IRF3 is a member of the interferon regulatory transcription factor (IRF) family.[1] IRF3 was originally discovered as a homolog of IRF1 and IRF2. IRF3 has been further characterized and shown to contain several functional domains including a nuclear export signal, a DNA-binding domain, a C-terminal IRF association domain and several regulatory phosphorylation sites.[2] IRF3 is found in an inactive cytoplasmic form that upon serine/threonine phosphorylation forms a complex with CREBBP.[3] This complex translocates to the nucleus and activates the transcription of interferons alpha and beta, as well as other interferon-induced genes.[4]
^ abHiscott J, Pitha P, Genin P, Nguyen H, Heylbroeck C, Mamane Y et al. (1999). "Triggering the interferon response: the role of IRF-3 transcription factor". J. Interferon Cytokine Res.19 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1089/107999099314360. PMID10048763.
^Yoneyama M, Suhara W, Fujita T (2002). "Control of IRF-3 activation by phosphorylation". J. Interferon Cytokine Res.22 (1): 73–6. doi:10.1089/107999002753452674. PMID11846977.
^Au WC, Yeow WS, Pitha PM (Feb 2001). "Analysis of functional domains of interferon regulatory factor 7 and its association with IRF-3". Virology280 (2): 273–82. doi:10.1006/viro.2000.0782. PMID11162841.
Further reading
Pitha PM, Au WC, Lowther W, Juang YT, Schafer SL, Burysek L et al. (1999). "Role of the interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) in virus-mediated signaling and regulation of cell growth". Biochimie80 (8–9): 651–8. doi:10.1016/S0300-9084(99)80018-2. PMID9865487.
Yoneyama M, Suhara W, Fujita T (2002). "Control of IRF-3 activation by phosphorylation". J. Interferon Cytokine Res.22 (1): 73–6. doi:10.1089/107999002753452674. PMID11846977.
Bellingham J, Gregory-Evans K, Gregory-Evans CY (1999). "Mapping of human interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) to chromosome 19q13.3-13.4 by an intragenic polymorphic marker". Annals of Human Genetics62 (Pt 3): 231–4. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.1998.6230231.x. PMID9803267.
Lowther WJ, Moore PA, Carter KC, Pitha PM (1999). "Cloning and functional analysis of the human IRF-3 promoter". DNA Cell Biol.18 (9): 685–92. doi:10.1089/104454999314962. PMID10492399.
Kim T, Kim TY, Song YH, Min IM, Yim J, Kim TK (1999). "Activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 in response to DNA-damaging agents". J. Biol. Chem.274 (43): 30686–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.43.30686. PMID10521456.
Suhara W, Yoneyama M, Iwamura T, Yoshimura S, Tamura K, Namiki H et al. (2000). "Analyses of virus-induced homomeric and heteromeric protein associations between IRF-3 and coactivator CBP/p300". J. Biochem.128 (2): 301–7. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022753. PMID10920266.
Servant MJ, ten Oever B, LePage C, Conti L, Gessani S, Julkunen I et al. (2001). "Identification of distinct signaling pathways leading to the phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3". J. Biol. Chem.276 (1): 355–63. doi:10.1074/jbc.M007790200. PMID11035028.
Smith EJ, Marié I, Prakash A, García-Sastre A, Levy DE (2001). "IRF3 and IRF7 phosphorylation in virus-infected cells does not require double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase R or Ikappa B kinase but is blocked by Vaccinia virus E3L protein". J. Biol. Chem.276 (12): 8951–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M008717200. PMID11124948.
Au WC, Yeow WS, Pitha PM (2001). "Analysis of functional domains of interferon regulatory factor 7 and its association with IRF-3". Virology280 (2): 273–82. doi:10.1006/viro.2000.0782. PMID11162841.
Barnes BJ, Moore PA, Pitha PM (2001). "Virus-specific activation of a novel interferon regulatory factor, IRF-5, results in the induction of distinct interferon alpha genes". J. Biol. Chem.276 (26): 23382–90. doi:10.1074/jbc.M101216200. PMID11303025.
Mach CM, Hargrove BW, Kunkel GR (2002). "The Small RNA gene activator protein, SphI postoctamer homology-binding factor/selenocysteine tRNA gene transcription activating factor, stimulates transcription of the human interferon regulatory factor-3 gene". J. Biol. Chem.277 (7): 4853–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.M108308200. PMID11724783.
Morin P, Bragança J, Bandu MT, Lin R, Hiscott J, Doly J et al. (2002). "Preferential binding sites for interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7 involved in interferon-A gene transcription". J. Mol. Biol.316 (5): 1009–22. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2001.5401. PMID11884139.
Dang O, Navarro L, Anderson K, David M (2004). "Cutting edge: anthrax lethal toxin inhibits activation of IFN-regulatory factor 3 by lipopolysaccharide". J. Immunology172 (2): 747–51. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.747. PMID14707042.