The international standard ISO 9 establishes a system for the transliteration into Latin characters of Cyrillic characters constituting the alphabets of many Slavic and non-Slavic languages.[1]
The major advantage ISO 9 has over other competing systems is its univocal system of one character for one character equivalents (by the use of diacritics), which faithfully represents the original spelling and allows for reverse transliteration, even if the language is unknown.
Earlier versions of the standard, ISO/R 9:1954, ISO/R 9:1968 and ISO 9:1986, were more closely based on the international scholarly system for linguistics (scientific transliteration), but have diverged in favour of unambiguous transliteration over phonemic representation. The edition of 1995 supersedes the edition of 1986.[1]
Contents |
ISO 9:1995, or GOST 7.79 System A[2]
The standard features three mapping tables: the first covers contemporary Slavic languages, the second older Slavic orthographies (excluding letters from the first), and the third non-Slavic languages (including most letters from the first). Several Cyrillic characters included in ISO 9 are not available as precomposed characters in Unicode, neither are some of the transliterations; combining diacritical marks have to be used in these cases. Unicode, on the other hand, includes some historic characters that are not dealt with in ISO 9.
The following combined table shows characters for various Slavic, Iranian, Romance, Turkic, Uralic, Mongolic, Caucasian, Tungusic, Paleosiberian and other languages of the former USSR which are written in Cyrillic.
Cyrillic | Latin | Unicode | Description | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
А | а | A | a | ||||
Ӓ | ӓ | Ä | ä | 00C4 |
00E4 |
a diaeresis | |
Ӓ̄ | ӓ̄ | Ạ̈ | ạ̈ | 00C4+0323 |
00E4+0323 |
a diaeresis and dot below | |
Ӑ | ӑ | Ă | ă | 0102 |
0103 |
a breve | |
А̄ | а̄ | Ā | ā | 0100 |
0101 |
a macron | |
Ӕ | ӕ | Æ | æ | 00C6 |
00E6 |
ae ligature | |
А́ | а́ | Á | á | 00C1 |
00E1 |
a acute | |
А̊ | а̊ | Å | å | 00C5 |
00E5 |
a ring | |
Б | б | B | b | ||||
В | в | V | v | ||||
Г | г | G | g | ||||
Ѓ | ѓ | Ǵ | ǵ | 01F4 |
01F5 |
g acute | |
Ғ | ғ | Ġ | ġ | 0120 |
0121 |
g dot | |
Ҕ | ҕ | Ğ | ğ | 011E |
011F |
g breve | |
Һ | һ | Ḥ | ḥ | 1E24 |
1E25 |
h dot | |
Д | д | D | d | ||||
Ђ | ђ | Đ | đ | 0110 |
0111 |
d macron | |
Е | е | E | e | ||||
Ӗ | ӗ | Ĕ | ĕ | 0114 |
0115 |
e breve | |
Ё | ё | Ë | ë | 00CB |
00EB |
e diaeresis | |
Є | є | Ê | ê | 00CA |
00EA |
e circumflex | |
Ж | ж | Ž | ž | 017D |
017E |
z caron | |
Җ | җ | Ž̧ | ž̧ | 017D+0327 |
017E+0327 |
z caron and cedilla | |
Ӝ | ӝ | Z̄ | z̄ | Z+0304 |
z+0304 |
z macron | |
Ӂ | ӂ | Z̆ | z̆ | Z+0306 |
z+0306 |
z breve | |
З | з | Z | z | ||||
Ӟ | ӟ | Z̈ | z̈ | Z+0308 |
z+0308 |
z diaeresis | |
Ӡ | ӡ | Ź | ź | 0179 |
017A |
z acute | |
Ѕ | ѕ | Ẑ | ẑ | 1E90 |
1E91 |
z circumflex | |
И | и | I | i | ||||
Ӣ | ӣ | Ī | ī | 012A |
012B |
i macron | |
И́ | и́ | Í | í | 00CD |
00ED |
i acute | |
Ӥ | ӥ | Î | î | 00CE |
00EE |
i circumflex | |
Й | й | J | j | ||||
І | і | Ì | ì | 00CC |
00EC |
i grave | |
Ї | ї | Ï | ï | 00CF |
00EF |
i diaeresis | |
І̄ | і̄ | Ǐ | ǐ | 01CF (012C) |
01D0 (012D) |
i caron (or breve) | |
Ј | ј | J̌ | ǰ | J+030C |
01F0 |
j caron | |
Ј̵ | ј̵ | J́ | j́ | J+0301 |
j+0301 |
j acute | |
К | к | K | k | ||||
Ќ | ќ | Ḱ | ḱ | 1E30 |
1E31 |
k acute | |
Ӄ | ӄ | Ḳ | ḳ | 1E32 |
1E33 |
k dot below | |
Ҝ | ҝ | K̂ | k̂ | K+0302 |
k+0302 |
k circumflex | |
Ҡ | ҡ | Ǩ | ǩ | 01E8 |
01E9 |
k caron | |
Ҟ | ҟ | K̄ | k̄ | K+0304 |
k+0304 |
k macron | |
Қ | қ | Ķ | ķ | 0136 |
0137 |
k cedilla | |
К̨ | к̨ | K̀ | k̀ | K+0300 |
k+0300 |
k grave | |
Ԛ | ԛ | Q | q | ||||
Л | л | L | l | ||||
Љ | љ | L̂ | l̂ | L+0302 |
l+0302 |
l circumflex | |
Л’ | Л’ | Ĺ | ĺ | 0139 |
013A |
l acute | |
Ԡ | ԡ | Ļ | ļ | 013B |
013C |
l cedilla | |
М | м | M | m | ||||
Н | н | N | n | ||||
Њ | њ | N̂ | n̂ | N+0302 |
n+0302 |
n circumflex | |
Ң | ң | Ņ | ņ | 0145 |
0146 |
n cedilla | |
Ӊ | ӊ | Ṇ | ṇ | 1E46 |
1E47 |
n dot below | |
Ҥ | ҥ | Ṅ | ṅ | 1E44 |
1E45 |
n dot | |
Ԋ | ԋ | Ǹ | ǹ | 01F8 |
01F9 |
n grave | |
Ԣ | ԣ | Ń | ń | 0143 |
0144 |
n acute | |
Ӈ | ӈ | Ň | ň | 0147 |
0148 |
n caron | |
Н̄ | н̄ | N̄ | n̄ | N+0304 |
n+0304 |
n macron | |
О | о | O | o | ||||
Ӧ | ӧ | Ö | ö | 00D6 |
00F6 |
o diaeresis | |
Ө | ө | Ô | ô | 00D4 |
00F4 |
o circumflex | |
Ӫ | ӫ | Ő | ő | 0150 |
0151 |
o double acute | |
Ӧ̄ | о̄̈ | Ọ̈ | ọ̈ | 00D6+0323 |
00F6+0323 |
o diaeresis and dot below | |
Ҩ | ҩ | Ò | ò | 00D2 |
00F2 |
o grave | |
О́ | о́ | Ó | ó | 00D3 |
00F3 |
o acute | |
О̄ | о̄ | Ō | ō | 014C |
014D |
o macron | |
Œ | œ | Œ | œ | 0152 |
0153 |
oe ligature | |
П | п | P | p | ||||
Ҧ | ҧ | Ṕ | ṕ | 1E54 |
1E55 |
p acute | |
Ԥ | ԥ | P̀ | p̀ | P+0300 |
p+0300 |
p grave | |
Р | р | R | r | ||||
С | с | S | s | ||||
Ҫ | ҫ | Ş | ş | 015E |
015F |
s cedilla | |
С̀ | с̀ | S̀ | s̀ | S+0300 |
s+0300 |
s grave | |
Т | т | T | t | ||||
Ћ | ћ | Ć | ć | 0106 |
0107 |
c acute | |
Ԏ | ԏ | T̀ | t̀ | T+0300 |
t+0300 |
t grave | |
Т̌ | т̌ | Ť | ť | 0164 |
0165 |
t caron | |
Ҭ | ҭ | Ţ | ţ | 0162 |
0163 |
t cedilla | |
У | у | U | u | ||||
Ӱ | ӱ | Ü | ü | 00DC |
00FC |
u diaeresis | |
Ӯ | ӯ | Ū | ū | 016A |
016B |
u macron | |
Ў | ў | Ŭ | ŭ | 016C |
016D |
u breve | |
Ӳ | ӳ | Ű | ű | 0170 |
0171 |
u double acute | |
У́ | у́ | Ú | ú | 00DA |
00FA |
u acute | |
Ӱ̄ | ӱ̄ | Ụ̈ | ụ̈ | 00DC+0323 |
00FC+0323 |
u diaeresis and dot below | |
Ү | ү | Ù | ù | 00D9 |
00F9 |
u grave | |
Ұ | ұ | U̇ | u̇ | U+0307 |
u+0307 |
u dot | |
Ӱ̄ | ӱ̄ | Ụ̄ | ụ̄ | 016A+0323 |
016B+0323 |
u macron and dot below | |
Ԝ | ԝ | W | w | ||||
Ф | ф | F | f | ||||
Х | х | H | h | ||||
Ҳ | ҳ | Ḩ | ḩ | 1E28 |
1E29 |
h cedilla | |
Ц | ц | C | c | ||||
Ҵ | ҵ | C̄ | c̄ | C+0304 |
c+0304 |
c macron | |
Џ | џ | D̂ | d̂ | D+0302 |
d+0302 |
d circumflex | |
Ч | ч | Č | č | 010C |
010D |
c caron | |
Ҷ | ҷ | Ç | ç | 00C7 |
00E7 |
c cedilla | |
Ӌ | ӌ | C̣ | c̣ | C+0323 |
c+0323 |
c dot below | |
Ӵ | ӵ | C̈ | c̈ | C+0308 |
c+0308 |
c diaeresis | |
Ҹ | ҹ | Ĉ | ĉ | 0108 |
0109 |
c circumflex | |
Ч̀ | ч̀ | C̀ | c̀ | C+0300 |
c+0300 |
c grave | |
Ҽ | ҽ | C̆ | c̆ | C+0306 |
c+0306 |
c breve | |
Ҿ | ҿ | Ç̆ | ç̆ | 00C7+0306 |
00E7+0306 |
c cedilla and breve | |
Ш | ш | Š | š | 0160 |
0161 |
s caron | |
Щ | щ | Ŝ | ŝ | 015C |
015D |
s circumflex | |
Ъ | ъ | ʺ[citation needed] | 02BA [citation needed] |
double prime[citation needed] | |||
Ы | ы | Y | y | ||||
Ӹ | ӹ | Ÿ | ÿ | 0178 |
00FF |
y diaeresis | |
Ы̄ | ы̄ | Ȳ | ȳ | 0232 |
0233 |
y macron | |
Ь | ь | ʹ[citation needed] | 02B9 [citation needed] |
prime[citation needed] | |||
Э | э | È | è | 00C8 |
00E8 |
e grave | |
Ә | ә | A̋ | a̋ | A+030B |
a+030B |
a double acute | |
Ӛ | ӛ | À | à | 00C0 |
00E0 |
a grave | |
Ю | ю | Û | û | 00DB |
00FB |
u circumflex | |
Ю̄ | ю̄ | Û̄ | û̄ | 00DB+0304 |
00FB+0304 |
u circumflex with macron | |
Я | я | Â | â | 00C2 |
00E2 |
a circumflex | |
Ґ | ґ | G̀ | g̀ | G+0300 |
g+0300 |
g grave | |
Ѣ | ѣ | Ě | ě | 011A |
011B |
e caron | |
Ѫ | ѫ | Ǎ | ǎ | 01CD |
01CE |
a caron | |
Ѳ | ѳ | F̀ | f̀ | F+0300 |
f+0300 |
f grave | |
Ѵ | ѵ | Ỳ | ỳ | 1EF2 |
1EF3 |
y grave | |
Ӏ | ‡ | 2021 |
double dagger | ||||
’ | ` | ` | |||||
ˮ | ¨ | 00A8 |
diaeresis |
Example
Here is an example transliteration. The text in Cyrillic is the chorus of the hymn of the Russian Federation:
Славься, Отечество наше свободное, Братских народов союз вековой, Предками данная мудрость народная! Славься, страна! Мы гордимся тобой! |
Slavʹsâ, Otečestvo naše svobodnoe, Bratskih narodov soûz vekovoj, Predkami dannaâ mudrostʹ narodnaâ! Slavʹsâ, strana! My gordimsâ toboj! |
GOST 7.79 System B[2]
GOST 7.79 contains two transliteration tables.
- System A
- one Cyrillic character to one Latin character, some with diacritics – identical to ISO 9:1995
- System B
- one Cyrillic character to one or many Latin characters without diacritics
Cyrillic | Roman | Note | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
А | а | A | а | |
Б | б | B | b | |
В | в | V | v | |
Г | г | G | g | |
Ѓ/Ґ | ѓ/ґ | G` | g` | ѓ in Macedonian, ґ in Ukrainian |
Д | д | D | d | |
Е | е | E | e | |
Ё | ё | Yo | yo | in Russian and Belarusian |
Є | є | Ye | ye | in Ukrainian |
Ж | ж | Zh | zh | |
З | з | Z | z | |
S | ѕ | Z` | z` | in Macedonian |
И | и | I, Y` | i, y` | not in Belarusian, y` for Ukrainian |
Й/J | й/ј | J | j | ј in Macedonian |
I | і | I, I` | i, i` | i` only before vowels for Old Russian and Old Bulgarian |
Ї | ї | Yi | yi | in Ukrainian |
К | к | K | k | |
Ќ | ќ | K` | k` | in Macedonian |
Л | л | L | l | |
Љ | љ | L` | l` | in Macedonian |
М | м | M | m | |
Н | н | N | n | |
Њ | њ | N` | n` | in Macedonian |
О | о | O | о | |
П | п | P | p | |
Р | р | R | r | |
С | с | S | s | |
Т | т | T | t | |
У | у | U | u | |
Ў | ў | U` | u` | in Belarusian |
Ф | ф | F | f | |
Х | х | X | x | |
Ц | ц | Cz, C | cz, с | c before i, e, y, j |
Ч | ч | Ch | ch | |
Џ | џ | Dh | dh | in Macedonian |
Ш | ш | Sh | sh | |
Щ | щ | Shh, Sht | shh, sht | shh for Russian and Ukrainian, sht for Bulgarian |
Ъ | ъ | A` | a`, `` | two grave accents for Russian, a` for Bulgarian |
Ы | ы | Y` | y` | in Russian and Belarusian |
Ь | ь | ` | grave accent | |
Э | э | E` | e` | in Russian and Belarusian |
Ю | ю | Yu | yu | not in Macedonian |
Я | я | Ya | уа | not in Macedonian |
’ | ' | apostrophe | ||
Ѣ | ѣ | Ye | уе | in Old Russian and Old Bulgarian |
Ѳ | ѳ | Fh | fh | in Old Russian and Old Bulgarian |
Ѵ | ѵ | Yh | yh | in Old Russian and Old Bulgarian |
Ѫ | ѫ | O` | о` | in Old Bulgarian |
№ | # |
National adoptions
The verbatim translated text of ISO 9 is adopted as an inter-state standard in the countries listed below (the national designation is shown in parentheses). Other transcription schemes are also used in practice, though.
Russia (GOST 7.79)
Armenia (GOST 7.79)
Azerbaijan (GOST 7.79)
Belarus (GOST 7.79–2000, adopted 2003-03-01)[3]
Kazakhstan (GOST 7.79)
Kyrgyzstan (GOST 7.79)
Tajikistan (GOST 7.79)
Turkmenistan (GOST 7.79)
Uzbekistan (GOST 7.79)
ISO/R 9:1968
This is an older version of the standard, with different transliteration for different Slavic languages, reflecting their phonemic differences. It is closer to the original international system of slavist scientific transliteration.
The languages covered are Bulgarian, Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Serbian and Macedonian. ISO 9:1995 is shown for comparison.
Cyrillic | 1968 | 1995 | Note | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
А | а | A | a | A | a | |
Б | б | B | b | B | b | |
В | в | V | v | V | v | |
Г | г | G, H | g, h | G | g | h for Belarusian and Ukrainian, g else (see table below) |
Ґ | ґ | G | g | G̀ | g̀ | in Ukrainian |
Д | д | D | d | D | d | |
Ѓ | ѓ | Ǵ | ǵ | Ǵ | ǵ | in Macedonian |
Ђ | ђ | Đ | đ | Đ | đ | in Serbian |
Е | е | E | e | E | e | |
Ё | ё | Ë | ë | Ë | ë | in Russian and Belarusian |
Є | є | Je | je | Ê | ê | in Ukrainian |
Ж | ж | Ž, Zh | ž, zh | Ž | ž | see table below |
З | з | Z | z | Z | z | |
Ѕ | ѕ | Dz | dz | Ẑ | ẑ | in Macedonian |
И | и | I, Y | i, y | I | i | not in Belarusian, y for Ukrainian, i else (see table below) |
I | і | I, Ī | i, ī | Ì | ì | not in Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian, archaic in Russian (see table below) |
Ї | ї | Ï | ï | Ï | ï | in Ukrainian |
Й | й | J, Ĭ | j, ĭ | J | j | not in Serbian and Macedonian (see table below) |
Ј | ј | J | j | J̌ | ǰ | in Serbian and Macedonian |
К | к | K | k | K | k | |
Л | л | L | l | L | l | |
Љ | љ | Lj | lj | L̂ | l̂ | in Serbian and Macedonian |
М | м | M | m | M | m | |
Н | н | N | n | N | n | |
Њ | њ | Nj | nj | N̂ | n̂ | in Serbian and Macedonian |
О | о | O | o | O | o | |
П | п | P | p | P | p | |
Р | р | R | r | R | r | |
С | с | S | s | S | s | |
Т | т | T | t | T | t | |
Ќ | ќ | Ḱ | ḱ | Ḱ | ḱ | in Macedonian |
Ћ | ћ | Ć | ć | Ć | ć | in Serbian |
У | у | U | u | U | u | |
Ў | ў | Ŭ | ŭ | Ŭ | ŭ | in Belarusian |
Ф | ф | F | f | F | f | |
Х | х | Ch, H | ch, h | H | h | h for Serbian and Macedonian, ch else (see table below) |
Ц | ц | C, Ts | c, ts | C | c | see table below |
Ч | ч | Č, Ch | č, ch | Č | č | see table below |
Џ | џ | Dž | dž | D̂ | d̂ | in Serbian and Macedonian |
Ш | ш | Š, Sh | š, sh | Š | š | see table below |
Щ | щ | Šč, Št, Shch | šč, št, shch | Ŝ | ŝ | not in Belarusian, Serbian and Macedonian, št for Bulgarian, šč else (see table below) |
Ъ | ъ | Ă | ʺ, ă | ʺ | not in Serbian and Macedonian, archaic in Belarusian and Ukrainian, ă for Bulgarian, ʺ else (see table below) | |
Ы | ы | Y | y | Y | y | Russian and Belarusian |
Ь | ь | ʹ | ʹ | not in Serbian and Macedonian | ||
Ѣ | ѣ | Ě | ě | Ě | ě | not in Serbian and Macedonian, archaic else |
Э | э | Ė | ė | È | è | in Russian and Belarusian |
Ю | ю | Ju, Yu | ju, yu | Û | û | not in Serbian and Macedonian (see table below) |
Я | я | Ja, Ya | ja, ya | Â | â | not in Serbian and Macedonian (see table below) |
’ | ″ | ’ | in Belarusian and Ukrainian, archaic in Russian | |||
Ѫ | ѫ | Ȧ, ʺ̣ | ȧ, ʺ̣ | Ǎ | ǎ | archaic in Bulgarian (see table below) |
Ѳ | ѳ | Ḟ | ḟ | F̀ | f̀ | archaic in Russian |
Ѵ | ѵ | Ẏ | ẏ | Ỳ | ỳ | archaic in Russian |
- Bulgarian
- ъ and ѫ are not transliterated at the end of a word.
- Russian and Belarusian
- ъ is not transliterated at the end of a word.
Sub-standards
ISO/R 9:1968 permits some deviations from the main standard. In the table below, they are listed in the columns sub-standard 1 and sub-standard 2.
- The first sub-standard defines some language-dependent transliterations for Russian (ru), Ukrainian (uk), Belarusian (be) and Bulgarian (bg).
- The second sub-standard permits, in countries where tradition favours it, a set of alternative transliterations, but only as a group.
Cyrillic | ISO/R 9:1968 | ||
---|---|---|---|
variant 1 | main | variant 2 | |
г | h (uk, be) | g | |
ж | ž | zh | |
и | y (uk) | i | |
і | i (uk, be) | ī | |
й | j | ĭ | |
х | ch (uk, be, ru) | h | kh |
ц | c | ts | |
ч | č | ch | |
ш | š | sh | |
щ | št (bg) | šč | shch |
ъ | ă (bg) | ʺ | |
ю | ju | yu | |
я | ja | ya | |
ѫ | ȧ (bg) | ʺ̣ |
See also
Notes
- ^ a b "ISO 9:1995: Information and documentation -- Transliteration of Cyrillic characters into Latin characters -- Slavic and non-Slavic languages". International Organization for Standardization. http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=3589. Retrieved 13 Apr 2012.
- ^ a b "ГОСТ 7.79-2000: Система стандартов по информации, библиотечному и издательскому делу. Правила транслитерации кирилловского письма латинским алфавитом [GOST 7.79-2000: System of standards on information, librarianship and publishing. Rules of transliteration of Cyrillic script by Latin alphabet]" (in Russian). http://gost.ruscable.ru/cgi-bin/catalog/catalog.cgi?i=6464. Retrieved 13 Apr 2012. - authentic Russian version of ISO 9
- ^ "Система стандартов по информации, библиотечному и издательскому делу (СИБИД), действующих в Республике Беларусь", item 55 (Sistema standartov po informacii, bibliotečnomu i izdatel'skomu delu (SIBID), dejstvuûŝih v Respublike Belarus')
External links
- Online Russian Transliterator, various systems (Russian alphabet only)
- Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts – A collection of writing systems and transliteration tables, by Thomas T. Pedersen. PDF reference charts include ISO 9.
- Transliteration of Russian into various European languages
- CyrAcademisator Bi-directional online transliteration of Russian for ALA-LC (diacritics), scientific, ISO/R 9, ISO 9, GOST 7.79B and others. Supports Old Slavonic characters
- Lingua::Translit Perl module and online service covering a variety of writing systems. Transliteration according to several standards including ISO 9 and DIN 1460 for Cyrillic.
- (German) IDS (Informationsverbund Deutschschweiz, 2001) Katalogisierungsregeln IDS (KIDS), Anhänge, “IDS G.4: Transliteration der slavischen kyrillischen Alphabete”. Universität Zürich. URL accessed on 29-02-2012 (PDF format, in German)—ISO/R 9 1968 standardization of scientific transliteration.