Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate | |||
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t͡ʃ | |||
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IPA number | 103 (134) | ||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | t͡ʃ |
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Unicode (hex) | U+0074 U+0361 U+0283 | ||
X-SAMPA | tS |
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Kirshenbaum | tS |
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Sound | |||
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The voiceless palato-alveolar affricate or domed postalveolar affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡ʃ⟩ or ⟨t͜ʃ⟩ (formerly ⟨ʧ⟩), or in broad transcription ⟨c⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".
Historically, this sound often derives from a former voiceless velar plosive /k/ (as in English, Slavic languages and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental plosive by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel.
Contents |
Features
Features of the voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Transcription
The International Phonetic Alphabet uses two symbols together to represent this sound: tʃ. They may be joined with a tiebar (t͡ʃ), and the t may sometimes be given the "retracted" diacritic (t̠ʃ). Formerly a ligature (ʧ) was used. Other phonetic transcriptions used include:[citation needed]
- c
- ç
- ć
- č
- ch
- cs
- cz
- tc (older Americanist transcription)
- tš
- tsch
- tx
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adyghe | кӀалэ | [tʃalɛ] | 'boy' | ||
Albanian | çelur | [t͡ʃɛluɾ] | 'open' | ||
Aleut | Atkan dialect | chamĝul | [t͡ʃɑmʁul] | 'to wash' | |
Amharic | አንቺ | [ant͡ʃi] | 'you' f. sg. | ||
Arabic[1] | Central Palestinian | مكتبة | [ˈmat͡ʃt̪abɐ] | 'library' | corresponds to [k] in Standard Arabic and other varieties. See Arabic phonology |
Jordanian | كتاب | [t͡ʃiˈt̪aːb] | 'book' | ||
Iraqi | |||||
Armenian | ճնճղուկ | ![]() |
'sparrow' | See Armenian phonology | |
Azeri | Əkinçi | [ækint͡ʃi] | 'the ploughman' | ||
Bengali | চশমা | [t͡ʃɔʃma] | 'spectacles' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
Basque | txalupa | [t͡ʃalupa] | 'boat' | ||
Choctaw | hakchioma | [hakt͡ʃioma] | 'tobacco' | ||
Coptic | Bohairic dialect | ϭⲟϩ | [t͡ʃoh] | 'touch' | |
Czech | morče | [mo̞rt͡ʃɛ] | 'guinea pig' | See Czech phonology | |
English | bleach | [bliːt͡ʃ ] | 'bleach' | See English phonology | |
Esperanto | ĉar | [t͡ʃar] | 'because' | See Esperanto phonology | |
Faroese | tjørn | [t͡ʃɶtn] | 'lake' | ||
French | caoutchouc | [kaut͡ʃu] | 'rubber' | Relatively rare; occurs mostly in loanwords | |
Georgian[2] | ჩიხი | [t͡ʃixi] | 'impasse' | ||
German | Tschinelle | [t͡ʃiˈnɛlə] | 'cymbal' | See German phonology | |
Hebrew | תשובה | [t͡ʃuvɛ] | 'answer' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
Hindi | चाय | [t͡ʃɑːj] | 'tea' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
Haitian Creole | match | [mat͡ʃ ] | 'sports match' | ||
Hungarian | gyümölcslé | [ɟymølt͡ʃleː] | '(fruit) juice' | See Hungarian phonology | |
Italian[3] | ciao | [t͡ʃao] | 'ciao' | See Italian phonology | |
K'iche' | K'iche' | [kʼit͡ʃeʔ] | K'iche'' | Contrasts with ejective form | |
Macedonian | чека | [t͡ʃɛka] | 'wait' | See Macedonian phonology | |
Malay | cuci | [t͡ʃut͡ʃi] | 'wash' | ||
Maltese | bliċ | [blit͡ʃ ] | 'bleach' | ||
Norwegian | kjøkken | [t͡ʃøkːen] | 'kitchen' | Only in some dialects, see Norwegian phonology | |
Nunggubuyu[4] | [t͡ʃaɾo] | 'needle' | |||
Persian | چوب | [t͡ʃʰuːb] | 'wood' | See Persian phonology | |
Portuguese | Most Brazilian dialects[5] |
presente | [pɾeˈzẽt͡ʃi] | 'present' | Allophone of /t/ before /i, ĩ/ and dialectally /ui/. See Portuguese phonology |
Romanian | cer | [t͡ʃe̞r] | 'sky' | See Romanian phonology | |
Rotuman[6] | joni | [ˈt͡ʃɔni] | 'to flee' | ||
Scottish Gaelic | slàinte | [slaːnt͡ʃə] | 'health' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
Serbo-Croatian | чоколада/čokoláda | [t͡ʃɔkɔˈlaːda][tone?] | 'chocolate' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
Spanish[7] | chafar | [t͡ʃaˈfaɾ] | 'to flatten' | See Spanish phonology | |
Swahili | jicho | [ʄit͡ʃo] | 'eye' | ||
Tlingit | jinkaat | [ˈt͡ʃiŋkʰaːtʰ] | 'ten' | ||
Turkish | uçak | [ut͡ʃäk] | 'airplane' | See Turkish phonology | |
Ubykh | [t͡ʃəbʒəja] | 'pepper' | See Ubykh phonology | ||
Ukrainian | чотири | [t͡ʃo̞ˈtɪrɪ] | 'four' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
Urdu | چاۓ | [t͡ʃɑːj] | 'tea' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
West Frisian | tsjerke | [t͡ʃɛrkǝ] | 'church' | ||
Central Alaskan Yup'ik | nacaq | [ˈnat͡ʃaq] | 'parka hood' | ||
Zapotec | Tilquiapan[8] | chane | [t͡ʃanɘ] |
Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Polish, Catalan, and Thai have a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /t͡ɕ/; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use /t͡ʃ/.
Notes
- ^ Watson (2002:17)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:158)
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
- ^ Blevins (1994:492)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
Bibliography
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Blevin, Juliette (1994), "The Bimoraic Foot in Rotuman Phonology and Morphology", Oceanic Linguistics 33 (2): 491–516, doi:10.2307/3623138, JSTOR 3623138
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press