Oblast in Russia |
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Coordinates: 56°09′N 40°25′E / 56.15°N 40.417°ECoordinates: 56°09′N 40°25′E / 56.15°N 40.417°E | |
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City Day | The first Sunday of September[citation needed] |
Administrative status (as of April 2011) | |
Country | Russia |
Federal subject | Vladimir Oblast[1] |
Administratively subordinated to | City of Vladimir[1] |
Administrative center of | Vladimir Oblast[1] |
Municipal status (as of August 2009) | |
Urban okrug | Vladimir Urban Okrug[2] |
Administrative center of | Vladimir Urban Okrug[2] |
Head[citation needed] | Sergey Sakharov[citation needed] |
Representative body | Council of People's Deputies[citation needed] |
Statistics | |
Population (2010 Census) | 345,373 inhabitants[3] |
- Rank in 2010 | 51st |
Time zone | MSK (UTC+04:00)[4] |
Founded | 990 or 1108(see text) |
Dialing code(s) | +7 4922[citation needed] |
Official website | |
Vladimir on WikiCommons |
Vladimir (Russian: Владимир; IPA: [vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr]) is a city and the administrative center of Vladimir Oblast, Russia, located on the Klyazma River, 200 kilometers (120 mi) to the east of Moscow along the M7 motorway. Population: 345,373 (2010 Census);[3] 315,954 (2002 Census);[5] 349,702 (1989 Census).[6]
Vladimir was one of the medieval capitals of Russia, and two of its cathedrals are a World Heritage Site. It is served by the Semyazino Airport, and during the Cold War Vladimir was host to Dobrynskoye air base.
Contents |
History
Foundation date controversy
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20120807160422im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Russia-Vladimir-Assumption_Cathedral-8.jpg/220px-Russia-Vladimir-Assumption_Cathedral-8.jpg)
The area occupied by the city of Vladimir has been inhabited by humans (at least intermittently) for approximately 25,000 years (see Sungir). Traditionally, the founding date of Vladimir has been acknowledged as 1108, as the first mention of Vladimir in the Primary Chronicle appears under that year. This view attributes the founding of the city, and its name, to Vladimir Monomakh, who inherited the region as part of the Rostov-Suzdal Principality in 1093. In 1958, the 850th anniversary of the city foundation was celebrated, with many monuments from the celebrations adorning the city squares.
In the 1990s, a new opinion developed that the city is older than this. Scholars reinterpreted certain passages in the Hypatian Codex, which mentions that the region was visited by Vladimir the Great, the "father" of Russian Orthodoxy, in 990, so as to move the city foundation date to that year. The defenders of the previously uncontested founding year of 1108 dispute the claims of those who support the new date, arguing that the new theory was fabricated in order to provide a reason to have a celebration in 1995.
The neighboring town of Suzdal, for instance, was mentioned in 1024, and yet its 12th century inhabitants alluded to Vladimir as a young town and treated its rulers with arrogance. In the words of a major chronicle, they said that the people of Vladimir were "their kholops and scions". In the seniority conflicts of the 12th and early 13th centuries, Vladimir was repeatedly described as a "young town" compared to Suzdal and Rostov. The Charter of Vladimir, the basic law of the city passed in 2005, explicitly mentions 990 as the date of the city's foundation.[7]
Golden Age
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20120807160422im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Vladimir_demetrios.jpg/220px-Vladimir_demetrios.jpg)
Regardless of which founding date is most accurate, the city's most historically significant events occurred after the turn of the 12th century. Serving its original purpose as a defensive outpost for the Rostov-Suzdal principality, Vladimir had little political or military influence throughout the reign of Vladimir Monomakh (1113–1125), or his son Yury Dolgoruky ("long arms") (1154–1157).
It was only under Dolgoruky's son, Andrei Bogolyubsky (1157–1175), that it became the center of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality. Thus began the city's Golden Age, which lasted until the Mongol invasion of Russia in 1237. During this time Vladimir enjoyed immense growth and prosperity, and Andrei oversaw the building of the Golden Gates and the Cathedral of the Assumption. In 1164, Andrei even attempted to establish a new metropolitanate in Vladimir, separate from that of Kiev, but was rebuffed by the Patriarch of Constantinople.[8]
Scores of Russian, German, and Georgian masons worked on Vladimir's white stone cathedrals, towers, and palaces. Unlike any other northern buildings, their exterior was elaborately carved with the high relief stone sculptures. Only three of these edifices stand today: the Assumption Cathedral, the Cathedral of Saint Demetrius, and the Golden Gate. During Andrei's reign, a royal palace in Bogolyubovo was built, as well as the world-famous Intercession Church on the Nerl, now considered one of the jewels of ancient Russian architecture. Andrei was assassinated at his palace at Bogolyubovo in 1175.
Decline
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20120807160422im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Knyagininskaya_church.jpg/220px-Knyagininskaya_church.jpg)
Vladimir was besieged by the Mongol-Tatar hordes under Batu Khan, and finally overrun on February 8, 1238. A great fire destroyed thirty-two limestone buildings on the first day alone, while the grand prince's family perished in a church where they sought refuge from the flames. The grand prince himself managed to escape, only to fall at the Battle of the Sit River the following month.
After the Mongols, Vladimir never fully recovered, and even though the most important Rus prince (usually the Prince of Moscow, but sometimes of Tver or another principality) was styled the Grand Prince of Vladimir, the title had become merely an honorific symbol of majesty. From 1299 to 1325, the city was seat of the metropolitans of Kiev and All Rus, until Metropolitan Peter moved the see to Moscow. The Grand Prince of Vladimir were originally crowned in Vladimir's Assumption Cathedral, but when Moscow superseded Vladimir as the seat of the Grand Prince, the Assumption Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin, loosely copied by the Italian architect Aristotele Fioravanti from Vladimir's original, became the site where the grand princes were crowned. Even after the rise of Moscow though, Grand Princes of Moscow built several new churches in Vladimir, notably the Annunciation church at Snovitsy (ca. 1501), three kilometers north-west of the city, and a charming church in the Knyaginin nunnery (ca. 1505), with murals dating to 1648.
Remains of the prince-saint Alexander Nevsky were kept in the ancient Nativity abbey of Vladimir until 1703, when Peter the Great had them transferred to the Monastery (now Lavra) of Aleksandr Nevsky in St. Petersburg. The Nativity church itself (1191–1196) collapsed several years later, when an attempt was made to make more windows in its walls in an effort to brighten the interior.
Administrative and municipal status
Administratively, along with seventeen rural localities, it is incorporated as the City of Vladimir—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] Municipally, the City of Vladimir is incorporated as Vladimir Urban Okrug.[2]
Climate
Vladimir experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with long, cold winters and short, warm summers.
Climate data for Vladimir | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Average high °C (°F) | −7.6 (18.3) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
0.7 (33.3) |
10.1 (50.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
22.0 (71.6) |
23.6 (74.5) |
21.8 (71.2) |
15.4 (59.7) |
7.7 (45.9) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
8.50 (47.30) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −11.8 (10.8) |
−8.7 (16.3) |
−3 (26.6) |
5.7 (42.3) |
13.5 (56.3) |
16.8 (62.2) |
18.6 (65.5) |
16.9 (62.4) |
11.3 (52.3) |
4.7 (40.5) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
4.51 (40.11) |
Average low °C (°F) | −13.9 (7.0) |
−12.1 (10.2) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
1.3 (34.3) |
7.6 (45.7) |
11.5 (52.7) |
13.6 (56.5) |
12.0 (53.6) |
7.1 (44.8) |
1.6 (34.9) |
−4.6 (23.7) |
−10.4 (13.3) |
0.58 (33.05) |
Precipitation mm (inches) | 37 (1.46) |
32 (1.26) |
32 (1.26) |
38 (1.5) |
51 (2.01) |
65 (2.56) |
84 (3.31) |
59 (2.32) |
57 (2.24) |
58 (2.28) |
53 (2.09) |
47 (1.85) |
613 (24.13) |
Avg. precipitation days | 10 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 113 |
Source: World Meteorological Organisation (UN) [9] |
Sightseeing
Modern Vladimir is a part of the Golden ring of the ancient Russian cities and a significant tourist center. Its three chief monuments, White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal, inscribed by UNESCO on the World Heritage List, are the following:
- The magnificent five-domed Assumption Cathedral was designed as a sepulcher of grand princes and dedicated to the holy icon Theotokos of Vladimir, which had been brought to the city by Andrew the Pious. The cathedral was constructed in 1158–1160, expanded in 1185–1189, and painted by the great Andrei Rublev and Daniil Chyorny in 1408. In 1810, they added a lofty bell-tower in Neoclassical style.
- The warrior-like cathedral of St. Demetrius was built in 1194–1197 as a private chapel of Vsevolod the Big Nest in the courtyard of his palace and was consecrated to his holy patron, St. Demetrius. For all its formal unity, the cathedral represents a truly international project of Russian and Byzantine masters, Friedrich Barbarossa's masons, and carvers sent by Queen Tamar of Georgia.
- The Golden Gate, originally a tower over the city's main gate, was built in 1158–1164. The gate acquired its present form after having been grossly reconstructed in the late 18th century, to prevent the dilapidated structure from tumbling down.
Other remarkable monuments of pre-Mongol Russian architecture are scattered in the vicinity. For more information on them, see Suzdal, Yuriev-Polsky, Bogolyubovo, and Kideksha.
Modern Vladimir
Economy
Vladimir is home to several electrical and chemical factories, several food processing plants, two large thermal power stations, and the headquarters of the 27th Guards Missile Army of the Strategic Rocket Forces. Tourism related to the historical sites is a major contributor to the city economy.
Education
Vladimir is home to the following education establishments:
- Vladimir State University
- Vladimir Judicial Institute of the Ministry of Justice
- Vladimir Business Institute
- The American Home English & Russian Language School
Vladimir is also home to the Federal Centre for Animal Health and Welfare.
Transport
Vladimir is linked to Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod by railway and the M7 highway. Local transport includes buses, trolleybuses,fixed-route minivans, and taxis. Taxi and some minivan service is available 24 hours a day.
Sports
The city association football team, FC Torpedo Vladimir, currently plays in the Football Championship of the National League (former Russian First Division), having entered the second level of Russian professional football after seventeen years of competing in Russian Second Division and Russian Third League. Vladimir VC (previously known as Skat and Dinamo Vladimir) represents the city in Volleyball Major League B – Zone Europe.
Vladimir is also home to Polaris-Vladimir ice hockey club, which competes in regional hockey competitions and Russian minor leagues, and both male and female Luch table-tennis teams.
International relations
Twin towns and sister cities
Anghiari, Italy
Baotze, China
Bloomington-Normal, United States
Campobasso, Italy
Canterbury, United Kingdom
Cebu, Philippines[11]
Chongqing, China
Erlangen, Germany
Kerava, Finland
Kardzhali, Bulgaria
Nara, Japan
Sarasota, United States
Trento, Italy
Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
Jelenia Góra, Poland
Notable people
- Valentin Afonin, association football player
- Nikolai Andrianov, gymnast
- Vladimir Artemov, gymnast
- Aleksey Batalov, actor
- Mikhail Lazarev, admiral
- Yuri Levitan, radio announcer
- Alexey Prokurorov, cross-country skier
- Yuri Ryazanov, gymnast
- Vasily Shulgin, politician
- Mikhail Speransky, statesman
- Aleksandr Stoletov, physicist
- Nikolai Stoletov, general
- Sergei Taneyev, composer
- Dmitri Vyazmikin, association football player
- Denis Yevsikov, association football player
- Nikolay Zhukovsky, scientist
- Anna Loginova, fashion model
References
Notes
- ^ a b c d Law #130-OZ
- ^ a b c Law #189-OZ
- ^ a b Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 (2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
- ^ Правительство Российской Федерации. Постановление №725 от 31 августа 2011 г. «О составе территорий, образующих каждую часовую зону, и порядке исчисления времени в часовых зонах, а также о признании утратившими силу отдельных Постановлений Правительства Российской Федерации». Вступил в силу по истечении 7 дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская Газета", №197, 6 сентября 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011 On the Composition of the Territories Included into Each Time Zone and on the Procedures of Timekeeping in the Time Zones, as Well as on Abrogation of Several Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation. Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication.).
- ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров. (All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers.)" (in Russian). Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989). Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. 1989. http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
- ^ http://www.vladimir-city.ru/city/info/ustav.pdf
- ^ Janet Martin, Medieval Russia: 980-1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995), 100.
- ^ "World Weather Information Service – Vladimir". United Nations. http://worldweather.wmo.int/107/c00987.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
- ^ Sister cities of Vladimir
- ^ Embassy of the Russian Federation in the Republic of the Philippines 2008
Sources
- Законодательное Собрание Владимирской области. Закон №130-ОЗ от 10 декабря 2001 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Владимирской области и о порядке его изменения», в ред. Закона №24-ОЗ от 27 апреля 2011 г «О внесении изменений в статьи 8, 9 Закона Владимирской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Владимирской области и о порядке его изменения"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования (13 декабря 2001 г.). Опубликован: "Владимирские ведомости", №232, 13 декабря 2001 г. (Legislative Assembly of Vladimir Oblast. Law #130-OZ of December 10, 2001 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Vladimir Oblast and on Procedures for Its Change, as amended by the Law #24-OZ of April 27, 2011 On Amending Articles 8, 9 of the Law of Vladimir Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Vladimir Oblast and on Procedures for Its Change". Effective as of the day of the official publication (December 13, 2001).).
- Законодательное Собрание Владимирской области. Закон №189-ОЗ от 26 ноября 2004 г. «О наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования город Владимир Владимирской области», в ред. Закона №108-ОЗ от 10 августа 2009 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Владимирской области "О наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования город Владимир Владимирской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования (1 декабря 2004 г.). Опубликован: "Владимирские ведомости", №333, 1 декабря 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Vladimir Oblast. Law #189-OZ of November 26, 2004 On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the City of Vladimir of Vladimir Oblast, as amended by the Law #108-OZ of August 10, 2009 On Amending the Law of Vladimir Oblast "On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the City of Vladimir of Vladimir Oblast". Effective as of the day of the official publication (December 1, 2004).).
Further reading
- Craft Brumfield, William (2004). A History of Russian Architecture. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-98394-3.
External links
- Official website of Vladimir (Russian)
- Vladimir travel guide from Wikitravel
- Tourist information on Vladimir
- The American Home in Vladimir
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