Group of Seven and the European Union |
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![](https://web.archive.org/web/20150601022353im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/G7_Finance_ministers.jpg/250px-G7_Finance_ministers.jpg)
- Canadian Finance Minister Jim Flaherty;
- French Finance Minister Christine Lagarde;
- German Finance Minister Peer Steinbrück
- US Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson;
- Italian Finance Minister Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa;
- Japanese Finance Minister Fukushiro Nukaga;
- UK Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling;
- Eurogroup Chairman Jean-Claude Juncker.
The Group of 7 (G7) is a group consisting of the finance ministers and central bank governors of seven major advanced economies as reported by the International Monetary Fund: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States meeting to discuss primarily economic issues. The European Union is also represented within the G7. The G7 countries represent more than 64% of the net global wealth ($263 trillion) according to the Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report October 2014.[1][page needed] The IMF's Managing Director usually participates.[2] Recent G7 meetings include that of May 2013 in Aylesbury, United Kingdom with an emergency meeting in The Hague, Netherlands on March 24, 2014. Most recently, there was a meeting in Brussels on June 4, 2014.[3]
Contents
History
The G7's precursor was the 'Group of Six', founded ad hoc in 1975, consisting of finance ministers and central bank governors from France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States, when Giscard d'Estaing invited them for an "informal gathering at the chateau of Rambouillet, near Paris [...] in a relaxed and private setting".[4] The intent was "to discuss current world issues (dominated at the time by the oil crisis) in a frank and informal manner".[4] Canada became the seventh member in 1976, after which the name 'Group 7' or G7 was used.[4] During 1986–87 the G7 with its finance ministers and central bank governors superseded the G5 as the main policy coordination group, particularly following the Louvre Accord of February 1987, agreed by the G5 plus Canada and endorsed by the G7.
Following 1994's G7 summit in Naples, Russian officials held separate meetings with leaders of the G7 after the group's summits. This informal arrangement was dubbed the Political 8 (P8) – or, colloquially, the G7+1. At the invitation of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair and President of the United States Bill Clinton,[5] Russian President Boris Yeltsin was invited first as a guest observer, later as a full participant. It was seen as a way to encourage Yeltsin's capitalist reforms.[citation needed] After the 1997 meeting Russia was formally invited to the next meeting and formally joined the group in 1998, resulting in a new group, the Group of Eight, or G8.[4]
Function
The organization was originally founded to facilitate shared macroeconomic initiatives by its members in response to the collapse of the exchange rate 1971, during the time of the Nixon Shock, the 1970s energy crisis and the ensuing recession.[6] Its goal was fine tuning of short term economic policies among participant countries to monitor developments in the world economy and assess economic policies.[citation needed]
Work
Since 1975, the group meets annually on summit site to discuss economic policies; since 1987, the G7 finance ministers have met at least semi-annually, up to 4 times a year at stand-alone meetings.[2][7]
In 1996, the G7 launched an initiative for the 42 heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC).[8]
In 1999, the G7 decided to get more directly involved in "managing the international monetary system" through the Financial Stability Forum, formed earlier in 1999 and the G-20, established following the summit, to "promote dialogue between major industrial and emerging market countries".[9] In 1999 the G7 announced their plan to cancel 90% of bilateral, and multilateral debt for the HIPC, totaling $100 billion.[citation needed] In 2005 the G7 announced, debt reductions of "up to 100%" to be negotiated on a "case by case" basis.[citation needed]
In 2008 the G7 met twice in Washington, D.C. to discuss the global financial crisis of 2007-2010[10] and in February 2009 in Rome.[11][12] The group of finance ministers pledged to take "all necessary steps" to stem the crisis.[13]
On March 2, 2014, the G7 condemned the "Russian Federation's violation of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine."[14] The G7 stated "that the International Monetary Fund(IMF) remains the institution best prepared to help Ukraine address its immediate economic challenges through policy advice and financing, conditioned on needed reforms", and that the G7 was "committed to mobilize rapid technical assistance to support Ukraine in addressing its macroeconomic, regulatory and anti-corruption challenges."[14]
On March 24, 2014, the G7 convened an emergency meeting in response to the Russian Federation's annexation of Crimea at the Dutch Catshuis, located in The Hague because all G7 leaders were already present to attend the 2014 Nuclear Security Summit. This was the first G7 meeting neither taking place in a member nation nor having the host leader participating in the meeting.[15]
On June 4, 2014 leaders at the G7 summit in Brussels, condemned Moscow for its "continuing violation" of Ukraine's sovereignty, in their joint statement and stated they were prepared to impose further sanctions on Russia.[16] This meeting was the first since Russia was expelled from the group following its annexation of Crimea in March.[16]
Influence
The G7 has influenced IMF and World Bank rules of crisis resolution and development, as well as GATT's rules of international trade.[17]
Criticism
The G7 has been criticized for their representational deficit.[18] The G7 does not include the world's largest emerging economies such as Brazil, India and China. Walden Bello calls the G7 an undemocratic institution.[19] The G7 decision making process has been described non-transparent, by former insider Leo Van Houtven, Secretary of the IMF from 1977 to 1996: "[The G7's] frequent contacts with IMF management on both policy and operational issues lack transparency..."[9]
Significant police deployment has become a hallmark of G7 meetings since the violent demonstartions at the 27th G8 summit in Genoa 2001 and the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm 2007 : Two weeks before the Elmau meeting, German police suspended the Schengen protocol to perform "flexible border controls", which included not only road, train and air traffic, but also the so called "Grüne Grenze" of hiking paths, especially from Czech Republic and Austria. The expected 11,000 demonstrants will face 17,000 policemen.[20]
Table of meetings
The annual G7 leaders summit is attended by the heads of government.[21] The member country holding the G7 presidency is responsible for organizing and hosting the year's summit.
The serial annual summits can be parsed chronologically in arguably distinct ways, including as the sequence of host countries for the summits has recurred over time, series, etc.[22]
Date | Host | Host leader | Location held | Website | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | November 15–17, 1975 | ![]() |
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing | Rambouillet (Castle of Rambouillet) | G6 Summit | |
2nd | June 27–28, 1976 | ![]() |
Gerald R. Ford | Dorado, Puerto Rico[23] | Also called "Rambouillet II;" Canada joins the group, forming the G7[23] | |
3rd | May 7–8, 1977 | ![]() |
James Callaghan | London | President of the European Commission is invited to join the annual G-7 summits | |
4th | July 16–17, 1978 | ![]() |
Helmut Schmidt | Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia | ||
5th | June 28–29, 1979 | ![]() |
Masayoshi Ōhira | Tokyo | ||
6th | June 22–23, 1980 | ![]() |
Francesco Cossiga | Venice | acting Prime Minister Masayoshi Ito of Japan did not attend. | |
7th | July 20–21, 1981 | ![]() |
Pierre E. Trudeau | Montebello, Quebec | ||
8th | June 4–6, 1982 | ![]() |
François Mitterrand | Versailles | ||
9th | May 28–30, 1983 | ![]() |
Ronald Reagan | Williamsburg, Virginia | ||
10th | June 7–9, 1984 | ![]() |
Margaret Thatcher | London | ||
11th | May 2–4, 1985 | ![]() |
Helmut Kohl | Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia | ||
12th | May 4–6, 1986 | ![]() |
Yasuhiro Nakasone | Tokyo | ||
13th | June 8–10, 1987 | ![]() |
Amintore Fanfani | Venice | ||
14th | June 19–21, 1988 | ![]() |
Brian Mulroney | Toronto | ||
15th | July 14–16, 1989 | ![]() |
François Mitterrand | Paris | ||
16th | July 9–11, 1990 | ![]() |
George H. W. Bush | Houston | ||
17th | July 15–17, 1991 | ![]() |
John Major | London | ||
18th | July 6–8, 1992 | ![]() |
Helmut Kohl | Munich, Bavaria | ||
19th | July 7–9, 1993 | ![]() |
Kiichi Miyazawa | Tokyo | ||
20th | July 8–10, 1994 | ![]() |
Silvio Berlusconi | Naples | ||
21st | June 15–17, 1995 | ![]() |
Jean Chrétien | Halifax, Nova Scotia | [24] | |
22nd | June 27–29, 1996 | ![]() |
Jacques Chirac | Lyon | International organizations' debut to G7 Summits periodically. The invited ones here were: United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization.[25] | |
23rd | June 20–22, 1997 | ![]() |
Bill Clinton | Denver | [26] | Russia joins the group, forming G8 |
24th | May 15–17, 1998 | ![]() |
Tony Blair | Birmingham | [27] | |
25th | June 18–20, 1999 | ![]() |
Gerhard Schröder | Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia | [28] | First Summit of the G-20 major economies at Berlin |
26th | July 21–23, 2000 | ![]() |
Yoshiro Mori | Nago, Okinawa | [29] | Formation of the G8+5 starts, when South Africa was invited. Until the 38th G8 summit in 2012, it has been invited to the Summit annually without interruption. Also, with permission from a G8 leader, other nations were invited to the Summit on a periodical basis for the first time. Nigeria, Algeria and Senegal accepted their invitations here. The World Health Organization was also invited for the first time.[25] |
27th | July 20–22, 2001 | ![]() |
Silvio Berlusconi | Genoa | [30] | Leaders from Bangladesh, Mali and El Salvador accepted their invitations here.[25] Demonstrator Carlo Giuliani is shot and killed by police during a violent demonstration. One of the largest and most violent anti-globalization movement protests occurred for the 27th G8 summit.[31] Following those events and the September 11 attacks two months later in 2001, the G8 have met at more remote locations. |
28th | June 26–27, 2002 | ![]() |
Jean Chrétien | Kananaskis, Alberta | [32] | Russia gains permission to officially host a G8 Summit. |
29th | June 2–3, 2003 | ![]() |
Jacques Chirac | Évian-les-Bains | [1] | The G8+5 was unofficially made, when China, India, Brazil, and Mexico were invited to this Summit for the first time. South Africa has joined the G8 Summit, since 2000, until the 2012 edition. Other first-time nations that were invited by the French president included: Egypt, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia and Switzerland.[25] |
30th | June 8–10, 2004 | ![]() |
George W. Bush | Sea Island, Georgia | [33] | A record number of leaders from 12 different nations accepted their invitations here. Amongst a couple of veteran nations, the others were: Ghana, Afghanistan, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Turkey, Yemen and Uganda.[25] Also, the state funeral of former president Ronald Reagan took place in Washington during the summit. |
31st | July 6–8, 2005 | ![]() |
Tony Blair | Gleneagles | [34] | The G8+5 was officially formed. On the second day of the meeting, suicide bombers killed 52 people on the London Underground and a bus. Nations that were invited for the first time were Ethiopia and Tanzania. The African Union and the International Energy Agency made their debut here.[25] During the 31st G8 summit in United Kingdom, 225,000 people took to the streets of Edinburgh as part of the Make Poverty History campaign calling for Trade Justice, Debt Relief and Better Aid. Numerous other demonstrations also took place challenging the legitimacy of the G8.[35] |
32nd | July 15–17, 2006 | ![]() |
Vladimir Putin | Strelna, St. Petersburg | [2] | First G8 Summit on Russian soil. Also, the International Atomic Energy Agency and UNESCO made their debut here.[25] |
33rd | June 6–8, 2007 | ![]() |
Angela Merkel | Heiligendamm, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | [3] | Seven different international organizations accepted their invitations to this Summit. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the Commonwealth of Independent States made their debut here.[25] |
34th | July 7–9, 2008 | ![]() |
Yasuo Fukuda | Toyako (Lake Toya), Hokkaido | [36] | Nations that accepted their G8 Summit invitations for the first time are: Australia, Indonesia and South Korea.[25] |
35th | July 8–10, 2009 | ![]() |
Silvio Berlusconi | L'Aquila, Abruzzo | [4] | This G8 Summit was originally planned to be in La Maddalena (Sardinia), but was moved to L'Aquila as a way of showing Prime Minister Berlusconi's desire to help the region in and around L'Aquila after the earthquake that hit the area on the April 6th, 2009. Nations that accepted their invitations for the first time were: Angola, Denmark, Netherlands and Spain.[37] A record of TEN (10) international organizations were represented in this G8 Summit. For the first time, the Food and Agriculture Organization, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the World Food Programme, and the International Labour Organization accepted their invitations.[38] |
36th | June 25–26, 2010[39] | ![]() |
Stephen Harper | Huntsville, Ontario[40] | [41] | Malawi, Colombia, Haiti, and Jamaica accepted their invitations for the first time.[42] |
37th | May 26–27, 2011 | ![]() |
Nicolas Sarkozy | Deauville,[43][44] Basse-Normandie | [5] | Guinea, Niger, Côte d'Ivoire and Tunisia accepted their invitations for the first time. Also, the League of Arab States made its debut to the meeting.[45] |
38th | May 18–19, 2012 | ![]() |
Barack Obama | Camp David[46] | [6] | The summit was originally planned for Chicago, along with the NATO summit, but it was announced officially on March 5, 2012, that the G8 summit will be held at the more private location of Camp David and at one day earlier than previously scheduled.[47] Also, this is the second G8 summit, in which one of the core leaders (Vladimir Putin) declined to participate. This G8 summit concentrated on the core leaders only; no non-G8 leaders or international organizations were invited. |
39th | June 17–18, 2013 | ![]() |
David Cameron | Lough Erne, County Fermanagh[48] | [7] | As in 2012, only the core members of the G8 attended this meeting. The four main topics that were discussed here were trade, government transparency, tackling tax evasion, and the ongoing Syrian crisis.[49] |
40th | June 4–5, 2014 | ![]() ( ![]() |
Herman Van Rompuy José Manuel Barroso |
Brussels | [8] | G7 summit as an alternative meeting without Russia in 2014 due to association with Crimean crisis.[50] G8 summit did not take place in Sochi, Russia. G7 summit relocated to Brussels, Belgium.[51] |
41st | June 7–8, 2015 | ![]() |
Angela Merkel | Schloss Elmau, Bavaria[52] | [9] | Summit dedicated to focus on the global economy as well as on key issues regarding foreign, security and development policy[53] |
42nd | TBD, 2016 | ![]() |
Shinzō Abe | TBD until before 41st summit in 2015[54] candidates: Hiroshima, Kobe, Nagoya, Sendai, Niigata, Karuizawa, Hamamatsu |
||
43rd | TBD, 2017 | ![]() |
Matteo Renzi | TBD candidate:[55][56] Florence |
||
44th | TBD, 2018 | ![]() |
TBD in 2015 General Election | TBD | ||
45th | TBD, 2019 | ![]() |
TBD in 2017 Presidential Election | TBD | ||
46th | TBD, 2020 | ![]() |
TBD in 2016 Presidential Election | TBD |
Leaders
Region | Member | Official title | Head of government | Official title | Finance minister | Central bank governor |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
North America | ![]() |
Prime Minister | Stephen Harper | Minister of Finance | Joe Oliver | Stephen Poloz |
Europe | ![]() |
President
|
François Hollande
|
Minister of Finances | Michel Sapin | Christian Noyer |
Europe | ![]() |
Chancellor | Angela Merkel | Minister of Finance | Wolfgang Schäuble | Jens Weidmann |
Europe | ![]() |
Prime Minister | Matteo Renzi | Minister of Economy and Finance |
Pier Carlo Padoan | Ignazio Visco |
Asia | ![]() |
Prime Minister | Shinzo Abe | Minister of Finance | Taro Aso | Haruhiko Kuroda |
Europe | ![]() |
Prime Minister | David Cameron | Chancellor of the Exchequer | George Osborne | Mark Carney |
North America | ![]() |
President | Barack Obama | Secretary of the Treasury | Jack Lew | Janet Yellen |
Europe | ![]() |
European Council President[58]
|
Donald Tusk
|
Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs and the Euro |
Jyrki Katainen | Mario Draghi |
Portraits of Heads of Government and EU representatives, as of 2014
Member country data
Member | Trade mil. USD (2014) | Nom. GDP mil. USD (2014)[59] | PPP GDP mil. USD (2014)[60] | Nom. GDP per capita USD (2014)[61] | PPP GDP per capita USD (2014)[62] | HDI (2013) | Population (2014) | P5 | G7 | BRICS | MINT | DAC | OECD | Economic classification (IMF)[63] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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947,200 | 1,788,717 | 1,591,580 | 50,398 | 44,843 | 0.902 | 35,467,000 | ![]() |
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Advanced |
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1,212,300 | 2,846,889 | 2,580,750 | 44,538 | 40,375 | 0.884 | 63,951,000 | ![]() |
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Advanced |
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2,866,600 | 3,859,547 | 3,721,551 | 47,590 | 45,888 | 0.911 | 80,940,000 | ![]() |
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Advanced |
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948,600 | 2,147,952 | 2,127,743 | 35,823 | 35,486 | 0.872 | 59,960,000 | ![]() |
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Advanced |
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1,522,400 | 4,616,335 | 4,750,771 | 36,332 | 37,390 | 0.890 | 127,061,000 | ![]() |
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Advanced |
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1,189,400 | 2,945,146 | 2,548,889 | 45,653 | 39,511 | 0.892 | 64,511,000 | ![]() |
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Advanced |
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3,944,000 | 17,418,925 | 17,418,925 | 54,597 | 54,597 | 0.914 | 318,523,000 | ![]() |
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Advanced |
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4,485,000 | 18,495,349 | 18,526,477 | 36,638 | 36,700 | 0.876 | 505,570,700 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
The G7 is composed of the wealthiest developed countries by national net wealth (See National wealth). The People's Republic of China, according to its data, would be 3rd (8.1% of the world net wealth) in the world, but is excluded because the G7 countries doesn't consider China a developed country.[64] As of 2014 Credit Suisse estimates, that the G7 (without the European Union) represents above 64% of the global net wealth.[64] Including the EU the G7 represents over 70% of the global net wealth.[64]
See also
References
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External links
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